1.
Hockey
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Hockey is a family of sports in which two teams play against each other by trying to maneuver a ball or a puck into the opponents goal using a hockey stick. In many areas, one sport is referred to simply as hockey. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of hoquet, a Middle French word for a shepherds stave, the curved, or hooked ends of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves. Another supposition derives from the use of cork bungs, in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels containing hock ale, also called hocky, Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, by the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, Bandy is played with a ball on a football field-sized ice arena, typically outdoors, and with many rules similar to association football. It is played professionally in Russia and Sweden and is considered a sport in Russia. The sport is recognised by the IOC, its governing body is the Federation of International Bandy. Bandy World Championships have been played since 1957 and Womens Bandy World Championships since 2004, there are national club championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in the Bandy World Cup every year. Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a small, hard ball approximately 73 mm in diameter. The game is popular among males and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex, the governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation. Mens field hockey has played at each Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for 1912 and 1924. All sticks are right-handed – left-handed sticks are not permitted, while field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th century England, primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London, field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan
2.
Roller hockey (quad)
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It should not be confused with Rink bandy or Rinkball. Roller hockey, rink hockey or quad hockey is a sport that enjoys significant popularity in a number of Latin countries. Two five-man teams try to drive the ball with their sticks into the opponents goal, the ball can only be put in motion by a stick, not the skate, otherwise a foul will be stated. The game has two 25-minute halves, with the clock stopping when the ball becomes dead, each team has a one-minute timeout in each half. Each team has a minimum of six players and a maximum of ten, players – including the goalie – use quad skates, whereas inline skates are used in inline hockey. Excessive contact between players is forbidden in rink hockey, unlike inline hockey, Roller Hockey was a demonstration rollersport in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. There have been 42 editions of the FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup, with Latin countries dominating the sport since the 1940s, Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Italy. Other countries, such as France, Brazil, Germany, Switzerland, Andorra and England are regular international competitors, but rarely overcome the traditional powers. Roller Hockey is a very fast sport, which may create a problem for TV transmissions, the most important clubs in Europe are SL Benfica and FC Porto from Portugal, FC Barcelona and Liceo La Coruña from Spain. In terms of trophies won FC Barcelona is the most successful team having won 21 European Cups, SL Benfica is the oldest roller hockey club in the world, having played its first game in 1917. The 2013 Roller Hockey World Cup took place in Angola, for the first time on the African continent, Roller Hockey was referred to as Hardball Hockey in the United States until November 2008 when the USOC adopted the sports more common name, Rink Hockey. The rink has usually a wooden surface, but any flat, non-abrasive. Likewise, it is allowed for rink owners to put advertisements in the area, as long as they dont interfere with ball or skate motion. It can have one out of three standard sizes or any size between the minimum and maximum values that has a 2,1 size ratio with a 10% margin of error, the rink has rounded corners and is surrounded by a 1 m wall. The wall also has a wooden base 2 cm wide and at least 20 cm high, behind the goals there is a 4 m high net, even if there are no stands. If the ball hits the net, its considered to be out of bounds, the halfway line divides the rink into halves, and 22 m from the end wall an anti-play line is painted. The area is a 9 X5.40 m rectangle and it has a protection area for goalkeepers, a half-circle with 1.5 m radius. All markings are 8 cm in width, the goal is 105 cm high by 170 cm wide
3.
Roller skates
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Roller skates are shoes, or bindings that fit onto shoes, that are worn to enable the wearer to roll along on wheels. The first roller skate was effectively an ice skate with wheels replacing the blade, later the quad style of roller skate became more popular consisting of four wheels arranged in the same configuration as a typical car. The first patented roller skate was introduced in 1760 by Belgian inventor John Joseph Merlin and his roller skate wasnt much more than an ice skate with wheels where the blade goes, a style we would call inline today. They were hard to steer and hard to stop because they didnt have brakes and, the initial test piloting of the first prototype of the skate was in the city of Huy, which had a party with Merlin playing the violin. In the 1840s, Meyerbeers Opera, Le prophète featured a scene in which performers used roller-skates to simulate ice-skating on a frozen lake set on stage, the result was to popularize roller skating throughout the Continent. As ice skaters subsequently developed the art of skating, roller skaters wanted the ability to turn in their skates in a similar fashion. The Plimpton skate is used today. Eventually, roller skating evolved from just a pastime to a sport, speed skating, racing on skates. In the mid 1990s roller hockey, played with a rather than a puck. The National Sporting Goods Association statistics showed, from a 1999 study, Roller Skating was considered for the 2012 Summer Olympics but has never become an Olympic event. Other roller skating sports include jam skating and roller derby, Roller skating popularity exploded during the disco era but tapered off in the 80s and 90s. The Roller Skating Rink Operators Association was developed in the U. S in 1937 and it is currently named the Roller Skating Association. The association promotes roller skating and offers classes to the public, the current President is Bobby Pender. The Roller Skating Association headquarters is located in Indianapolis, the Roller Skating Associations web page offers some health benefits of roller skating. Some of these benefits include providing an aerobic workout and burning 350 calories per hour while skating 6 miles per hour or 600 calories while skating 10 miles per hour. In the 1980s rollerskating as aerobic exercise flourished briefly, marnie Bjornsons 1988 exercise video Roller Burn combined rollerskating with tai chi moves. Roller skating is equivalent to jogging in terms of health benefits, the American Heart Association recommends roller skating as an aerobic fitness sport. Roller skating Inline skates Ice skates Roller Skating History of the United States How Ring Rollers Are Made, by George W
4.
Roller in-line hockey
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It is considered a contact sport but body checking is prohibited. However, there are exceptions to that with the NRHL which involves fighting, Inline hockey teams are composed of up to four lines of players including two forwards and two defensemen on each line. There are five players including the goalie from each team on the rink at a time and it is the goalies job to prevent the other teams players from scoring. Teams normally consist of 16 players that sit on the bench until it is their turn to play, as the name suggests it is played on inline skates. Inline hockey is a very fast paced and free flowing game, there are no blue lines or defensive zones in roller hockey unlike ice hockey. This means that, according to most rule codes, there are no offsides or icings that can occur during game play, there are traditionally two 20-minute periods or four 10-minute periods with a stopped clock. In the United States, the highest governing body for the sport is USA Roller Sports which is referred to as USARS. USARS is credited with the development of the present day rules and they organize tournaments across the United States but they are not the only tournament provider. Some of the other independent tournament providers include Amateur Athletic Union, North American Roller Championships, internationally, inline hockey is represented by two different union, the Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports and the International Ice Hockey Federation. Both of them organize their own annual World Championships, some of the earliest video evidence of the sport is newsreel footage from the Giornale Luce taken in Vienna, Austria in 1938. The video shows players using inline skates with five metal wheels, each team has four skaters plus a netminder. They are using ice hockey sticks, with taped blades, the game is being played with a ball on a rectangular outdoor court, which appears to be asphalt. In the United States, the USA Roller Sports predecessor organization was the Roller Skating Rink Operators Association, in 1940 the RSROA published a set of roller hockey rules drawn from a booklet by the National Hockey League which was designed to grow interest in playing hockey on roller skates. However, because of the intervention of World War II, the organization of hockey tournaments did not receive significant development until after this war in the late 1940s. At first skating club interest was confined to the tier of the United States. The American Roller Hockey Association was formed with Joe Spillman, a roller rink operator from San Antonio, under Spillmans direction, the sport of hockey on roller skates grew rapidly throughout the United States. During the 1960 RSROA National Roller Skating Championships held in Little Rock, Arkansas, exhibition games for ball, following these Nationals, the first full competitive season officially began in North America for roller hockey. This, of course, had puck roller hockey entirely performed on quad skates, state and Regional competitions determined the teams that would move on to the North American Championships
5.
Inline skates
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Inline skates are a type of roller skate used for inline skating. Unlike quad skates, which have two front and two wheels, inline skates typically have two to five wheels arranged in a single line. Some, especially those for recreation, have a stop or brake block attached to rear of the frame. The modern style of inline skates was developed as a substitute for ice skates, life magazine published a photo of American skater Eric Heiden, training for the 1980 Olympics, using such skates on a Wisconsin road. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Rollerblade, Inc, inline skates, skates designed to work like ice skates during periods of warm weather, were invented by Louis Legrange of France in 1849. Legrange designed the skates for an opera where a character was to appear to be skating on ice, the skates were problematic and unsuccessful as the wearer could not turn nor could they stop. At some point between 1895 and 1899 the UK engineering company D. Napier & Son made Ritter road skates, which had two comparatively large wheels, front and back, on each skate. They were briefly described in the April 1950 issue of Popular Mechanics, inline skates appear in the 1962 Russian film Koroleva benzokolonki at 9m23s. In Canada in 1972, Mountain Dew attempted to sell Mettoys product the Skeeler, the first commercially available inline skate for this form of Rollerskating is in 1987 by Rollerblade. In 1996, Jason Lewis completed the first solo crossing of the USA on inline skates, part of Expedition 360, en route he was hit by a car in Colorado, breaking both legs. After nine months he completed the journey from Fort Lauderdale to San Francisco, in 2012, Kacie Fischer became the first woman, and the fastest person, to inline skate across the United States, she skated from California to Florida in 47 days. A skate is composed of a boot, worn on the foot, to the boot is attached a frame, which holds the wheels in place. Bearings allow the wheels to rotate freely around an axle, finally, the rubber brake typically attaches to the frame of the right foot. There are different types of inline skates for different types of skating such as skating, speed skating, inline hockey. Those differ in the boots, frames and wheels that are used, for most skating a high boot is used, which provides more ankle support and is easier to skate in, particularly for beginners. Speed skaters often use a carbon fiber boot which provides support with a lower cut allowing more ankle flexion. For recreational skating a soft boot is used for greater comfort, the boot may also contain shock absorbent padding for comfort. Downhill skaters often use boots that are heat-molded to the shape of the foot, most aggressive skates use a hard boot or a hard/soft boot for increased support
6.
Hockey puck
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A hockey puck is a disk made of vulcanized rubber that serves the same functions in various games as a ball does in ball games. The best-known use of pucks is in ice hockey, an international sport. Many tribes throughout North America played a version of hockey which involved some type of puck or ball. Ice hockey was first observed by Europeans being played by Mikmaq Indians in Nova Scotia in the late 17th century and it was called ricket by the Natives. The game was played utilizing a frozen road apple as the first puck, eventually, they began to carve pucks from cherrywood, which was the puck of preference until late in the century when rubber imported by Euro-Americans replaced the wood. The origin of the puck is obscure. The first known printed reference was in Montreal, Quebec in 1876, a hockey puck is also referred to colloquially as a biscuit. To put the biscuit in the basket is to score a goal, Ice hockey requires a hard disk of vulcanized rubber. A standard ice hockey puck is black,1 inch thick,3 inches in diameter, pucks are often marked with silkscreened team or league logos on one or both faces. Pucks are frozen before the game to reduce bouncing during play, Ice hockey and its various precursor games utilized balls until the late 19th century. By the 1870s, flat pucks were made of wood as well as rubber, the first recorded organized game of ice hockey used a wooden puck to prevent it from leaving the rink of play. The rubber pucks were first made by slicing a rubber ball, the Victoria Hockey Club of Montreal is credited with making and using the first round pucks in the 1880s. There are several variations on the black,6 ounces hockey puck. One of the most common is a blue,4 ounces puck that is used for training younger players who are not yet able to use a standard puck. Players looking to increase wrist strength often practice with steel pucks that weigh 2 pounds, white pucks can be used for goalie training. These are regulation size and weight, but made from white rubber, a hollow, light-weight fluorescent orange puck is available for road or floor hockey. Other variants, some with plastic ball bearings or glides, are available for use for road or roller hockey, the FoxTrax smart puck was developed by the Fox television network when it held NHL broadcasting rights for the U. S. The puck had integrated electronics to track its position on screen, the streak would turn red if the puck was shot especially hard
7.
Bandy
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Bandy is a team winter sport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing teams goal. Based on the number of participating athletes, bandy is the second most popular winter sport after ice hockey. Bandy also is the two winter sport in tickets sold per day of competitions at the sports world championship compared to the other winter sports. The sport is considered a form of hockey and has a background with association football, ice hockey. Like football, the game is played in halves of 45 minutes each, there are eleven players on each team. It is played on ice like ice hockey, but like field hockey, players use bowed sticks, a variant of bandy, rink bandy, is played to the same rules but on a field the size of an ice hockey rink and with fewer people on each team. Bandy is also the predecessor of floorball, which was invented when people started playing with plastic bandy-shaped sticks, Russian monastery records dating back to the 10th to 11th centuries record games which may be ancestors of bandy. A game that could be recognized as essentially modern bandy was played in Russia by the early 18th century, although the rules used differed from those invented in England at a much later date. In modern times, Russia has held a top position in the bandy area, Russians see themselves as the creators of the sport, which is reflected by the unofficial title for bandy, Russian hockey. The first match, more recently dubbed the original match, was held at The Crystal Palace in London in 1875. However, at the time, the game was called hockey on the ice, the name bandy comes from Britain, which has played an important role in the sports development. Bando, a game played in Wales in the Middle Ages and it was played throughout the country in varying forms and is still found in some areas. The earliest example of the Welsh-language term bando occurs in a dictionary by John Walters published in 1770–94, the game became particularly popular in the Cynffig-Margam district of the Vale of Glamorgan where wide stretches of sandy beaches afforded ample room for play. As a winter sport, British bandy originated in the Fens of East Anglia where large expanses of ice formed on flooded meadows or shallow washes in cold winters, members of the Bury Fen Bandy Club published rules of the game in 1882, and introduced it into other countries. The first international took place in 1891 between Bury Fen and the then Haarlemsche Hockey & Bandy Club from the Netherlands. The same year, the National Bandy Association was started in England, the first national bandy league was started in Sweden in 1902. Bandy was played at the Nordic Games in Stockholm in 1905, a European championship was held in 1913 with eight countries participating. The highest altitude where bandy has been played is in the capital of the Tajik autonomous province of Gorno-Badakhshan, as a precursor to ice hockey bandy has influenced its development and history – mainly in European and former Soviet countries
8.
Shinty
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Shinty is a team game played with sticks and a ball. While comparisons are made with field hockey, the two games have several important differences. In shinty, a player is allowed to play the ball in the air and is allowed to use both sides of the stick, called a caman, which is wooden and slanted on both sides. The stick may also be used to block and to tackle, although a player may not come down on an opponents stick, players may also tackle using the body as long as it is shoulder-to-shoulder. The game was derived from the root as the Irish game of hurling and the Welsh game of bando. These rules are governed by the Camanachd Association, a composite rules shinty–hurling game has been developed, which allows Scotland and Ireland to play annual international matches. Another sport with common ancestry is bandy, which is played on ice, Shinty is older than the recorded history of Scotland and is thought to predate Christianity. Hurling, an Irish pastime for at least 2,000 years similar to shinty, is derived from the historic game common to both peoples, Shinty/Hurling appears prominently in the legend of Cúchulainn, the Celtic mythology hero. A similar game was played on the Isle of Man known as cammag, the old form of hurling played in the northern half of Ireland, called commons, resembled shinty more closely than the standardised form of hurling of today. Like shinty, it was known as camánacht and was traditionally played in winter. The origins of the name shinty are uncertain, in Uist, stalks of seaweed were put to use due to a lack of trees. Modern camans are made from several laminates of ash or hickory, the ball was traditionally a round piece of wood or bone, sometimes called a cnapag, but soon developed into the worsted leather balls used today. The objective of the game is to play a ball into a goal, or hail. The game is played on grass, although as of 2009 the sport may be played on artificial turf. The pitch also has marks indicating a 10 yard area around the goals, the penalty and centre spots, and corner arcs at the corners of the rectangular pitch of 2 yards or 2 metres radius. The goals, at ends of the field, measure 12 feet wide and 10 feet high. The ball is a solid sphere of around half the diameter of a tennis ball. It is very similar to a hurling sliotar in that it resembles an American baseball with more pronounced stitching, with the permitted circumference between seven and a half and eight inches and weight between two and a half and three ounces
9.
Roller hockey
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Roller hockey is a form of hockey played on a dry surface using wheeled skates. Most professional-inline hockey games take place on an indoor or outdoor sport court, otherwise, any dry surface can be used to host a game, typically a roller rink, macadam, or cement. The term Roller Hockey is often used interchangeably to refer to two variant forms chiefly differentiated by the type of skates and sticks used, there is traditional Roller hockey, played with quad skates, and Inline hockey, played with inline skates. Combined, roller hockey is played in nearly 60 countries worldwide, a minor variant of roller hockey is called skater hockey, played on both quad and inline skates. Roller Hockey is played on both Quad skates and Inline skates, have different rules and equipment, and involve different types of skating but share the category, the stick is more or less the same as in bandy and shinty. Roller Hockey bears close resemblance to ice hockey and is played on Inline skates, uses an ice hockey stick and includes a lot of fast racing back and forth action. Inline hockey goalies use a glove called a catcher to catch shots made on goal, the Quad hockey goalie uses a flat batting glove that provides rebound characteristics when blocking a shot on goal. Quad hockey is a variation of roller hockey, Roller Hockey is the overarching name for a rollersport that has existed long before inline skates were re-invented in the 70s. Roller Hockey has been played on quad skates, in sixty countries worldwide, Roller hockey was a demonstration rollersport in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Inline hockey is a variation of roller hockey very similar to ice hockey, like ice hockey, Inline hockey is a contact sport therefore body checking isnt penalized. It is similar to ice hockey in that teamwork, skill, excepting the use of inline roller skates in lieu of ice skates, the equipment of inline roller hockey is similar to that of ice hockey. The game is played by two teams, consisting of four skaters and one goalie, on a dry rink divided into two halves by a line, with one net at each end of the rink. When played more informally, the game takes place on a smooth asphalt surface outdoors. The game is played in three 15-minute periods or if it is higher standard its played 20-minutes in each of the three periods. The game rules differ from ice hockey in a few ways, there is no icing. Generally speaking, only competitive level Inline hockey is strictly bound by the governing bodys rules, recreational hockey leagues may make modifications to certain aspects of the rules to suit local requirements. Roller hockey is a sport in Britain with teams cropping up all over the country. The fact that it can be played on any dry surface means that you can play it in almost any leisure center, most competitive youth hockey teams play in tournaments
