1.
Hockey
–
Hockey is a family of sports in which two teams play against each other by trying to maneuver a ball or a puck into the opponents goal using a hockey stick. In many areas, one sport is referred to simply as hockey. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of hoquet, a Middle French word for a shepherds stave, the curved, or hooked ends of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves. Another supposition derives from the use of cork bungs, in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels containing hock ale, also called hocky, Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, by the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, Bandy is played with a ball on a football field-sized ice arena, typically outdoors, and with many rules similar to association football. It is played professionally in Russia and Sweden and is considered a sport in Russia. The sport is recognised by the IOC, its governing body is the Federation of International Bandy. Bandy World Championships have been played since 1957 and Womens Bandy World Championships since 2004, there are national club championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in the Bandy World Cup every year. Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a small, hard ball approximately 73 mm in diameter. The game is popular among males and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex, the governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation. Mens field hockey has played at each Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for 1912 and 1924. All sticks are right-handed – left-handed sticks are not permitted, while field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th century England, primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London, field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan
Hockey
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bas relief approx. 600 BC, in the
National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Hockey
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Bandy game in Sweden.
Hockey
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Field hockey game at
Melbourne University.
Hockey
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The
Barrie Colts and the
Brampton Battalion in an
ice hockey game.
2.
Roller hockey (Quad)
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It should not be confused with Rink bandy or Rinkball. Roller hockey, rink hockey or quad hockey is a sport that enjoys significant popularity in a number of Latin countries. Two five-man teams try to drive the ball with their sticks into the opponents goal, the ball can only be put in motion by a stick, not the skate, otherwise a foul will be stated. The game has two 25-minute halves, with the clock stopping when the ball becomes dead, each team has a one-minute timeout in each half. Each team has a minimum of six players and a maximum of ten, players – including the goalie – use quad skates, whereas inline skates are used in inline hockey. Excessive contact between players is forbidden in rink hockey, unlike inline hockey, Roller Hockey was a demonstration rollersport in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. There have been 42 editions of the FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup, with Latin countries dominating the sport since the 1940s, Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Italy. Other countries, such as France, Brazil, Germany, Switzerland, Andorra and England are regular international competitors, but rarely overcome the traditional powers. Roller Hockey is a very fast sport, which may create a problem for TV transmissions, the most important clubs in Europe are SL Benfica and FC Porto from Portugal, FC Barcelona and Liceo La Coruña from Spain. In terms of trophies won FC Barcelona is the most successful team having won 21 European Cups, SL Benfica is the oldest roller hockey club in the world, having played its first game in 1917. The 2013 Roller Hockey World Cup took place in Angola, for the first time on the African continent, Roller Hockey was referred to as Hardball Hockey in the United States until November 2008 when the USOC adopted the sports more common name, Rink Hockey. The rink has usually a wooden surface, but any flat, non-abrasive. Likewise, it is allowed for rink owners to put advertisements in the area, as long as they dont interfere with ball or skate motion. It can have one out of three standard sizes or any size between the minimum and maximum values that has a 2,1 size ratio with a 10% margin of error, the rink has rounded corners and is surrounded by a 1 m wall. The wall also has a wooden base 2 cm wide and at least 20 cm high, behind the goals there is a 4 m high net, even if there are no stands. If the ball hits the net, its considered to be out of bounds, the halfway line divides the rink into halves, and 22 m from the end wall an anti-play line is painted. The area is a 9 X5.40 m rectangle and it has a protection area for goalkeepers, a half-circle with 1.5 m radius. All markings are 8 cm in width, the goal is 105 cm high by 170 cm wide
Roller hockey (Quad)
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Argentine player during the
2007 Rink Hockey World Championship.
Roller hockey (Quad)
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Roller Hockey Goal Pad
Roller hockey (Quad)
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Roller-hockey-(Quad)-Goal Chest
Roller hockey (Quad)
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Roller-hockey-(Quad)-Goal elbow
3.
Quad skates
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Roller skates are shoes, or bindings that fit onto shoes, that are worn to enable the wearer to roll along on wheels. The first roller skate was effectively an ice skate with wheels replacing the blade, later the quad style of roller skate became more popular consisting of four wheels arranged in the same configuration as a typical car. The first patented roller skate was introduced in 1760 by Belgian inventor John Joseph Merlin and his roller skate wasnt much more than an ice skate with wheels where the blade goes, a style we would call inline today. They were hard to steer and hard to stop because they didnt have brakes and, the initial test piloting of the first prototype of the skate was in the city of Huy, which had a party with Merlin playing the violin. In the 1840s, Meyerbeers Opera, Le prophète featured a scene in which performers used roller-skates to simulate ice-skating on a frozen lake set on stage, the result was to popularize roller skating throughout the Continent. As ice skaters subsequently developed the art of skating, roller skaters wanted the ability to turn in their skates in a similar fashion. The Plimpton skate is used today. Eventually, roller skating evolved from just a pastime to a sport, speed skating, racing on skates. In the mid 1990s roller hockey, played with a rather than a puck. The National Sporting Goods Association statistics showed, from a 1999 study, Roller Skating was considered for the 2012 Summer Olympics but has never become an Olympic event. Other roller skating sports include jam skating and roller derby, Roller skating popularity exploded during the disco era but tapered off in the 80s and 90s. The Roller Skating Rink Operators Association was developed in the U. S in 1937 and it is currently named the Roller Skating Association. The association promotes roller skating and offers classes to the public, the current President is Bobby Pender. The Roller Skating Association headquarters is located in Indianapolis, the Roller Skating Associations web page offers some health benefits of roller skating. Some of these benefits include providing an aerobic workout and burning 350 calories per hour while skating 6 miles per hour or 600 calories while skating 10 miles per hour. In the 1980s rollerskating as aerobic exercise flourished briefly, marnie Bjornsons 1988 exercise video Roller Burn combined rollerskating with tai chi moves. Roller skating is equivalent to jogging in terms of health benefits, the American Heart Association recommends roller skating as an aerobic fitness sport. Roller skating Inline skates Ice skates Roller Skating History of the United States How Ring Rollers Are Made, by George W
Quad skates
–
An advert for an early 20th-century model which fit over regular shoes.
4.
Inline hockey
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It is considered a contact sport but body checking is prohibited. However, there are exceptions to that with the NRHL which involves fighting, Inline hockey teams are composed of up to four lines of players including two forwards and two defensemen on each line. There are five players including the goalie from each team on the rink at a time and it is the goalies job to prevent the other teams players from scoring. Teams normally consist of 16 players that sit on the bench until it is their turn to play, as the name suggests it is played on inline skates. Inline hockey is a very fast paced and free flowing game, there are no blue lines or defensive zones in roller hockey unlike ice hockey. This means that, according to most rule codes, there are no offsides or icings that can occur during game play, there are traditionally two 20-minute periods or four 10-minute periods with a stopped clock. In the United States, the highest governing body for the sport is USA Roller Sports which is referred to as USARS. USARS is credited with the development of the present day rules and they organize tournaments across the United States but they are not the only tournament provider. Some of the other independent tournament providers include Amateur Athletic Union, North American Roller Championships, internationally, inline hockey is represented by two different union, the Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports and the International Ice Hockey Federation. Both of them organize their own annual World Championships, some of the earliest video evidence of the sport is newsreel footage from the Giornale Luce taken in Vienna, Austria in 1938. The video shows players using inline skates with five metal wheels, each team has four skaters plus a netminder. They are using ice hockey sticks, with taped blades, the game is being played with a ball on a rectangular outdoor court, which appears to be asphalt. In the United States, the USA Roller Sports predecessor organization was the Roller Skating Rink Operators Association, in 1940 the RSROA published a set of roller hockey rules drawn from a booklet by the National Hockey League which was designed to grow interest in playing hockey on roller skates. However, because of the intervention of World War II, the organization of hockey tournaments did not receive significant development until after this war in the late 1940s. At first skating club interest was confined to the tier of the United States. The American Roller Hockey Association was formed with Joe Spillman, a roller rink operator from San Antonio, under Spillmans direction, the sport of hockey on roller skates grew rapidly throughout the United States. During the 1960 RSROA National Roller Skating Championships held in Little Rock, Arkansas, exhibition games for ball, following these Nationals, the first full competitive season officially began in North America for roller hockey. This, of course, had puck roller hockey entirely performed on quad skates, state and Regional competitions determined the teams that would move on to the North American Championships
Inline hockey
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A collegiate inline hockey player carrying the puck.
5.
Inline skates
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Inline skates are a type of roller skate used for inline skating. Unlike quad skates, which have two front and two wheels, inline skates typically have two to five wheels arranged in a single line. Some, especially those for recreation, have a stop or brake block attached to rear of the frame. The modern style of inline skates was developed as a substitute for ice skates, life magazine published a photo of American skater Eric Heiden, training for the 1980 Olympics, using such skates on a Wisconsin road. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Rollerblade, Inc, inline skates, skates designed to work like ice skates during periods of warm weather, were invented by Louis Legrange of France in 1849. Legrange designed the skates for an opera where a character was to appear to be skating on ice, the skates were problematic and unsuccessful as the wearer could not turn nor could they stop. At some point between 1895 and 1899 the UK engineering company D. Napier & Son made Ritter road skates, which had two comparatively large wheels, front and back, on each skate. They were briefly described in the April 1950 issue of Popular Mechanics, inline skates appear in the 1962 Russian film Koroleva benzokolonki at 9m23s. In Canada in 1972, Mountain Dew attempted to sell Mettoys product the Skeeler, the first commercially available inline skate for this form of Rollerskating is in 1987 by Rollerblade. In 1996, Jason Lewis completed the first solo crossing of the USA on inline skates, part of Expedition 360, en route he was hit by a car in Colorado, breaking both legs. After nine months he completed the journey from Fort Lauderdale to San Francisco, in 2012, Kacie Fischer became the first woman, and the fastest person, to inline skate across the United States, she skated from California to Florida in 47 days. A skate is composed of a boot, worn on the foot, to the boot is attached a frame, which holds the wheels in place. Bearings allow the wheels to rotate freely around an axle, finally, the rubber brake typically attaches to the frame of the right foot. There are different types of inline skates for different types of skating such as skating, speed skating, inline hockey. Those differ in the boots, frames and wheels that are used, for most skating a high boot is used, which provides more ankle support and is easier to skate in, particularly for beginners. Speed skaters often use a carbon fiber boot which provides support with a lower cut allowing more ankle flexion. For recreational skating a soft boot is used for greater comfort, the boot may also contain shock absorbent padding for comfort. Downhill skaters often use boots that are heat-molded to the shape of the foot, most aggressive skates use a hard boot or a hard/soft boot for increased support
Inline skates
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Aggressive inline skates
Inline skates
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An inline skate designed for artistic roller skating
Inline skates
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The frame and wheels of an inline skate
Inline skates
–
Axles, bearings and spacers
6.
Skater hockey
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Roller hockey is a form of hockey played on a dry surface using wheeled skates. Most professional-inline hockey games take place on an indoor or outdoor sport court, otherwise, any dry surface can be used to host a game, typically a roller rink, macadam, or cement. The term Roller Hockey is often used interchangeably to refer to two variant forms chiefly differentiated by the type of skates and sticks used, there is traditional Roller hockey, played with quad skates, and Inline hockey, played with inline skates. Combined, roller hockey is played in nearly 60 countries worldwide, a minor variant of roller hockey is called skater hockey, played on both quad and inline skates. Roller Hockey is played on both Quad skates and Inline skates, have different rules and equipment, and involve different types of skating but share the category, the stick is more or less the same as in bandy and shinty. Roller Hockey bears close resemblance to ice hockey and is played on Inline skates, uses an ice hockey stick and includes a lot of fast racing back and forth action. Inline hockey goalies use a glove called a catcher to catch shots made on goal, the Quad hockey goalie uses a flat batting glove that provides rebound characteristics when blocking a shot on goal. Quad hockey is a variation of roller hockey, Roller Hockey is the overarching name for a rollersport that has existed long before inline skates were re-invented in the 70s. Roller Hockey has been played on quad skates, in sixty countries worldwide, Roller hockey was a demonstration rollersport in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Inline hockey is a variation of roller hockey very similar to ice hockey, like ice hockey, Inline hockey is a contact sport therefore body checking isnt penalized. It is similar to ice hockey in that teamwork, skill, excepting the use of inline roller skates in lieu of ice skates, the equipment of inline roller hockey is similar to that of ice hockey. The game is played by two teams, consisting of four skaters and one goalie, on a dry rink divided into two halves by a line, with one net at each end of the rink. When played more informally, the game takes place on a smooth asphalt surface outdoors. The game is played in three 15-minute periods or if it is higher standard its played 20-minutes in each of the three periods. The game rules differ from ice hockey in a few ways, there is no icing. Generally speaking, only competitive level Inline hockey is strictly bound by the governing bodys rules, recreational hockey leagues may make modifications to certain aspects of the rules to suit local requirements. Roller hockey is a sport in Britain with teams cropping up all over the country. The fact that it can be played on any dry surface means that you can play it in almost any leisure center, most competitive youth hockey teams play in tournaments
Skater hockey
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Rink hockey - Hardball hockey - Hoquei em Patins
Skater hockey
–
Inline Hockey is played on inline skates
7.
Bandy
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Bandy is a team winter sport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing teams goal. Based on the number of participating athletes, bandy is the second most popular winter sport after ice hockey. Bandy also is the two winter sport in tickets sold per day of competitions at the sports world championship compared to the other winter sports. The sport is considered a form of hockey and has a background with association football, ice hockey. Like football, the game is played in halves of 45 minutes each, there are eleven players on each team. It is played on ice like ice hockey, but like field hockey, players use bowed sticks, a variant of bandy, rink bandy, is played to the same rules but on a field the size of an ice hockey rink and with fewer people on each team. Bandy is also the predecessor of floorball, which was invented when people started playing with plastic bandy-shaped sticks, Russian monastery records dating back to the 10th to 11th centuries record games which may be ancestors of bandy. A game that could be recognized as essentially modern bandy was played in Russia by the early 18th century, although the rules used differed from those invented in England at a much later date. In modern times, Russia has held a top position in the bandy area, Russians see themselves as the creators of the sport, which is reflected by the unofficial title for bandy, Russian hockey. The first match, more recently dubbed the original match, was held at The Crystal Palace in London in 1875. However, at the time, the game was called hockey on the ice, the name bandy comes from Britain, which has played an important role in the sports development. Bando, a game played in Wales in the Middle Ages and it was played throughout the country in varying forms and is still found in some areas. The earliest example of the Welsh-language term bando occurs in a dictionary by John Walters published in 1770–94, the game became particularly popular in the Cynffig-Margam district of the Vale of Glamorgan where wide stretches of sandy beaches afforded ample room for play. As a winter sport, British bandy originated in the Fens of East Anglia where large expanses of ice formed on flooded meadows or shallow washes in cold winters, members of the Bury Fen Bandy Club published rules of the game in 1882, and introduced it into other countries. The first international took place in 1891 between Bury Fen and the then Haarlemsche Hockey & Bandy Club from the Netherlands. The same year, the National Bandy Association was started in England, the first national bandy league was started in Sweden in 1902. Bandy was played at the Nordic Games in Stockholm in 1905, a European championship was held in 1913 with eight countries participating. The highest altitude where bandy has been played is in the capital of the Tajik autonomous province of Gorno-Badakhshan, as a precursor to ice hockey bandy has influenced its development and history – mainly in European and former Soviet countries
Bandy
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Swedish Bandy players in January 2011
Bandy
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An international bandy game between Finland and Norway at the
2004 Women's World Championships in
Lappeenranta
Bandy
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Match between
Helenelunds IK and
AIK at Sollentunavallen in
Sweden in 2006
Bandy
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The making of a historic bandy ball, from the original cork on the left to the final ball painted red. To the far right is a modern
bandy ball.
8.
Shinty
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Shinty is a team game played with sticks and a ball. While comparisons are made with field hockey, the two games have several important differences. In shinty, a player is allowed to play the ball in the air and is allowed to use both sides of the stick, called a caman, which is wooden and slanted on both sides. The stick may also be used to block and to tackle, although a player may not come down on an opponents stick, players may also tackle using the body as long as it is shoulder-to-shoulder. The game was derived from the root as the Irish game of hurling and the Welsh game of bando. These rules are governed by the Camanachd Association, a composite rules shinty–hurling game has been developed, which allows Scotland and Ireland to play annual international matches. Another sport with common ancestry is bandy, which is played on ice, Shinty is older than the recorded history of Scotland and is thought to predate Christianity. Hurling, an Irish pastime for at least 2,000 years similar to shinty, is derived from the historic game common to both peoples, Shinty/Hurling appears prominently in the legend of Cúchulainn, the Celtic mythology hero. A similar game was played on the Isle of Man known as cammag, the old form of hurling played in the northern half of Ireland, called commons, resembled shinty more closely than the standardised form of hurling of today. Like shinty, it was known as camánacht and was traditionally played in winter. The origins of the name shinty are uncertain, in Uist, stalks of seaweed were put to use due to a lack of trees. Modern camans are made from several laminates of ash or hickory, the ball was traditionally a round piece of wood or bone, sometimes called a cnapag, but soon developed into the worsted leather balls used today. The objective of the game is to play a ball into a goal, or hail. The game is played on grass, although as of 2009 the sport may be played on artificial turf. The pitch also has marks indicating a 10 yard area around the goals, the penalty and centre spots, and corner arcs at the corners of the rectangular pitch of 2 yards or 2 metres radius. The goals, at ends of the field, measure 12 feet wide and 10 feet high. The ball is a solid sphere of around half the diameter of a tennis ball. It is very similar to a hurling sliotar in that it resembles an American baseball with more pronounced stitching, with the permitted circumference between seven and a half and eight inches and weight between two and a half and three ounces
Shinty
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A shinty game in progress
Shinty
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Shinty field (Winterton), Inveraray
Shinty
–
The field of play
Shinty
–
A player doing keepy-uppy.
9.
Hardball hockey
–
Roller hockey is a form of hockey played on a dry surface using wheeled skates. Most professional-inline hockey games take place on an indoor or outdoor sport court, otherwise, any dry surface can be used to host a game, typically a roller rink, macadam, or cement. The term Roller Hockey is often used interchangeably to refer to two variant forms chiefly differentiated by the type of skates and sticks used, there is traditional Roller hockey, played with quad skates, and Inline hockey, played with inline skates. Combined, roller hockey is played in nearly 60 countries worldwide, a minor variant of roller hockey is called skater hockey, played on both quad and inline skates. Roller Hockey is played on both Quad skates and Inline skates, have different rules and equipment, and involve different types of skating but share the category, the stick is more or less the same as in bandy and shinty. Roller Hockey bears close resemblance to ice hockey and is played on Inline skates, uses an ice hockey stick and includes a lot of fast racing back and forth action. Inline hockey goalies use a glove called a catcher to catch shots made on goal, the Quad hockey goalie uses a flat batting glove that provides rebound characteristics when blocking a shot on goal. Quad hockey is a variation of roller hockey, Roller Hockey is the overarching name for a rollersport that has existed long before inline skates were re-invented in the 70s. Roller Hockey has been played on quad skates, in sixty countries worldwide, Roller hockey was a demonstration rollersport in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Inline hockey is a variation of roller hockey very similar to ice hockey, like ice hockey, Inline hockey is a contact sport therefore body checking isnt penalized. It is similar to ice hockey in that teamwork, skill, excepting the use of inline roller skates in lieu of ice skates, the equipment of inline roller hockey is similar to that of ice hockey. The game is played by two teams, consisting of four skaters and one goalie, on a dry rink divided into two halves by a line, with one net at each end of the rink. When played more informally, the game takes place on a smooth asphalt surface outdoors. The game is played in three 15-minute periods or if it is higher standard its played 20-minutes in each of the three periods. The game rules differ from ice hockey in a few ways, there is no icing. Generally speaking, only competitive level Inline hockey is strictly bound by the governing bodys rules, recreational hockey leagues may make modifications to certain aspects of the rules to suit local requirements. Roller hockey is a sport in Britain with teams cropping up all over the country. The fact that it can be played on any dry surface means that you can play it in almost any leisure center, most competitive youth hockey teams play in tournaments
Hardball hockey
–
Rink hockey - Hardball hockey - Hoquei em Patins
Hardball hockey
–
Inline Hockey is played on inline skates
10.
Roller hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics
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Roller hockey was one of three demonstration sports included in the official Olympic programme of the 1992 Summer Olympics, held in Barcelona. This sports widespread popularity and the existence of competitive teams in Catalonia prompted the Organizing Committee to suggest its inclusion in the Olympic programme. The sport was held from July 26 to August 7,1992, a total of 12 nations entered a team, for a total of 120 players. In a preliminary round, the teams were divided into two groups according to the results of the 1991 Rink Hockey World Championship, held in Portugal. Group A games were played at the Pavelló del Club Patí Vic, in Vic, while Group B games were played at the Pavelló de lAteneu de Sant Sadurní, in Sant Sadurní dAnoia. The best three teams of each group advanced to the semi-finals, which were played as a group stage, at the Pavelló dEsports. In the end, the top two teams played each other in the final and the third and fourth placed teams played each other in a medal match. Key, Pts – points, Pld – matches played, W – win, D – draw, L – lost, GF – goals for, official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona,1992 - Volume IV, The Games. Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona,1992 - Volume V, The Results
Roller hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics
–
Roller hockey at the Games of the XXV Olympiad
11.
1992 Summer Olympics
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The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event played in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain in 1992. The games were the first to be unaffected by boycotts since 1972, Barcelona is the second-largest city in Spain, and the birthplace of then-IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch. The city was also a host for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, on October 17,1986, Barcelona was selected to host the 1992 Summer Games over Amsterdam, Belgrade, Birmingham, Brisbane, and Paris, during the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland. Barcelona had previously bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, but they ultimately lost to Berlin, at the Opening Ceremony Greek mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa sang Romiossini as the Olympic flag was paraded around the stadium. Alfredo Kraus later sang the Olympic Hymn in both Catalan and Spanish as the flag was hoisted, the Olympic flame cauldron was lit by a flaming arrow, shot by Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo. The arrow had been lit by the flame of the Olympic Torch, Rebollo overshot the cauldron as this was the original design of the lighting scheme. South Africa was allowed to compete in the Olympic Games for the first time since the 1960 Summer Olympics, after a long suspension for its apartheid policy. After a close race in the Womens 10,000 metres event, white South African runner Elana Meyer and black Ethiopian runner Derartu Tulu ran a victory lap together, hand-in-hand. Following its reunification in 1990, Germany sent a single, unified Olympic team for the first time since the 1964 Summer Olympics. As the Soviet Union had been dissolved in 1991, the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania sent their own teams for the first time since 1936, the other Soviet republics competed under the name Unified Team. These nations consisted of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, the separation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia led to the Olympic debuts of Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to United Nations sanctions, athletes from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were not allowed to participate with their own team, however, some individual athletes competed under the Olympic flag as Independent Olympic Participants. Fermín Cacho won the 1,500 metres in his home country, chinese diver Fu Mingxia, age 13, became the youngest Olympic gold medalist of all time. In mens artistic gymnastics, Vitaly Scherbo from Belarus, won six gold medals, Scherbo tied Eric Heidens record for individual gold medals at a single Olympics, winning five medals in an individual event. In womens artistic gymnastics, Tatiana Gutsu took gold in the All-Around competition edging the United States Shannon Miller, russian swimmers dominated the freestyle events, with Alexander Popov and Yevgeny Sadovyi each winning two events. Sadovyi also won in the relays, evelyn Ashford won her fourth Olympic gold medal in the 4×100-metre relay, making her one of only four female athletes to have achieved this in history. The young Krisztina Egerszegi of Hungary won three individual swimming gold medals, in womens 200 metre breaststroke, Kyoko Iwasaki of Japan won a gold medal at age of 14 years and six days, making her the youngest-ever gold medalist in swimming competitions at the Olympics. After demonstrated in six previous Summer Olympic Games, baseball became an Olympic sport
1992 Summer Olympics
–
The 1992 Summer Olympics allowed
NBA players to participate in the basketball competition for the first time; here
David Robinson shoots a free throw for the gold-medal winning
United States "Dream Team".
1992 Summer Olympics
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Games of the XXV Olympiad
1992 Summer Olympics
–
Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc
1992 Summer Olympics
–
Palau Sant Jordi and
Montjuïc Communications Tower
12.
Barcelona
–
Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343
Barcelona
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Central business district,
Sagrada Família,
Camp Nou stadium,
The Castle of the Three Dragons,
Palau Nacional,
W Barcelona hotel and beach
Barcelona
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A marble plaque in the Museu d'Història de la Ciutat de Barcelona, dated from around 110-130 AD and dedicated to the Roman colony of Barcino
Barcelona
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Basilica of La Mercè (Mare de Déu de la Mercè)
Barcelona
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Barcelona in 1563
13.
Ice hockey
–
Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
Ice hockey
–
The
San Jose Sharks (teal) attempt to prevent the
Anaheim Ducks (white) from scoring a goal during the
2007–08 NHL season.
Ice hockey
–
Winter landscape, with skaters playing Golf (
Hendrick Avercamp, 17th-century Dutch painter)
Ice hockey
–
The early Quebec Skating Rink, representative of early rinks
Ice hockey
–
Hockey at McGill University, Montreal, 1901
14.
Road hockey
–
Street hockey is a variation of the sport of ice hockey where the game is played outdoors on foot, or with inline or roller skates using a ball or puck. Both ball and puck are typically designed to be played on non-ice surfaces, the object of the game is to score more goals than the opposing team by shooting the ball or puck into the opposing teams net. Minimal amounts of equipment by the runners are worn depending on player preferences. Players agree whether or not to allow slap shots and raising of the stick, players determine whether to use a ball or a street hockey puck. There is no referee, except when agreed upon by both teams, in its most pure form, street hockey is always played on an outdoor surface, thus the genesis of the name street hockey. Teams can be selected by various methods, but usually are selected by captains via alternate selection of available players, alternatively, all the players put their sticks in a pile and the sticks are tossed out of the pile to opposing sides. In more organized forms, it is played in rinks which often were designed for roller hockey, there are also rinks built specifically for hockey played on foot, and these are referred to as dek hockey or ball hockey rinks. These rinks can also be used for hockey games. It is believed that street hockey began when roads started getting paved in parts of North America around the turn of the 20th century. The sport and thus the term street hockey eventually spread South to the United States, people would literally play the game out in the street, thus they had to ask people to play by asking them if wanted to play hockey out in the street. Since not every ice hockey player can be on the ice at all times, also, since the cost of smaller sized home ice rinks was too expensive for professional players, many would often play street hockey throughout the summer months to keep in shape physically. This also offered them a chance to work on different aspects of the game in a cost effective manner. Before the era of big salaries, many semi-pro and professional players would play in games with each other when they lived in neighborhoods within driving distance of each other. It wasnt until the early 1970s, when Raymond W and these rules were quickly adopted by most leagues in the area and then eventually spread throughout the US and Canada by means of a printed rulebook which people could purchase. After a few years of experimenting with all the dynamics, Mr. Leclerc built a site in 1974 to play and advance the game in Leominster. The site, Leominster DekHockey Centre, has 3 outdoor rinks all with modular sport court surfaces and is known as the Home of Dekhockey. Various leagues and tournaments soon were springing up throughout those regions, the game then spread South and West as the Northeast USA players relocated to different areas of the United States and Canadian players moved outside of the Ontario and Quebec provinces. In Canada, the sport was organized for tournament play on a provincial and national level in the late 1970s with the founding of the Canadian Ball Hockey Association, more formal organization of the sport quickly followed which led to provincial wide tournaments and then eventually the Canadian National Championships
Road hockey
–
People playing street hockey in an outdoor rink.
Road hockey
–
A street hockey game in
Trafalgar Square in
London,
England, held in conjunction with
Canada Day celebrations
Road hockey
–
Various forms of street hockey
Road hockey
–
Organized ball hockey league in Czech Republic (team Svítkov Stars)
15.
Street hockey
–
Street hockey is a variation of the sport of ice hockey where the game is played outdoors on foot, or with inline or roller skates using a ball or puck. Both ball and puck are typically designed to be played on non-ice surfaces, the object of the game is to score more goals than the opposing team by shooting the ball or puck into the opposing teams net. Minimal amounts of equipment by the runners are worn depending on player preferences. Players agree whether or not to allow slap shots and raising of the stick, players determine whether to use a ball or a street hockey puck. There is no referee, except when agreed upon by both teams, in its most pure form, street hockey is always played on an outdoor surface, thus the genesis of the name street hockey. Teams can be selected by various methods, but usually are selected by captains via alternate selection of available players, alternatively, all the players put their sticks in a pile and the sticks are tossed out of the pile to opposing sides. In more organized forms, it is played in rinks which often were designed for roller hockey, there are also rinks built specifically for hockey played on foot, and these are referred to as dek hockey or ball hockey rinks. These rinks can also be used for hockey games. It is believed that street hockey began when roads started getting paved in parts of North America around the turn of the 20th century. The sport and thus the term street hockey eventually spread South to the United States, people would literally play the game out in the street, thus they had to ask people to play by asking them if wanted to play hockey out in the street. Since not every ice hockey player can be on the ice at all times, also, since the cost of smaller sized home ice rinks was too expensive for professional players, many would often play street hockey throughout the summer months to keep in shape physically. This also offered them a chance to work on different aspects of the game in a cost effective manner. Before the era of big salaries, many semi-pro and professional players would play in games with each other when they lived in neighborhoods within driving distance of each other. It wasnt until the early 1970s, when Raymond W and these rules were quickly adopted by most leagues in the area and then eventually spread throughout the US and Canada by means of a printed rulebook which people could purchase. After a few years of experimenting with all the dynamics, Mr. Leclerc built a site in 1974 to play and advance the game in Leominster. The site, Leominster DekHockey Centre, has 3 outdoor rinks all with modular sport court surfaces and is known as the Home of Dekhockey. Various leagues and tournaments soon were springing up throughout those regions, the game then spread South and West as the Northeast USA players relocated to different areas of the United States and Canadian players moved outside of the Ontario and Quebec provinces. In Canada, the sport was organized for tournament play on a provincial and national level in the late 1970s with the founding of the Canadian Ball Hockey Association, more formal organization of the sport quickly followed which led to provincial wide tournaments and then eventually the Canadian National Championships
Street hockey
–
People playing street hockey in an outdoor rink.
Street hockey
–
A street hockey game in
Trafalgar Square in
London,
England, held in conjunction with
Canada Day celebrations
Street hockey
–
Various forms of street hockey
Street hockey
–
Organized ball hockey league in Czech Republic (team Svítkov Stars)
16.
IIHF
–
The International Ice Hockey Federation is a worldwide governing body for ice hockey and in-line hockey. It is based in Zurich, Switzerland, and has 74 members and it manages international ice hockey tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking. The Hockey Canada and USA Hockey federations have their own rulebooks, decisions of the IIHF can be appealed through the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland. The IIHF museum was located within the International Hockey Hall of Fame Museum located in Kingston, after terminating the partnership with the International Hockey Hall of Fame, the IIHF signed an agreement with the NHL to house their museum within the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1998, the IIHF museum relocated to Toronto, Ontario, as part of the centennial celebrations of the IIHFs founding, the 2008 IIHF World Championship was held in Canada. This was the first time the championships were hosted in Canada, Russia won the 2008 Championship, with Canada as the runner-up. The main functions of the IIHF are to govern, develop, another duty is to promote friendly relations among the member national associations and to operate in an organized manner for the good order of the sport. The IIHF is the body responsible with arranging the sponsorships, license rights, another purpose of the federation is to provide aid in the young players development and in the development of coaches and game officials. On the other hand, all the events of IIHF are organized by the federation along with establishing and maintaining contact with any sport federations or sport groups. The IIHF is responsible for processing the international players transfers and it is also the body that presides over ice hockey in the Olympic Games as well as over all levels of the IIHF World Championships. The federation works in collaboration with local committees when organizing its 25 World Championships, even though the IIHF runs the world championships, it is also responsible for the organization of several European club competitions such as the Champions Hockey League or the Continental Cup. The federation is governed by the body of the IIHF which is the General Congress along with the executive body. The Congress is entitled to make decisions with regard of the games rules and it is also the body that elects the president and the council or otherwise known as board. The president of the IIHF is basically the representative of the federation and he represents the federations interests in all external matters and he is also responsible that the decisions are made according to the federations statutes and regulations. The president is assisted by the General Secretary who is also the highest ranked employee of the IIHF, the International Ice Hockey Federation was founded on May 15,1908 at 34 Rue de Provence in Paris, France, as Ligue International de Hockey sur Glace. The founders of the federation were representatives from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Switzerland, Louis Magnus, the French representative, was the fifth member to sign the founding document and also the first president of the LIHG. The second congress was held from January 22–25,1909 in Chamonix, playing and competitions rules were established, and an agreement was reached for an annual European Championship to be contested, beginning in 1910. The 1909 Coupe de Chamonix was contested during the congress and it was won by Princes Ice Hockey Club, representing Great Britain
IIHF
–
Foundation document of the LIHG.
IIHF
–
International Ice Hockey Federation Fédération internationale de hockey sur glace
IIHF
–
IIHF Headquarters in Zurich
17.
Floorball
–
Floorball is a type of floor hockey with five field players and a goalkeeper in each team. Men and women play indoors with 96–115.5 cm-long sticks, matches are played in three twenty-minute periods. It is gaining popularity in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, as of 2014, there are over 300,133 registered floorball players worldwide. Professional leagues include Finlands Salibandyliiga and Swedens Svenska Superligan, the sport is organized internationally by the International Floorball Federation. Events include an annual Euro Floorball Cup for club teams and the biennial World Floorball Championships with separate divisions for men and women. While the IFF contains 58 members, Norway, the Czech Republic, Finland, Sweden, the sport is relatively new and therefore evolving. The basic rules were established in 1979 when the first floorball club in the world, official rules for matches were first written down in 1981. Most Canadian males born in the 1950s and before could attest to this, similarly, during the 1950s and 1960s many public school systems within Michigan incorporated floorball into their primary and secondary school gym classes. Later, Americans claimed to have invented it, and held interstate tournaments in the 1960s, the game was formally organized as an international and more organised sport in the late 1970s in Gothenburg, Sweden. The sport began as something that was played for fun as a pastime in schools, after a decade or so, floorball began showing up in Nordic countries where the former schoolyard pastime was becoming a developed sport. Formal rules soon were developed, and clubs began to form, after some time, several countries developed national associations, and the IFF was founded in 1986. The game of floorball is also known by other names, such as salibandy, innebandy. The names salibandy and innebandy are derived from bandy, they translate to hall bandy, unihockey is derived from universal hockey since it is meant to be a special and simplified hockey form. When the IFF was founded in 1986, the sport was played in mostly Nordic countries, Japan, by 1990, floorball was recognized in 7 countries, and by the time of the first European Floorball Championships in 1994, that number had risen to 14. That number included the United States, who was the first country outside of Europe, by the time of the first mens world championships in 1996,20 nations played floorball, with 12 of them participating at the tournament. As of 2009, the sport of floorball has been played in almost 80 countries, of those,58 have national floorball associations that are recognized by the IFF. With the addition of Sierra Leone, Africas first floorball nation,10 years after the IFF was founded, the first world championships were played, with a sold out final of 15,106 people at the Globen in Stockholm, Sweden. In addition to that, the two largest floorball leagues, Finlands Salibandyliiga and Swedens Svenska Superligan were formed, in 1986 and 1995 respectively
Floorball
–
Floorball match between Sweden (yellow) and Finland (white)
Floorball
–
A floorball ball. This is a plastic precision type ball, characterized by 1516 tiny dimples that reduce air resistance, as well as friction on the floor.
Floorball
–
AIK Innebandy celebrate their
2007–08 EuroFloorball Cup after narrowly defeating
Warberg IC 2–1 in
Sudden Victory Overtime in the final match.
18.
International Roller Sports Federation
–
It was established in April 1924 in Montreux, Switzerland by two Swiss sportsmen, Fred Renkewitz and Otto Myer, who had close connections to the International Olympic Committee. The FIRS gathers almost 100 national federations, including countries from every continent, park terrain skateboarding will become an Olympic sport in 2020. The FIRS aims to foster the Roller Sports movement and participation on a global scale, Skating is considered to be one of the most complete physical exercises that exist and enjoys huge popularity on a world level. According to the latest estimations, there are more than 40 million habitual users of recreational skates throughout the world, association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations FIRS web site
International Roller Sports Federation
–
Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports
19.
Roller hockey (Inline)
–
It is considered a contact sport but body checking is prohibited. However, there are exceptions to that with the NRHL which involves fighting, Inline hockey teams are composed of up to four lines of players including two forwards and two defensemen on each line. There are five players including the goalie from each team on the rink at a time and it is the goalies job to prevent the other teams players from scoring. Teams normally consist of 16 players that sit on the bench until it is their turn to play, as the name suggests it is played on inline skates. Inline hockey is a very fast paced and free flowing game, there are no blue lines or defensive zones in roller hockey unlike ice hockey. This means that, according to most rule codes, there are no offsides or icings that can occur during game play, there are traditionally two 20-minute periods or four 10-minute periods with a stopped clock. In the United States, the highest governing body for the sport is USA Roller Sports which is referred to as USARS. USARS is credited with the development of the present day rules and they organize tournaments across the United States but they are not the only tournament provider. Some of the other independent tournament providers include Amateur Athletic Union, North American Roller Championships, internationally, inline hockey is represented by two different union, the Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports and the International Ice Hockey Federation. Both of them organize their own annual World Championships, some of the earliest video evidence of the sport is newsreel footage from the Giornale Luce taken in Vienna, Austria in 1938. The video shows players using inline skates with five metal wheels, each team has four skaters plus a netminder. They are using ice hockey sticks, with taped blades, the game is being played with a ball on a rectangular outdoor court, which appears to be asphalt. In the United States, the USA Roller Sports predecessor organization was the Roller Skating Rink Operators Association, in 1940 the RSROA published a set of roller hockey rules drawn from a booklet by the National Hockey League which was designed to grow interest in playing hockey on roller skates. However, because of the intervention of World War II, the organization of hockey tournaments did not receive significant development until after this war in the late 1940s. At first skating club interest was confined to the tier of the United States. The American Roller Hockey Association was formed with Joe Spillman, a roller rink operator from San Antonio, under Spillmans direction, the sport of hockey on roller skates grew rapidly throughout the United States. During the 1960 RSROA National Roller Skating Championships held in Little Rock, Arkansas, exhibition games for ball, following these Nationals, the first full competitive season officially began in North America for roller hockey. This, of course, had puck roller hockey entirely performed on quad skates, state and Regional competitions determined the teams that would move on to the North American Championships
Roller hockey (Inline)
–
A collegiate inline hockey player carrying the puck.
20.
Street Hockey
–
Street hockey is a variation of the sport of ice hockey where the game is played outdoors on foot, or with inline or roller skates using a ball or puck. Both ball and puck are typically designed to be played on non-ice surfaces, the object of the game is to score more goals than the opposing team by shooting the ball or puck into the opposing teams net. Minimal amounts of equipment by the runners are worn depending on player preferences. Players agree whether or not to allow slap shots and raising of the stick, players determine whether to use a ball or a street hockey puck. There is no referee, except when agreed upon by both teams, in its most pure form, street hockey is always played on an outdoor surface, thus the genesis of the name street hockey. Teams can be selected by various methods, but usually are selected by captains via alternate selection of available players, alternatively, all the players put their sticks in a pile and the sticks are tossed out of the pile to opposing sides. In more organized forms, it is played in rinks which often were designed for roller hockey, there are also rinks built specifically for hockey played on foot, and these are referred to as dek hockey or ball hockey rinks. These rinks can also be used for hockey games. It is believed that street hockey began when roads started getting paved in parts of North America around the turn of the 20th century. The sport and thus the term street hockey eventually spread South to the United States, people would literally play the game out in the street, thus they had to ask people to play by asking them if wanted to play hockey out in the street. Since not every ice hockey player can be on the ice at all times, also, since the cost of smaller sized home ice rinks was too expensive for professional players, many would often play street hockey throughout the summer months to keep in shape physically. This also offered them a chance to work on different aspects of the game in a cost effective manner. Before the era of big salaries, many semi-pro and professional players would play in games with each other when they lived in neighborhoods within driving distance of each other. It wasnt until the early 1970s, when Raymond W and these rules were quickly adopted by most leagues in the area and then eventually spread throughout the US and Canada by means of a printed rulebook which people could purchase. After a few years of experimenting with all the dynamics, Mr. Leclerc built a site in 1974 to play and advance the game in Leominster. The site, Leominster DekHockey Centre, has 3 outdoor rinks all with modular sport court surfaces and is known as the Home of Dekhockey. Various leagues and tournaments soon were springing up throughout those regions, the game then spread South and West as the Northeast USA players relocated to different areas of the United States and Canadian players moved outside of the Ontario and Quebec provinces. In Canada, the sport was organized for tournament play on a provincial and national level in the late 1970s with the founding of the Canadian Ball Hockey Association, more formal organization of the sport quickly followed which led to provincial wide tournaments and then eventually the Canadian National Championships
Street Hockey
–
People playing street hockey in an outdoor rink.
Street Hockey
–
A street hockey game in
Trafalgar Square in
London,
England, held in conjunction with
Canada Day celebrations
Street Hockey
–
Various forms of street hockey
Street Hockey
–
Organized ball hockey league in Czech Republic (team Svítkov Stars)
21.
USA Roller Sports
–
USA Roller Sports, formerly the United States Amateur Confederation of Roller Skating, is the national governing body of competitive roller sports in the United States. It is recognized by the International Roller Sports Federation and the United States Olympic Committee, USA Roller Sports has sponsored amateur roller skating competitions at the regional and national level since 1937 in figure skating, speed skating and roller hockey, and since 2011 in roller derby. The USARS slogan is, USARS is dedicated to creating, enhancing and conducting the best competitions and we instill the drive to win and be the absolute best… in sport and in life. USA Hockey Inline was one of two governing bodies for the sport of hockey in the United States. It was created in December 1994 by USA Hockey, in its bylaws, USARS acknowledges artistic, speed, roller derby and hockey discipline categories. The USA Roller Sports is responsible for many competitions taking place each year, one of the biggest is USA Rink Hockey National Championship. The sport is part of the Pan American Games and the World Games and is noted as an Olympic Recognized sport, in 2005, the International Olympic Committee selected Roller Sports among four other sports for consideration into the Olympic Games. In particular, Inline Speedskating was chosen and submitted for consideration, in the 1990s, hockey was slated as a demonstration sport but was never added as a full-fledged member of the Olympic Games program. FIRS President Aracu has recently set up a site to make rollerskating sports more visible to the IOC. Enter that site from http, //www. rollersports. tv/ So far figure rollerskating, Aracu also has posted on that site a few letters documenting some of the steps he has taken to promote international speed skating. FIRS and the CIC proposed to the International Olympic Committee that inline speedskating be the rollerskating discipline presented at the 2012 Summer Games. Http, //olympic. patincarrera. com/eng/news. html In February 2012 IOC President Jacques Rogge told reporters that rollersports are one of eight sports in consideration for the 2020 Olympics. USA Hockey InLine does field its own team, but it takes part in the IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships. In response, USA Roller Sports aligned itself with the Amateur Athletic Union to help with growth, top roller hockey players have often shifted their allegiance from one organization to the other depending on opportunities. In some cases, players will appear at both World Championships in the same year, since 2011, USARS has been in an ongoing controversy with the Womens Flat Track Derby Association and the affiliated Mens Roller Derby Association, with competing rules sets for playing roller derby
USA Roller Sports
–
Summer Olympic Sports
22.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
23.
Team sport
–
A team sport includes any sport which involves two or more players working together towards a shared objective. A team sport is an activity in individuals are organized into opposing teams which compete to win. Examples are basketball, volleyball, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, Team sports are practiced between opposing teams, where the players interact directly and simultaneously between them to achieve an objective. The objective generally involves teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules, in order to score points. However, other types of team sports do not involve teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar item in accordance with a set of rules, for example, swimming, rowing, sailing, dragon boat racing, and track and field among others are also team sports. In other types of team sports there may not be a team or point scoring, for example. Instead of points scored against a team, the relative difficulty of the climb or walk is the measure of the achievement. In some sports where participants are entered by a team, they do not only compete against members of other teams, for example, motorsport, particularly Formula One. This process is known as team orders and although previously accepted was banned in Formula One between 2002 and 2010, after a controversy involving team orders at the 2010 German Grand Prix however, the regulation was removed as of the 2011 season. Organized sports in athletics, started in Greece in 796 BC, is recorded up to 393 BC and these games, which are Olympic games, were a form to test the skills of warriors, consisted of running, jumping or leaping, wrestling, and javelin throw. In the Bayankhongor Province of Mongolia cave paintings dating back to Neolithic age of 7000 BC depict a wrestling match surrounded by crowds, cave paintings of the Prehistoric times in Japan show a sport similar to sumo wrestling. In Wadi Sura, near Gilf Kebir in Libya, Neolithic in the cave of swimmers shows evidence of swimming in a rock painting, the name athletes is derived from Aethelius, the King of Elis in Olympia, Greece. Before the start of the gods were invoked by offering of mostly fruits. The winner of the race was crowned with a wreath of olive or laurel, in subsequent years monetary attractions were introduced as prize money. However, the practice of offering celery sticks is still in vogue in the 100 m sprint in the Olympics, the present pattern of Olympic Games is akin to the practice followed in the ancient days. The 200 m sprint is known in Greek as short foot race, the 400 m race is equivalent to two stades and called Diaulos in Greek. With the advent of computer gaming and the Internet, Esports which is in vogue for quite a few years was recorded in October 1972 as a video game. A Space war tournament was organized by Stanford University which was titled Intergalactic Spacewar Olympics with an offering of one-year subscription to Rolling Stone
Team sport
–
Cricket is a popular team sport played at international level
Team sport
–
Ice hockey is one of the most popular winter team sports
Team sport
–
Ancient Greek wrestlers
Team sport
–
Rock paintings of humans in the cave of swimmers
24.
Sport
–
SPORT was an American sports magazine. Launched in September 1946 by New York-based publisher Macfadden Publications, SPORT pioneered the use of color photography – it carried eight full-color plates in its first edition. SPORT predated the launch of Sports Illustrated by eight years, and is remembered for bringing several editorial innovations to the genre, as well as creating, in 1955, the SPORT Magazine Award. What made SPORT the most distinctive from Sports Illustrated, however, was that it was a magazine as opposed to SIs weekly distribution. SPORT was published continually between its launch and August 2000, when its then-owner, British publisher EMAP PLC, made the decision to close the money-losing title. Launched in September 1946, Macfaddens SPORT magazine broke new ground, as the first mainstream national sports publication, the emphasis was not on the games or the teams, but on the elements of human drama that lay beneath. SPORT was an icon in the league of LIFE, Look and it continued to thrive for a quarter-century or so, as SI struggled to reach profitability, and to find the right blend of spectator and participatory sports. Ogden Nash wrote his baseball poem Line-Up for Yesterday for the magazine in 1949, the concept was expanded over the years until a SPORT magazine award was presented to the outstanding post-season performer in all four major team sports, as sanctioned by the leagues. But by the early 1970s, Macfadden, lacking Time Magazines deep pockets, was fading, in 1976, Downe and its family of magazines that included Ladies Home Journal and Redbook, was acquired by The Charter Company. Under Downe and Charter, there was a zig-zag in editorial direction, and gradually SPORT lost its way, its distinctive voice, and circulation declined. In 1980, SPORT was purchased from the Charter Company by its VP of Corporate and Investor Relations, Park Beeler, Beeler quickly restructured the personnel of SPORT and named Don Hanrahan, a former publisher under Downe, to return to that role. Beeler and Hanrahan immediately implemented a plan of editorial and circulation repositioning with a return to a sports in depth theme as opposed to attempts to cover sports news. Beeler and Hanrahan also solidified SPORTs historic role of awarding of the MVP Awards for the Super Bowl, World Series, Stanley Cup, circulation practices were improved and re-validated. This quickly revived the magazine and its advertising base, Beeler then sold MVP Sports to Raymond Hunt of Dallas, who integrated it into his existing publishing enterprises, Southwest Media, which included the very successful D Magazine, which was headed by. Hanrahan, Allison and Bauer all moved on to other projects after a few years, the magazine was sold by Ray Hunt to Peterson Publishing Company in 1988, at which time SPORTs decline resumed. In August 2000, after appearing every month for 54 years under 10 different owners, allen Barra, writing in Salon. com, put it this way, Though it didnt make any headlines, the news of the death of SPORT magazine. Must have put a lump in the throat of those old enough to remember the greatest of all American sports magazines. Sports Illustrated was great, but SI, in an era when you couldnt see all the highlights every night, was read for news, there is also a second location in Vancouver, Canada
Sport
25.
Basketball
–
Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
Basketball
–
Michael Jordan goes for a
slam dunk
Basketball
–
The first basketball court:
Springfield College
Basketball
–
The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with James Naismith at the back, right.
Basketball
–
A basketball game between the
Heart Mountain and Powell High School girls teams, Wyoming, March 1944
26.
3x3 (basketball)
–
3x3,3 on 3 basketball is a form of the game played three a side on one hoop. It is the largest urban team sport of the world and this basketball discipline is currently being promoted and structured by FIBA the sports governing body. Its main competition is an annual FIBA 3X3 World Tour, comprising a series of Masters, the FIBA 3x3 World Championships is the highest tournament for national 3x3 teams. 3×3 has been a basketball format long played in streets and gyms across the world, adidas launched its now-discontinued streetball competition in 1992. Since then, the number of 3×3 events and competitions has been steadily growing all around the world, FIBA took the decision to first test 3x3 at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games in Macau. Further test events were held in April 2008 in the Dominican Republic, the international debut was at the 2009 Asian Youth Games,19 teams in the boys tournament and 16 teams in the girls tournament. All games were held at Anglican High School, Singapore, finally, 3x3 made its worldwide competitive debut at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. The competition featured 20 teams in boys and girls categories. The competition was held at the Youth Space, Singapore, since then World Championships in both open and U18 categories are held on a regular basis. FIBA releases from time-to-time a 3x3 supplement to its official basketball rules, the rules state that regular FIBA rules apply to all situations not specifically addressed in the FIBA 3x3 rules. The current set, both in a version and longer format, was published in January 2015 and a video has been posted on YouTube. Under the 2015 rules, the departures from regular full-court basketball are as follows, the game is played on a half-court, with one basket. The basketball is unique to 3x3, and is used in all competitions, whether mens, womens and its circumference of 727–734 mm/28. 5–29.0 in is that of the size 6 basketball used in the womens full-court game. However, its weight is that of the size 7 standard used in the mens full-court game, a jump ball is not used to start the game. Instead, a coin toss is held immediately before the game, the winning team can choose to take possession of the ball at the start of the game, or take the first possession of a potential overtime period. There are no jump balls at any time in the game, in any held ball situation, the defensive team is granted possession. Every successful shot inside the arc is awarded one point, while every successful shot behind the arc is awarded two points, the game is a single period of 10 minutes with sudden death at 21 points. The winner is the first team to score 21 or the team with the highest score at the end of the 10 minutes, a tie in regulation leads to an untimed overtime period, which is won by the first team to score two points in overtime
3x3 (basketball)
–
A men's international match between
Romania and Slovenia in
Bucharest (September, 2014)
3x3 (basketball)
27.
Water basketball
–
Water basketball is a water sport, which mixes the rules of basketball and water polo, played in a swimming pool. Teams of five players each must shoot at the goal with a ball within a time after gaining possession. The sport has been developed by The Hobart Aquatic Centre to allow for a more recreational. It involves two teams of six players on field, who pass the ball down the pool to their goal end, in 2005, the Italian Federation of Basketball recognized it as a form of basketball. In the Netherlands, people have been playing basketball since the 1970s. In the Netherlands it was played by people with a handicap, besides regular tournaments, they also organize a national championship where the best teams compete for the official Dutch Waterbasketbal championship title. In Slovenia a version of water basketball developed in 1997, till that time there were played two versions of water basketball. In first one there was a classical basket fixed at edge of the swimming pool and this was not very convenient because player were kicked on the wall of swimming pool and basket was to high for realization of some attractive actions. The second version was using a basket, making it very difficult to throw the ball in the basket. Tomaž Slavec and Matjaž Kodek from Kranj, Slovenia developed a special basket, the ball, all disadvantages of the previously described version of water basketball were removed. There is no wall and floating basket problem, the game became very dynamic because it could be played behind the basket and this game is also played in Pécs, Hungary. Water Basketball Tasmania Water basketball Slovenia Dutch waterbasketball Waterbasketball France Water basketball Slovenia Maribor Hungary Water basketball Italy
Water basketball
–
Match of water basketball
28.
Wheelchair basketball
–
Wheelchair basketball is basketball played by people with varying physical disabilities that disqualify them from playing an able-bodied sport. These include spina bifida, birth defects, cerebral palsy, paralysis due to accident, amputations, the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation is the governing body for this sport. It is recognized by the International Paralympic Committee as the competent authority in wheelchair basketball worldwide. FIBA has recognized IWBF under Article 53 of its General Statutes, the IWBF has 82 National Organizations for Wheelchair Basketball actively participating in wheelchair basketball throughout the world, with this number increasing each year. It is estimated more than 100,000 people play wheelchair basketball from recreation to club play. Wheelchair basketball is played by boys, girls, men and women, Wheelchair basketball is included in the Paralympic Games. The Wheelchair Basketball World Championship is played two years after every Paralympic Games, major competition in wheelchair basketball comes from Canada, Australia, the United States, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Japan. In 1944, Ludwig Guttmann, through the program at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital, in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England. It was known as wheelchair netball, at around the same times, starting from 1946, wheelchair basketball games were played primarily between American World War II disabled veterans. This began in the United States at the University of Illinois, dr. Timothy Nugent founded the National Wheelchair Basketball Association in 1949 and served as Commissioner for the first 25 years. The Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games, held in 1947, were the first games to be held and included only a handful of participants, growth in both the number of wheelchair events and participants came quickly. Wheelchair netball was introduced in the 1948 Games, in 1952, a team from the Netherlands was invited to compete with the British team. This became the first International Stoke-Mandeville Games, an event that has been held ever since. Wheelchair basketball, as we know it now, was first played at the 1956 International Stoke-Mandeville Games, the US Pan Am Jets team won the tournament. In 1973, the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation established the first sub-section for wheelchair basketball, at that time ISMGF was the world governing body for all wheelchair sports. In 1989 ISMGF accepted for its former wheelchair basketball sub-section to be named International Wheelchair Basketball Federation, full independence came in 1993 with the IWBF becoming the world body for wheelchair basketball with full responsibility for development of the sport. World championships for the sport have been held since 1973, with Bruges, the first world championship for men was won by Great Britain. Of the first 11 mens world championships, six were won by the United States, Canada has won four of the womens world championship titles, and the United States two
Wheelchair basketball
–
Wheelchair basketball game
Wheelchair basketball
–
Competitors in the 2012
Euroleague tournament
Wheelchair basketball
–
Australian women's wheelchair basketballer
Amanda Carter challenging for the ball in a game against the USA at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games
29.
Korfball
–
Korfball is a ball sport, with similarities to netball and basketball. It is played by two teams of eight players with four females and four males in each team, the objective is to throw a ball through a bottomless basket that is mounted on a 3.5 m high pole. The sport was invented by Dutch school teacher Nico Broekhuysen in 1902, in the Netherlands, there are around 569 clubs and over 100,000 people playing korfball. The sport is very popular in Belgium and Taiwan, and is played in many other countries. In 1902 Nico Broekhuysen, a Dutch school teacher from Amsterdam, was sent to Nääs and this is where he was introduced to the Swedish game ringboll. In ringboll one could score points by throwing the ball through a ring that was attached to a 3 m pole, men and women played together, and the field was divided into three zones. Players could not leave their zone, Broekhuysen was inspired and when he returned to Amsterdam he decided to teach his students a similar game. He replaced the ring with a basket, so it was easier to see if a player had scored or not, Broekhuysen also simplified the rules so children could also understand and play it. The main idea was the same as ringboll, but it now stood on its own, the oldest still existing korfball club to never have merged with any other club is a Dutch korfball-club H. K. C. ALO was founded on 1 February 1906, at first there was considerable controversy about the sport, because the players were of both sexes. Several sports journalists refused to pay even the slightest attention to the new sport, korfball-players were accused of being immoral. Even the sportswear was criticized, because the women were showing bare knees and ankles, yet korfball was featured as a demonstration sport in the Summer Olympics of 1920 and 1928. The International Korfball Federation was founded in 1933 and it is growing in popularity in the UK and in a unique reference to the sport, is featured in a song by the band Half Man Half Biscuit entitled Joy in Leeuwarden on their 2011 album 90 Bisodol. Korfball has been played in the World Games since 1985, IKF World Championships have been held every four years since 1978. The leading nations are Belgium and the Netherlands, hong Kong hosted its first international tournament, the Asia Oceania Championship in 2006. New Zealand hosted the Asia Oceania Youth Championships in 2007, Korfball is played inside in winter and outdoors in spring and fall. The size of the court is 20 x 40 m. The new outdoor courts size is 40 m x 20 m. The court is divided into halves called zones, in each zone is a 3.5 m tall post with a basket at the top
Korfball
–
Outdoor korfball match in the
Netherlands
Korfball
–
Korfball match at the
1928 Summer Olympics in the
Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam
Korfball
–
Korfball basket with ball
Korfball
–
Korfbal match in the Netherlands
30.
Netball
–
Netball is a ball sport played by two teams of seven players. Its development, derived from early versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s, by 1960, international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Womens Basketball was formed. As of 2011, the INF comprises more than 60 national teams organized into five global regions, Games are played on a rectangular court with raised goal rings at each end. Each team attempts to score goals by passing a ball down the court, players are assigned specific positions, which define their roles within the team and restrict their movement to certain areas of the court. During general play, a player with the ball can hold on to it for three seconds before shooting for a goal or passing to another player. The winning team is the one that scores the most goals, Netball games are 60 minutes long. Variations have been developed to increase the pace and appeal to a wider audience. Netball is most popular in Commonwealth nations, specifically in schools, according to the INF, netball is played by more than 20 million people in more than 80 countries. Major domestic leagues in the include the Netball Superleague in Great Britain, Suncorp Super Netball in Australia. Three major competitions take place internationally, the quadrennial World Netball Championships, the Commonwealth Games, in 1995, netball became an International Olympic Committee recognised sport, but it has not been played at the Olympics. Netball emerged from early versions of basketball and evolved into its own sport as the number of participating in sports increased. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith in the United States, the game was initially played indoors between two teams of nine players, using an association football that was thrown into closed-end peach baskets. Naismiths game spread quickly across the United States and variations of the rules soon emerged, Physical education instructor Senda Berenson developed modified rules for women in 1892, these eventually gave rise to womens basketball. Around this time separate intercollegiate rules were developed for men and women, the various basketball rules converged into a universal set in the United States. Martina Bergman-Österberg introduced a version of basketball in 1893 to her students at the Physical Training College in Hampstead. Madame Österbergs new sport acquired the name net ball, the first codified rules of netball were published in 1901 by the Ling Association, later the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom. From England, netball spread to countries in the British Empire. Netball became a womens sport in countries where it was introduced
Netball
–
Malawi (red) playing
Fiji (blue) at the
2006 Commonwealth Games
Netball
–
Women in
England playing netball on a grass court, 1910
Netball
–
A goal is scored at a women's netball game in
New Zealand, circa 1920s.
Netball
–
Men and women play together during a mixed
netball game in Australia.
31.
Indoor netball
–
Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is surrounded on each side and overhead by a net. The net prevents the ball leaving the court, reducing the number of playing stoppages. This gives indoor netball a faster pace than netball, there are two main types of indoor netball, 6-a-side and 7-a-side. Indoor netball has a focus towards mixed-gender matches than netball does, although ladies games. While the sport does not have as large a following as netball does, its popularity is growing in such as England, South Africa, Australia. The sport is administered at a level by the World Indoor Netball Association. The rules of indoor netball are similar to that of netball, an indoor netball game usually consists of four quarters of 10 minutes. There are two umpires one for half of the court. The winning team is the one with the most points at the end of the match, in case of a tie in elimination games, two straight 5-minute overtimes are played, if still tied, whoever is up two points will win. In this version the court is divided into halves rather than thirds, the team is made up of two centre players, two attack players, and two defence players. The two attack players are located in one half and the two defence in the other with the players running the full court excluding the circles. Scoring is also different, with a shot inside the circle scoring 1 point. Because of the 2-point line this changes the game play significantly, once a goal is scored, a defence player from the opposition team takes a throw-off from the top of their circle. This makes the game even faster as the ball doesnt have to be sent back to the third for a centre pass like 7-a-side. This version is a lot like original netball, with the court in divided into thirds, only 1-point shots are possible, and only from inside the shooting circle. The ball shall be a universally accepted Netball or Association Football Size 5, b) Teams must wear a uniform which must be registered with the centre. It shall consist of matching shirts/tops and matching skirts/shorts, c) Singlet tops, jumpers or wind-cheaters will be permitted with the Netball Co-ordinators approval. D) All players must wear bibs identifying their court position, Players initials are to be included on both the front and back of the bibs
Indoor netball
32.
Wheelchair netball
–
Wheelchair netball is a variation of netball adapted for play in wheelchairs. A hybrid version of basketball and netball was introduced at the Grand Festival of Paraplegic Sport in 1949, six teams composed of 37 athletes competed at the event. This hybrid version of netball was played at every festival until 1954. Modern versions of wheelchair netball are similar to netball, but with modified rules regarding contact, obstruction
Wheelchair netball
–
v
33.
Slamball
–
SlamBall is a form of basketball played with four trampolines in front of each net and boards around the court edge. The name SlamBall is the trademark of SlamBall, LLC, professional SlamBall games aired on television with Spike TV for two seasons in 2002–2003, and the POWERade SlamBall Challenge was aired on CSTV, now CBS Sports Network, in 2007. SlamBall returned in August 2008, airing on Versus, now NBC Sports Network, the 2008 SlamBall season aired at one point on weekends on Cartoon Network. Slamball was shown on One HD in Australia during 2009, SlamBall held its first major international tournament in China in 2012. Scoring is achieved by putting the ball into the net at the end of the court for points. The aim is to have outscored the opposing team when the game ends, a successful score can be worth two points if the ball is thrown through the hoop without the offensive player touching the hoop. Slam dunks are scored three points, all shots outside the three-point arc are worth three points as well. Four players from each team may be on the court at one time, substitutions are unlimited and can be done during play. Each team has a coach and additional staff which includes assistant coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors, the game is controlled by two referees and the table officials. The table keeps track of the score, time, team possessions, fouls, games are played in four 50-minute quarters, unlike the NBA, which plays for four 12-minute quarters. The game commences with a bounce-off in which the ball is bounced at center court, the ball must reach its apex uninterrupted, at which point the players are allowed to check each other. Ten minutes are allowed for a break, only one time-out is permitted to each team. A 15-second shot clock is utilized, teams change ends for the second half. A tie score at the end of time is settled by a series of face offs. Each team has four players on the court at any one time, there are three positions, Handler, This is the primary ball handler on the team. It is his job to run the offense and organize the members while controlling the flow of the game. Typically he would be responsible to set up the gunners to attack the basket while adding in his own offensive threat, gunner, The primary scorer on the team. A teams gunner will be the player on the team that will attack the basket and finish plays against the opposing teams stopper, stopper, This position is for the primary defensive player
Slamball
–
Slashers Handler Corey Beezhold going in for a
slam dunk.
Slamball
–
SlamBall
Slamball
–
3D render of a SlamBall court.
Slamball
–
Mason Gordon, creator of the sport
34.
Football
–
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to score a goal. Unqualified, the football is understood to refer to whichever form of football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears. Sports commonly called football in certain places include, association football, gridiron football, Australian rules football, rugby football and these different variations of football are known as football codes. Various forms of football can be identified in history, often as popular peasant games, contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the codification of these games at English public schools during the nineteenth century. The expanse of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside of the directly controlled Empire, in 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. During the twentieth century, several of the kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world. They tend to use throwing and running as the ways of moving the ball. Body tackling is a skill, and games typically involve short passages of play of 5–90 seconds. Association football, Australian rules football and Gaelic football tend to use kicking to move the ball around the pitch, body tackles are less central to the game, and players are freer to move around the field. Common rules among the sports include, Two teams of usually between 11 and 18 players, some variations that have fewer players are also popular, a clearly defined area in which to play the game. Scoring goals or points by moving the ball to an opposing teams end of the field and either into a goal area, goals or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts. The goal or line being defended by the opposing team, players being required to move the ball—depending on the code—by kicking, carrying, or hand-passing the ball. Players using only their body to move the ball, in all codes, common skills include passing, tackling, evasion of tackles, catching and kicking. In most codes, there are rules restricting the movement of players offside, there are conflicting explanations of the origin of the word football. It is widely assumed that the word refers to the action of the foot kicking a ball. There is an explanation, which is that football originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe. There is no evidence for either explanation. The Ancient Greeks and Romans are known to have played ball games
Football
–
Ancient Greek football player balancing the ball. Depiction on an
Attic Lekythos.
Football
–
Several codes of football. Images, from top down, left to right:
association football,
Australian rules football,
international rules football, a
rugby union scrum,
rugby league, and
American football.
Football
–
A
Song Dynasty painting by Su Hanchen, depicting Chinese children playing cuju.
Football
–
Paint of a
Mesoamerican ballgame player of the Tepantitla murals in
Teotihuacan.
35.
Association football
–
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
Association football
–
The attacking player (No. 10) attempts to kick the ball beyond the opposing team's goalkeeper and between the goalposts and beneath the crossbar to score a
goal
Association football
–
Children playing
cuju in
Song dynasty China
Association football
–
Ebenezer Cobb Morley, who is regarded as the "father of football"
Association football
–
A women's international match between the United States and Germany
36.
Amputee football
–
Amputee football is an disabled sport played with seven players on each team. Outfield players have lower extremity amputations, and goalkeepers have an upper extremity amputation, outfield players use loftstrand crutches, and play without their prosthesis. There are several amputee football associations around the world, a couple examples of this are the England Amputee Association and The Irish Amputee Football Association. Each organization promotes the advancement of the sport and that it more recognition. Former name, Amputee Football World Championships http, //www. ampsoccer. org/history. htm http,2003, 1- RUS 2- UKR 3- BRA 4- UZB2005, 1- BRA 2- RUS 3- ENG 4- UKR2007, 1- UZB 2- RUS 3- TUR 4-. 2009, World Cup 2009 - Nova Friburgo, Brazil Host City reneged on its commitment to host. 2010, 1- UZB 2- ARG 3- TUR 4- RUS2012, 1- UZB 2- RUS 3- TUR 4- ARG2014, 1- RUS 2- ANG 3- TUR 4- POL2016, 1- RUS 2- POL 3- ENG 4- ESP1999 First Open European Championships, Kiev Ukraine. Outfield players may have two hands but only one leg, whereas goalkeepers may have two feet but only one hand, the game is played with metal crutches and without prostheses, the only exception being that bi-lateral amputees may play with a prosthesis. Players may not use crutches to advance, control or block the ball, such an action will be penalised in the same way as a handball infringement. However, incidental contact between crutch and ball is tolerated, players may not use their residual limbs to voluntarily advance, control or block the ball. Such an action will be penalised in the way as a handball infringement. However, incidental contact between residual limb and ball is tolerated, use of a crutch against a player will lead to ejection from the game and a penalty kick for the opposing team. The pitch measures a maximum of 70 x 60 metres The dimensions of the goals are 2, however, certain tournaments require teams of four outfield players plus goalkeeper, as was the case in Sierra Leone. A goalkeeper is not permitted to leave his or her area, should this occur deliberately, the goalkeeper will be ejected from the game and the opposing team awarded a penalty kick. An unlimited amount of substitutions can be made, at any point during the game,2012 Amputee Football World Cup 2014 Amputee Football World Cup Team Zaryen worldamputeefootball. com American Amputee Soccer - Main Page
Amputee football
–
Amputee football
37.
Beach soccer
–
Beach soccer, also known as beach football or beasal, is a variant of association football played on a beach or some form of sand. The game emphasises skill, agility and shooting at goal, whilst football has been played informally on beaches for many years, the introduction of beach soccer was an attempt to codify rules for the game. This was done in 1992 by the founders of Beach Soccer Worldwide and this was a major foundation for what is now known as beach soccer and what has led to the sport rapidly growing in popularity. The irregularity of the playing surface leads to a totally different style of play than is used in football. The compact field, much smaller than a football field, allows players to score from anywhere on the sand. With an average of scoring rate of one every three or four minutes, around eleven goals are scored in total during an average game. Beach soccer started in Brazil, more precisely at Leme beach, Rio de Janeiro, Beach soccer had been played recreationally all over the world for many years and in many different formats. In 1992 the laws of the game were envisioned and an event was staged by the founding partners of BSWW in Los Angeles. By 1993, the first professional beach soccer competition was organized at Miami Beach, with teams from the United States, Brazil, Argentina and Italy taking part. In April 1994 the first event to be covered by network television transmissions was held on Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro, the competition was won by the host nation, making Brazil the first ever World Champions of Beach Soccer. The success of the tournament saw commercial interest begin to match developments on the field and growing demand for the sport around the world gave rise to the Pro Beach Soccer Tour in 1996. The first Pro Beach Soccer Tour included a total of 60 games in two years across South America, Europe, Asia and the United States, attracting major names both on and off the field. The EPBSL, now known as the Euro BS League, brought together from across the continent and satisfied the demands of the media, sponsors. Only four years on from its creation, the successful first step in the building of a worldwide competition structure for the sport of pro beach soccer had been taken. L. in April 2000. The EPBSL was also flourishing, a nail-biting 2000 season was decided in the match of the final tournament when Spain beat Portugal in an intense encounter. In August 2011, Olympic news outlet Around the Rings reported that beach soccer could be vying for inclusion in the 2016 Summer Olympics, FIFA President Sepp Blatter reportedly spoke recently with Rio 2016 president Carlos Nuzman about including beach soccer on the Olympic agenda. The next four years would see this growth consolidated by further progress both on and off the field, with the EPBSL emerging as the strongest pro beach soccer competition in the world. By 2004, some seventeen nations had entered teams, with this number expected to rise to over stage events, france won the first world cup and the next year Brazil won it at the same venue
Beach soccer
–
International match between Norway and Azerbaijan
Beach soccer
–
A beach soccer game at the 2006 Chicago Beach Soccer Invitational
Beach soccer
–
A beach soccer ball
Beach soccer
–
Game at the
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 2006
38.
Freestyle football
–
Freestyle football, also known as freestyle soccer in North America, is the art of self-expression with a football, while performing various tricks with any part of the body. Similar in style to keepie uppie, kemari and the discipline of rhythmic gymnastics. Judges evaluate competitors on six criteria, difficulty, originality, all round skills, trick execution, mistakes, players are not allowed to touch the ball with the hands or arms, such touches are considered mistakes by the judges. Freestyle football has existed since the early 1900s, but it has seen a surge in popularity as a result of advertising campaigns. In the early 21st century, Nike began a campaign which relied heavily on the freestyle form of football. The videos are called Joga Bonito which means Play Beautiful and these advertisements featured famous players such as Ronaldinho, Cristiano Ronaldo and Edgar Davids. Many link such mass media attention to the start of the freestyle craze, in the YouTube era, however, many previously non-famous players have risen to prominence, and internet searches easily yield thousands of videos by amateur freestylers around the world. Four time Guinness World Record Holder and John Farnworth, who appeared in Britains Got Talent in 2009, moreover, men are not the only ones capable of training this sports discipline. Since it started spreading all over the more and more women have been taking up freestyle football. Some of the most notable women in the sport are current World Champion Kitti Szász as well as runner up Mélody Donchet and North American non-competitive, several freestylers have influenced the varying styles within freestyle football including Rickard Palle Sjolander, nicknamed the godfather of airmoves. Palle invented many lower body tricks which are now used by several freestylers, palles progression of lower body freestyle was enhanced by Pawel Skóra from Poland. Since 2010, the progression within lowerbody freestyle has been led by a group of around 10 limit pushers, including Pawel Skóra, MP, Hasip, Ars, Mirko, Gunther, Akim, LKR, Ethan, Memo and more. The movie In the Hands of the Gods promotes football freestylers, the film followed five lads on a journey of a lifetime in search of arguably the best football player of all time Diego Maradona. In December 2006 the Masters of The Game competition, held in Amsterdam and was won by Hassan Muxudin Ali, nutmeg or Panna and other street football competitions have been held featuring street football players such as Edward Van Gils Edje, Issy Hitman, and Jermaine Vanenburg Vaantje. In 2007 there was a competition in Latin America called Red Bull Reaccion, also in 2007 Redbull futbol de calle was held in NYCs Webster Hall. The French Arnaud Séan Garnier is the first world champion of Red Bull Street Style Soccer, the final of the Red Bull Street Style competition was held in Brazil In November 2008. Arnaud Garnier Séan beat out the other 42 competitors to win the competition, the 2010 Red Bull street style was held in Cape Town South Africa April 24–28. The winner was Anders Azun Solum from Norway, who beat Kamalio Ranchod from South Africa in the final, the latest one was held in Italy where Kotaro Tokuda from Japan came first, and Daniel Dennehy from Ireland finished second
Freestyle football
–
John Farnworth performing a freestyle trick in
Singapore in 2011, where he broke two records
Freestyle football
–
Freestyle Footballers freestyling at the
Red Bull Arena (Salzburg).
Freestyle football
39.
Futsal
–
Futsal, or futsala, is a variant of association football played on a hard court, smaller than a football pitch, and mainly indoors. It can be considered a version of five-a-side football, Futsal is played between two teams of five players each, one of whom is the goalkeeper. Unlike some other forms of football, the game is played on a hard court surface delimited by lines. Futsal is also played with a smaller ball, the surface, ball and rules create an emphasis on improvisation, creativity, and technique as well as ball control and passing in small spaces. Futsal comes from Spanish fútbol sala or fútbol de salón and from Portuguese futebol de salão, the term is commonly translated as indoor football but a more literal translation is hall/lounge football. During the sports world championships held in Madrid in 1985. Since then, all names have been officially and internationally changed to futsal. The naming was due to a dispute between FIFUSA and FIFA over the name of fútbol, FIFUSA has registered the word fut-sal in 1985, since then FIFA has also started using the term futsal. The name has been translated into Italian as calcio a 5 or football sala, Futsal started in 1930 when Juan Carlos Ceriani, a teacher in Montevideo, Uruguay, created a version of indoor football for recreation in YMCAs. This new sport was developed for playing on basketball courts. The YMCA spread the game immediately throughout South America and it was easily played by everyone, everywhere, and in any weather condition, even in winter, without any difficulty, helping players to stay in shape all year round. These reasons convinced João Lotufo, a Brazilian, to bring this game to his country, initially, the rules were not uniform. In 1956, the rules were modified by Habib Maphuz and Luiz Gonzaga de Oliveira Fernandes within the YMCA of São Paulo Brazil to allow seniors to compete, Luiz de Oliveira wrote the Book of Rules of Fuitsal in 1956, then adopted also at the international level. In 1965 the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol de Salón was formed, consisting of Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru, Argentina, shortly after, a unique tournament was organized. It attracted some interest in South American media, which began to follow futsal. The sport began to spread across South America, and its popularity ensured the formation of a body in São Paulo in 1971. FIFUSA initially comprised Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, the new institution counted 32 participating countries and its first President was João Havelange joined by the secretary Luiz Gonzaga de Oliveira. In 1975, the Federation’s chief passed to FIFA, and in 1980, the Federation then began to work to bring the big event to Europe
Futsal
–
International futsal match between
Argentina and
Brazil
Futsal
–
The
Brazil national futsal team line up before a match.
Futsal
–
A futsal arena in
Tokyo
40.
Indoor soccer
–
Indoor soccer, or arena soccer, is a game derived from association football adapted for play in a walled indoor arena. In those countries, areas such as hockey rinks or basketball courts are adapted for indoor soccer play, in other countries the game is played in either indoor or outdoor arenas surrounded by walls, and is referred to by different names. Indoor soccer has different regulations from other versions of association football designed for play, such as futsal. Unlike futsal, which is played on surfaces, indoor soccer is played on synthetic turf. Indoor soccer courts are delimited by walls instead of lines, Indoor soccer is most popular in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, with several amateur, collegiate and professional leagues functioning. While internationally less popular than futsal, indoor soccer is played at the league level in many countries outside North America. The World Minifootball Federation is the body of indoor soccer at the international level. The term minifootball, which was coined in Europe, has been adopted by the WMF as a standard international name for the sport. Indoor soccer is played throughout the world, currently, the international federation dedicated to promoting the sport is the World Minifootball Federation based in the Czech Republic. The WMF replaced the International Fast Football Federation, which had based in Mexico and later. During its existence, FIFRA organized several indoor soccer tournaments for national teams, the only edition of this tournament took place in Mexico in 1997, with the host team winning the title. No other indoor soccer championship was held until 2015, when the WMF organized the first WMF World Cup in the United States. The first edition of the tournament was won by the USA. Indoor soccer is a sport in the United States and especially Canada. Due to the season for outdoor soccer in Canada and the Northern United States. It is especially popular in Northern Canada due to the often unplayable outdoor conditions, Indoor soccer or futbol rapido has also become a popular sport in Mexico, being included as part of the Universiada and the CONADEIP, in which university school teams from all over Mexico compete. In Mexico, indoor soccer fields are built outdoors. Indoor soccer is known in Brazil as showbol, with several current regional leagues, formal national leagues have also formed in Bolivia, Colombia, Uruguay, Ecuador and Peru
Indoor soccer
–
An indoor soccer game played outdoors in Mexico. The referee has just awarded the red team a free kick.
Indoor soccer
–
Diagram of a possible North American indoor soccer field
41.
Paralympic association football
–
Paralympic football consists of adaptations of the sport of association football for athletes with a physical disability. The two most prominent versions of Paralympic football are 5-a-side football for athletes with visual impairments, 5-a-side football, also known as futsal and blind football, is an adaptation of football for athletes with visual impairments including blindness. The sport, governed by the International football Sports Federation, is played with modified FIFA rules, the field of play is smaller, and is surrounded by boards. Teams are reduced to five players, including the goalkeeper, per team, teams may also use one guide, who is positioned off the field of play, to assist in directing players. The ball is equipped with a device to allow players to locate it by sound. Matches consist of two 25-minute halves, with a break at half-time. B2 - Partially sighted, able to recognise the shape of a hand up to an acuity of 2/60 or a visual field of less than 5 degrees. For Class B1 games, only athletes with sport class B1 are permitted as players, with the exception of the goalkeepers and the guides, who may be class B2, B3, or sighted. For Class B2/B3 games, teams can field players in sport classes B2 and B3, 5-a-side football in Europe was developed in Spain. The first Spanish national championships took place in Spain in 1986, in South America, there are records of a Brazilian Tournament organized in 1980. European and American Championships took place in 1997, followed by the first World Championships in 1998, the sport was added to the Summer Paralympic Games in 2004. Brazil was champion of the tournaments in 1998,2000,2010 and 2014. 7-a-side football is an adaptation of football for athletes with cerebral palsy and other neurological disorders, including stroke. The sport is governed by the Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association, the sport is played with modified FIFA rules. Among the modifications are a field of play, a reduction in the number of players, elimination of the offside rule. Matches consist of two halves, with a fifteen-minute half-time break. Players competing in 7-a-side football are given a class based on their level of disability. Eligible classes are, C5, Athletes with difficulties walking and running
Paralympic association football
–
Brazil vs. Argentina in the Final of the Football for 5 at the 2007 Parapan American Games in Rio de Janeiro
42.
Powerchair Football
–
Powerchair Football, also known as Power Soccer is a competitive team sport for disabled people who use power wheelchairs. The game is played in a gymnasium on a basketball court. Two teams of four players use powerchairs equipped with footguards to attack, defend, according to powerchair football researcher Dr. Michael S. Jeffress, powerchair football was first played in France in the 1970s. Various forms of the sport developed concurrently throughout Europe and North America and it gained recognition in 1983 at the British Columbia Games for the Disabled and in 2004 by the National Disability Sports Alliance. The San Francisco Bay area and Boston area were early centers of power soccer activity in the US through the Bay Area Outreach and Recreation Program and the Massachusetts Hospital School. In January 2005,24 representatives from 7 nations met in Le Chesnay, nine months later a second meeting was held in Coimbra, Portugal to finalize a standardized set of rules for international play. During this same timeframe the United States Power Soccer Association was formed with headquarters in the Indianapolis, since then, numerous powerchair associations have formed and the number of teams competing within FIPFA worldwide is estimated at over 250. Although Powerchair Football lost its 2010 bid to enter the Paralympic Games, the sport is played in on a standard-sized basketball court. Each team is allowed 4 players on the court at one time including the goalkeeper, a match consists of two 20-minute periods. Because of the aspect of this game, artificial space has to be created around the players. The two distinct differences in the laws from the able bodied game are, 1) the two-on-one rule, only a player and an opponent are allowed within 3 meters of the ball when it is in play. If a teammate of either one comes within the 3 meters the referee may call an infringement and this forces the players to spread the field and prevents clogging up of play, allowing for a greater free flow of play. The only exception to this violation is if one of the 2 teammates is a goalkeeper inside his/her own goal area, the defending team is only allowed to have 2 players in their own goal area. If a third player enters the area, the referee may stop the game, in the case of either of these infractions, the referee may refrain from making the call if the player in question is not affecting the play. In other words, instead of a throw-in from the sideline, powerchair football has a kick-in. intentionally striking or ramming another player may result in a penalty. Players are required to use a powerchair with 4 or more wheels, the maximum allowable speed during a match is 10 km/h, and the referees will inspect the players speed before the match begins. A lap belt and foot guard are also required equipment, the ball is an oversized soccer ball,13 inches in diameter. FIPFA was established in 2006 to govern the sport and is headquartered in Paris, the first Powerchair Football World Cup was held in Tokyo, Japan in October 2007
Powerchair Football
–
USA vs. France, FIPFA World Cup in
Tokyo, October 2007.
43.
Street football
–
The terms street football and street soccer encompass a number of informal varieties of association football. Street football is similar to beach football and futsal than to association football. Often the most basic of set-ups will involve just a ball with a wall or fence used as a goal, the first Street Football World Championship took place in the Mariannenplatz in Berlin-Kreuzberg. The World Street 3s, the first international World Street Soccer Championships takes place in Manchester on 25 September 2016, in 2005, video game publisher Electronic Arts introduced FIFA Street, a franchise based on street football and freestyle football. FIFA Street series focuses on flair, style and trickery, reflecting the cultures of street football and freestyle football played in streets and backlots across the world
Street football
–
Street football in
Venezuela
Street football
–
Street football in
Libya
Street football
–
Street football in
Singapore
Street football
–
Street footballers in the English city of
Plymouth
44.
Australian rules football
–
The main way to score points is by kicking the oval-shaped ball between the two tall goal posts. The team with the score by the end of the match wins unless a draw is declared. During general play, players may position themselves anywhere on the field, the primary methods are kicking, handballing and running with the ball. There are rules on how the ball can be handled, for example, throwing the ball is not allowed and players must not get caught holding the ball. A distinctive feature of the game is the mark, where players anywhere on the field who catch a ball from a kick are awarded possession, possession of the ball is in dispute at all times except when a free kick or mark is paid. Players can tackle using their hands or use their body to obstruct opponents. The game features frequent physical contests, spectacular marking, fast movement of players and the ball and high scoring. The sports origins can be traced to matches played in Melbourne, Victoria in 1858. Its annual Grand Final is the highest attended club championship event in the world, the sport is also played at amateur level in many countries and in several variations. The games rules are governed by the AFL Commission with the advice of the AFLs Laws of the Game Committee, there is evidence of football being played sporadically in the Australian colonies in the first half of the 19th century. The earliest such match, held in St Kilda on 15 June, was between Melbourne Grammar and St Kilda Grammar. Born in Australia, Wills played a nascent form of rugby football whilst a pupil at Rugby School in England and his letter is regarded by many historians as giving impetus for the development of a new code of football today known as Australian football. Two weeks later, Wills friend, cricketer Jerry Bryant, posted an advertisement for a match at the Richmond Paddock adjoining the Melbourne Cricket Ground. This was the first of several kickabouts held that year involving members of the Melbourne Cricket Club, including Wills, Bryant, W. J. Hammersley, trees were used as goalposts and play typically lasted an entire afternoon. Without an agreed code of laws, some players were guided by rules they had learned in the British Isles. Another significant milestone in 1858 was a match played under experimental rules between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College, held at the Richmond Paddock. This 40-a-side contest, umpired by Wills and Scotch College teacher John Macadam, began on 7 August and it is commemorated with a statue outside the MCG, and the two schools have competed annually ever since in the Cordner-Eggleston Cup, the worlds oldest continuous football competition. Since the early 20th century, it has suggested that Australian football was derived from the Irish sport of Gaelic football
Australian rules football
–
A
ball-up in a game between
Essendon and
Hawthorn during the
2007 AFL season
Australian rules football
–
Marking the ball is one of Australian football's distinctive features. (Pictured: Essendon great
John Coleman takes a
spectacular mark in 1950.)
Australian rules football
–
Precise field and goal kicking is the most important skill in Australian football.
Australian rules football
–
Sherrin is the official game ball of the Australian Football League.
45.
Rec footy
–
Recreational Football is a non-contact version of the Australian rules football game sanctioned by the Australian Football League. It is a competition, accessible to players of both sexes, all shapes and sizes and requires minimal equipment to play. Rec Footy teams are smaller than Australian Rules Football, with two teams of 8. Unlike Australian Rules Football, unlimited number of players are allowed. The field is much smaller than an Australian Rules Football oval. Games are much shorter and do not consist of quarters, with only two 20 minute halves, the game encourages female participation, with a minimum of 3 female players per mixed side. In addition, teams are encouraged to play females in the forward line, the game is played with a modified Australian rules ball, which is the same size but prevents it from being kicked long distances to reduce the kicking advantage of males over females. All one percenters, such as sheparding, blocking, spoiling or smothering are strictly penalised with a free kick, marking contests are strictly enforced to avoid contact via a drop-zone rule. When any contact is made by a player, a free kick is awarded to the opposition player that is infringed. For deliberate contact, an immediate send-off rule applies and red, there is no minimum kick distance for a mark to be paid, although kicking off the ground is strictly banned. A 15-metre penalty substitutes for a 50-metre penalty, if the ball it disposed of by a player and hits the ground, it is a free kick to the nearest opposition player. In order to score from a rebound, the ball must be possessed by a player from each of the three zones, otherwise a free kick is paid to the nearest defender when it reachers the forward line. The Carter Report titled “Investing in the Future of Australian Football ”, identified segment gaps in Aussie Rules, in the past, the nearest recreational form of the game was the casual pastime of kick-to-kick, rather than an organised team sport. AFL Recreational Football was developed by the Australian Football League to provide maximum involvement at all levels with a variation of the game that anyone can play. It is often referred to as Auskick for adults and aims to increase participation in women, the game was originally trialled in Western Australia by the WAFL in 2003. By 2004, the game has grown to 592 players, in 2005, the game grew quickly, especially in Queensland. In 2006 several new teams began, the sport is now played in all Australian states, with a heavy involvement at universities. A small number of Womens Footy teams in the United States also began playing games of Recreational Football
Rec footy
–
Recreational Football.
46.
Gaelic football
–
Gaelic football, commonly referred to as football or Gaelic, is an Irish team sport. It is played two teams of 15 players on a rectangular grass pitch. The objective of the sport is to score by kicking or punching the ball into the teams goals or between two upright posts above the goals and over a crossbar 2.5 metres above the ground. Players advance the football, a leather ball, up the field with a combination of carrying, bouncing, kicking, hand-passing. In the game, two types of scores are possible, points and goals, a point is awarded for kicking or hand-passing the ball over the crossbar, signalled by the umpire raising a white flag. A goal is awarded for kicking the ball under the crossbar into the net, positions in Gaelic football are similar to that in other football codes, and comprise one goalkeeper, six backs, two midfielders, and six forwards, with a variable number of substitutes. Gaelic football is one of four sports controlled by the Gaelic Athletic Association, along with hurling and camogie, Gaelic football is one of the few remaining strictly amateur sports in the world, with players, coaches, and managers prohibited from receiving any form of payment. Gaelic football is played on the island of Ireland, although units of the Association exist in other areas such as Great Britain, North America. Outside Ireland, football is played among members of the Irish diaspora. Gaelic Park in New York City is the largest purpose-built Gaelic sports venue outside Ireland, the All-Ireland Senior Championship is considered the most prestigious event in Gaelic football. Under the auspices of the GAA, Gaelic football is a sport, however. Gaelic football was first codified in 1887, although it has purported links to varieties of football played in Ireland. Consequently, the name caid is used by people to refer to present day Gaelic football. Dublin is still known as the football field, the Statute of Galway of 1527 allowed the playing of foot balle and archery but banned hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves as well as other sports. By the 17th century, the situation had changed considerably, the games had grown in popularity and were widely played. This was due to the patronage of the gentry, now instead of opposing the games it was the gentry and the ruling class who were serving as patrons of the games. Games were organised between landlords with each team comprising 20 or more tenants, wagers were commonplace with purses of up to 100 guineas. The earliest record of a precursor to the modern game date from a match in County Meath in 1670
Gaelic football
–
Aidan O'Mahony of
Kerry (left) and
Eoin Bradley of
Derry (right) in action at
Croke Park during the final of the
2009 National Football League
Gaelic football
–
A
league game between
Dublin and
Tyrone
Gaelic football
–
The ball, made by Irish company
O'Neills, being used for a Gaelic football match.
Gaelic football
–
A player from a
Canada GAA club shoots for goal
47.
Circle rules football
–
Circle rules football, commonly referred to as circle rules, is a sport played between two teams of six with a large spherical ball similar to a stability ball. Invented in New York City in 2006, the sport is played in cities across the United States. The game is played on a field with a central goal. The goal has no net, as the two teams score through the goal from opposing directions, around the goal is a circular area called the “key, ” which only the teams’ goalies may enter. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins, each team consists of six players, one of whom is the goalkeeper. Teams may be coed, though they are not required to be, two referees are on the field at all times, one watches over the key to call key violations and ensure the safety of the goalies, while the other moves freely around the field. An official game consists of four fifteen-minute periods, prior to the start of the game, a representative from each team participates in a down-up. The two players stand opposite each other, on the signal, they race to touch both shoulder blades to the ground and return to a stationary standing position. As in a coin toss, the winner of the down-up gets to choose which direction his team will score, the team that is kicking off gathers inside the key, while the other team takes up their positions outside. After each goal, the team gathers inside the key. Goals are scored by putting the ball through the goalposts in a designated direction. Each goal is one point. Outside the key, players may touch the ball with any part of their body, however, players are free to dribble, kick, roll, carry, throw, and strike the ball, and they may move it in any direction around the field. Physical contact between players on the field is limited, incidental contact, as well as contact that is the result of a movement that causes contact with the ball before contact with another player, is generally not penalized. The referees discretion plays a role in determining the type. Inside the key, the attempt to defend their own side of the goal. Goalies have full contact with other, allowing them to grapple, however, dangerous moves such as striking. Goalies may leave the key to pursue the ball, but they may not have contact with other outside the key
Circle rules football
–
A game of circle rules football
48.
Gridiron football
–
Gridiron football, or North American football, is a form of football primarily played in the United States and Canada. The predominant forms of football are American football and Canadian football. The grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of lines and hash marks used today. Gridiron football developed in the late 19th century out of the games now known as rugby football. Walter Camp is credited with creating many of the rules that differentiate gridiron football from its older counterparts, because the two sets of lines had the same spacing and were perpendicular, they divided the field into squares, resembling a checkerboard or gridiron pattern. The word gridiron, in use since the 14th century, refers to a grid for cooking food over a fire. As described in Outdoor Sports and Games, by Claude H. Miller, at each end are goal posts set 18 feet 6 inches apart, with a crossbar 10 feet above the ground. The field is marked off in chalk lines similar to a tennis court, the centre of the field where the play starts is 55 yards from either end. The lines on a football field make an effect and have given to the field the name of gridiron. As a result, the name of the field, gridiron, was applied to the game itself, the ball would be snapped in the grid in which it was downed on the previous play. The grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of lines and hash marks used today. Especially outside of the U. S. and Canada, the gridiron and gridiron football are often used to distinguish the North American sport from other codes of football. Gridiron is the word for the sport in Australia and New Zealand. In the United States and Canada, the game is known unambiguously as football, association football is known in these countries as soccer and rugby football, seldom encountered in the U. S. is known as rugby or, especially in Canada, English rugby. American football is the most common and widely known of the football codes. It is played with players to a side, four downs. The premier professional league in the United States, the National Football League, has its own distinct code, colleges in the United States generally play under the code defined in NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations. Youth games generally follow NFHS code with modifications, adult semi-pro, alternative and minor professional, amateur, touch, flag, etc. may follow any one of these codes or use their own rules
Gridiron football
–
Diagram of an American Football field (1904). The lines on the field originally made a checkerboard (or grid) pattern, which inspired the name "gridiron."
Gridiron football
–
Diagram of an American football field. Numbers on the field indicate the yards to the nearest end zone.
Gridiron football
–
Archbold Stadium at Syracuse University (1910) showing the original grid pattern.
49.
American football
–
The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
American football
–
Larry Fitzgerald catches a pass while defended by
Cortland Finnegan at the
2009 Pro Bowl
American football
–
A photograph of
Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football", taken from 1878 when Camp was captain of
Yale 's football team
American football
–
William "Pudge" Heffelfinger, widely regarded as the first professional football player
American football
–
A quarterback for the
Kiel Baltic Hurricanes under center, ready to take the snap
