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Villemomble
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Villemomble is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.1 km from the center of Paris, Villemomble is served by Le Raincy – Villemomble – Montfermeil station on Paris RER line E. There are seven public preschools/nurseries, Foch, Galliéni, François Mauriac, Montgolfier, Pasteur, Prévert, there are five public elementary schools, Foch I, Foch II, élémentaire d’application François Coppée Lamartine, Leclerc, and Saint-Exupéry. Private schools include École maternelle Saint-Alexis, École élémentaire Sainte-Julienne, And the junior and senior school of Institution Saint-Louis Blanche de Castille. Bonn-Hardtberg, Germany Droylsden, England where the shopping area is called Villemomble Square. Portimão, Portugal Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department INSEE Official website
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France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
3.
Paris Opera Ballet
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The Paris Opera Ballet is an integral part of the Paris Opera and the oldest national ballet company. Together with the Moscow Bolshoi Ballet and the London Royal Ballet it is regarded as one of the three most preeminent ballet companies in the world, since August 2016 the company has been under the direction of Aurélie Dupont, the Directrice de la Danse. The ballet company consists of 154 dancers, among them 17 Danseurs Étoiles, the principal dancer give 180 dance performances each year, primarily at the Palais Garnier. Just as prestigious as the Paris Opera Ballet is its dance school and its former pupils have won a record of 20 Benois de la Danse awards. The school celebrated its tercentennial in 2013, the competition for admission to both institutions is extremely fierce. To be admitted there, to pass the competitive examinations in May. As its Ballet School is excellent and graduates many young dancers who are or the most part French, the Paris Opera has had many different official names during its long history but since 1994 has been called the Opéra National de Paris. The Paris Opera Ballet had its origins in the earlier dance institutions, traditions, of particular importance were the series of comédies-ballets created by Molière with, among others, the choreographers and composers Pierre Beauchamps and Jean-Baptiste Lully. The first was Les Fâcheux in 1661 and the most important, many of these were also performed by Molières company at the public Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris, which was later to become the first permanent home of the opera company and the opera ballet. Also in 1661, Louis XIV had founded the Académie Royale de Danse in an effort to improve the quality of instruction for court entertainments. Members of the academy, as well as the teachers who were certified by it, and their students, participated in the creation of the ballets for the court, Molière. In 1680, Beauchamps became the chancellor of the Académie Royale de Danse, although the Académie Royale de Danse and the Opera were closely connected, the two institutions remained separate, and the former disappeared with the fall of the monarchy in 1789. On 28 June 1669, Louis XIV granted a privilege to the poet Pierre Perrin giving him a monopoly to form an academy for the performance of opera in French. In 1672, Lully purchased Perrins privilege and also obtained new letters patent limiting the use of musicians and this work consisted primarily of excerpts from Lullys prior court ballets connected with new entrées choreographed by des Brosses. A crucial difference, however, from the court ballets was that the members of the court no longer participated. Lullys next production, Cadmus et Hermione, the first tragédie lyrique, the ballets for these works were created by Beauchamps, des Brosses, and dOlivet. It was he, and not des Brosses or Beauchamps, whom Lully engaged for the ballets ordinaires and it was also dOlivet who composed the ballet of the old men in Thesée, of the baneful dreams in Atys, and of the tremblers in Isis. This last was composed solely of pantomimic gestures by men seized with cold, initially the dancers of the Paris Opera Ballet were all male
4.
Zizi Jeanmaire
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Zizi Jeanmaire is a French ballet dancer and widow of renowned dancer and choreographer Roland Petit. She became famous in the 1950s after playing the role in the ballet Carmen, produced in London in 1949. Born Renée Marcelle Jeanmaire in Paris, she met her future husband and she joined his company, Petits ballets de Paris in 1949. In 1954, they married, and their successful shows put her on the road to stardom and this led to a brief stint in Hollywood, appearing in the musicals Hans Christian Andersen and Anything Goes. After that, she concentrated on ballet, producing more than 60 shows with Petit, from the 1960s on, she also had a career in music with such hits as Mon truc en plumes. Her notoriety and fame garnered her more attention, even at fashion shows. At one fashion show for Yves Saint Laurent in 1967, Jeanmaire was prominently seated alongside Elsa Martinelli, Françoise Hardy, almost 50 years later, Vogue magazine would look back at Jeanmaire and her peers as representing a guidepost of fashion week celebrity culture. She and Petit had one daughter, Valentine Petit, a dancer, Jeanmaire is mentioned in the lyrics of the song by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, Nothing is Sacred, a track on their album, Timeless Flight. Zizi Jeanmaire with Gérard Mannoni, Paris, Assouline,2002,147 pages, ISBN 2-84323-389-5 A Tribute to Gainsbourg, Zizi Jeanmaire interprète French Zizi Jeanmaire at the Internet Movie Database
5.
Serge Lifar
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Serge Lifar –15 December 1986, Lausanne, Switzerland) was a French ballet dancer and choreographer of Ukrainian origin, famous as one of the greatest male ballet dancers of the 20th century. Not only a dancer, Lifar was also a choreographer, director, writer, theoretician about dance, Lifar was born in Kiev, Ukraine. His year of birth is shown as 1904. He was the pupil of Bronislava Nijinska in Kiev, in 1921 he left the Soviet Union and was noticed by Serge Diaghilev, who sent him to Turin in order to improve his technique with Enrico Cecchetti. He made his debut at the Ballets Russes in 1923, where he became the dancer in 1925. Lifar was considered the successor to Nijinsky in the Ballets Russes and he was cast at the age of 21 opposite Tamara Karsavina in Nijinskas Roméo et Juliette, Karsavina was twice his age. Lifar gave the company a new strength and purpose, initiating the rebirth of ballet in France, as part of his effort to revitalize dance, Lifar thought the basic principles of ballet—specifically the five positions of the feet—denied mobility for the dancer. He codified two additional positions, known as the sixth and seventh positions, with the feet turned in, during his three decades as director of the Paris Opéra Ballet, Lifar led the company through the turbulent times of World War II and the German occupation of France. He is credited for saving many Jewish and other minority dancers from the Nazi concentration camps during World War II, ironically, after the war, Lifar was forced to go on leave while accusations of being a collaborator were investigated. During this three-year period, Balanchine was hired to replace him, returning to his former position, Lifar brought the Paris Opéra Ballet to America and performed to full houses at the New York City Center. Audiences were enthusiastic and had great admiration for the company of dancers and he undoubtedly influenced Yvette Chauviré, Janine Charrat, and Roland Petit. In 1958, he was rejected by the Paris Ballet theater workers, on 30 March 1958, at age 52, Lifar faced off against the 72-year-old impresario George de Cuevas in a duel in France. The duel was precipitated by an argument over changes to Black and White, Lifar had his face slapped in public after insisting that he retained the rights to Black and White. Lifar sent his seconds to Cuevas who refused to extend an apology, as duels had been technically outlawed in the 17th Century, the time and location of the duel were not disclosed to the public. In 1977 the Paris Opéra Ballet devoted an evening to his choreography. He died in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1986, aged 81, editions Sauret published his memoirs, titled Les Mémoires dIcare, posthumously in 1993. The title references one of his greatest roles in the ballet Icare, the story of the ballet is based on the ancient Greek myth of Icarus, whose father Daedalus builds him a pair of artificial wings. Disobeying his fathers orders, Icarus flies too close to the sun, the Serge Lifar Foundation was set up on 23 August 1989 by Lifars companion, Countess Lillian Ahlefeldt-Laurvig
6.
Henri Dutilleux
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Henri Dutilleux was a French composer active mainly in the second half of the 20th century. His work, which garnered acclaim, followed in the tradition of Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy, Albert Roussel and Olivier Messiaen. Some of his compositions include a piano sonata, two symphonies, the Cello Concerto Tout un monde lointain, the Violin Concerto Larbre des songes. Some of these are regarded as masterpieces of 20th-century classical music, writing in the New York Times, Paul Griffiths said, Mr Dutilleux’s position in French music was proudly solitary. Between Olivier Messiaen and Pierre Boulez in age, he was affected by either. But his voice, marked by sensuously handled harmony and color, was his own, in addition to his activities as a composer, he worked as the Head of Music Production for Radio France for 18 years. Henri Dutilleux was born on 22 January 1916 in Angers, Maine-et-Loire and he was the great-grandson of the painter Constant Dutilleux and of the composer Julien Koszul. He was also a cousin of the mathematician Jean-Louis Koszul, as a young man he studied harmony, counterpoint and piano with Victor Gallois at the Douai Conservatory before leaving for the Paris Conservatoire. There, between 1933 and 1938, he attended the classes of Jean and Noël Gallon, Henri Büsser and he studied music at the Conservatoire de Paris in the same class as Henri Betti, Paul Bonneau and Louiguy. Dutilleux won the Prix de Rome in 1938 for his cantata Lanneau du roi and he worked for a year as a medical orderly in the army and then returned to Paris in 1940, where he worked as a pianist, arranger and music teacher. In 1942 he conducted the choir of the Paris Opera, Dutilleux worked as Head of Music Production for Radio France from 1945 to 1963. He served as Professor of Composition at the École Normale de Musique de Paris from 1961 to 1970 and he was appointed to the staff of the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique in 1970 and was composer in residence at Tanglewood in 1995 and 1998. His students included the French composers Gérard Grisey and Francis Bayer, the Canadian composers Alain Gagnon and Jacques Hétu, the British composer Kenneth Hesketh, invited by Walter Fink, he was the 16th composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2006. For many years, Dutilleux had a studio on Île Saint-Louis and he died on 22 May 2013 in Paris, aged 97 and was buried in Montparnasse Cemetery. Dutilleuxs music extends the legacies of earlier French composers such as Debussy and Ravel but is clearly influenced by Béla Bartók. Among his favourite pieces, he mentioned Beethovens late string quartets and his attitude toward serialism was more ambiguous. As an independent composer, Dutilleux always refused to be associated with any school, rather, his works merge the traditions of earlier composers and post-World War II innovations and translate them into his own idiosyncratic style. His music also contains distant echoes of jazz as can be heard in the double bass strings at the very beginning of his First Symphony
7.
Serge Gainsbourg
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Serge Gainsbourg was a French singer, songwriter, pianist, film composer, poet, painter, screenwriter, writer, actor, and director. His lyrical work incorporated a vast amount of word play to hoodwink the listener, often for humorous, provocative. Common types of play in his songs include mondegreen, onomatopoeia, rhyme, spoonerism, dysphemism, paraprosdokian. Through the course of his career, Gainsbourg wrote over 550 songs, since his death, Gainsbourgs music has reached legendary stature in France. He has also gained a following in the English-speaking world. Born in Paris, France, Gainsbourg was the son of Jewish Ukrainian migrants, Joseph Ginsburg and Olga, who fled to Paris after the 1917 Russian Revolution. Joseph Ginsburg was a trained musician whose profession was playing the piano in cabarets and casinos, he taught his children - Gainsbourg. Gainsbourgs childhood was affected by the occupation of France by Germany in World War II. The identifying yellow star Jews were required to wear haunted Gainsbourg, during the occupation, the Jewish Ginsburg family was able to make their way from Paris to Limoges, traveling under false papers. Limoges was in the Zone libre under the administration of the collaborationist Vichy government, after the war, Gainsbourg obtained work teaching music and drawing in a school outside of Paris, in Mesnil-Le-Roi. The school was set up under the auspices of local rabbis, here Gainsbourg heard the accounts of Nazi persecution and genocide, stories that resonated for Gainsbourg far into the future. Before he was 30 years old, Gainsbourg was a disillusioned painter, Gainsbourg changed his first name to Serge, feeling that this was representative of his Russian background and because, as Jane Birkin relates, Lucien reminded him of a hairdressers assistant. He chose Gainsbourg as his last name, in homage to the English painter Thomas Gainsborough and he married Elisabeth Lize Levitsky on 3 November 1951 and divorced in 1957. He married a second time on 7 January 1964, to Françoise-Antoinette Béatrice Pancrazzi and he divorced Béatrice in February 1966. In late 1967 he had a short but ardent love affair with Brigitte Bardot, to whom he dedicated the song, in mid-1968 Gainsbourg fell in love with the younger English singer and actress Jane Birkin, whom he met during the shooting of the film Slogan. Their relationship lasted over a decade, in 1971 they had a daughter, the actress and singer Charlotte Gainsbourg. Although many sources state that they were married, according to their daughter Charlotte this was not the case. Birkin remembers the beginning of her affair with Gainsbourg, he first took her to a nightclub, then to a transvestite club, Birkin left Gainsbourg when pregnant with her third daughter Lou by the film director Jacques Doillon
8.
Yves Saint Laurent (brand)
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Yves Saint Laurent YSL is a French luxury fashion house founded by Yves Saint Laurent and his partner, Pierre Bergé. Saint Laurent Paris revived its haute couture collection in 2015 under creative director Hedi Slimane, the new collection, Yves Saint Laurent Couture or Saint Laurent Paris 24, Rue de L’Université is the French houses first couture collection ever since the retirement of its legendary founder in 2002. Founded in 1961 it has considered one of the worlds most prominent fashion houses and known for its modern and iconic pieces. Today Saint Laurent Paris markets a range of womens and mens ready-to-wear products, leather goods, shoes. Yves Saint Laurent Beauté also has a presence in the luxury beauty market. Competitors to Yves Saint Laurent include, among many, the houses of Chanel, Burberry, Dior, Gucci, Louis Vuitton. The eponymous brand was founded by designer Yves Saint Laurent and his partner, Pierre Bergé in 1961, some of his most memorable collections include the Pop Art, Ballet Russes, Picasso, and Chinese ones. He also started mainstreaming the idea of wearing silhouettes from the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s and he was the first, in 1966, to popularize ready-to-wear in an attempt to democratize fashion, with Rive Gauche and a boutique of the same name. Ambassador to the couturier during the late 1970s and early 1980s was London socialite millionairess Diane Vandelli, making the brand more popular among the European jet-set. The brand continued to expand in the 1980s and early 1990s with fragrances for men and women, having launched its cosmetic line in 1978. However, by 1992 the companys profits were declining and the share price had fallen. In 1993, the Saint Laurent fashion house was sold to the pharmaceuticals company Sanofi, in the 1998–1999 seasons, Alber Elbaz, formerly of Lanvin, designed three ready-to-wear collections. Pierre Bergé appointed Hedi Slimane as collections and art director in 1997, Hedi Slimane decided to leave the house two years later, and became head of couture menswear at Dior Homme. In 1999, Gucci bought the YSL brand and asked Tom Ford to design the collection while Saint Laurent would design the haute couture collection. In 2002, dogged by years of health, drug abuse, depression, alcoholism. Reflecting on his career and impact on the industry, Saint Laurent was heavily quoted around the world for stating, Chanel freed women. Saint Laurent also stated, I created the contemporary womans wardrobe, the prêt-à-porter line was produced under the direction of Stefano Pilati after Tom Ford left in 2004. His style was decidedly more French than the overtly sexy image that Tom Ford propagated
9.
Maurice Jarre
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But also experimenting with electronic sounds later in his career. Although he composed several works, Jarre is best known for his film scores. Jarre composed the scores to all of Leans films from Lawrence of Arabia on, notable scores for other directors include The Train, Mohammad, Messenger of God, Lion of the Desert, Witness and Ghost. Jarre was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and he also won four Golden Globes, two BAFTA Awards, and a Grammy Award. Jarre was born in Lyon, France, in 1924, the son of Gabrielle Renée and André Jarre and he first enrolled in the engineering school at the Sorbonne, but decided to pursue music courses instead. He left the Sorbonne against his fathers will and enrolled at the Conservatoire de Paris to study composition and harmony and he became director of the Théâtre National Populaire and recorded his first film score in France in 1951. In 1961 Jarres music career experienced a change when British film producer Sam Spiegel asked him to write the score for the 1962 epic Lawrence of Arabia. The acclaimed score won Jarre his first Academy Award and he would go on to compose the scores to all of Leans subsequent films and his score for David Leans Ryans Daughter, set in Ireland, completely eschews traditional Irish music styles, owing to Leans preferences. He contributed the music for Luchino Viscontis The Damned, and John Hustons The Man Who Would Be King and he was again nominated for an Academy Award for scoring The Message in 1976 for the director and producer Moustapha Akkad. He followed with Witness and Dead Poets Society, for which he won a British Academy Award. In the 1970s and 1980s, Jarre turned his hand to fiction, with scores for The Island at the Top of the World, Dreamscape, Enemy Mine. The balalaika features prominently in Jarres score for Doctor Zhivago, in 1990 Jarre was again nominated for an Academy Award scoring the supernatural love story/thriller Ghost. His music for the scene of the film is based on Unchained Melody composed by fellow film composer Alex North. Other films for which he provided the music include A Walk in the Clouds, for which he wrote the score and all of the songs, also to his credit is the passionate love theme from Fatal Attraction, and the moody electronic soundscapes of After Dark, My Sweet. Jarres television work includes the score for the miniseries Jesus of Nazareth, directed by Franco Zeffirelli, Shōgun, Jarre scored his last film in 2001, a television film about the Holocaust entitled Uprising. Jarre wrote mainly for orchestras, but began to favour synthesized music in the 1980s, Jarre pointed out that his electronic score for Witness was actually more laborious, time-consuming and expensive to produce than an orchestral score. Jarres electronic scores from the 80s also include Fatal Attraction, The Year of Living Dangerously, Firefox, a number of his scores from that era also feature electronic / acoustic blends, such as Gorillas in the Mist, Dead Poets Society, The Mosquito Coast and Jacobs Ladder. Jarre received three Academy Awards and received a total of nine nominations, eight for Best Original Score and he also won three Golden Globes and was nominated for ten
10.
Ballet National de Marseille
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The Ballet National de Marseille is an internationally acclaimed dance company based in Marseille, France. The company combines modern and classical dance, the Ballet National de Marseille was founded by the dancer and choreographer Roland Petit in 1972. The companys first production was the Pink Floyd Ballet, Roland Petits young daughter had given him a Pink Floyd album and told him he should make a ballet from it. The idea matured, and the ballet eventually debuted in Marseille at the Palais des Sports, the band itself performed at the first show. Since then the Pink Floyd Ballet has been staged several times in cities around the world, under Roland Petit the companys program included modern dance featuring Petits wife Zizi Jeanmaire, who became famous throughout France. In 1992 the École Nationale Supérieure de Danse de Marseille was established, the company and the school were housed in a new 6,000 square metres building with a 300-seat theater and nine rehearsal studios, two of which are reserved for the company. The company has a staff of 70, of whom half are dancers, the school has an intake of about 120 students each year, providing nine years of training in dance. Marie-Claude Pietragalla was appointed Director General of the company and of the school in March 1998, frédéric Flamand was appointed artistic director in September 2004. Before this he had directed Charleroi Danses in Belgium from 1991 to 2004 and made that institution well known not only in Belgium but also internationally
11.
Jean Carzou
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Jean Carzou was a French–Armenian artist, painter, and illustrator, whose work illustrated the novels of Ernest Hemingway and Albert Camus. Carzou was born Karnik Zouloumian in Aleppo, Syria to an Armenian family, Carzou later created his name from the first syllables of his name and surname, and added a Parisian nickname, Jean. He was educated in Cairo, Egypt before moving to Paris in 1924 to study architecture and he started working as a theater decorator but quickly realized he preferred drawing and painting. In 1938, more than a hundred exhibitions of his works were organized in Paris, in the French provinces, in 1949, he received the coveted Hallmark prize. In 1952, he created costumes and sceneries for Les Indes Galantes of Rameau at the Opéra de Paris and he continued with Le Loup for Les Ballets of Roland Petit, Giselle and Athalie at the Opéra and La Comédie française. Carzou was elected a member of the Institut de France, Académie des beaux-arts and he was also awarded the National Order of Merit of France. A Carzou museum exists in the town of Dinard
12.
Max Ernst
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Max Ernst was a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, Ernst was a pioneer of the Dada movement. Max Ernst was born in Brühl, near Cologne, the third of nine children of a middle-class Catholic family and his father Philipp was a teacher of the deaf and an amateur painter, a devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian. He inspired in Max a penchant for defying authority, while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take up painting himself, in 1909 Ernst enrolled in the University of Bonn, studying philosophy, art history, literature, psychology and psychiatry. In 1911 Ernst befriended August Macke and joined his Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists, in 1912 he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne, where works by Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists such as Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin profoundly influenced his approach to art. His own work was exhibited the same year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group, at Galerie Feldman in Cologne, in 1914 Ernst met Hans Arp in Cologne. The two soon became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years, after Ernst completed his studies in the summer, his life was interrupted by World War I. Ernst was drafted and served both on the Western and the Eastern front, such was the devastating effect of the war on the artist that in his autobiography he referred to his time in the army thus, On the first of August 1914 M. E. died. He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918, however, for a brief period on the Western Front, Ernst was assigned to chart maps, which allowed him to continue painting. Several German Expressionist painters died in action during the war, among them Macke, Ernst was demobilized in 1918 and returned to Cologne. He soon married art history student Luise Straus, whom he had met in 1914, in 1919, Ernst visited Paul Klee in Munich and studied paintings by Giorgio de Chirico, which deeply impressed him. Also in 1919 Ernst, social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld, in 1919–20 Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as Der Strom and die schammade, and organized Dada exhibitions. Ernst and Luises son Ulrich Jimmy Ernst was born on 24 June 1920, Ernsts marriage to Luise was short-lived. In 1921 he met Paul Éluard, who became a lifelong friend. Éluard bought two of Ernsts paintings and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection Répétitions, a year later the two collaborated on Les malheurs des immortels, and then with André Breton, whom Ernst met in 1921, on the magazine Litterature. During his first two years in Paris Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint, in 1923 the Éluards moved to a new home in Eaubonne, near Paris, where Ernst painted numerous murals. The same year his works were exhibited at Salon des Indépendants, although apparently accepting the ménage à trois at first, Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair. In 1924 he abruptly left, first for Monaco, and then for Saigon and he soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him, both had to sell numerous paintings to finance the trip
13.
Pas de deux
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In ballet, a pas de deux is a dance duet in which two dancers, typically a male and a female, perform ballet steps together. The pas de deux is characteristic of classical ballet and can be found in many ballets, including Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake. It is most often performed by a male and a female though there are exceptions, such as in the film White Nights, in which a pas de deux is performed by Mikhail Baryshnikov and Gregory Hines. A grand pas de deux is a pas de deux that typically has five parts, consisting of an entrée. It is often considered to be the pièce de résistance and bravura highlight of a ballet and is performed by a leading pair of principal dancers. A grand pas de deux usually begins with an entrée, which serves as a prelude to. During the entrée, the dancers first appear on the stage and, typically with great pageantry, acknowledge each other, depending on the choreography, the ballerina and danseur may enter the stage simultaneously or at different times. The adagio or adage part of a pas de deux features graceful. In the adagio, the ballerina performs elegant, often slow, the danseur, in turn, strives to maintain a display of poise and seemingly effortless strength while providing support for the ballerina. Because of this support the adagio is sometimes called supported adagio, examples Upon completion of the adagio, the dancers separate and each dancer, in turn, takes center stage and performs a variation. In general, the variations are intended to showcase spectacular, acrobatic leaps and turns, as well as the skills, the danseurs variation is usually performed first, followed by the ballerinas variation. Examples The coda is the segment of a grand pas de deux. Elements of the pas de deux first appeared in the early 18th century as opening acts of operas and ballets in which a couple would perform identical dance steps. At that time and throughout the Baroque period, ballet dancing was evolving to show more dramatic content. For example, in The Loves of Mars and Venus ballet of 1717, Mars strove to portray gallantry, respect, ardent love and adoration, while Venus showed bashfulness, reciprocal love, and wishful looks. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries a romantic pas de deux emerged that involved physical contact. As the 19th century progressed, the became a showcase for the skills of the increasingly sophisticated ballerina. The ballets of the late 19th Century—particularly of those of Marius Petipa—introduced the concept of the pas de deux
14.
Niki de Saint Phalle
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Niki de Saint Phalle was a French sculptor, painter, and filmmaker. She was one of the few women artists known for monumental sculpture. Niki de Saint Phalle was born on October 29,1930 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine and her father was Count André-Marie Fal de Saint Phalle, a French banker, and her mother was an American, named Jeanne Jacqueline Harper. She was the second of five children, and her double first cousin was French novelist Thérèse de Saint Phalle and her birth was one year after Black Tuesday, and the French economy was also suffering in the aftermath of the infamous stock market crash that initiated the Great Depression. Within months, her fathers company closed, and her parents moved with her oldest brother to New York City. Niki was left with her grandparents in Nièvre, around 1933, she rejoined her parents in New York, where her father worked as manager of the American branch of the Saint Phalle familys bank. Niki grew up in a strict Catholic environment, which she would later reject and her mother was temperamental and violent, beating the younger children, and forcing them to eat even if they were not hungry. Both Elizabeth and Richard de Saint Phalle, younger siblings, would commit suicide as adults. Decades later, Niki would reveal that she had suffered years of abuse from her father. Saint Phalle returned frequently to France to visit relatives and she studied at the Brearley School in New York City from 1942-1944, but was dismissed for painting red fig leaves on the schools classical statuary. Despite this, she would say it was there “ I became a feminist. They inculcated in us that women can and must accomplish great things. ”She was then enrolled in a convent school in Suffern, New York, and then Oldfields School in Glencoe, Maryland, where she graduated in 1947. During her late years, Saint Phalle became a fashion model, at the age of 18, she appeared on the cover of Life and. At the age of 18, Saint Phalle married writer Harry Mathews, although her parents accepted the union, her husbands family objected to her Catholic background, and cut them off financially. Mathews served briefly in the Navy, and then moved to Cambridge. Saint Phalle began to paint, but aimed to pursue a career in acting and their first child, Laura, was born in April 1951. The new parents were casual, even negligent, but their children would benefit from better financial circumstances after Mathews received an inheritance, Saint Phalle rejected the staid, conservative values of her family, which dictated domestic positions for wives and particular rules of conduct. Poet John Ashbery recalled that Saint Phalles artistic pursuits were rejected by members of Saint Phalle clan, reportedly takes a dim view of her artistic activities, Ashbery observed
15.
Jean Tinguely
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Jean Tinguely was a Swiss painter and sculptor. He is best known for his sculptural machines or kinetic art, in the Dada tradition, Tinguelys art satirized the mindless overproduction of material goods in advanced industrial society. Born in Fribourg, Tinguely grew up in Basel, but moved to France in 1952 with his first wife, Swiss artist Eva Aeppli and he belonged to the Parisian avantgarde in the mid-twentieth century and was one of the artists who signed the New Realists manifesto in 1960. 2, detonated successfully in front of an audience gathered in the desert outside Las Vegas, Tinguely married fellow Swiss artist Eva Aeppli in 1951. In 1971, Tinguely married his wife, Niki de Saint Phalle with whom he collaborated on several artistic projects such as the Hon-en-Katedrall or The Cyclop. Jean Tinguely died in 1991 at the age of 66 years in the Bern Hospital after a heart illness, chaos I, sculpture in The Commons, Columbus, Indiana, USA Le Cyclop outside of Milly-la-Forêt. The Stravinsky Fountain near the Centre Pompidou, Paris, a collaboration with Niki de Saint Phalle, the exhibition consisted of a sculpture of a colorful pregnant woman lying on her back with her legs wide apart. The sculpture was 25–26 meters long, about 6 meters high and 11 meters wide and it was built of scaffolding and chicken wire covered with fabric and fiberglass, painted with brightly-coloured poster paint. Through a door-sized entry in the location of the womans vagina, inside was a screen showing Greta Garbo films, a goldfish pond and a soft drink vending machine. Johann Sebastian Bachs organ music played through speakers, the exhibition was created by Niki de Saint-Phalle, Tinguely and Per Olof Ultvedt. It had 80,000 visitors during the period from June 4 to September 9,1966. in ‘Meridians 2_ compmqenan ate a pie 2001 ‘Relief Meta-Mechanique Sonore I’ incl. New Realism Rube Goldberg—Conceptual pioneer of complex machinery Useless machine Arthur Ganson Museum Tinguely in Basel Chapter on Tinguely in Calvin Tomkins The Bride. K. G. Pontus Hultén, Jean Tinguely Méta, london, Thames & Hudson,1975 G. Bischofsberger, Catalogue raisonné,3 Vols. Margit Hahnloser-Ingold, Pandämonium – Jean Tinguely, Bern, Benteli,1988 Heidi E. Violand, Jean Tinguelys Kinetic Art or A Myth of the Machine Age. Diss, New York University,1990 Museum Jean Tinguely, Die Sammlung, Bern, Benteli,1996 Museum Jean Tinguely, Jean le Jeune. Tinguely-Museum in Basel Biography by the Tinguely Museum in Basel Art Cyclopaedia, Jean Tinguely http, //www. art-public. com/cyclop/cyclop_g
16.
Jean Cocteau
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Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau was a French writer, designer, playwright, artist and filmmaker. Cocteau is best known for his novel Les Enfants Terribles, and the films Blood of a Poet, Les Parents Terribles, Beauty and the Beast and Orpheus. Cocteau was born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, a town near Paris, to Georges Cocteau and his wife, Eugénie Lecomte and his father was a lawyer and amateur painter who committed suicide when Cocteau was nine. From 1900–1904, Cocteau attended the Lycée Condorcet where he met and he published his first volume of poems, Aladdins Lamp, at nineteen. Cocteau soon became known in Bohemian artistic circles as The Frivolous Prince, edith Wharton described him as a man to whom every great line of poetry was a sunrise, every sunset the foundation of the Heavenly City. In his early twenties, Cocteau became associated with the writers Marcel Proust, André Gide, in 1912, he collaborated with Léon Bakst on Le Dieu bleu for the Ballets Russes, the principal dancers being Tamara Karsavina and Vaslav Nijinsky. During World War I Cocteau served in the Red Cross as an ambulance driver and this was the period in which he met the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, artists Pablo Picasso and Amedeo Modigliani, and numerous other writers and artists with whom he later collaborated. Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev persuaded Cocteau to write a scenario for a ballet and it was produced by Diaghilev, with sets by Picasso, the libretto by Apollinaire and the music by Erik Satie. The piece was expanded into a full opera, with music by Satie, Francis Poulenc. If it had not been for Apollinaire in uniform, wrote Cocteau, with his skull shaved, the scar on his temple and he denied being a Surrealist or being in any way attached to the movement. Cocteau wrote the libretto for Igor Stravinskys opera-oratorio Oedipus rex, which had its performance in the Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt in Paris on 30 May 1927. An important exponent of avant-garde art, Cocteau had great influence on the work of others, in the early twenties, he and other members of Les six frequented a wildly popular bar named Le Boeuf sur le Toit, a name that Cocteau himself had a hand in picking. The popularity was due in no small measure to the presence of Cocteau, in 1918 he met the French poet Raymond Radiguet. They collaborated extensively, socialized, and undertook many journeys and vacations together, Cocteau also got Radiguet exempted from military service. Some contemporaries and later commentators thought there might have been a component to their friendship. Cocteau himself was aware of this perception, and worked earnestly to dispel the notion that their relationship was sexual in nature, there is disagreement over Cocteaus reaction to Radiguets sudden death in 1923, with some claiming that it left him stunned, despondent and prey to opium addiction. Opponents of that point out that he did not attend the funeral. Cocteau himself much later characterised his reaction as one of stupor and his opium addiction at the time, Cocteau said, was only coincidental, due to a chance meeting with Louis Laloy, the administrator of the Monte Carlo Opera
17.
The Glass Slipper
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The Glass Slipper is a musical film adaptation of Cinderella, made by MGM, directed by Charles Walters and produced by Edwin H. Knopf from a screenplay by Helen Deutsch. The music score is by Bronislau Kaper, the cinematography by Arthur E. Arling, the film received its network television premiere divided into two episodes on the 1967 ABC-TV anthology series Off To See The Wizard. Ella, who is teased as Cinderella, is a lonely. Prince Charles is the son of the Duke who rules the principality, now that Charles is back, he starts to recall old memories he had of growing up there, including a small girl with unbearably sad eyes whom he saw crying when he was just a boy. After getting into a spat with her stepfamily over the Princes appearance, Ella runs away to her favorite place, there she meets an eccentric old woman named Mrs. Toquet who becomes her first friend. The next day she returns to the spot, hoping to meet Mrs. Toquet, Ella asks them where they are from and they tell her that they come from the Palace, with Kovin saying that Charles is the son of the Chief Cook in the Palace. Charles then recognises Ellas eyes as those belonging to the girl he saw years ago, Ella thinks that he is making fun of her and pushes him into the pool. Charles is intrigued by Ella and has Kovin talk to the people of the principality to find out everything he can about her and that same day, Cousin Loulou visits the Sonder home. Ella is supposed to be all cleaned up to receive their guest, Ella remembers that she left her shoes at the pond, so she runs off to collect them, only to find Charles waiting for her with the shoes. Ella apologizes for pushing him into the water and he apologizes for hurting her feelings and they talk, and Charles gives her an invitation to the Ball, to which Ella replies that she cannot dance. Charles says that she should learn to dance since shes going to live in the Palace some day, after a waltz Charles steals a kiss, and Ella runs away. After the Widow Sonder, Birdina and Serafina leave for the ball, Mrs. Toquet arrives, bringing with her a ball gown and she has also somehow arranged for a coach to take Ella to the palace. Mrs. Toquet tells Ella she has to leave the Palace by midnight. At the Palace Ball, Ella is besieged by young men wanting to dance with her, when Charles learns of her presence, he waltzes with her and persuades her to look up at him. Ella is stunned to find that her friend is the Prince, the other guests, not knowing who the newcomer is, note her exotic colouring and surmise that she is a foreign lady of noble birth, perhaps Egyptian because of her short hair. When the clock strikes midnight, Ella runs away, leaving one of her glass slippers behind, while fleeing the palace, Ellas coach overturns, in the confused aftermath, the dazed Ella sees not a wrecked coach, but a pumpkin crawling with several mice. She loses consciousness and wakes the morning in her stepmothers house. Prince Charles informs his father that he has met the woman he wants to marry, Kovin, picking up on what hes overheard at the party, hurriedly explains that Ella is a princess of Egypt
18.
Anything Goes (1956 film)
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Anything Goes is a 1956 American musical film directed by Robert Lewis and starring Bing Crosby, Donald OConnor, Jeanmaire, and Mitzi Gaynor. Adapted from the 1934 stage play Anything Goes by Cole Porter, Guy Bolton, on the return voyage, with each man having brought his leading lady along, the Atlantic becomes a stormy crossing when each man must tell his discovery that she might not get the role. The book was rewritten for this second film version, which was also released by Paramount. The film features almost no similarities to the play or the production, apart from some songs. Showbiz partners Bill Benson and Ted Adams each travel to Paris to sign a dancer to star in their new show, there is only one role, and the men have unknowingly cast two dancers, Patsy Blair and Gaby Duval. It is up to the men to sort out their mess on the back to America. These substitutions ranged from the lively tap number by Donald OConnor with bouncy children and as many bouncy balls to the crazy kitsch. Musical numbers were staged by Nick Castle, with the Anything Goes number staged by Ernie Flatt, the Variety reviewer said. It’s a bright offering for Easter release, geared to play an engaging tune at the wickets. Male topliners Bing Crosby and Donald O’Connor go together as though born to give the zip to what scripter Sidney Sheldon has concocted hereunder the stage title, a new VistaVision and color edition of that frolic bearing little physical resemblance to its predecessor turned up at the Paramount yesterday. The passage of time has not wrought amazing changes, for all its activity, “Anything Goes” is, in the main, standard musical comedy. Some of the principals are decidedly decorative and talented, the script, however, is transparent and fragile. The original soundtrack album was released by Decca Records and includes a mix of soundtrack performances, ya Gotta Give the People Hoke – This is from the film soundtrack. Anything Goes – The orchestra track is from the film, but Gaynor overdubs a new, I Get a Kick Out of You – This is from the film soundtrack, although the sound quality fluctuates between the vocals and the dance music. Youre the Top – This is a recording with an arrangement totally different from that presented in the film. On screen the number is done as a duet with Crosby and Gaynor rehearsing in one room while OConnor. The recorded version is complete and has some different lyrics. Dream Ballet – This is taken from the soundtrack with the addition Lets Do It at the very beginning and its De-Lovely – This is from the film soundtrack with dialogue removed. All Through the Night – This is a studio re-recording with Crosby singing at a faster tempo
19.
Antonio Vivaldi
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Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was an Italian Baroque composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher and cleric. Born in Venice, he is recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers and he composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than forty operas. His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons, many of his compositions were written for the female music ensemble of the Ospedale della Pietà, a home for abandoned children where Vivaldi was employed from 1703 to 1715 and from 1723 to 1740. Vivaldi also had success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua. After meeting the Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna, however, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldis arrival, and Vivaldi himself died less than a year later in poverty. Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was born in 1678 in Venice, then the capital of the Republic of Venice and he was baptized immediately after his birth at his home by the midwife, which led to a belief that his life was somehow in danger. Though not known for certain, the childs immediate baptism was most likely due either to his health or to an earthquake that shook the city that day. In the trauma of the earthquake, Vivaldis mother may have dedicated him to the priesthood, Vivaldis official church baptism took place two months later. Vivaldis parents were Giovanni Battista Vivaldi and Camilla Calicchio, as recorded in the register of San Giovanni in Bragora, Giovanni Battista, who was a barber before becoming a professional violinist, taught Antonio to play the violin and then toured Venice playing the violin with his young son. Antonio was probably taught at an age, judging by the extensive musical knowledge he had acquired by the age of 24. Giovanni Battista was one of the founders of the Sovvegno dei musicisti di Santa Cecilia, the president of the Sovvegno was Giovanni Legrenzi, an early Baroque composer and the maestro di cappella at St Marks Basilica. It is possible that Legrenzi gave the young Antonio his first lessons in composition, the Luxembourg scholar Walter Kolneder has discerned the influence of Legrenzis style in Vivaldis early liturgical work Laetatus sum, written in 1691 at the age of thirteen. His symptoms, strettezza di petto, have interpreted as a form of asthma. This did not prevent him from learning to play the violin, composing or taking part in musical activities, in 1693, at the age of fifteen, he began studying to become a priest. He was ordained in 1703, aged 25, and was nicknamed il Prete Rosso. Not long after his ordination, in 1704, he was given a dispensation from celebrating Mass because of his ill health, Vivaldi only said Mass as a priest a few times and appeared to have withdrawn from priestly duties, though he remained a priest. In September 1703, Vivaldi became maestro di violino at a called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà in Venice. While Vivaldi is most famous as a composer, he was regarded as an exceptional technical violinist as well, Vivaldi was only 25 when he started working at the Ospedale della Pietà
20.
Bibsys
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BIBSYS is an administrative agency set up and organized by the Ministry of Education and Research in Norway. They are a provider, focusing on the exchange, storage and retrieval of data pertaining to research. BIBSYS are collaborating with all Norwegian universities and university colleges as well as research institutions, Bibsys is formally organized as a unit at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, located in Trondheim, Norway. The board of directors is appointed by Norwegian Ministry of Education, BIBSYS offer researchers, students and others an easy access to library resources by providing the unified search service Oria. no and other library services. They also deliver integrated products for the operation for research. As a DataCite member BIBSYS act as a national DataCite representative in Norway and thereby allow all of Norways higher education, all their products and services are developed in cooperation with their member institutions. The purpose of the project was to automate internal library routines, since 1972 Bibsys has evolved from a library system supplier for two libraries in Trondheim, to developing and operating a national library system for Norwegian research and special libraries. The target group has expanded to include the customers of research and special libraries. BIBSYS is an administrative agency answerable to the Ministry of Education and Research. In addition to BIBSYS Library System, the product consists of BISBYS Ask, BIBSYS Brage, BIBSYS Galleri. All operation of applications and databases is performed centrally by BIBSYS, BIBSYS also offer a range of services, both in connection with their products and separate services independent of the products they supply
21.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
22.
MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
23.
National Diet Library
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The National Diet Library is the only national library in Japan. It was established in 1948 for the purpose of assisting members of the National Diet of Japan in researching matters of public policy, the library is similar in purpose and scope to the United States Library of Congress. The National Diet Library consists of two facilities in Tokyo and Kyoto, and several other branch libraries throughout Japan. The Diets power in prewar Japan was limited, and its need for information was correspondingly small, the original Diet libraries never developed either the collections or the services which might have made them vital adjuncts of genuinely responsible legislative activity. Until Japans defeat, moreover, the executive had controlled all political documents, depriving the people and the Diet of access to vital information. The U. S. occupation forces under General Douglas MacArthur deemed reform of the Diet library system to be an important part of the democratization of Japan after its defeat in World War II. In 1946, each house of the Diet formed its own National Diet Library Standing Committee, hani Gorō, a Marxist historian who had been imprisoned during the war for thought crimes and had been elected to the House of Councillors after the war, spearheaded the reform efforts. Hani envisioned the new body as both a citadel of popular sovereignty, and the means of realizing a peaceful revolution, the National Diet Library opened in June 1948 in the present-day State Guest-House with an initial collection of 100,000 volumes. The first Librarian of the Diet Library was the politician Tokujirō Kanamori, the philosopher Masakazu Nakai served as the first Vice Librarian. In 1949, the NDL merged with the National Library and became the national library in Japan. At this time the collection gained a million volumes previously housed in the former National Library in Ueno. In 1961, the NDL opened at its present location in Nagatachō, in 1986, the NDLs Annex was completed to accommodate a combined total of 12 million books and periodicals. The Kansai-kan, which opened in October 2002 in the Kansai Science City, has a collection of 6 million items, in May 2002, the NDL opened a new branch, the International Library of Childrens Literature, in the former building of the Imperial Library in Ueno. This branch contains some 400,000 items of literature from around the world. Though the NDLs original mandate was to be a library for the National Diet. In the fiscal year ending March 2004, for example, the library reported more than 250,000 reference inquiries, in contrast, as Japans national library, the NDL collects copies of all publications published in Japan. The NDL has an extensive collection of some 30 million pages of documents relating to the Occupation of Japan after World War II. This collection include the documents prepared by General Headquarters and the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, the Far Eastern Commission, the NDL maintains a collection of some 530,000 books and booklets and 2 million microform titles relating to the sciences
24.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
