1.
Euclid, Ohio
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Euclid is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is an inner ring suburb of Cleveland, as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 48,920. In 2009, Euclid celebrated its bicentennial, the city was named after Euclid, the Greek mathematician. The city was settled in 1796 and became a township in 1809, Euclid then became a village in 1903 and a city in 1930, during the Great Depression. Euclid is located at 41°35′44″N 81°31′9″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.48 square miles, of which 10.63 square miles is land and 0.85 square miles is water. It on the shore of Lake Erie, therefore contains an area of beach front along its north edge. Bordering Euclid are Cleveland on the west, South Euclid and Richmond Heights on the south, Willowick, Wickliffe, and Willoughby Hills on the east, and Lake Erie on the north. It is part of the Lake Erie Snowbelt region, prone to snow squalls blowing off Lake Erie, the Charter is, Mayor and Council - eight councillors and one council president. There are 150 companies in the city, as of the census of 2010, there were 48,920 people,22,685 households, and 12,187 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,602.1 inhabitants per square mile, there were 26,037 housing units at an average density of 2,449.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 43. 8% White,52. 6% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 6% of the population. 41. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in the city was 41 years. 22. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 3% were from 25 to 44,28. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 15. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44. 8% male and 55. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 52,717 people,24,353 households, the 13,491 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,923.2 people per square mile, there were 26,123 housing units at an average density of 2,439.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 66. 36% White,30. 57% African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 94% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 35% from other races, and 1. 64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 15% of the population,39. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
2.
Santa Fe, New Mexico
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Santa Fe is the capital of the state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in the state and is the seat of Santa Fe County and this area was occupied for at least several hundred years by indigenous peoples who built villages. The city of Santa Fe, founded by Spanish colonists in 1610, is known as the oldest state capital city in the United States, Santa Fe had a population of 69,204 in 2012. It is the city of a Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Santa Fe County and is part of the larger Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas combined statistical area. The citys full name when founded was La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís, the area of Santa Fe was originally occupied by indigenous Tanoan peoples, who lived in numerous Pueblo villages along the Rio Grande. One of the earliest known settlements in what today is downtown Santa Fe came sometime after 900, the river had a year-round flow until the 1700s. By the 20th century the Santa Fe River was a seasonal waterway, as of 2007, the river was recognized as the most endangered river in the United States, according to the conservation group American Rivers. Don Juan de Oñate led the first European effort to colonize the region in 1598, under Juan de Oñate and his son, the capital of the province was the settlement of San Juan de los Caballeros north of Santa Fe near modern Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo. In 1610, he designated it as the capital of the province, Santa Fe remained Spains provincial seat until the outbreak of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810. It was considered important to fur traders based in present-day Saint Louis, when the area was still under Spanish rule, the Chouteau brothers of Saint Louis gained a monopoly on the fur trade, before the United States acquired Missouri under the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The fur trade contributed to the wealth of St. Louis, the citys status as the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was formalized in the 1824 Constitution after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. When the Republic of Texas seceded from Mexico in 1836, it claimed Santa Fe as part of the portion of Texas along the Rio Grande. In 1841, a military and trading expedition set out from Austin. Known as the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, the force was prepared and was easily captured by the Mexican army. In 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico, brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny led the main body of his Army of the West of some 1,700 soldiers into Santa Fe to claim it and the whole New Mexico Territory for the United States. By 1848 the U. S. officially gained New Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, colonel Alexander William Doniphan, under the command of Kearny, recovered ammunition from Santa Fe labeled Spain 1776. This showed that New Mexico had received munitions and other support under Mexican rule, some American visitors at first saw little promise in the remote town. One traveller in 1849 wrote, I can hardly imagine how Santa Fe is supported, the country around it is barren
3.
Case Western Reserve University
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Case Western Reserve University is a private doctorate-granting university in Cleveland, Ohio. The university was created in 1967 by the federation of Case Institute of Technology, time magazine described the merger as the creation of Clevelands Big-Leaguer university. In U. S. News & World Reports 2015 rankings, in 2016, the inaugural edition of The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education ranked Case Western Reserve as 32nd among all universities and 29th among private institutions. The University is associated with 16 Nobel laureates and it is also a leading institution for research in electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering. Currently, the Editor for the Journal of the Electrochemical Society is a Case professor, Case Western Reserve is a member of the Association of American Universities. Severance Hall, home of the Cleveland Orchestra, is also on the Case Western Reserve University campus and this experiment proved the non-existence of the luminiferous ether and was later understood as convincing evidence in support of special relativity as proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905. Michelson became the first American to win a Nobel Prize in science, the commemorative Michelson-Morley Memorial Fountain as well as an Ohio Historical Marker are located on campus, near where the actual experiment was performed. Case Western Reserve University was created in 1967, when Western Reserve University and Case Institute of Technology, institutions that had been neighbors for 81 years, formally federated. Western Reserve College was founded in 1826 in Hudson, Ohio, the nearby city of Cleveland, located about 26 miles to its northwest, had only begun to grow. Western Reserve College, or Reserve as it was called, was the first college in northern Ohio. By 1875, a number of schools had been established nearby. In 1882, with funding from Amasa Stone, Western Reserve College moved to Cleveland, in 1877, Leonard Case Jr. began laying the groundwork for the Case School of Applied Science by secretly donating valuable pieces of Cleveland real estate to a trust. He asked his confidential advisor, Henry Gilbert Abbey, to administer the trust, the Case School of Applied Science was issued a charter by the state of Ohio in 1882, four months after Cases death. For the first four years of the existence, it was located in the Case familys home on Rockwell Street in downtown Cleveland. Classes were held in the house, while the chemistry. The school moved to University Circle in 1885, over time, the Case School of Applied Science grew to encompass a broader vision, adopting the name Case Institute of Technology in 1947 to reflect the institutions growing stature. The institutions already shared buildings and staff when necessary and worked together often, One such example was seen in 1887, when Case physicist Albert Michelson and Reserve chemist Edward Morley collaborated on the famous Michelson–Morley experiment. There had been discussion of a merger of the two institutions as early as 1890, but those talks dissolved quickly
4.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
5.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
6.
Fantasy
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Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other elements as a main plot element, theme. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds, in popular culture, the fantasy genre is predominantly of the medievalist form. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy works by many writers, artists, filmmakers. Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history. The identifying trait of fantasy is the reliance on imagination to create narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that whereas realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, an author applies his or her imagination to come up with characters, plots, and settings that are impossible in reality. Fantasy has often compared with science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements, a science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seeming possible through logical scientific and/or technological extrapolation, whereas fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. The imagined elements of fantasy do not need an explanation to be narratively functional. Authors have to rely on the suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment. Despite both genres heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable, horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists. Beginning perhaps with the earliest written documents, mythic and other elements that would come to define fantasy. MacDonald was an influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, lord Dunsany established the genres popularity in both the novel and the short story form. Many popular mainstream authors also began to write fantasy at this time, including H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Indeed, juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, though works for adults only verged on fantasy. Political and social trends can affect a societys reception towards fantasy, in the early 20th century, the New Culture Movements enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature
7.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
8.
Lord of Light
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Lord of Light is a science fantasy novel by American author Roger Zelazny. It was awarded the 1968 Hugo Award for Best Novel, two chapters from the novel were published as novelettes in the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction in 1967. The context of the novel – modern western characters in a Hindu-Buddhist-infused world – is reflected in the opening lines, His followers called him Mahasamatman. He preferred to drop the Maha- and the -atman, however and he never claimed to be a god, but then he never claimed not to be a god. Zelazny noted, Lord of Light was intentionally written so that it could be taken as a fiction or a fantasy novel. On the one hand, I attempted to provide justifications for what went on in the way of the bizarre, on the other. I wrote it that way on purpose, leaving some intentional ambiguity, Lord of Light is set on a planet colonized by some of the remnants of vanished Urath, or Earth. The crew and colonists from the spaceship Star of India found themselves on a strange planet surrounded by hostile indigenous races and had to carve a place for themselves or perish. The crew has developed a technology to transfer a persons atman, or soul. This reincarnation by mind transfer has created a race of immortals and allowed the former crew members to institute the Hindu caste system. The novel covers great spans of time, eventually, the crew used their now-great powers to subjugate or destroy the native non-human races while setting themselves up as gods in the eyes of the many generations of colonist progeny. The gods fear that any enlightenment or advancement might lead to a renaissance that would eventually weaken their power. The protagonist, Sam, who has developed the ability to manipulate electromagnetic forces, is a crewman who has rejected godhood. Sam is the last Accelerationist, He believes that technology should be available to the masses, Sam introduces Buddhism as a culture jamming tool and strives to cripple the power of the gods with this new religion. His carefully planned revolt against the gods takes place in stages, An army, great in space, One man, brief in space, must spread his opposition across a period of many years if he is to have a chance of succeeding. Sams bodiless essence was projected by the gods into the ionosphere after his capture in the battle of Keenset and this mode of execution was used because the last time the gods killed his body, Sam returned and stole a new one from one of the lesser gods. When Sam awakes, he claims to be horrified to be back in the flesh, having been aware of his ethereal condition the whole time and he wants to return, to hear the song the stars sing on the shores of the great sea. Eventually, after meditation on and immersion in earthly senses, he returns fully to the world, shortly after, an encounter with the god Mara, who had come to investigate the disturbances caused by Yamas machinery, causes the conspirators to flee
9.
Isle of the Dead (Zelazny novel)
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Isle of the Dead is a science fiction novel by Roger Zelazny published in 1969. It was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1969, the title refers to the several paintings by Swiss-German painter Arnold Böcklin. In the novel, Francis Sandow refers to “that mad painting by Boecklin, The Isle of the Dead. ”Böcklin created at least five paintings with that title, each depicting an oarsman and a standing figure in a small boat, crossing dark water toward a forbidding island. A later Ace books edition featured a painting by Dean Ellis that was deliberately reminiscent of Böcklin’s work. As to the inspiration, Zelazny noted, “This was a spin-off from the novelette I did called ‘This Moment of the Storm. ’ Actually, it wasn’t the guy I was interested in. By the time he got there, they’d invented a faster-than-light drive, because several centuries had gone by, Earth had much higher technology, and he had the means of going back fast if he wanted to, but he didn’t. He wasn’t sure he was happy on the world he’d reached, though, there were still time dilation effects and, through making a few sharp investments here and there, with so much time passing, he became quite wealthy. He also happened to become the oldest human in the galaxy and he also just happened to have been through the initiation ritual which would make him a god in this other religion, even though he didn’t believe in it wholeheartedly. But it was the concept of the big expanse of time that interested me, Francis Sandow is the last surviving human born in the 20th century. An early space colonist, he spent long centuries of travel in suspended animation. After his last such trip, he woke in the 27th Century, desperate for something to hold to, he sought out a mentor, who happened to be a member of a very long-lived and slowly dying alien race, the Peians. Under this tutelage, Sandow eventually became a telepath and worldscaper, worldscapers have the ability to create and/or terraform planets. There are only twenty-seven existing worldscapers, Sandow, bound to Shimbo of Darktree, outworlders are welcome to practice the religion, which is called Strantri. Sandow opines it will be the first major religion to outlive its founders, unlike most of the Peian deities, who tend to be chimeras like Egyptian gods, Shimbo is also unmistakably human, showing that the Peians had visited Earth in the distant past. The rite of Naming was once reserved for the priests of the Peian religion. Sandow is an agnostic as far as the objective existence of the gods is concerned. However, whenever he sits for a time in a Strantri shrine, the icon of Shimbo always lights up, and this happens simultaneously in every shrine in the galaxy. At the beginning of the novel, Sandow is one of the most famous men in the Galaxy, wealthy beyond imagination, living a life of seclusion, the novel is partly a tribute to Ernest Hemingway and some of its meditative sequences are written in a Hemingway-like style
10.
Doorways in the Sand
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Doorways in the Sand is a science fiction novel by American writer Roger Zelazny. Zelazny wrote the story in one draft, no rewrites. Doorways in the Sand was nominated to the Nebula and Hugo awards, the star-stone is missing, and Fred Cassidy, a perpetual student and acrophile, is the last known person to have seen it. He denies any knowledge of its whereabouts, and decides to make his own investigation, through the examination of an alien telepath, Fred finds out that the star-stone entered his body through a wound while he was asleep. An alien agent, a representative of the Whillowhim culture, attempts to steal the stone when it is removed from Fred’s body. The Whillowhim seek to limit the power of an alliance of newer, less-developed members of the galactic coalition, in a struggle atop the building housing the Rhennius machine, the Whillowhim agent falls to its death. Fred accepts a position as alien cultural expert for the legation of the U. S. to the United Nations. The star-stone, now identified with the name Speicus, is a sentient, telepathic sociological life-form that can gather and analyze information and make reports using Fred as its host. Fred Cassidy — A building-climbing, wise-cracking, perennial student is the last known person to have seen the missing star-stone and he denies any knowledge of its whereabouts. Since he is an acrophile, a lover of high places, the Rhennius machine — An alien device can transform objects in different ways through its inversion program. In Doorways it reverses, turns out, and incises objects. Dennis Wexroth — Fred’s latest academic counselor is determined to graduate Fred against his will, Hal Sidmore — Fred’s best friend and former roommate unknowingly switches a model of the star-stone for the real one in Professor Byler’s laboratory. When he moves out, he leaves the stone in Fred’s apartment, Paul Byler — A professor of geology and world-renowned crystallographer manufactures replicas of the star-stone for the United Nations. As an extremist Anglophile, Byler is incensed by the loan of the British Crown Jewels to the alien confederation. He hires two thugs, Morton Zeemeister and Jamie Buckler, to plan and help out the theft of the star-stone during the delivery of a replica. Charv and Ragma — Alien police officers investigate the theft of the star-stone in order to return it to the United Nations and they assume Fred does not know where it is, but believe the secret of its recovery lies in his subconscious. Ragma is disguised as either a wombat or a dog, while Charv wears a kangaroo suit, Morton Zeemeister and Jamie Buckler — Sadistic professional criminals are originally employed by Paul Byler and others in his extremist Anglophile group to plan the theft of the star-stone. Ragma and Charv assume that they want the stone for themselves to ransom it back to the United Nations, however, Speicus — A sentient telepathic alien life form of unknown origin in the shape of a stone acts as a recorder and data processor of sociological information
11.
Eye of Cat
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Eye of Cat is a 1982 science fiction novel written by Roger Zelazny. It was among his five personal favorite novels from his own oeuvre, when the galaxys most skilled hunter is asked to use his skill to protect an important political mission, he realizes that he needs specialized aid. Thus Billy Singer must seek the shape-shifting telepathic creature only known as Cat, Cat agrees to help on the condition that, once the mission is over, he be given the chance to hunt his former captor. However, Billy has been growing increasingly fatalistic in the leading up to the story. Cat, a hunter refuses, encouraging Billy to flee, Billy does so, but remains fatalistic, with Cat reading in his mind a wish to die and his foreknowledge of a final location. Billy must reconcile his personal chindi to evade Cat, Billy turns increasingly primitive, away from the technology of the day, and eventually returns to his Navajo roots. Traveling across the world using teleportation technology, he comes to Canyon de Chelly where he regresses to a state where he can, or believes he can. At the same time, a collection of psychics try to pool their powers to help him, Cat is able to kill one by destroying his mind, but even so the dead man seems to linger as a part of their group consciousness. Billy is eventually able to kill Cat, but then has to face his chindi, the novel ends with Billy apparently united with his other self. The dedication page reads To Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee, two Navajo Tribal Police characters in stories by Tony Hillerman. Zelazny took much inspiration from Hillermans stories of Navajo life and culture, Hillerman repaid the compliment by having one of his characters reading a Zelazny novel while on a stakeout. The creature Cat is referred to as a Torglind Metamorph, last of its kind from a long since destroyed when its star went nova. The aliens plight parallels that of Billy Singer, who has become displaced from his people, the book also contains several long cosmogonic poems with many beings from the Navajo pantheon in as characters. Eye of Cat was nominated for the 1983 Locus Award Levack, amber Dreams, A Roger Zelazny Bibliography. The Science-Fantasy Publishers, A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998, westminster, MD and Baltimore, Mirage Press, Ltd. p.669
12.
A Night in the Lonesome October
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A Night in the Lonesome October is a fantastic novel by American writer Roger Zelazny published in 1993, near the end of his life. It was his last book, and one of his five personal favorites, the book is divided in 32 chapters, each representing one night in the month of October. The story is told in the first-person, akin to journal entries, throughout,33 full-page illustrations by Gahan Wilson punctuate a tale heavily influenced by H. P. Lovecraft. A Night in the Lonesome October was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1994, a similar theme of conflict surrounding the opening of a gate to another world exists in Zelaznys novel Madwand. A Night in the Lonesome October is narrated from the point-of-view of Snuff, the bulk of the story takes place in London and its environs, though at one point the story detours through the dream-world described by Lovecraft in The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath. Though never explicitly stated, various contextual clues within the story imply that it takes place during the late Victorian period. When these conditions are right, men and women with occult knowledge may gather at a ritual site to hold the doors closed. Should the Closers win, then the world will remain as it is until the next turning, but should the Openers succeed, then the Great Old Ones will come to Earth, to remake the world in their own image. The Openers have never yet won and these meetings are often referred to as The Game or The Great Game by the participants, who try to keep the goings-on secret from the mundane population. In addition, there is a Witch, a Clergyman, a Druid, a Mad Monk, each Player has a familiar – an animal companion with near-human intelligence that helps complete the numerous preparations for the ritual. The majority of the story describes the interactions and discussions of these animals, throughout the book, the Players slowly take sides, form alliances, make deals, oppose one another, and even kill off their enemies. The plot accelerates until the night of October 31st, when the ritual takes place, a Night in the Lonesome October at Worlds Without End
13.
Americans
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Americans are citizens of the United States of America. The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens, and expatriates may also claim an American identity. See Names for United States citizens. S, virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century. It also includes influences of African-American culture, westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements, immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics, in addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, the United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically. Some other race is also an option in the census and other surveys, people of European descent, or White Americans, constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72. 4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census. They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the peoples of Europe, the Middle East. Of those reporting to be White American,7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial, with largest combination being white, additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos. Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states, there are four minority-majority states, California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii. In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority, the state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine. The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European diaspora, the Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. 8% of the total population, Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race
14.
Nebula Award
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The Nebula Awards annually recognize the best works of science fiction or fantasy published in the United States. The awards are organized and awarded by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and they were first given in 1966 at a ceremony created for the awards, and are given in four categories for different lengths of literary works. A fifth category for film and television episode scripts was given 1974–78, the rules governing the Nebula Awards have changed several times during the awards history, most recently in 2010. SFWA numbers the awards by the prior to the year the award is given in. For lists of winners and nominees for each Nebula category, see the list of categories below, the Nebula Awards are given annually by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America for the best science fiction or fantasy fiction published during the previous year. To be eligible for consideration works must be published in English in the United States, works published in English elsewhere in the world are also eligible provided they are released on either a website or in an electronic edition. The awards are not limited to American citizens or members of SFWA, works translated into English are also eligible. There are no rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy. The winner receives a trophy but no prize, the trophy is a transparent block with an embedded glitter spiral nebula. The trophy itself was designed for the first awards by J. A. Lawrence, based on a sketch by Kate Wilhelm, Nebula Award nominees and winners are chosen by members of the SFWA. Additional nominees are possible in the case of ties, members then vote on the ballot throughout March, and the final results are presented at the Nebula Awards ceremony in May. Authors are not permitted to nominate their own works, though they can decline nominations, ties in the final vote are broken, if possible, by the number of nominations the works received. The first Nebulas were given in 1966, for works published in 1965, the idea for such an award, funded by the sales of anthologies collecting the winning works, was proposed by SFWA secretary-treasurer Lloyd Biggle, Jr. in 1965. The idea was based on the Edgar Awards, presented by the Mystery Writers of America, the initial ceremony consisted of four literary awards, for Novels, Novellas, Novelettes, and Short Stories, which have been presented every year since. Prior to 2009, the Nebula Awards employed a rolling eligibility system, each work was eligible to qualify for the ballot for one year following its date of publication. As a consequence of rolling eligibility, there was the possibility for works to be nominated in the year after their publication. Works were added to a preliminary list for the if they had ten or more nominations. Authors were also allowed to use the mass-market paperback publication of their books as the beginning of their nomination period, beginning with the 2010 awards, the rolling eligibility system and paperback publication exemption were replaced with the current rules
15.
Hugo Award
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The Hugo Awards are a set of awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The awards are named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the science fiction magazine Amazing Stories. Organized and overseen by the World Science Fiction Society, the awards are given each year at the annual World Science Fiction Convention as the focus of the event. They were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, the Hugo Awards have been termed as among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing. Works that have won have been published in collections. The 2016 awards were presented at the 74th Worldcon, MidAmeriCon II, in Kansas City, United States, the 2017 Hugos will be presented at the 75th Worldcon, Worldcon 75, in Helsinki, Finland, on August 12,2017. For lists of winners and nominees for each category, see the list of categories below. The World Science Fiction Society gives out the Hugo Awards each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works, the award is named after Hugo Gernsback, who founded the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories and who is considered one of the fathers of the science fiction genre. Works are eligible for an award if they were published in English in the calendar year. There are no rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy. Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, the selection process is defined in the WSFS constitution as instant-runoff voting with five nominees per category, except in the case of a tie. The awards are split over more than a dozen categories, for each category of Hugo, the voter may rank No Award as one of their choices. Voters are instructed that they should do so if they feel that none of the nominees are worthy of the award, or if they feel the category should be abolished entirely. A vote for No Award other than as ones first choice signifies that the voter believes the nominee ranked higher than No Award are worthy of a Hugo in that category, while those ranked lower are not. The five works on the ballot for each category are the most-nominated by members that year, from 1953 to 1958 the awards did not include any recognition of runner-up novels, but since 1959 all of the candidates have been recorded. Worldcons are generally held near the start of September, and take place in a different city around the world each year, the idea of giving out awards at Worldcons was proposed by Harold Lynch for the 1953 convention. The idea was based on the Academy Awards, with the name Hugo being given by Robert A. Madle, the award trophy was created by Jack McKnight and Ben Jason in 1953, based on the design of hood ornaments of 1950s cars. It consisted of a rocket ship on a wooden base
16.
This Immortal
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This Immortal, serialized as. And Call Me Conrad, is a science fiction novel by American author Roger Zelazny. In its original publication, it was abridged by the editor and it tied with Frank Herberts Dune for the 1966 Hugo Award for Best Novel. Most, but not all of the made for the serialized version were restored for the first paperback publication by Ace Books. Zelazny stated in interviews that he preferred the original eponymous title. The abridged version was novel length at over 47,000 words, after being devastated by a nuclear war, the Earth is a planet with a population of only 4 million, overrun by a variety of mutated lifeforms. Worse, much of the Earth is now owned by the Vegans, but Conrad suddenly finds himself the reluctant protector of this alien visitor when attempts are made on the Vegans life. Conrad knows that keeping the Vegan alive is important—but now he must find out why and he is aided by another old friend and an old man who is actually one of his sons. It is eventually revealed that the Vegan he is escorting has been charged with the disposition of the planet Earth. The Vegan in his turn is confounded by Conrads actions, along the way it appears that Conrads beloved wife is killed in a natural cataclysm. At the end, the rebels realize that Conrad has been fighting to protect the Earth in his own way. Through actions such as the deconstruction of the pyramids, Conrad makes the Vegans see that Earthlings would rather destroy the planets riches than see them fall into the hands of others, in the final battle to protect the Vegan, Conrads wife appears to deliver the decisive saving blow. The Vegan sees the mettle of which Conrad is made, and decides to leave the planet in the possession of the one being with the longevity, power, Conrad finds himself the owner of Earth. Many of Zelaznys heroes are overmen, or even gods or demigods, identified early in the book as a possible Kallikantzaros by his lover Cassandra, Conrad is later also compared to Pan. Whether or not Conrad is a god, however, is unclear in the book, while he has led an extraordinarily long life. Zelazny declared that “I wanted to leave it open to several interpretations—well, I wanted to sort of combine fantasy and sf… either Conrad is a mutant or he is the Great God Pan. The book may be either way. Do not lean too heavily on anyone, algis Budrys praised This Immortal as an extremely interesting and undeniably important book, and described it as a story of adventures and perils, high intrigue, esthetics politics. Lawrence P. Ashmead an editor for Doubleday & Company Inc rejected the book for publishing, in the rejection letter he claims the plot is terribly thin and uninteresting
17.
Irish Americans
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Irish Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. About 33.3 million Americans—10. 5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and this compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland. Three million people identified as Scots-Irish, whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States. An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era, only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics—English, Irish or a few Germans. Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1. 6% of the population of 2.5 million in 1775. The Scots-Irish settled mainly in the back country of the Appalachian Mountain region. Irish Americans signed the documents of the United States—the Declaration of Independence. The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to simply as Irish. However, most descendants of the Scots-Irish continued to consider themselves Irish or American rather than Scots-Irish, however, beginning in the early 19th century, many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and, later in the century, railroads. During the colonial period, Scots-Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry, by the 19th century, through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry, the descendants of the Scots-Irish lost their identification with Ireland. This generation of pioneers. was a generation of Americans, not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots-Irish, in 1820 Irish-born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston, South Carolina. During the 1820s and 30s, Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices, in 1831 and 1835, he established free schools for free African American children. Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835, England led Charlestons Irish Volunteers to defend the school. Soon after this, however, all schools for blacks were closed in Charleston. The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium-sized cities, where they were visible, especially in Charleston, Savannah. After secession in 1861, the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army, civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a hard-war policy. Although most began as unskilled laborers, Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900, the large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers. Small but tight communities developed in growing such as Philadelphia, Boston, New York
18.
The Revenger's Tragedy
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The Revengers Tragedy is an English language, Jacobean revenge tragedy, formerly attributed to Cyril Tourneur but now generally recognized as the work of Thomas Middleton. It was performed in 1606, and published in 1607 by George Eld, a vivid and often violent portrayal of lust and ambition in an Italian court, the play typifies the satiric tone and cynicism of much Jacobean tragedy. Vindice, the revenger, frequently disguised as Piato, Hippolito, Vindices brother, sometimes called Carlo. Gratiana, a widow, mother of Vindice, Hippolito, the Duchess, the dukes second wife. Lussurioso, the son from an earlier marriage, and his heir. Spurio, the second son, a bastard. Junior Brother, the third son. Antonio, a lord at the Dukes court. Antonios wife, raped by Junior Brother Piero, a lord at the Dukes court. As mentioned above, Spurio is the son of the Duke. Nearly all action in the play involving Spurio consists of adultery, murder, as Thomas Laqueur puts it, while the legitimate child is from the froth of the father, the illegitimate child is from the seed of the mothers genitals, as if the father did not exist. The idea of Spurio and his character provides the function of bastardy in the misogynist gender politics of the play, the Duchess, Castiza, and Gratiana are the only three female characters found in the play. Gratiana, Vindices mother, exemplifies female frailty, the play is in accord with the medieval tradition of Christian Complaint, and Elizabethan satire in presenting sexuality mainly as symptomatic of general corruption. Even though Gratiana is the mother of a decent, strong-minded daughter and this personality-split is then repeated, in an episode exactly reversing the pattern, by her ironic, intelligent daughter. The play is set in an unnamed Italian court, Vindice broods over his fathers recent death and his desire for revenge on the lustful Duke for poisoning his beloved nine years before. Vindices brother Hippolito brings news, Lussurioso, the Dukes heir by his first marriage, has asked him if he can find a procurer to obtain a young virgin he lusts after. The brothers decide that Vindice will undertake this role in disguise, meanwhile, Lord Antonios wife has been raped by the new Duchesss youngest son Junior. He brazenly admits his guilt, even joking about it, but to widespread surprise the Duke suspends the proceedings, the Duchesss other sons, Ambitioso and Supervacuo, whisper a promise to have him freed, the Duchess vows to be unfaithful to the Duke
19.
Social Security Administration
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To qualify for most of these benefits, most workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings, the claimants benefits are based on the wage earners contributions. Otherwise benefits such as Supplemental Security Income are given based on need, the Social Security Administration was established by a law codified at 42 U. S. C. Its current commissioner, Nancy Berryhill, was appointed January 19,2017, SSA is headquartered in Woodlawn, Maryland, just to the west of Baltimore, at what is known as Central Office. The agency includes 10 regional offices,8 processing centers, approximately 1300 field offices, as of 2007, about 62,000 people were employed by SSA. Headquarters non-supervisory employees of SSA are represented by American Federation of Government Employees Local 1923, Social Security is the largest social welfare program in the United States. For the year 2014, the net cost of security was 906.4 billion dollars which accounted for 21% of government expenditure. It has been named the 9th best place to work in the federal government, the Social Security Act created a Social Security Board, to oversee the administration of the new program. It was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal with the signing of the Social Security Act of 1935 on August 14,1935, the Board consisted of three presidentially appointed executives, and started with no budget, no staff, and no furniture. It obtained a temporary budget from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration headed by Harry Hopkins, the first Social Security office opened in Austin, Texas, on October 14,1936 Social Security taxes were first collected in January 1937, along with the first one-time, lump-sum payments. The first person to receive monthly retirement benefits was Ida May Fuller of Brattleboro and her first check, dated January 31,1940 was in the amount of US$22.54. In 1939, the Social Security Board merged into a cabinet-level Federal Security Agency, which included the SSB, public Health Service, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and other agencies. In January 1940, the first regular ongoing monthly benefits were begun, in 1946, the SSB was renamed the Social Security Administration under President Harry S. Trumans Reorganization Plan. In 1972, Cost of Living Adjustments were introduced into SSA programs to deal with the effects of inflation on fixed incomes. In 1953, the Federal Security Agency was abolished and SSA was placed under the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which became the Department of Health and Human Services in 1980. In 1994, President Bill Clinton signed into law 42 U. S. C. §901 returning SSA to the status of an independent agency in the branch of government. It was located in Baltimore initially due to the need for a building that was capable of holding the unprecedented amount of records that would be needed. Nothing suitable was available in Washington in 1936, so the Social Security Board selected the Candler Building on Baltimores harbor as a temporary location, soon after locating there, construction began on a permanent building for SSA in Washington that would meet their requirements for record storage capacity. However, by the time the new building was completed, World War II had started, by the time the war ended, it was judged too disruptive to relocate the agency to Washington
20.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
21.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
22.
Jack L. Chalker
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Jack Laurence Chalker was an American science fiction author. Chalker was also a Baltimore City Schools history teacher in Maryland for 12 years and he also was a member of the Washington Science Fiction Association and was involved in the founding of the Baltimore Science Fiction Society. He was born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland, some of his books said that he was born in Norfolk, Virginia although he later claimed that was a mistake, he attended high school at the Baltimore City College. Chalker earned a BA degree in English from Towson University in Towson, Maryland, during 2003, Towson University named Chalker their Liberal Arts Alumnus of the Year. He received a Master of Arts in Liberal Studies from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Chalker intended to become a lawyer, but financial problems caused him to become a teacher instead. He taught history and geography in the Baltimore City Public Schools from 1966 to 1978, most notably at Baltimore City College and the now defunct Southwest Senior High School. Chalker lectured on science fiction and technology at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C. the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, Chalker was married in 1978 and had two children. Chalkers hobbies included esoteric audio, travel, and working on science-fiction convention committees, Chalker joined the Washington Science Fiction Association during 1958, and during 1963 he and two friends founded the Baltimore Science Fiction Society. Chalker attended every World Science Fiction Convention, except one, from 1965 until 2004 and he published an amateur SF journal, Mirage, from 1960 to 1971, producing ten issues. Another journal, Interjection, was published 1968–1987 in association with the Fantasy Amateur Press Association, Chalker also initiated a publishing house, Mirage Press, Ltd. for releasing nonfiction and bibliographic works concerning science fiction and fantasy. Chalkers awards included the Daedalus Award, The Gold Medal of the West Coast Review of Books, Skylark Award, and he was a nominee for the John W. Campbell Award twice and for the Hugo Award twice. Chalker was posthumously awarded the Phoenix Award by the Southern Fandom Confederation on April 9,2005, Chalker was a three-term treasurer of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Chalker was also the co-author of The Science Fantasy Publishers, published by Mirage Press, Ltd, the Maryland Young Writers Contest, sponsored by the Baltimore Science Fiction Society, was renamed The Jack L. Chalker Young Writers Contest effective April 8,2006. Chalker is best known for his Well World series of novels, but he wrote many other novels. Many of Chalkers works involve some physical transformation of the main characters, another example would be that the Wonderland Gambit series resembles traditional Buddhist jataka-type reincarnation stories set in a science fiction environment. Steven Chalker announced that Wonderland Gambit might be made into a movie, at the time of his death, Chalker left one unfinished novel, Chameleon. He was planning to write another novel, Ripsaw, after Chameleon, on September 18,2003, during Hurricane Isabel, Chalker passed out and was rushed to the hospital with a diagnosis of a coronary occlusion. He was later released, but was severely weakened, on December 6,2004, he was again rushed to hospital with breathing problems and disorientation, and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure and a pneumothorax
23.
Joe Haldeman
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Joe William Haldeman is an American science fiction author. He is best known for his 1974 novel The Forever War and that novel, and other of his works including The Hemingway Hoax and Forever Peace, have won major science fiction awards including the Hugo Award and Nebula Award. For his career writing science fiction and/or fantasy he is a SFWA Grand Master, Haldeman was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. His family traveled and he lived in Puerto Rico, New Orleans, Washington DC, Bethesda, in 1965, Haldeman married Mary Gay Potter, known as Gay. He received a BS degree in Physics and Astronomy from the University of Maryland in 1967 and he was immediately drafted into the United States Army, and served as a combat engineer in Vietnam. He was wounded in combat and received a Purple Heart, in 1975, he received an MFA degree in Creative Writing from the University of Iowa Writers Workshop. Haldeman resides alternately in Gainesville, Florida and Cambridge, Massachusetts, since 1983, he has been an Adjunct Professor teaching writing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which is also the fictional setting for his 2007 novel, The Accidental Time Machine. In addition to being a writer, Haldeman is a painter. In 2009 and 2010, he was hospitalized for pancreatitis, Haldeman is the brother of Jack C. Haldeman II, also an author whose work included an original Star Trek novel. Haldemans first book was a 122-page novel, War Year, published by Holt, Rinehart, the novel was sold with the help of fellow writer Ben Bova. It was based on his letters home from Vietnam, and was marketed as mainstream and Young Adult. His most famous novel is his second, The Forever War and it won the years Best Novel Hugo, Nebula and Locus Awards. He later turned it into a series, in 1975, two Attar novels were published as Pocket Books paperback originals under the pen name Robert Graham. Haldeman also wrote two of the earliest original novels based on the 1960s Star Trek television series universe, Planet of Judgment, Haldeman wrote the first two SF stories that he sold, in a college creative writing class in 1967. Not bad for a story banged out overnight to meet a class deadline, Haldeman has written at least one produced Hollywood movie script. The film, a science fiction film called Robot Jox, was released in 1990. He was not entirely happy with the product, saying to me it’s as if I’d had a child who started out well, in a 2016 interview, Haldeman said, Jack of all trades, master of none I think
24.
Hedy West
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Hedy West was an American folksinger and songwriter. West belonged to the generation of folk revivalists as Joan Baez. Her most famous song 500 Miles is one of Americas most popular folk songs and she was described by the English folk musician A. L. Lloyd as far and away the best of American girl singers in the revival. Hedy West played the guitar and the banjo and she played both clawhammer style and a unique type of three-finger picking that exhibited influences outside of bluegrass and old-time, such as blues and jazz. She was born Hedwig Grace West in Cartersville in the mountains of northern Georgia in 1938 and he co-founded the Highlander Folk School in New Market, Tennessee, and later ran the Appalachian South Folklife Center in Pipestem, West Virginia. Her great-uncle Augustus Mulkey played the fiddle, her paternal grandmother Lillie Mulkey West played the banjo, by her teens West was singing at folk festivals, both locally and in neighboring states. In the mid-50s she won a prize for ballad-singing in Nashville, many of her songs, including the raw materials for 500 Miles, came from Lillie West, who passed on the songs she had learned as a child. She used her fathers poetry in several songs, such as Anger in the Land and her familys politics were also a lifelong influence. Her songs were rarely if ever overt, topical protests, hedy West attended Western Carolina College. In 1959, she moved to New York City to study music at Mannes College, when she arrived and saw the Folk Revival taking place, she realized that the music the Northerners were playing was in fact music she had heard every day growing up. She embraced her folk side and started performing it around New York and she later attributed some of her ability to get inside her songs to her early training as an actress. She was embraced by the Greenwich Village folk scene, and was invited by Pete Seeger to sing alongside him at a Carnegie Hall concert and she was signed to Vanguard Records by Manny Solomon after an appearance at the May 6,1961 Indian Neck Folk Festival. After being included on the 1961 compilation album New Folks for Vanguard and she moved to Los Angeles in the early 1960s, where she continued singing and later married. West performed at the Newport Folk Festival in 1964, in 1966, she appeared on Pete Seegers Public Television series Rainbow Quest, in an episode headlined by Mississippi John Hurt. By this time, she was making visits to England. She recorded three albums for Bill Leader and A. L. Lloyd at Topic Records - Old Times and Hard Times, Pretty Saro and Ballads - together with another for Fontana, entitled Serves em Fine. For a few months in 1962 she had engaged to Roger Zelazny. In 1968, in London, she married broadcaster Pete Myers, shortly thereafter - date unknown - they divorced
25.
Crime fiction
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Crime fiction is the literary genre that fictionalises crimes, their detection, criminals, and their motives. It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other such as historical fiction or science fiction. Crime fiction has multiple subgenres, including fiction, courtroom drama, hard-boiled fiction. Suspense and mystery are key elements that are ubiquitous to the genre. In Italy people commonly call a story about detectives or crimes giallo, better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, french author Émile Gaboriaus Monsieur Lecoq laid the groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction, the Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval, whose series Les Habits Noirs features Scotland Yard detectives, the best-selling crime novel of the nineteenth century was Fergus Humes The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom, like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e. g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in form in the monthly Strand magazine in the United Kingdom. Later a set of stereotypic formulae began to appear to cater to various tastes, Crime fiction can be divided into the following four branches, The cozy mystery, a subgenre of detective fiction in which profanity, sex, and violence are downplayed or treated humorously. The whodunit, the most common form of detective fiction, the historical whodunnit, also a subgenre of historical fiction. The police procedural, the detective is a member of the police, the forensic crime fiction, similar to the police procedural. The detective the reader follows is usually a medical examiner or pathologist—they must use the evidence left on the body. This subgenre was first introduced by Patricia Cornwell, the legal thriller, the major characters are lawyers and their employees, and they become involved in proving their cases. The spy novel, the characters are spies, usually working for an intelligence agency. The caper story and the novel, the stories are told from the point of view of the criminals. The parody or spoof When trying to pigeon-hole fiction, it is difficult to tell where crime fiction starts
26.
Jane Lindskold
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Jane M. Lindskold is an American writer of fantasy and science fiction short stories and novels. Mentored by her friend, Roger Zelazny, she started publishing stories in 1992, in her Firekeeper Saga, she writes about a woman who discovers that politics among the wolves she was raised by and politics among human royalty are not so different. Charles de Lint, reviewing Changer, praised Lindskolds ability to tell a fast-paced, contemporary story that still carries the weight, terri Windling called Brother to Dragons, Companion to Owls a complex, utterly original work of speculative fiction. She is the first of four siblings, the others being Ann M. Lindskold Nalley, Graydon M. Lindskold, Lindskolds father, John E. Lindskold, was head of the Land and Natural Resources Division, Western Division of the United States Justice Department. Her mother, Barbara DiSalle Lindskold, was also an attorney, jane M. Lindskold grew up in Washington, D. C. and Chesapeake Bay. She received a Ph. D. in English from Fordham, concentrating on Medieval, Renaissance, Lindskold lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico with her husband, archaeologist Jim Moore
27.
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
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The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction is a US fantasy and science fiction magazine first published in 1949 by Fantasy House, a subsidiary of Lawrence Spivaks Mercury Press. Editors Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas had approached Spivak in the mid-1940s about creating a fantasy companion to Spivaks existing mystery title, Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine. The first issue was titled The Magazine of Fantasy, but the decision was made to include science fiction as well as fantasy. F&SF quickly became one of the magazines in the science fiction and fantasy field, with a reputation for publishing literary material. Mills was responsible for publishing Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes, Rogue Moon by Algis Budrys, Starship Troopers by Robert Heinlein, and the first of Brian Aldisss Hothouse stories. The first few issues featured cover art by George Salter, Mercury Presss art director, but other artists soon began to appear, including Chesley Bonestell, Kelly Freas. In 1962, Mills was succeeded as editor by Avram Davidson, at the start of 1966 Edward Ferman was listed as editor, and four years later he acquired the magazine from his father and moved the editorial offices to his house in Connecticut. In 1991 he turned the editorship over to Kristine Kathryn Rusch, in the mid-1990s circulation began to decline, most magazines were losing subscribers and F&SF was no exception. Gordon Van Gelder replaced Rusch in 1997, and bought the magazine from Ferman in 2001, but circulation continued to fall, charles Coleman Finlay took over from Van Gelder as editor in 2015. The first magazine dedicated to fantasy, Weird Tales, appeared in 1923, it was followed in 1926 by Amazing Stories, by the end of the 1930s, the genre was flourishing in the United States, nearly twenty new sf and fantasy titles appearing between 1938 and 1941. These were all pulp magazines, which meant that despite the occasional high-quality story, in 1941, Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine appeared, edited by Fred Dannay and focusing on detective fiction. The magazine was published in digest format, rather than pulp, Dannay attempted to avoid the sensationalist fiction appearing in the pulps, and soon made the magazine a success. In the early 1940s Anthony Boucher, a writer of fantasy and sf and also of mystery stories. Boucher also knew J. Francis McComas, an editor who shared his interest in fantasy, by 1944 McComas and Boucher became interested in the idea of a fantasy companion to Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine, and spoke to Dannay about it. Dannay was interested in the idea, but paper was scarce because of World War II, in January 1946, Boucher and McComas went to New York and met with Spivak, who let them know later in the year that he wanted to go ahead. At Spivaks request they began acquiring material for the new magazine, including a new story by Raymond Chandler, lovecraft, John Dickson Carr, and Robert Bloch. Spivak initially planned the first issue for early 1947, but repeatedly delayed the launch because of poor sales of digest magazines. He also suggested that it should be priced at 35 cents an issue, in May 1949 Spivak suggested a new title, The Magazine of Fantasy, and in August a press release announced that the magazine would appear in October
28.
Hannes Bok
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Hannes Bok, pseudonym for Wayne Francis Woodard, was an American artist and illustrator, as well as an amateur astrologer and writer of fantasy fiction and poetry. He painted nearly 150 covers for science fiction, fantasy. Boks work graced the pages of calendars and early fanzines, as well as dust jackets from specialty book publishers like Arkham House, Llewellyn, Shasta Publishers, and Fantasy Press. His paintings achieved a luminous quality through the use of an arduous glazing process, Bok shared one of the inaugural 1953 Hugo Awards for science fiction achievement. Wayne Woodard was born in Kansas City, Missouri and his parents divorced when he was five, and his father and stepmother, strict disciplinarians, discouraged his artistic efforts. Once he graduated high school, in Duluth, Minnesota, Bok cut off contact with his father, there he became active in SF fandom, including the publication and illustration of fanzines. It was in connection with activities that he originated his pseudonym, first Hans, then Hannes. The pseudonym derives from Johann Sebastian Bach, in 1937, Bok moved to Los Angeles, where he met Ray Bradbury. In 1938, he relocated to Seattle – where he worked for the W. P. A. and became acquainted with artists like Mark Tobey and Morris Graves. Bok had corresponded with and had met Maxfield Parrish, and the influence of Parrishs art on Boks is evident in his choice of subject matter, use of color, and application of glazes. In the summer of 1939, Ray Bradbury carried samples of Boks art eastward to introduce his friends work to magazine editors at the first World Science Fiction Convention. This was a move, since Bradbury was a neophyte with no connections to commercial art or the magazine industry. Bradbury was, at the time, a 19-year-old newspaper seller, Bradbury succeeded, Farnsworth Wright, editor of Weird Tales, accepted Boks art, which debuted in the December 1939 issue of Weird Tales. More than 50 issues of the magazine featured Boks pen-and-ink work until March 1954, Bok also executed six color covers for Weird Tales between March 1940 and March 1942. Weird Tales also published five of Boks stories and two of his poems between 1942 and 1951, once he broke through into professional publications, Bok moved to New York City and lived there the rest of his life. Throughout his life, Bok was deeply interested in astrology, as well as in the music of the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, with whom Bok had a correspondence. As the years passed, Bok became prone to disagreements with editors over money and artistic issues, he grew reclusive and mystical and he eked out a living, often in near poverty, until his death in 1964. He died, apparently of an attack, at the age of 49
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Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America
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When it developed a serious purpose that was to promote the popularity and respectability of Sword and Sorcery fiction. Originally it was more than an in-group, with members gathering for drinks at science fiction conventions and bestowing pompous. Membership was soon extended to other authors sharing their taste for fantasy, such as Michael Moorcock, the group remained fairly informal, with few expectations of its members, Moorcock has noted he wasnt really an active member. Several sword and sorcery anthologies edited by L. Sprague de Camp for Pyramid Books and Putnam from 1963 to 1970 featured stories by SAGA members along with other, most noteworthy may be The Spell of Seven, in which four of the seven pieces were by members. Another early anthology including works by members of the group was Swords Against Tomorrow and it comprised one novella and three novelettes by SAGA members and a novelette by Leigh Brackett. SAGA later showcased the work of its members in the Flashing Swords, anthology series edited by Carter and published by Dell Books from 1973 to 1981. Carter and SAGA created and sponsored the Gandalf Awards administered by the annual World Science Fiction Convention according to the Hugo Award procedures, from 1974 to 1981 the Gandalf Grand Master Award was annually presented to one person for life achievement in high fantasy writing. The Gandalf Award for Book-Length Fantasy was conferred in 1978 and 1979 upon one published during the previous calendar year. It was dropped by Worldcon because it duplicated the Hugo Award for Best Novel. With the collapse of Carter’s health in the 1980s the anthology series, the Gandalf award, membership was extended by invitation to selected living heroic fantasy authors. Most early members were celebrated more for their science fiction writings than for fantasy, Sprague de Camp – the Pusadian series and the revival and promotion of Robert E. J. L. Sprague de Camp Swords Against Tomorrow, ed. Robert Hoskins Flashing Swords. #3, Warriors and Wizards Flashing Swords, #4, Barbarians and Black Magicians Flashing Swords. #5, Demons and Daggers Gandalf Award
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Heroic fantasy
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Heroic fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy which chronicles the tales of heroes in fantasy settings. Frequently, the protagonist is reluctant to be a champion, and/or is of low or humble origin, though events are usually beyond their control, they are thrust into positions of great responsibility where their mettle is tested in a number of spiritual and physical challenges. Although it shares many of the themes of Sword and Sorcery. Other writers of note added to the still unnamed genre, William Morris, ER Eddison, Evangeline Walton, Heroic fantasy as a genre began to codify and accrue genre conventions following the upsurge of popularity of J. R. R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings, which led to an increase in popularity of fiction in general. The scholarship of writers and editors Lin Carter & L. Sprague De Camp also exerted vast influence on the Robert E. Howard unfinished Conan Stories, Carter restored writers such as Eddison and Walton from obscurity. From the 1970s onwards, a number of authors began publishing longer, sometimes formulaic, fantasy works, despite being a science fiction masterpiece, the Star Wars films exert a considerable metaphor of heroic fantasy. At the same time, sword and sorcery underwent a short resurgence, michael Moorcock, a sharp critic of Tolkien and his school, which he considered inherently politically conservative, took pains to distance himself from it. Many new authors now shed, at least partly, the concepts of heroes and even of good. They tend, like George RR Martin, Robert Jordan, Andrzej Sapkowski, or Robin Hobb, to use several viewpoints, of heroes or villains, jacqueline Carey has, in her The Sundering duology, portrayed an evil god and his army as the protagonists. She shows them not as evil, but as the victims of betrayal. On the other hand, the side are shown as arrogant, narrow-minded. In other words, there is not much difference between the two sides, even the evil god has been forced into the role, not by fate, but because of his brothers pride. Another one of Careys protagonists, Phèdre, is a virtuous, Martin has offered a revisionist presentation of the usual heroes, such as the chivalric knight, by showing some as murderers, bullies, and rapists. Some kings and regents are uncaring manipulators, while a few struggle to be decent while fulfilling a greater duty, powerless commoners, who struggle to survive during a civil war that does not concern them, are often as brutal as their overlords, but are sometimes heroic. A popular example of self-parodying heroic fantasy is provided by the British writer Terry Pratchett, in recent years, heroic fantasy has matured somewhat out of its staid image as sub-par fat fantasy, becoming a genre of its own, the best examples of which have received much praise. Salvatore Brandon Sanderson David C. Smith Richard L. Tierney Janet Morris Chris Morris Heroic fantasy is the name I have given to a subgenre of fiction, otherwise called the sword-and-sorcery story. It is a story of action and adventure laid in a more or less imaginary world, where magic works and where modern science and technology have not yet been discovered
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Lin Carter
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Linwood Vrooman Carter was an American author of science fiction and fantasy, as well as an editor, poet and critic. He usually wrote as Lin Carter, known pseudonyms include H. P. Lowcraft and he is best known for editing the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in the 1970s, which introduced readers to many overlooked classics of the fantasy genre. Carter was born in St. Petersburg, Florida and he was an avid reader of science fiction and fantasy in his youth and became broadly knowledgeable in the field. He was also active in fandom. Carter served in the United States Army, after which he attended Columbia University and he was a copywriter for some years before writing full-time. He married twice, first to Judith Ellen Hershkovitz and later to Noel Vreeland and he was an advertising and publishers copywriter. From 1969 he was a writer and editorial consultant. During much of his career he lived in Hollis, New York. He was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, Carter himself was the model for the Mario Gonzalo character. He was also a member of the Swordsmen and Sorcerers Guild of America, in the 1970s Carter issued his own fantasy fanzine, titled Kadath, after H. P. Lovecrafts fictional setting. Only one issue appeared, it was well-printed but in low numbers. The magazine contained Carters Cthulhu Mythos story The City of Pillars, in 1985, his quality of life was severely reduced when he developed oral cancer and had to endure extensive surgery to have it removed. Only his status as a Korean War veteran enabled him to receive treatment, despite these successes, Carter had increased his alcohol intake, becoming a borderline alcoholic and further weakening his body, already ravaged by his cancer and therapy. The disease subsequently resurfaced, spreading to his throat and leading to his death in 1988 and he resided in East Orange, New Jersey in his final years, and died in nearby Montclair, New Jersey. The editor of Crypt of Cthulhu, Robert M. Price, had published a Lin Carter special issue - Vol 5, No 2. Price, who was appointed Carters literary executor, was preparing a second all-Carter issue when Carter died, it was turned into a memorial issue - Vol 7, two further issues of the magazine were devoted to Carter alone, totaling four special Carter issues. A longtime science-fiction and fantasy fan, Carter first appeared in print with entertaining letters to Startling Stories and other pulp magazines in the late 1940s—one in 1943. Another early collaborative story, The Slitherer from the Slime, by Carter as H. P. Lowcraft and Dave Foley, is a sort of parody of H. P. Lovecraft
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Flashing Swords!
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Flashing Swords. is a series of fantasy anthologies published by Dell Books from 1973 to 1981 under the editorship of Lin Carter. Most of the important sword and sorcery writers at the time of the founding were members, later. Series provides a cross-section of the fantasy of the period. Carter and SAGA also sponsored The Gandalf Award from 1974-1981, with the collapse of Carter’s health in the 1980s the anthology series, the Gandalf award, and likely SAGA itself all went into abeyance. An interesting precursor of the series was Swords Against Tomorrow, edited by Robert Hoskins, in all, twenty-three stories were published in the series, all of them for the first time. J. Cherryh, a story by Diane Duane, an Ebenezum story by Craig Shaw Gardner, #3, Warriors and Wizards Flashing Swords. #4, Barbarians and Black Magicians Flashing Swords
33.
Catholic
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The use of terms catholicism and catholicity is closely related to the use of term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term Catholic Christian exclusively to those who followed the faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome. Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine of Hippo further developed the use of the term catholic in relation to Christianity. In Christian theology, and specially in ecclesiology, terms Catholicism, when used with small c, terms catholicism and catholicity generally designate theological doctrine of the catholicity of the Church without denominational connotations. A common belief in Catholicism is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ, many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils, when the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Romes influence was sometimes challenged. The first great rupture in the Church followed this Council and they are often called Ancient Oriental Churches. The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon and this Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation and thus is both fully God and fully human, the next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism, several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches, in all these cases the beliefs and practices of Catholicism would be identical with the beliefs and practices of the Church in question. However, in Roman Catholicism, the term catholic is understood as to cover those who recognize and are in standing with the Magisterium. The sense given to the word by those who use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs, the Roman Catholic Church includes the 23 rites who recognize the Magisterium. Belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the belief that Christ is made manifest in the elements of Holy Communion, possession of the threefold ordained ministry of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and this teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments, liturgical and personal use of the Sign of the Cross The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship
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Myth
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A myth is any traditional story consisting of events that are ostensibly historical, though often supernatural, explaining the origins of a cultural practice or natural phenomenon. The word myth is derived from the Greek word mythos, which means story. Mythology can refer either to the study of myths, or to a body or collection of myths, myth can mean sacred story, traditional narrative or tale of the gods. A myth can also be a story to explain why something exists, human cultures usually include a cosmogonical or creation myth, concerning the origins of the world, or how the world came to exist. The active beings in myths are generally gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, or animals, most myths are set in a timeless past before recorded time or beginning of the critical history. A myth can be a story involving symbols that are capable of multiple meanings, a myth is a sacred narrative because it holds religious or spiritual significance for those who tell it. Myths also contribute to and express a cultures systems of thought and values, myths are often therefore stories that are currently understood as being exaggerated or fictitious. According to Albert A. Anderson, a professor of philosophy, in these works, the term had several meanings, conversation, narrative, speech, story, tale, and word. Like the related term logos, mythos expresses whatever can be delivered in the form of words, Anderson contrasts the two terms with ergon, a Greek term for action, deed, and work. The term mythos lacks an explicit distinction between true or false narratives, in the context of the Theatre of ancient Greece, the term mythos referred to the myth, the narrative, the plot, and the story of a theatrical play. According to David Wiles, the Greek term mythos in this era covered an entire spectrum of different meanings, from undeniable falsehoods to stories with religious, according to philosopher Aristotle, the spirit of a theatrical play was its mythos. The term mythos was also used for the material of Greek tragedy. The tragedians of the era could draw inspiration from Greek mythology, David Wiles observes that modern conceptions about Greek tragedy can be misleading. It is commonly thought that the ancient audience members were familiar with the mythos behind a play. However, the Greek dramatists were not expected to faithfully reproduce traditional myths when adapting them for the stage and they were instead recreating the myths and producing new versions. Storytellers like Euripides relied on suspense to excite their audiences, in one of his works, Merope attempts to kill her sons murderer with an axe, unaware that the man in question is actually her son. According to an ancient description of reactions to this work. They rose to their feet in terror and caused an uproar, David Wiles points that the traditional mythos of Ancient Greece, was primarily a part of its oral tradition
35.
Hardboiled
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Hardboiled fiction is a literary genre that shares some of its characters and settings with crime fiction. The attitude is conveyed through the inner monologue describing to the audience what he is doing and feeling. Rendered cynical by this cycle of violence, the detectives of hardboiled fiction are classic antiheroes, notable hardboiled detectives include Philip Marlowe, Mike Hammer, Sam Spade, Lew Archer, and The Continental Op. The term comes from a process of hardening ones egg, to be hardboiled is to be comparatively tough, from its earliest days, hardboiled fiction was published in and closely associated with so-called pulp magazines, most famously Black Mask under the editorship of Joseph T. Shaw. In its earliest uses in the late 1920s, hardboiled didnt refer to a type of crime fiction, the hardboiled crime story became a staple of several pulp magazines in the 1930s, in addition to Black Mask, hardboiled crime fiction appeared in Dime Detective and Detective Fiction Weekly. Later, many hardboiled novels were published by houses specializing in paperback originals, consequently, pulp fiction is often used as a synonym for hardboiled crime fiction or gangster fiction, some would distinguish within it the private-eye story from the crime novel itself. Going blood-simple in poisonville, hard-boiled masculinity in Dashiell Hammetts Red Harvest, multicultural Detective Fiction, Murder from the Other Side, Garland Publishing, ISBN 0-8153-3153-3 Haut, Woody. Pulp Culture, Hardboiled Fiction and the Cold War, Serpents Tail, ISBN 1-85242-319-6 Irwin, unless the Threat of Death Is Behind Them, Hard-Boiled Fiction and Film Noir, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-8435-7 Kemp, Simon. Defective Inspectors, Crime-fiction Pastiche in Late Twentieth-century, Maney Publishing, ISBN 1-904350-51-8 Mizejewski, Hardboiled and High Heeled, The Woman Detective in Popular Culture, Routledge Chapman Hall, ISBN 0-415-96970-0 OBrien, Geoffrey. Hardboiled America, Lurid Paperbacks and the Masters of Noir, Da Capo, ISBN 0-306-80773-4 Panek, new Hard-Boiled Writers, 1970s-1990s, University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-87972-819-1 Server, Lee. Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers, Facts On File Inc, ISBN 0-8160-4577-1 Detective Novels, An Overview major history of the genre by Prof
36.
Raymond Chandler
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Raymond Thornton Chandler was a British-American novelist and screenwriter. In 1932, at the age of forty-four, Chandler became a fiction writer after losing his job as an oil company executive during the Great Depression. His first short story, Blackmailers Dont Shoot, was published in 1933 in Black Mask and his first novel, The Big Sleep, was published in 1939. In addition to his stories, Chandler published seven novels during his lifetime. All but Playback have been made into motion pictures, some more than once, in the year before his death, he was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America. He died on March 26,1959, in La Jolla, Chandler had an immense stylistic influence on American popular literature. He is considered to be a founder of the school of detective fiction, along with Dashiell Hammett, James M. Cain. The protagonist of his novels, Philip Marlowe, like Hammetts Sam Spade, is considered by some to be synonymous with private detective, both were played in films by Humphrey Bogart, whom many consider to be the quintessential Marlowe. Some of Chandlers novels are considered important literary works, and three have been considered masterpieces, Farewell, My Lovely, The Little Sister, and The Long Goodbye, Chandler was born in 1888 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Florence Dart and Maurice Benjamin Chandler. He spent his years in Plattsmouth, Nebraska, living with his mother and father near his cousins and his aunt. Chandlers father, a civil engineer who worked for the railway. To obtain the best possible education for Ray, his mother, originally from Ireland, moved them to the area of Upper Norwood in the London Borough of Croydon, another uncle, a successful lawyer in Waterford, Ireland, supported them while they lived with Chandlers maternal grandmother. Raymond was a first cousin to the actor Max Adrian, a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Chandler was classically educated at Dulwich College, London and he spent some of his childhood summers in Waterford with his mothers family. He did not go to university, instead spending time in Paris, in 1907, he was naturalized as a British subject in order to take the civil service examination, which he passed. He then took an Admiralty job, lasting just over a year and his first poem was published during that time. Chandler disliked the servility of the service and resigned, to the consternation of his family, and became a reporter for the Daily Express. He was unsuccessful as a journalist, but he published reviews, an encounter with the slightly older Richard Barham Middleton is said to have influenced him into postponing his career as writer
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Dashiell Hammett
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Samuel Dashiell Hammett was an American author of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories, screenwriter, and political activist. Among the enduring characters he created are Sam Spade, Nick and Nora Charles, in his obituary in The New York Times, he was described as the dean of the. Time magazine included Hammetts 1929 novel Red Harvest on its list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005 and his novels and stories also had a significant influence on films. Hammett was born on a farm in Saint Marys County, Maryland and his parents were Richard Thomas Hammett and Anne Bond Dashiell, his mother belonged to an old Maryland family, whose name in French was De Chiel. Known as Sam, Hammett was baptized a Catholic, and grew up in Philadelphia and he left school when he was 13 years old and held several jobs before working for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He served as an operative for Pinkerton from 1915 to February 1922, the agencys role in union strike-breaking eventually left him disillusioned. Hammett enlisted in the Army in 1918 and served in the Motor Ambulance Corps and he was afflicted during that time with the Spanish flu and later contracted tuberculosis. He spent most of his time in the Army as a patient at Cushman Hospital in Tacoma, Washington, where he met a nurse, Josephine Dolan, Hammett and Dolan had two daughters, Mary Jane and Josephine. Shortly after the birth of their child, Health Services nurses informed Dolan that due to Hammetts TB, she. Dolan rented a home in San Francisco, California, where Hammett would visit on weekends, the marriage soon fell apart, but he continued to financially support his wife and daughters with the income he made from his writing. Hammett was first published in 1922 in the magazine The Smart Set, known for the authenticity and realism of his writing, he drew on his experiences as a Pinkerton operative. Hammett wrote most of his fiction while he was living in San Francisco in the 1920s, streets. He said that All my characters were based on people Ive known personally, Raymond Chandler, often considered Hammetts successor, summarized his accomplishments in The Simple Art of Murder, Hammett was the ace performer. He is said to have lacked heart, yet the story he himself thought the most of and he was spare, frugal, hard-boiled, but he did over and over again what only the best writers can ever do at all. He wrote scenes that seemed never to have written before. In 1929 and 1930, he was involved with Nell Martin. He dedicated The Glass Key to her, and in turn, in 1931, Hammett embarked on a 30-year affair with the playwright Lillian Hellman. Though he sporadically continued to work on material, he wrote his novel in 1934
38.
Surrealism
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Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream, leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I, the word surrealist was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and first appeared in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917. The Dadaists protested with anti-art gatherings, performances, writings and art works, after the war, when they returned to Paris, the Dada activities continued. Meeting the young writer Jacques Vaché, Breton felt that Vaché was the son of writer. He admired the young writers anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition, later Breton wrote, In literature, I was successively taken with Rimbaud, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with Nouveau, with Lautréamont, but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most. Back in Paris, Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and they began experimenting with automatic writing—spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts—and published the writings, as well as accounts of dreams, in the magazine. Breton and Soupault delved deeper into automatism and wrote The Magnetic Fields, continuing to write, they came to believe that automatism was a better tactic for societal change than the Dada form of attack on prevailing values. They also looked to the Marxist dialectic and the work of such theorists as Walter Benjamin, freuds work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. They embraced idiosyncrasy, while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness, as Salvador Dalí later proclaimed, There is only one difference between a madman and me. Beside the use of analysis, they emphasized that one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be−the greater its emotional power, the group aimed to revolutionize human experience, in its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects. They wanted to people from false rationality, and restrictive customs. Breton proclaimed that the aim of Surrealism was long live the social revolution. To this goal, at various times Surrealists aligned with communism and anarchism, in 1924 two Surrealist factions declared their philosophy in two separate Surrealist Manifestos. That same year the Bureau of Surrealist Research was established, leading up to 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed. Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Guillaume Apollinaire, the other group, led by Breton, included Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Jacques Baron, Jacques-André Boiffard, Jean Carrive, René Crevel and Georges Malkine, among others. Goll and Breton clashed openly, at one point literally fighting, at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées, in the end, Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority
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Immortality
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Immortality is eternal life, the ability to live forever. At least one species has potential biological immortality, Turritopsis dohrnii, other advocates believe that life extension is a more achievable goal in the short term, with immortality awaiting further research breakthroughs. The absence of aging would provide humans with biological immortality, but not invulnerability to death by physical trauma, whether the process of internal endoimmortality is delivered within the upcoming years depends chiefly on research in the former view and perhaps is an awaited goal in the latter case. In religious contexts, immortality is often stated to be one of the promises of God to human beings who show goodness or else follow divine law, Life extension technologies promise a path to complete rejuvenation. Cryonics holds out the hope that the dead can be revived in the future, while, as shown with creatures such as hydra and planarian worms, it is indeed possible for a creature to be biologically immortal, it is not known if it is possible for humans. Mind uploading is the transference of brain states from a brain to an alternative medium providing similar functionality. Assuming the process to be possible and repeatable, this would provide immortality to the computation of the original brain, the soul itself has different meanings and is not used in the same way in different religions and different denominations of a religion. For example, various branches of Christianity have disagreeing views on the souls immortality, physical immortality is a state of life that allows a person to avoid death and maintain conscious thought. It can mean the unending existence of a person from a source other than organic life. There are three causes of death, aging, disease and physical trauma. Such issues can be resolved with the provided in research to any end providing such alternate theories at present that require unification. Eliminating aging would require finding a solution to each of these causes, there is also a huge body of knowledge indicating that change is characterized by the loss of molecular fidelity. Disease is theoretically surmountable via technology, in short, it is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism, something the body shouldnt typically have to deal with its natural make up. Human understanding of genetics is leading to cures and treatments for previously incurable diseases. The mechanisms by which other diseases do their damage are becoming better understood, sophisticated methods of detecting diseases early are being developed. Preventative medicine is becoming better understood, neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsons and Alzheimers may soon be curable with the use of stem cells. Breakthroughs in cell biology and telomere research are leading to treatments for cancer, vaccines are being researched for AIDS and tuberculosis. Genes associated with type 1 diabetes and certain types of cancer have been discovered, artificial devices attached directly to the nervous system may restore sight to the blind
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Apotheosis
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Apotheosis is the glorification of a subject to divine level. The term has meanings in theology, where it refers to a belief, and in art, in theology, apotheosis refers to the idea that an individual has been raised to godlike stature. In art, the term refers to the treatment of any subject in a grand or exalted manner. Before the Hellenistic period, imperial cults were known in Ancient Egypt, from the New Kingdom, all deceased pharaohs were deified as Osiris. From at least the Geometric period of the ninth century BC, in the Greek world, the first leader who accorded himself divine honours was Philip II of Macedon. Such Hellenistic state leaders might be raised to an equal to the gods before death or afterwards. A heroic cult status similar to apotheosis was also a given to a few revered artists of the distant past. For this reason hero cults were chthonic in nature, and their rituals more closely resembled those for Hecate and Persephone than those for Zeus and Apollo. Two exceptions were Heracles and Asclepius, who might be honoured as either gods or heroes, sometimes by chthonic night-time rites and sacrifice on the following day. Apotheosis in ancient Rome was a process whereby a deceased ruler was recognized as having been divine by his successor, usually also by a decree of the Senate and popular consent. In addition to showing respect, often the present ruler deified a popular predecessor to legitimize himself, at the height of the imperial cult during the Roman Empire, sometimes the emperors deceased loved ones—heirs, empresses, or lovers, as Hadrians Antinous—were deified as well. Deified people were awarded posthumously the title Divus to their names to signify their divinity, traditional Roman religion distinguished between a deus and a divus, though not consistently. Temples and columns were erected to provide a space for worship. The Ming dynasty epic Investiture of the Gods deals heavily with deification legends, numerous mortals have been deified into the Daoist pantheon, such as Guan Yu, Iron-crutch Li and Fan Kuai. Song Dynasty General Yue Fei was deified during the Ming Dynasty and is considered by practitioners to be one of the three highest ranking heavenly generals. Various Hindu and Buddhist rulers in the past have been represented as deities, especially after death, even several Sultans of Yogyakarta were semi-deified, posthumously. Instead of the apotheosis, Christian theology uses in English the words deification or divinization or the Greek word theosis. Traditional mainstream theology, both East and West, views Jesus Christ as the preexisting God who undertook mortal existence, for He was made man that we might be made God
