1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
3.
Lapeer County, Michigan
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Lapeer County is a county located in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 88,319, the county was created on September 18,1822, and was fully organized on February 2,1835. The name is a corruption of the French la pierre, which means the flint, Lapeer County is included in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 1763 England took possession, then renamed the colony and its dependencies the Province of Quebec, the area that is now Lapeer County used to be a part of the County of Wayne, named in the honor of General Anthony Wayne. This original Wayne County was created on August 11,1796, and included all of the peninsula of Michigan, parts of Northern Ohio and Indiana. What is now Lapeer County, on May 7,1800, became part of the Territory of Indiana, after Ohio and Indiana became states, the Territory of Michigan was formed. In 1807 local Indian tribes ceded the land of Southeast Michigan in the Treaty of Detroit, in January,1820, the County of Oakland was formed. The first recorded elections for county officers, with 520 people voting, the first settler in Lapeer was Alvin N. Hart, who was born in Cornwall, Connecticut on February 11,1804. He came to Lapeer in 1831 and platted the Village of Lapeer on November 8,1833, the plat was registered in Pontiac, December 14,1833, in Oakland Countys Associate Judge Bagleys Court. Alvin Hart became a senator in 1843, representing Lapeer, Oakland, Genesee, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Saginaw counties. He was instrumental in having the state capitol moved from Detroit to Lansing, lumber was the principal industry of the Lapeer County area from the 1830s until 1870, with the expectation that the removal of much of the countys forests would attract farmers as settlers. Lapeers economy shifted to become primarily agriculturally based, on October 26,2010, Lapeer became a founding member of the Karegnondi Water Authority. Lapeer Countys geography is very similar to Oakland County, except Lapeer County is more rural, Lapeer is one of the five counties that form the peninsula projecting into Lake Huron known as The Thumb, which in turn is a sub-region of Mid Michigan. Clair County Genesee County Macomb County Oakland County As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 88,319 people residing in the county. 95. 5% were White,1. 0% Black or African American,0. 5% Native American,0. 3% Asian,1. 2% of some other race and 1. 4% of two or more races. 23. 9% were of German,10. 9% English,10. 4% Irish,8. 6% Polish,7. 3% American and 5. 2% French, French Canadian or Cajun ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 87,904 people,30,729 households, the population density was 134 people per square mile. There were 32,732 housing units at a density of 50 per square mile
4.
Macomb County, Michigan
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Macomb County is a county located in the eastern portion of the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 840,978, of Michigans five largest counties, Macomb experienced the most population growth between 2000 and 2010. The county seat is Mt. Clemens, Macomb County is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city of Detroit is located south of 8 Mile Road, Macomb County contains 27 cities, townships and villages, including three of the top ten most populous municipalities in Michigan as of the 2010 census, Warren, Sterling Heights and Clinton Township. Most of this population is concentrated south of Hall Road, one of the main thoroughfares. The Ojibwe lived in the centuries before European contact. The first European explorers arrived in the area during the 17th century, a Moravian colony was established in the county in the late 18th century. They included French fur trappers and missionaries, in addition to the original French and English, later settlers included Germans, Belgians and others who came directly from Europe. In the 19th century the county received many American migrants from New York and New England who were attracted to the area for land, Macomb County was formally organized on January 15,1818 as the third county in the Michigan territory. At that time, it covered a larger area than it does today. In 1819 and 1820, large portions of the county were removed to form the counties of Oakland, Lapeer, Genesee, in May 2008, Macomb County voters approved the inclusion of a County Executive in a new charter to be submitted to the voters by 2010. A charter commission was elected in November 2008 for the purpose of drafting a charter for submission to Governor Granholm, the Charter passed with a 60. 4% to 39. 6% margin. Mark Hackel was voted in as Macombs first county executive, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 571 square miles, of which 479 square miles is land and 92 square miles is water. The countys southeastern border with Canada is located across Lake St. Clair, Lake St. Clair borders the county on the east. Far northern parts of the county, such as Richmond and Armada, are considered to be part of Michigans Thumb region. Lambton County, Ontario, Canada - southeast St.85. 4% were White,8. 6% Black or African American,3. 0% Asian,0. 3% Native American,0. 6% of some other race and 2. 1% of two or more races. 14. 8% were of German,14. 3% Polish,11. 1% Italian,6. 5% Irish and 5. 9% American ancestry. In 2000,87. 6% of county residents spoke only English at home,1. 7% spoke Italian,1. 4% Polish,1. 2% Spanish,1. 1% Arabic and 1. 1% Syriac
5.
Monroe County, Michigan
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Monroe County is a county located in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 152,021, the largest city and county seat is Monroe. The county was established as the county in the Michigan Territory in 1817 and was named for then-President James Monroe. Monroe County comprises the Monroe, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor and it is also considered a northerly extension of the Toledo Metropolitan Area. Before the county’s formation, the settlement was Frenchtown, which was settled in as early as 1784 along the banks of the River Raisin. The small plot of land was given to the early French settlers by the Potawatomi Native Americans, the settlement of Frenchtown and the slight northerly settlement of Sandy Creek drew in a total of about 100 inhabitants. During the War of 1812, the area was the site of the Battle of Frenchtown, the site of the battle is now part of the River Raisin National Battlefield Park. Monroe County was formed from the portion of Wayne County in 1817. At the time, the Michigan Territory, which had not yet received statehood, when the area became more populated, the southern portion of Wayne County was broken off to form Monroe County with the settlement of Frenchtown was platted with the name Monroe. The settlement also incorporated as a village in 1817 and became the county seat of Monroe County, the county and its county seat were named in honor of then-President James Monroe in anticipation for his upcoming visit to the area. Shortly after its formation, Monroe County’s population was recorded at only 336 in the 1820 census, when the county was originally formed, it stretched for 60 miles inland, but the western half was split off to form Lenawee County in 1826. Monroe County’s most famous resident, George Armstrong Custer, moved to Monroe as a child and lived with his half-sister, although not born in Monroe, he attended school in Monroe and later moved away to attend the United States Military Academy. He returned to Monroe in 1864 during the Civil War to marry Elizabeth Bacon, much of Custer’s family resided in Monroe, included Elizabeth Bacon, Henry Armstrong Reed, and Boston Custer. Following their deaths in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Henry and Boston were interred and memorialized in Monroe’s historic Woodland Cemetery, as are many members of Bacon’s family. Although dying in the battle, George Custer was interred at West Point Cemetery. When the city of Toledo was incorporated in 1833, it was part of Monroe County instead of the state of Ohio, for the time that Toledo was part of Monroe County, it surpassed Monroe in terms of size and population. In 1915, Michigan Governor Woodbridge Nathan Ferris and Ohio Governor Frank B. Willis called a truce to the border conflict when new state line markers were erected. The new state line at the end of the Toledo War was established at approximately the 41°44’ north latitude line just north of the mouth of the Maumee River
6.
Oakland County, Michigan
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Oakland County is a county in the U. S. state of Michigan, northwest of the Detroit metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,202,362, making it the second-most populous county in Michigan, the county was founded in 1819 and organized in 1820. Oakland County is composed of 61 cities, townships and villages, the city of Detroit is in neighboring Wayne County, south of 8 Mile Road. Oakland County is among the ten highest income counties in the United States with populations over one million people and it is also home to Oakland University, a large public institution that straddles the Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills border. The countys knowledge-based economic initiative, coined Automation Alley, has developed one of the largest employment centers for engineering, but Oakland County has shared in the recent economic hardships brought on by troubles at General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. It has fared better than Detroit and Flint, as its economy is more diverse, all three automotive companies are major employers within southeast Michigan and have a significant presence within Oakland County. Founded by Territorial Governor Lewis Cass in 1819, sparsely settled Oakland was originally twice its current size, as was customary at the time, as populations increased, other counties were organized from its land area. Woodward Avenue and the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad helped draw settlers in the 1840s, by 1840, Oakland had more than fifty lumber mills, processing wood harvested from the region and the Upper Peninsula. Pontiac, located on the Clinton River, was Oaklands first town, after the Civil War, Oakland was still primarily a rural, agricultural county with numerous isolated villages. By the end of the 19th century, three lines served Pontiac, and the city attracted carriage and wagon factories. In the late 1890s streetcars were constructed here and to Detroit, at that time, developers made southern Oakland County a suburb of Detroit, a Cincinnati firm platted a section of Royal Oak called Urbanrest. Several thousand people moved from Oakland County farms to Detroit as the city attracted factories, by 1910, a number of rich Detroiters had summer homes and some year-round residences in what became Bloomfield Hills. The auto age enveloped Pontiac in the early 1900s, the Oakland Motor Car Company was founded in 1907 and became a part of General Motors Corp. which was soon Pontiacs dominant firm. In the 1950s, the Detroit metropolitan population began migrating to the suburbs, aided by the GI Bill for veterans, Oakland County is among the ten highest-income counties in the United States with more than one million population. The median price of a home in Oakland County increased to $164,697, Oakland County is home to popular super-regional shopping malls such as Somerset Collection, Twelve Oaks Mall, and Great Lakes Crossing Outlets. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 907 square miles. Oakland County was originally divided into 25 separate townships, which are listed below, each township is roughly equal in size at six miles by six miles, for a total township area of 36 square miles. The roots of design were born out of the Land Ordinance of 1785
7.
St. Clair County, Michigan
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St. Clair County is a county located in the U. S. state of Michigan bordering the St. Clair River. As of the 2010 census, the population was 163,040 and it is the 13th-most populous county in the state, and the county seat is Port Huron, located at the north end of the St. Clair River at Lake Huron. The county was created September 10,1820, and its government was organized in 1821, St. Clair County is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geographically, it lies in the Thumb area of eastern Michigan, the lake is named on English maps as early as 1710 as Saint Clare. By the Mitchell Map of 1755, the spelling was given as St. Clair, located along the western shores of Lake Saint Clair and the St. Clair River, the county was named for them. See also, List of Michigan county name etymologies, the name has sometimes been attributed to honoring Patrick Sinclair, a British officer who purchased land on the St. Clair River at the outlet of the Pine River. In 1764, he built Fort Sinclair there, which was in use for nearly 20 years before being abandoned. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 837 square miles. St. Clair County is one of five counties that form the peninsula, known as the Thumb, St. Clair County is closely connected in terms of economy with its neighbors, Metropolitan Detroit and Sanilac County in Michigan, and Lambton County in Ontario, Canada. Saint Clair County is the county in the The Blue Water Area. I-94 enters St. Clair County from the southwest, having traversed the entire Metro Detroit region, on the Canadian side of the border, in Sarnia, Ontario, the route heads easterly designated as Highway 402. BL I-69 BL I-94 M-19 M-25 follows the Lake Huron–Saginaw Bay shoreline, beginning in Bay City and ending at a junction with |I-94/|I-69, m-29 M-136 M-154 serves Harsens Island, in Lake St. Clair. The 2010 United States Census indicates St. Clair County had a 2010 population of 163,040 and this is a decrease of -1,195 people from the 2000 United States Census. Overall, the county had a -0. 7% growth rate during this ten-year period, in 2010 there were 63,841 households and 44,238 families in the county. The population density was 226.1 per square mile, there were 71,822 housing units at an average density of 99.6 per square mile. 93. 9% were White,2. 4% Black or African American,0. 5% Asian,0. 4% Native American,0. 7% of some other race and 2. 0% of two or more races. 25. 9% were of German,10. 2% Polish,9. 3% Irish,8. 5% English,6. 5% French,6. 5% American and 5. 1% Italian ancestry. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.01
8.
Wayne County, Michigan
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Wayne County is the most populous county in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,820,584, the 2014 Census update listed the countys population at 1,764,804. The county seat is Detroit, the most populous city in Michigan, the county was founded in 1796 and organized in 1815. Wayne County is included in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is one of several American counties named after Revolutionary War General Anthony Wayne. Wayne County was the county in the Northwest Territory, formed 15 August 1796 from portions of territorial Hamilton County, territorial Knox County. It was named for the American general Mad Anthony Wayne and it originally encompassed the entire area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most of the Upper Peninsula, as well as smaller sections that are now part of northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Clair, and Lake Erie back to the starting point and this boundary would include Chicago, Illinois and a sizable strip of Wisconsin along Lake Michigan. These boundaries would be adjusted as Indiana and Illinois became states, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 673 square miles, of which 612 square miles is land and 61 square miles is water. Its water area includes parts of the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair, Wayne County borders on Oakland County and Macomb County to the north, Washtenaw County to the west, Essex County, Ontario, Canada to the east, and Monroe County to the south. The eastern boundary is a boundary in the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair with Essex County. Automotive traffic crosses this boundary at the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge, due to the southwestern course of the river, this small portion of Canada actually lies to the south of Wayne County. The southern communities of the county are usually referred to as Downriver, Grosse Ile is the largest island in Wayne County and is connected to the mainland by the Wayne County Bridge and the Grosse Ile Toll Bridge. It was the government agency in Wayne County, Michigan responsible for building and maintaining the countys roads, the Wayne County Road Commission was an exemplary agency in the state of Michigan, and had great involvement and influence in roadway planning more widely in the state. It became internationally renowned for innovative ideas, sometimes breaking ground well in advance of the Michigan State Highway Department, the county road commission was more advanced than the states own public works department in several respects. It had long had its own in-house construction group to build bridges and it adopted one or more bridge types before the state did. Its first commissioners were Edward N. Hines, Cassius R. Benton, commissioners Benton and Ford quit, but commissioner Hines persisted and led the commission through reorganization getting around the obstacles. Hines was a commissioner continuously from 1906 to 1938, Hines is credited with the idea of putting a painted line down a roadways center to divide traffic, and other innovations that were later widely adopted. The commission worked systematically, and it became a model to others, within a few years, the county hosted delegations of engineers from around the United States, as well as from a number of other countries, including Britain, Japan, Australia, and Borneo
9.
Catholic
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The use of terms catholicism and catholicity is closely related to the use of term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term Catholic Christian exclusively to those who followed the faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome. Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine of Hippo further developed the use of the term catholic in relation to Christianity. In Christian theology, and specially in ecclesiology, terms Catholicism, when used with small c, terms catholicism and catholicity generally designate theological doctrine of the catholicity of the Church without denominational connotations. A common belief in Catholicism is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ, many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils, when the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Romes influence was sometimes challenged. The first great rupture in the Church followed this Council and they are often called Ancient Oriental Churches. The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon and this Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation and thus is both fully God and fully human, the next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism, several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches, in all these cases the beliefs and practices of Catholicism would be identical with the beliefs and practices of the Church in question. However, in Roman Catholicism, the term catholic is understood as to cover those who recognize and are in standing with the Magisterium. The sense given to the word by those who use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs, the Roman Catholic Church includes the 23 rites who recognize the Magisterium. Belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the belief that Christ is made manifest in the elements of Holy Communion, possession of the threefold ordained ministry of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and this teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments, liturgical and personal use of the Sign of the Cross The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship
10.
Roman Rite
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The Roman Rite is the most widespread liturgical rite in the Catholic Church and is one of the Latin rites used in the Western or Latin Church. The Roman Rite has been adapted over the centuries and its Eucharistic liturgy can be divided into three stages, the Pre-Tridentine Mass, Tridentine Mass and Mass of Paul VI. The 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum specifies the circumstances in which priests of the Latin Church may continue to use the form of the Roman Rite in the 1962 Roman Missal. While other rites use more poetic language, the Roman Rite is noted for its sobriety of expression, as each is shown, a bell is rung and, if incense is used, the host and chalice are incensed. Sometimes the external bells of the church are rung as well, other characteristics that distinguish the Roman Rite from the rites of the Eastern Catholic Churches are frequent genuflections, kneeling for long periods, and keeping both hands joined together. We find the prayers of our Canon in the treatise de Sacramentis, so our Mass goes back, without essential change, to the age when it first developed out of the oldest liturgy of all. The final result of our inquiry is that, in spite of unsolved problems, in spite of later changes, in a footnote he added, The prejudice that imagines that everything Eastern must be old is a mistake. Eastern rites have been modified too, some of them quite late. No Eastern Rite now used is as archaic as the Roman Mass, in the same book, Fortescue acknowledged that the Roman Rite underwent profound changes in the course of its development. In the interval, there was what Fortescue called a radical change and he quoted the theory of A. Leo, I began to make these changes, Gregory I finished the process and finally recast the Canon in the form it still has. We must then admit that between the years 400 and 500 a great transformation was made in the Roman Canon and this infusion Fortescue called the last change since Gregory the Great. The Eucharistic Prayer normally used in the Byzantine Rite is attributed to Saint John Chrysostom, the East Syrian Eucharistic Prayer of Addai and Mari, which is still in use, is certainly much older. However, by about 1800 the Roman Rite had quite abandoned rood screens, however, when Western Europe adopted polyphony, the music of the Roman Rite did become very elaborate and lengthy. Latin liturgical rites List of Catholic rites and churches Liturgical books of the Roman rite Pre-Tridentine Mass Mass of Paul VI Mass Tridentine Mass Baldovin, John F. Reforming the Liturgy, A Response to the Critics. The Reform of the Liturgy 1948-1975, a Short History of the Roman Mass. By Michael Davies, said to be based on Adrian Fortescues The Mass, A Study of the Roman Liturgy Metzger, History of the Liturgy, The Major Stages. Bodies of Worship, Explorations in Theory and Practice, a Challenging Reform, Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal. Johnson, Lawrence, J. Worship in the Early Church, foley, Edward, Mitchell, Nathan D. and Pierce, Joanne M
11.
Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament
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The Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament is a decorated Gothic Revival style Roman Catholic cathedral church in the United States. It is the seat of the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit, the cathedral is located at 9844 Woodward Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, adjacent to Detroits Boston-Edison Historic District. The cathedral was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, Most Blessed Sacrament parish was established in 1905 in what was then the northern city limits of Detroit. The parish was initially plagued with financial problems, construction of the church started in 1913, but proceeded rather slowly. The interior was finished in 1930, with the dedication of the interior on Thanksgiving of that year, Detroit was elevated to an archdiocese in 1937, and Most Blessed Sacrament was chosen to be the cathedral church replacing St. Patricks which served as cathedral since 1877. The consecration on November 17,1951, was broadcast live on local television, plans also called for spires topping the towers, however these remain unbuilt. The cathedrals architect was Henry A. Walsh of Cleveland, Ohio, due to the length of the construction, Walsh was unable to see the project to completion, and Detroit architect George Diehl was chosen to succeed him for the construction of the towers in 1950. The buildings exterior is made of Ohio sandstone, with Indiana limestone used for facings, traceries. The cathedral includes external and internal statuary by sculptor Corrado Parducci, in 2001, Gunnar Birkerts was selected to update the cathedral. Changes included a plaza on the side of the structure, reconfigured interior spaces. The original organ was installed the west gallery by Casavant Frères in 1925 as a gift from Frederick Fisher of Fisher Body, during the renovations, this three manual/55 rank instrument was updated and a second organ was installed in the apse. The new organ is opus 2785 of Austin Organs, Inc. with two manuals and 32 ranks and is connected to the gallery organ allowing them to be played as one instrument from the new console. The new organ was first played at the rededication ceremony March 25,2003, Szoka made a direct request to the Pope during a visit to Vatican City. The Pope arrived in Detroit on September 18,1987, and spoke before large crowds in Hamtramck, Hart Plaza, during John Paul IIs visit, he visited guests at the cathedral and lodged at the adjacent archbishops residence. List of the Catholic cathedrals of the United States Godzak, Roman, make Straight the Path, A300 Year Pilgrimage Archdiocese of Detroit. Hill, Eric J. and John Gallagher, AIA Detroit, The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Tentler, Leslie Woodcock with foreword by Cardinal Edmund Szoka, seasons of Grace, A History of the Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. Tutag, Nola Huse with Lucy Hamilton, Official Cathedral Site Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit Official Site
12.
St. Anne
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Saint Anne of Davids house and line, was the mother of Mary and grandmother of Jesus according to apocryphal Christian and Islamic tradition. Marys mother is not named in the gospels, nor in the Quran. Annes name and that of her husband Joachim come only from New Testament apocrypha, the story bears a similarity to that of the birth of Samuel, whose mother Hannah had also been childless. Although Anne receives little attention in the Latin Church prior to the late 12th century, in the Eastern Orthodox Churches and Eastern Catholic Churches, she is revered as Hannah. The Dormition of Hannah is also a minor feast in Eastern Christianity, in Protestantism, it is held that Martin Luther chose to enter religious life as a Augustinian monk after crying out to St. Anne. Anne is also revered in Islam, recognised as a spiritual woman. The Quran describes her as the daughter of Faqud who remained childless until her old age, one day, Hannah saw a bird feeding its young while sitting in the shade of a tree, which awakened her desire to have children of her own. She prayed for a child and eventually conceived, her husband, Imran, expecting the child to be male, Hannah vowed to dedicate him to isolation and service in the Second Temple. However, Hannah bore a daughter instead, and named her Mary. Her words upon delivering Mary reflect her status as a mystic, realising that while she had wanted a son, this daughter was Gods gift to her, Then. Truly, I brought her forth, a female, and God is greater in knowledge of what she brought forth. And the male is not like the female, so her Lord received her with the very best acceptance. And her bringing forth caused the very best to develop in her, so her Lord received her with the very best acceptance. And her bringing forth caused the very best to develop in her, the oldest and most influential source for these is the apocryphal Gospel of James, first written in Greek around the middle of the second century. Ancient belief, attested to by a sermon of John of Damascus, was that Anne married once, the sister of Saint Anne was Sobe, who was the mother of Elizabeth. Adherents included the 16th century Lutheran mystic Valentin Weigel, who claimed Anne conceived Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit rather than conventional conjugal relations and this belief was condemned as an error by the Catholic Church in 1677. In the fifteenth century, the Catholic cleric Johann Eck related in a sermon that St Annes parents were named Stollanus, the Catholic Encyclopedia regards this genealogy as spurious. In the Eastern church, the cult of Anne herself may go back as far as c,550, when Justinian built a church in Constantinople in her honor
13.
Pope Francis
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Pope Francis is the 266th and current Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as Bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City. He chose Francis as his name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bergoglio worked briefly as a chemical technologist and he was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969, and from 1973 to 1979 was Argentinas provincial superior of the Society of Jesus. He became the Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II and he led the Argentine Church during the December 2001 riots in Argentina, and the administrations of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner considered him a political rival. Following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI on 28 February 2013, throughout his public life, Pope Francis has been noted for his humility, emphasis on Gods mercy, concern for the poor, populist causes and commitment to interfaith dialogue. He maintains that the church should be open and welcoming. He does not support unbridled capitalism, Marxism, or Marxist versions of liberation theology, Francis maintains the traditional views of the church regarding abortion, euthanasia, contraception, homosexuality, ordination of women, and priestly celibacy. He opposes consumerism, irresponsible development, and supports taking action on climate change, in international diplomacy, he helped to restore full diplomatic relations between the U. S. and Cuba. Jorge Mario Bergoglio was born on 17 December 1936 in Flores and he was the eldest of five children of Mario José Bergoglio and Regina María Sívori. Mario Bergoglio was an Italian immigrant accountant born in Portacomaro in Italys Piedmont region, Regina Sívori was a housewife born in Buenos Aires to a family of northern Italian origin. Mario Josés family left Italy in 1929, to escape the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini, María Elena Bergoglio, the Popes only living sibling, confirmed that their emigration was not for economic reasons. His other siblings were Alberto Horacio, Oscar Adrián and Marta Regina, two great-nephews, Antonio and Joseph, died in a traffic collision. In the sixth grade, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles and he attended the technical secondary school Escuela Técnica Industrial N°27 Hipólito Yrigoyen, named after a past President of Argentina, and graduated with a chemical technicians diploma. He worked for a few years in that capacity in the section at Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory where his boss was Esther Ballestrino. Before joining the Jesuits, Bergoglio worked as a bar bouncer and as a janitor sweeping floors, in the only known health crisis of his youth, at the age of 21 he suffered from life-threatening pneumonia and three cysts. He had part of a lung excised shortly afterwards, Bergoglio has been a lifelong supporter of San Lorenzo de Almagro football club. Bergoglio is also a fan of the films of Tita Merello, neorealism, Bergoglio found his vocation to the priesthood while he was on his way to celebrate the Spring Day. He passed by a church to go to confession, and was inspired by the priest
14.
Allen Henry Vigneron
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Allen Henry Vigneron is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the current Archbishop of Detroit and Ecclesiastical Superior of the Cayman Islands, the eldest of six children, Allen Vigneron was born in Mount Clemens, Michigan, to Elwin and Bernardine Vigneron. He is of French descent on his fathers side and German on his mothers and he graduated from Sacred Heart Major Seminary in 1970, receiving degrees in both Philosophy and Classical Languages. He then furthered his studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, upon his return to the United States, Vigneron was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal John Francis Dearden on July 26,1975. He then served as pastor of Our Lady Queen of Peace Church in Harper Woods. He earned his Licentiate in Sacred Theology from the Gregorian in 1977, Vigneron completed his graduate studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. earning his doctorate in philosophy in 1987 with a dissertation on Edmund Husserl. He was also made a professor and the dean of Sacred Heart Seminary, from 1991 to 1994, Vigneron served as an official in the Vatican Secretariat of State and adjunct instructor at the Gregorian. He then returned to Sacred Heart Seminary as its Rector, Vigneron, who was raised by Pope John Paul II to the rank of Monsignor in 1994, removed several teachers from the seminary for having strayed from official church doctrine. On June 12,1996, Vigneron was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Detroit and he received his episcopal consecration on the following July 9 from Cardinal Adam Maida, with Cardinals James Hickey and Edmund Szoka serving as co-consecrators. Vigneron was later named Coadjutor Bishop of Oakland, California, on January 10,2003, in California, he helped lead protests against same-sex marriage. He compared abortion and stem-cell research to slavery and racism, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Vigneron Archbishop of Detroit on January 5,2009, replacing longtime incumbent Cardinal Maida. Installed on January 28,2009, Vigneron is the first metropolitan Detroit native named Archbishop of Detroit and he was elected chairman of the Board of Trustees of The Catholic University of America on June 9,2009. He received the pallium, a vestment worn by metropolitan bishops, on April 21,2011, as Archbishop of Detroit, he participated in an interfaith vigil held at the Islamic Center of America in Dearborn, Michigan. This also threatens the foundation of liberty that makes it possible for us to freely practice our faith. These are not only Catholic sentiments on these issues, these, I believe, are the sentiments of all Americans
15.
Arturo Cepeda
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José Arturo Cepeda, is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Arturo Cepeda studied at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in Rome and he was appointed titular Bishop of Tagase and Auxiliary to the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit on April 18,2011, by Benedict XVI. Arturo Cepeda was consecrated bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit on May 5,2011
16.
Donald Hanchon
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Donald Francis Hanchon, is an American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Born in Jackson, Michigan, Hanchon studied at St. John’s Provincial Seminary of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit and he was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese on October 19,1974, and began to serve in a number of its parishes. During the 1980s, Hanchon began to study Spanish and Mexican culture and he went to Mexico to study and as well as the Mexican American Cultural Center, now the Mexican American Catholic College, in San Antonio, Texas. He is also of Polish descent, Hanchon was appointed the titular bishop of Horreomargum and an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese on March 22,2011, by Pope Benedict XVI. He was consecrated by Allen H. Vigneron, the Archbishop of Detroit, on May 5,2011
17.
Adam Maida
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Adam Joseph Maida is an American cardinal prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit, Michigan from 1990 to 2009, Cardinal Maida previously served as the bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin from 1984 to 1990. Adam Maida was born in East Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, to Adam, the oldest of three children, he has two brothers, Thaddeus and Daniel. His father immigrated from Poland at age 16, while his mother was the daughter of Polish immigrants and he and his brothers attended public schools in East Vandergrift since there were no local Catholic schools. Maida attended each Vandergrift High School and Scott Township High School for one year, during his sophomore year of high school, he decided to enter the priesthood and was sent to St. Marys Preparatory in Orchard Lake Village, Michigan. He graduated from St. Marys Preparatory in 1948, and then entered St. Marys College, in 1950, he transferred to Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy in 1952. He received a Licentiate of Sacred Theology from St. Marys University in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 26,1956, Maida was ordained a priest by Bishop John Dearden at the Cathedral of St. Paul in Pittsburgh. His first assignment was as assistant pastor of St. Elizabeth of Hungary Church in Pleasant Hills and he later served at Holy Innocents Church in Sheraden. In 1958, he was sent by Bishop Dearden to study at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, Maida served as vice-chancellor and general counsel of the Diocese of Pittsburgh. In 1968, he was elected president of the Canon Law Society of America and he served as a member of the diocesan tribunal, assistant professor of theology at La Roche College, and adjunct professor of law at Duquesne University Law School. He was also chaplain of the St. Thomas More Society, on November 8,1983, Maida was appointed the ninth Bishop of Green Bay by Pope John Paul II. During his tenure in Green Bay, Maida appointed the dioceses first female chancellor and first female parish director. In 1990, the Pope named Cardinal Edmund Szoka, Archbishop of Detroit, to serve as a Vatican official, Maida was installed as the fourth Archbishop of Detroit on June 12. On November 26,1994, Pope John Paul II elevated Maida to the Sacred College of Cardinals as Cardinal-Priest of Ss, in 2000, Maida was appointed the first superior of the Mission Sui Iuris of Cayman Islands. In April 2005, following the Popes death, he traveled to the Vatican as an elector to participate in the conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. Maida is no longer eligible to vote in any future conclaves as he reached his 80th birthday on March 18,2010. Maida is the advisor to the Catholic Advisory Board for the Ave Maria Mutual Funds and is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Catholic University of America. In 2002, St. Gertrude School, part of the Diocese of Greensburg in Westmoreland County, the school, which offers instruction from grades kindergarten through six, is near his hometown of East Vandergrift, Pennsylvania
18.
Thomas Gumbleton
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Thomas John Gumbleton is a retired Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit. Born in Detroit in 1930, Gumbleton attended Sacred Heart Seminary High School and he then went on to study at St. Johns Provincial Seminary in Plymouth, and also the Pontifical Lateran University. He earned a B. A. degree in 1952, a M. Div. degree in 1956 and he was ordained to the priesthood on June 2,1956, by Cardinal Edward Mooney. In 1968 Gumbleton was made the Vicar General for the Archdiocese of Detroit and he served as the pastor to a number of parishes including St. Aloysius, Holy Ghost and also at St. Leos in Detroit until 2007. Gumbleton founded the Michigan Coalition for Human Rights in December 1980 with former Episcopal Bishop Harry Coleman McGehee, Jr. Gumbleton has been awarded a number of honorary degrees, including an Honorary Doctorate of Divinity from a number of Education Institutions. Gumbleton was the president of Pax Christi USA in 1972. Pax Christi is a devoted to promoting peace, and Bishop Gumbleton remains one of the organisations Ambassadors for the Peace. Bishop Gumbleton has traveled extensively, given speeches, and has participated in prayer vigils and television, Gumbletons Sunday homilies from St Leos parish are documented by the National Catholic Reporter, where he also wrote a regular column. In 1999 he was arrested outside the White House along with eleven other anti-war protesters for disturbing the peace, joseph Sprague, Rabbi Arthur Waskow, Nobel Peace Prize laureates Mairead Corrigan Maguire and Jody Williams, and members of pacifist organisations. Gumbleton is the only Roman Catholic bishop in America to have taken action in protest of the war. Gumbleton has also in the past been arrested due to protests against nuclear weapons, the bishop has written extensively on Catholic teaching regarding homosexuality. Gumbleton often draws from his experience of having a homosexual brother. His brother Dan revealed to his family that he was a homosexual through a letter, Gumbleton has discussed how he had previously ignored the topic, however his brothers revelation, he said, forced him to consider the matter. Gumbleton has consistently been a supporter of New Ways Ministry and has called for homosexual priests and bishops to come out and be truthful to themselves. During his time as bishop, Gumbleton wore a mitre at a service on which were symbols of the cross, a rainbow. The pink triangle caused particular complaints by some due to its history as a symbol of gay rights, Gumbleton also came into the public eye before the Vaticans Instruction with regard to the ordination of homosexual men was released, arguing against Fr. Bakers article on the issue in America, Gumbleton claimed that he was sexually abused by a priest as an adolescent while in the seminary. He stated, I dont want to exaggerate that I was terribly damaged and it was not the kind of sexual abuse that many of the victims experience, further adding, They are intimidated, embarrassed, and they just bury it
19.
Francis R. Reiss
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Francis Ronald Reiss is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as a bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit until Pope Francis accepted his resignation on November 11,2015. Francis Reiss was born in Hamtramck, Michigan, to Joseph, the oldest of the three children, he has a sister, Sandra, and brother, John. He attended St. Stephen Elementary School and St. Andrew High School before entering Sacred Heart Seminary and he then studied at St. John Provincial Seminary in Plymouth. Reiss was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop John Dearden on June 4,1966 and he did his postgraduate studies at the University of Detroit, earning a Masters degree in Religious Studies and a Masters in Education. He also received a Masters in Divinity from St. John Provincial Seminary in 1974, Reiss served as campus minister at the University of Michigan and at Henry Ford Community College, and dean of admissions and academic dean of the School of Theology at Sacred Heart Seminary. He also served as defender of the bond on Archdiocesan Metropolitan Tribunal, director of the Archdiocesan Department of Education and he served as pastor of Holy Ghost Parish in Detroit, St. Mary Parish in Port Huron, Ss. Peter and Paul Parish in Detroits Westside, and St. Frances Cabrini Parish in Allen Park, on July 7,2003, Reiss was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Detroit and Titular Bishop of Remesiana by Pope John Paul II. He received his consecration on the following August 12 from Adam Cardinal Maida, with Edmund Cardinal Szoka. He selected as his motto, In Christo Omnia. He was diagnosed with cancer in 2008 and it has been in remission since 2009. He submitted his resignation as bishop as required on his 75th birthday, Archdiocese of Detroit Catholic-Hierarchy United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
20.
Diocese
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The word diocese is derived from the Greek term διοίκησις meaning administration. When now used in a sense, it refers to a territorial unit of administration. This structure of governance is known as episcopal polity. The word diocesan means relating or pertaining to a diocese and it can also be used as a noun meaning the bishop who has the principal supervision of a diocese. An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese, an archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or have had importance due to size or historical significance. The archbishop may have authority over any other suffragan bishops. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the bishopric is used to describe the bishop himself. Especially in the Middle Ages, some bishops held political as well as religious authority within their dioceses, in the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in a larger unit, the diocese. With the adoption of Christianity as the Empires official religion in the 4th century, a formal church hierarchy was set up, parallel to the civil administration, whose areas of responsibility often coincided. With the collapse of the Western Empire in the 5th century, a similar, though less pronounced, development occurred in the East, where the Roman administrative apparatus was largely retained by the Byzantine Empire. In modern times, many dioceses, though later subdivided, have preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division, modern usage of diocese tends to refer to the sphere of a bishops jurisdiction. As of January 2015, in the Catholic Church there are 2,851 regular dioceses,1 papal see,641 archdioceses and 2,209 dioceses in the world, in the Eastern rites in communion with the Pope, the equivalent unit is called an eparchy. Eastern Orthodoxy calls dioceses metropoleis in the Greek tradition or eparchies in the Slavic tradition, after the Reformation, the Church of England retained the existing diocesan structure which remains throughout the Anglican Communion. The one change is that the areas administered under the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are properly referred to as provinces and this usage is relatively common in the Anglican Communion. Certain Lutheran denominations such as the Church of Sweden do have individual dioceses similar to Roman Catholics and these dioceses and archdioceses are under the government of a bishop. Other Lutheran bodies and synods that have dioceses and bishops include the Church of Denmark, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Evangelical Church in Germany, rather, it is divided into a middle judicatory. The Lutheran Church-International, based in Springfield, Illinois, presently uses a traditional diocesan structure and its current president is Archbishop Robert W. Hotes. The Church of God in Christ has dioceses throughout the United States, in the COGIC, each state is divided up into at least three dioceses that are all led by a bishop, but some states as many as seven dioceses
21.
Latin liturgical rites
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Latin liturgical rites are the Catholic liturgical rites used within the Latin Church. The Latin rites were for centuries no less numerous than the liturgical rites of the Eastern autonomous particular Churches. Their number is now much reduced, in the aftermath of the Council of Trent, in 1568 and 1570 Pope Pius V suppressed the Breviaries and Missals that could not be shown to have an antiquity of at least two centuries. Many local rites that remained even after this decree were abandoned voluntarily, especially in the 19th century. The Roman Rite is by far the most widely used, like other liturgical rites, it developed over time, with newer forms replacing the older. It underwent many changes in the first millennium and a half of its existence, the forms that Pope Pius V, as requested by the Council of Trent, established in the 1560s and 1570s underwent repeated minor variations in the centuries immediately following. Each new typical edition of the Roman Missal and of the liturgical books superseded the previous one. The 20th century saw profound changes. Pope Pius X radically rearranged the Psalter of the Breviary and altered the rubrics of the Mass, later Popes continued to make such changes, beginning with Pope Pius XII, who significantly revised the Holy Week ceremonies and certain other aspects of the Roman Missal in 1955. The Second Vatican Council was followed by a revision of the rites of all the Roman Rite sacraments. As before, each new edition of an official liturgical book supersedes the previous one. Thus, the 1970 Roman Missal, which superseded the 1962 edition, was superseded by the edition of 1975, the 2002 edition in turn supersedes the 1975 edition both in Latin and, as official translations into each language appear, also in the vernacular languages. Under the terms of Summorum Pontificum by Pope Benedict XVI, the Mass of Paul VI is known as the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite. The Tridentine Mass, as in the 1962 Roman Missal, is authorized for use as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite under the conditions indicated in the document Summorum Pontificum. The Anglican Use is a use of the Roman Rite, during the Liturgy of the Eucharist, especially the Eucharistic Prayer, it is closest to the Roman Rite, while it differs more during the Liturgy of the Word and the Penitential Rite. The language used, which differs from that of the ICEL translation of the Roman Rite of Mass, is based upon the Book of Common Prayer, most Anglican Use parishes use the Book of Divine Worship, an adaptation of the Book of Common Prayer. The Anglican Use is permitted under the United States Pastoral Provision of 1980 in several parishes of that country that have left the Episcopal Church. The same Pastoral Provision also permits, as an exception and on a case by case basis, on 9 November 2009, Pope Benedict XVI established provisions for the setting up of personal ordinariates for Anglicans who join the church
22.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
23.
Cayman Islands
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The Cayman Islands is a British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea. Its population is approximately 60,000, and its capital is George Town, the Cayman Islands are considered to be part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone as well as the Greater Antilles. The territory is considered a major world offshore financial haven for many wealthy individuals. The Cayman Islands remained largely uninhabited until the 17th century, the first recorded permanent inhabitant of the Cayman Islands, Isaac Bodden, was born on Grand Cayman around 1661. He was the grandson of the original settler named Bodden who was one of Oliver Cromwells soldiers at the taking of Jamaica in 1655. England took formal control of the Cayman Islands, along with Jamaica, following several unsuccessful attempts at settlement, a permanent English-speaking population in the islands dates from the 1730s. With settlement, after the first royal land grant by the Governor of Jamaica in 1734, many were brought to the islands from Africa, this is evident today with the majority of native Caymanians being of African and English descent. The results of the first census taken in the islands in 1802 showed the population on Grand Cayman to be 933 with 545 of those inhabitants being enslaved, slavery was abolished in the Cayman Islands in 1833. At the time of abolition, there were over 950 Blacks of African ancestry enslaved by 116 white families of English ancestry. The islands continued to be governed as part of the Colony of Jamaica until 1962, the Cayman Islands historically have been a tax-exempt destination. On 8 February 1794, the Caymanians rescued the crews of a group of ten merchant ships, including HMS Convert, the ships had struck a reef and run aground during rough seas. Legend has it that King George III rewarded the island with a never to introduce taxes as compensation for their generosity. While this remains a legend, the story is not true. However, whatever the history, in practice the government of the Cayman Islands has always relied on indirect, the islands have never levied income tax, capital gains tax, or any wealth tax, making them a popular tax haven. On 11 September 2004 the island of Grand Cayman, which lies largely unprotected at sea level, was hit by Hurricane Ivan, an estimated 83% of the dwellings on the island were damaged including 4% requiring complete reconstruction. A reported 70% of all dwellings suffered severe damage from flooding or wind, another 26% sustained minor damage from partial roof removal, low levels of flooding, or impact with floating or wind driven hurricane debris. Power, water and communications were disrupted for months in areas as Ivan was the worst hurricane to hit the islands in 86 years. Grand Cayman began a rebuilding process and within two years its infrastructure was nearly returned to pre-hurricane status.23 years
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Grand Cayman
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Grand Cayman is the largest of the three Cayman Islands and the location of the territorys capital, George Town. In relation to the other two Cayman Islands, it is approximately 75 miles southwest of Little Cayman and 90 miles southwest of Cayman Brac, Grand Cayman encompasses 76% of the territorys entire land mass. The island is approximately 22 miles long with its widest point being 8 miles wide, the elevation ranges from sea level at the beaches to 60 feet above sea level on the North Sides Mastic Trail. Grand Cayman Island includes five of the six districts of the Cayman Islands, Bodden Town, East End, George Town, North Side, and West Bay. Bodden Town - Founded in the 1700s, Bodden Town district comprises the part of Grand Cayman Island. The village of Bodden Town was the capital of the Cayman Islands. Its population is listed at 5,764. East End - The East End district is located at the east side of Grand Cayman Island and consists mostly of the Village of East End, numerous attractions, restaurants. Its population is listed at 1,371. George Town - The capital of the Cayman Islands and world-famous centre for offshore banking, North Side - Includes Kaibo, Rum Point, and Breakers. Its population is listed at 1,079. Sand Point Cove in Rum Point is home to a Bioluminescent Bay or Bio Bay, West Bay - Has numerous tourist attractions including the Cayman Turtle Farm and the Cayman Motor Museum. Towns in the West Bay district include Seven Mile Beach, Hell and its population is currently listed at 8,243. The remaining district is Sister Islands, which consists of the islands of Cayman Brac and its population is currently listed at 1,937. Of the flora, a representation of the variety of plant life on Grand Cayman can be found at the Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park located in the North Side District. Wild banana orchids, ghost orchids, thatch palm trees, red birch trees, mahogany trees and various fruit trees such as avocado, mango, guinep, naseberry, breadfruit, and tamarind. Yellow mastics, black mastics are also seen in the park as well as on the 2 miles -long Mastic Trail, elsewhere outside the park, all of these species can be seen around Grand Cayman, including coconut palm, Casuarina pine, mangrove, and poinciana trees. Fauna seen in locations around the island include blue iguanas, Grand Cayman amazon parrots, Central American agouti, and Gecarcinus ruricola
25.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kingston, Jamaica
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Not to be confused with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kingston, Canada The Archdiocese of Kingston in Jamaica is an archdiocese of the Roman Rite within the Roman Catholic Church. Its area is the majority of Jamaica, including its capital, the ecclesiastical province has three suffragan dioceses, Belize City-Belmopan, Mandeville and Montego Bay, as well as the Mission Sui Iuris of Cayman Islands. They and the archdiocese are members of the Antilles Episcopal Conference, the archdiocese was originally called the Vicariate Apostolic of Jamaica when it was erected in 1837. In 1956, it became Diocese of Kingston and included all of Jamaica, in September 1967, two suffragans were split from the diocese and the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese. As of 2006, the diocese contains 32 parishes,30 active diocesan priests,27 religious priests and it also has 174 religious brothers,113 religious sisters, and 19 permanent deacons. Donald James Reece was the Archbishop between April 12,2008 and April 15,2011 and he was succeeded by Charles Henry Dufour, former bishop of the Diocese of Montego Bay, who was appointed April 15,2011. Edgerton Clarke Lawrence Aloysius Burke, S. J, donald James Reece Charles Dufour Kenneth Richards
26.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
27.
Mother church
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Mother church is a term depicting the Christian Church as a mother in its functions of nourishing and protecting the believer. It may also refer to the church of a Christian denomination or diocese i. e. Cathedral or a metropolitan church. The term has specific meanings within different Christian traditions, the first see, or primatial see, of a regional or national church is sometimes referred to as the Mother Church of that nation. For example, the local Church of Armagh is the see of Ireland. Similarly, Rome is the see of Italy, and Baltimore of the United States. The first local church in all of Christianity is that of Jerusalem and this term is most often used among Roman Catholics as the Holy Mother Church or Sancta Mater Ecclesiae. The Church is considered to be a mother to its members because it is the Bride of Christ, another term often used in Catechism in many pious Catholic countries is the title Mater et Magistra, referencing its matrimonial espousement to Jesus Christ. It is used as Designating the whole Christian Church or all Christians collectively, the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. is often referred to as the mother church among African-American Baptists. This Convention is the oldest and largest of the Conventions and all other National Baptists trace origin to her, not only do all National Baptists trace origination from the NBCUSA but several large Pentecostal Organizations do as well. Apostolic sees are those churches founded by one of the Twelve Apostles or Paul the Apostle. Bingham, in 1855 wrote, Ecclesia matrix, a mother-church, is taken for an original church planted immediately by the Apostles. And in this sense the Church of Jerusalem is called the mother-church of all churches in the world and he also refers to Arles the mother church of France, because supposed to be planted by the Apostles missionary Trophimus, first bishop of the place. The Mother Church of Christianity is the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem and it sits on the holiest sites of Christianity, the place of Jesus death, burial, and resurrection. Mother church may also be a title of distinction based on a churchs hierarchical importance, the church of the bishop of an episcopal see is often considered the mother church of the diocese. Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago, Illinois falls under this category, while it was not the first Roman Catholic cathedral of the city, it became the mother church due to the presence of the episcopal cathedra. Under these circumstances it is considered the mother church of all Hawaii. Similarly, the Mission San Carlos Borromeo in Carmel, California is considered the church of California. The term may also relate to the churches of the religious institutes
28.
History of Detroit
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The city of Detroit, the largest city in the state of Michigan, settled in 1701, is the first European settlement above tidewater in North America. Developing from a small sleepy New France fur trading post, it became an industrial powerhouse. After a devastating fire in 1805, Augustus B. Woodward devised a plan similar to Pierre Charles LEnfants design for Washington. Main thoroughfares radiate outward from the city center like spokes in a wheel, the region grew initially based on the lucrative inland and Great Lakes connected fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. During the French and Indian War, the French reinforced and improved Fort Detroit along the Detroit River between 1758–1760, and it became the focus of several British and American attacks. It was finally surrendered to the British on November 29,1760, only a decade later, the population of Detroit was 1,400. In 1778 in a census during the American Revolution, its population was up to 2,144, in the late 19th century several Gilded Age mansions were built just east of Detroits current downtown. Detroit was referred to by some as the Paris of the West for its architecture, throughout the 20th century various skyscrapers were built centered on Detroits downtown. Following World War II, the industry boomed and the area witnessed suburban expansion. The Detroit metropolitan area has emerged as one of the largest in the United States, Immigrants and migrants have contributed significantly to Detroits economy and culture. In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has experienced increased revitalization, many areas of the city are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and include National Historic Landmarks. The city with its population migration to the suburbs has had to adjust its role in the midst of a larger metropolitan area in the 21st century. Hearths and geological features from the Holcombe beach site near Lake Saint Clair show that Paleo-Indian people settled in the area of Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. The Detroit region was inhabited by the Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, the first recorded mention of the site was in 1670s, when French missionaries found a stone idol venerated by the Indians there and destroyed it with an axe. Early settlers planted twelve missionary pear trees named for the twelve Apostles on the grounds of what is now Waterworks Park. The city name comes from the Detroit River, meaning the strait of Lake Erie, linking Lake Huron and Lake Erie, in the context, the strait included Lake St. Clair. The sieur de Cadillac in 1698 proposed to his government in Paris that Detroit be established as a shelter for displaced Indian allies, in 1704 he was given ownership over the strenuous opposition of officials in New France. An investigation by de Pontchartrain showed Cadillac was a tyrannical profiteer whose mischief hurt the French cause, so Cadillac was removed, anne de Détroit, founded 1701, is the second oldest continuously operating Catholic parish in the United States, it was the first building erected in Detroit
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Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec
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The Archdiocese of Québec is a Catholic archdiocese in Quebec, Canada. Being the first see in the New World north of Mexico, the Archdiocese of Québec is also the ecclesiastical provincial for the dioceses of Chicoutimi, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière and Trois-Rivières. The archdioceses cathedral is Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral in Quebec City, from the beginning of colonisation of the New World, the Church influenced the politics and policies of New France. Even during the first voyages of Jacques Cartier in the 16th Century, missionary priests would accompany the explorers on their voyages to the New World. After two failed attempts to settle in Acadia, in 1608, Québec City was founded by Samuel de Champlain, in 1615, the Recollet missionaries arrived in Québec, followed by the Jesuit missionaries 10 years later. Their presence would help drive the colonies, giving the colonizers a moral reason for their presence, as well as giving the Church an influential position in domestic and local policy. In 1658, the Church would establish an Apostolic Vicariate by Pope Alexander VII,124 years since the first voyage of Jacques Cartier in 1534, the vicar apostolic was François de Laval. As The vicar apostolic of Québec, Laval was a member of the Sovereign Council of New France. In 1663, Laval would establish the Seminary of Québec, at its peak, in 1712, the Diocese of Québec covered the entire American continent to the Gulf of Mexico. Only the British colonies that would become the United States. Under British Rule, The peoples of Québec were discriminated against in respect of their Catholic faith, any person in the Empire wanting to take a position had to take the Test Oath which denounced their faith. Because almost all the colonists were French speaking Catholics, the Test Oath prevented the population from participating in local politics. In 1819, the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese, by 1840, political leaders formally recognized the Church. The Archdiocese of Québec, which covered the entire present-day Canada, was split into new dioceses as the population increased. Since 24 January 1956, the Archbishop of Québec has the title of Primate of Canada. Lacroix is a member of the Quebec-based Saint Pope Pius X Secular Institute, Lacroix was born in Saint-Hilaire-de-Dorset, Quebec, on July 27,1957, the eldest son in a family of seven children. At the age of 8, his family settled in Manchester, New Hampshires largest city and he studied one year at Saint Anselm College in neighboring Goffstown. He joined the Pius X Secular Institute as a lay member in 1975
31.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore
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The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Baltimore is the premier see of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. The archdiocese is the see of the larger regional Ecclesiastical Province of Baltimore. The Archdiocese of Baltimore is the oldest diocese in the United States whose see city was within the boundaries when the United States declared its independence in 1776. The Holy See granted the Archbishop of Baltimore the right of precedence in the nation at liturgies, meetings, although the Archdiocese of Baltimore does not enjoy primatial status, it is the premier episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States of America. This act established a hierarchy in the United States and removed the Catholic Church in the U. S. from the authority of the Vicar Apostolic of the London District, the Holy See then established the Apostolic Prefecture of the United States on November 26,1784. In 1790, Father Carroll traveled to England where he was ordained and consecrated as a bishop in Lulworth Castle in Dorset, the newly established Province of Baltimore—whose metropolitan was the Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Baltimore—comprised all of the states and territories of the nation. The Archdiocese again lost territory in following decades with the creation of the Diocese of Richmond on July 11,1820, on July 22,1939, the City of Washington was erected as a separate archdiocese. The see was renamed the Archdiocese of Baltimore-Washington, in recognition of the nations capital. From 1808 until 1847, Baltimore was the archdiocese in the United States. Thus, the Province of Baltimore gradually became smaller and smaller, in 1847, the then-Diocese of Saint Louis was elevated to an archdiocese and metropolitan see of the new Province of Saint Louis. In 1850, the Diocese of New York was raised to an archdiocese, also in 1850, the Diocese of Oregon City, now Portland, Oregon was raised to an archdiocese. In 1875, the dioceses of Boston and Philadelphia were likewise elevated, the Archdiocese began to publish its diocesan newspaper, The Baltimore Catholic Review since 1913 as the successor to the earlier diocesan publication The Catholic Mirror, published 1833 to 1908. The name has since shortened to The Catholic Review. In 2012, it changed from weekly to biweekly issues and in December 2015, the Archdiocese of Baltimore is led by the prelature of the Archbishop of Baltimore and a corps of auxiliary bishops who assist in the administration of the archdiocese as part of a larger curia. Sixteen people have served as Archbishop of Baltimore, the current Archbishop is William E. Lori, in 1858, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, with the approval of Pope Pius IX, conferred Prerogative of Place on the Archdiocese of Baltimore. The Basilica, built in 1806–1821, is the first cathedral and it is considered the mother church of the United States. St. Peters Roman Catholic parish was razed in 1841, other dioceses with two cathedrals have them in separate cities. The list of Archbishops and their terms of service, John Carroll, S. J. died, had raised to Archbishop in 1808 Leonard Neale, S. J. died Ambrose Maréchal
32.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati covers the southwest region of the U. S. state of Ohio, including the greater Cincinnati and Dayton metropolitan areas. The Archbishop of Cincinnati is Most Rev. Dennis Marion Schnurr, in total, the Archdiocese of Cincinnati encompasses 230 parishes in 19 counties, as of 2005, with the total membership of baptized Catholics around 500,000. The Archdiocese administers 110 associated parochial schools and diocesan elementary schools, the mother church is the Cathedral of St. Peter in Chains, located at the corner of 8th and Plum Streets in Downtown Cincinnati. Pope Pius VII erected the Diocese of Cincinnati on 19 June 1821, at the time, there was an unwritten prohibition against construction of Catholic churches in Cincinnati. The first church was constructed just beyond the city boundaries. The diocese lost territory on 8 March 1833, when Pope Gregory XVI erected the Diocese of Detroit and again on 23 April 1847, when Pope Pius IX erected the Diocese of Cleveland. On July 19,1850, Pope Pius IX elevated the diocese to an Archdiocese and on March 3,1868, the court rendered no criminal judgment on the allegations themselves, only on the dioceses failure to report the allegations. The following is a list of the Ordinaries of Cincinnati, Edward Fenwick, as of 2011,43,641 students enroll in the Archdioceses 115 schools, making it the sixth largest Catholic school system in the United States. In Hamilton County, where most private schools are run by the Archdiocese, nearly a quarter of students attend private schools, the 23 Catholic high schools in the region operate under varying degrees of archdiocesan control. Several are owned and operated by the Archdiocese, while other schools are run by groups of parishes under archdiocesan supervision. Most of the interparochial and non-archdiocesan high schools are operated by religious institutes, Most of the schools athletic teams belong to the Greater Catholic League, which consists of a co-ed division, the Girls Greater Cincinnati League, and a division for all-male schools. The Archdiocese also includes 92 parochial and diocesan schools, with a combined enrollment of 30,312. These schools can be found in the urban and suburban areas of Cincinnati and Dayton, each parochial school is owned and operated by its parish, rather than by the Archdioceses Catholic Schools Office. However, in March 2011, the Archdiocese announced its intention of unifying the schools under one school system. As of 2015, the interim Superintendent of Catholic Schools is Susie Gibbons, five of the high schools are named after former archbishops of the diocese. A parochial elementary school in Dayton is also named after Archbishop Liebold, the Archdiocese sponsors the Athenaeum of Ohio – Mount St. Marys Seminary of the West seminary in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Cincinnati. Carl J. Ryan Fr. Herman H. Kenning Sr. Kathryn Ann Connelly, joseph Kamis, SM Dr. Jim Riggs, Ph. D. Ms. Its defunct sister newspaper, Der Wahrheitsfreund, was the first German Catholic newspaper in the country, several area Catholic radio stations, owned by separate entities, serve the Archdiocese, WNOP740 AM Licensed to Newport, Kentucky
33.
Pope Gregory XVI
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Pope Gregory XVI, born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari EC, reigned as Pope from 2 February 1831 to his death in 1846. He had adopted the name Mauro upon entering the order of the Camaldolese. Strongly conservative and traditionalist, he opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States and throughout Europe, against these trends Gregory XVI sought to strengthen the religious and political authority of the papacy. In the encyclical Mirari vos, he pronounced it “false and absurd, or rather mad, however, his harsh repression, financial extravagance and neglectfulness left him deeply unpopular domestically. He is the most recent pope to take the pontifical name Gregory, Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari was born at Belluno in the Republic of Venice, on 18 September 1765, to an Italian lower noble family. His parents were from a village named Pesariis, in Friuli. At the age of eighteen Bartolomeo Cappellari joined the order of the Camaldolese and entered the Monastery of San Michele in Murano and he was ordained a priest in 1787. As a Camaldolese monk, Cappellari rapidly gained distinction for his theological and linguistic skills, was assigned to teach philosophy, Michele in 1787, at the age of twenty-two. In 1790, at the age of twenty-five, he was appointed censor librorum for his Order, in 1800 he became a member of the Academy of the Catholic Religion, founded by Pope Pius VII, to which he contributed memoirs on theological and philosophical questions. In 1805, at the age of forty, he was appointed abbot of the Monastery of San Gregorio on Romes Caelian Hill, from there he and a group of monks moved their little college to Padua in 1814. Twice he was offered a bishopric and twice he refused and he also negotiated a peace on behalf of Armenian Catholics with the Ottoman Empire. Gregory had never travelled outside Italy and was most familiar with Venice and he spoke Italian and Latin fluently, but no other European languages, and did not understand European politics. On 2 February 1831, after a fifty-day conclave, Cappellari was unexpectedly chosen to succeed Pope Pius VIII and his election was influenced by the fact that the cardinal considered the most papabile, Giacomo Giustiniani, was vetoed by King Ferdinand VII of Spain. There then arose a deadlock between the two major candidates, Emmanuele De Gregorio and Bartolomeo Pacca. What finally drove them to make a decision was a message from the Duke of Parma notifying them that revolt was about to break out in the northern Papal States. To resolve the impasse, the cardinals turned to Cappellari, at the time of election, Cardinal Cappellari was not yet a bishop, he is the most recent man to be elected pope prior to his episcopal consecration. The Monastery of S. Gregorio was the abbey from which Pope Gregory I had dispatched missionaries to England in 596. The Revolution of 1830, which overthrew the House of Bourbon, had just inflicted a blow on the Catholic royalist party in France
34.
Frederick Rese
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Frederick Rese was a German-born American Roman Catholic bishop who served as the first Catholic bishop of Diocese of Detroit from 1833 until his death. Rese was born in Vienenburg, a town in the German Electorate of Hanover. From a modest background, he trained as an artisan, in 1813 he joined the Hanoverian cavalry to fight against Napoleon in the German Campaign and took part in the 1815 Battle of Waterloo under command of Field Marshal Blücher. After the Napoleonic Wars, Rese adopted a clerical career and he went on a pilgrimage to Rome, where he received the Holy Orders by Cardinal Vicar Placido Zurla on 15 March 1823. Rese served in the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and in 1824 met with Edward Fenwick, first Bishop of Cincinnati, the Pope engaged Rese to assist him, once arrived in the United States, he became vicar general of the Cincinnati diocese, which included Detroit. In 1828 he was sent to Europe to gain support for the Catholic missions in the U. S. S. when in 1833 Pope Gregory XVI created the Diocese of Detroit, he made Rese the first German-born bishop in the United States. He was consecrated October 6,1833, by Bishop Joseph Rosati of St. Louis and he also established Detroits first convent, and a school for girls. In 1838 he again travelled to Europe, where in Munich he reconciled the establishment of a Bavarian missionary association with King Louis I, about 1840 Rese became demented, uncapable to fulfil his office, he was recalled to Rome. He finally retired to a home of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul in Hildesheim. In accordance with the practice of the time, he remained nominally the Bishop of Detroit for another 30 years until his death in 1871 and he was succeeded by his compatriot Caspar Henry Borgess
35.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
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Minnesota
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Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
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The Dakotas
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The Dakotas is a collective term for the U. S. states of North Dakota and South Dakota. The two states combined have a population of 1,592,657, slightly less than Idaho, the number of inhabitants increased by 133,430 from the year before. The Dakotas have an area of 147,878 square miles. The two states also have a density of 9.8 per sq. mi. A sub-region of the Frontier Strip, the Dakotas are also within the Midwestern United States, the Upper Missouri River and the Upper Missouri River Valley are important geological features in the area, as well. The area is inhabited by people of Northern European origin. 44. 9% of the population are of German ancestry,21. 8% of Norwegian, both of the Dakotas have humid continental climate, with warm to hot summers and cold to even subarctic temperatures in winter. Due to the difference in parallel altitude summer and winter temperatures differ some degrees between southern and northern areas of respective states, off the Beaten Path, The Dakotas. Aberdeen Pierre Rapid City Sioux Falls Bismarck Fargo Grand Forks Minot The Californias The Canadas The Carolinas The Floridas The Virginias Historic map of the Dakotas
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Missouri River
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The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the fourth longest river system. For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation. More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed, most leading a nomadic lifestyle, the Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century. The growth of the fur trade in the early 1800s laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region, pioneers headed west en masse beginning in the 1830s, first by covered wagon, then by the growing numbers of steamboats entering service on the river. Former Native American lands in the watershed were taken over by settlers, leading to some of the most longstanding, during the 20th century, the Missouri River basin was extensively developed for irrigation, flood control and the generation of hydroelectric power. Fifteen dams impound the main stem of the river, with more on tributaries. Meanders have been cut and the river channelized to improve navigation, from the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming, three streams rise to form the headwaters of the Missouri River. The longest begins near Browers Spring,9,100 feet above sea level, on the southeastern slopes of Mount Jefferson in the Centennial Mountains. Flowing west then north, it runs first in Hell Roaring Creek, then west into the Red Rock, swings northeast to become the Beaverhead and these two streams then flow north and northwest into Montana. The Missouri River officially starts at the confluence of the Jefferson and Madison in Missouri Headwaters State Park near Three Forks, Montana, the Missouri then passes through Canyon Ferry Lake, a reservoir west of the Big Belt Mountains. Issuing from the mountains near Cascade, the flows northeast to the city of Great Falls, where it drops over the Great Falls of the Missouri. Farther on, the passes through the Fort Peck Dam, and immediately downstream. At the confluence, the Yellowstone is actually the larger river, the Missouri then meanders east past Williston and into Lake Sakakawea, the reservoir formed by Garrison Dam. Below the dam the Missouri receives the Knife River from the west and flows south to Bismarck, the capital of North Dakota and it slows into the Lake Oahe reservoir just before the Cannonball River confluence. While it continues south, eventually reaching Oahe Dam in South Dakota, the Missouri makes a bend to the southeast as it winds through the Great Plains, receiving the Niobrara River and many smaller tributaries from the southwest
39.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee
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The Archdiocese of Milwaukee is a Roman Catholic archdiocese headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the United States. It encompasses the City of Milwaukee, as well as the counties of Dodge, Fond du Lac, Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Racine, Sheboygan, Walworth, Washington and Waukesha, all located in Wisconsin. The Archdiocese of Milwaukee is the see of the ecclesiastical province of Milwaukee, which includes the suffragan dioceses of Green Bay, La Crosse, Madison. As of 2016, Jerome Edward Listecki is the Archbishop of Milwaukee, the Diocese of Milwaukee was constituted November 28,1843 by Pope Gregory XVI. It was elevated to Archdiocese on February 12,1875 by Pope Pius IX, the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist is the episcopal see. 17 July 2011, The Archdiocese of Milwaukee is launching an advertising campaign to notify sex abuse victims of their deadline to file claims. The archdiocese filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in January after it failed to reach a settlement with two victims of sexual abuse by Catholic clergy. About 550 people are asking for restitution for alleged abuse by clergy in the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. The Archdiocese of Milwaukee has a membership of 591,890 Catholics in 198 parishes, there are 322 diocesan priests,370 religious priests, and 147 permanent deacons. Religious orders include 82 brothers and 994 women religious, the archdiocese houses one seminary educating 44 seminarians. It oversees 94 elementary schools,13 high schools, and five colleges and universities, also included in the archdiocese are 12 Catholic hospitals and 9 Catholic cemeteries. The following are lists of the Roman Catholic Bishops and Auxiliary Bishops of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, conv. now Bishop of the Diocese of La Crosse. Donald J. Hying, now Bishop of the Diocese of Gary, confidence and Crisis, A History of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, 1959–1977 (Milwaukee, Marquette University Press,2014. 344 pp. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee Official Site Herbermann, Charles, ed. Milwaukee
40.
Pope Pius IX
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Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope from 16 June 1846 to his death in 1878. He was the elected pope in the history of the Catholic Church. During his pontificate Pius IX convened the First Vatican Council, which decreed papal infallibility and he was also the last pope to rule as the Sovereign of the Papal States, which fell completely to the Italian Army in 1870 and were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. After this, he was referred to—chiefly by himself—as the Prisoner of the Vatican, after his death in 1878, his canonization process was opened on 11 February 1907 by Pope Pius X and it drew considerable controversy over the years. It was closed on several occasions during the pontificates of Pope Benedict XV, Pope Pius XII re-opened the cause on 7 December 1954, and Pope John Paul II proclaimed him Venerable on 6 July 1985. Together with Pope John XXIII, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 after the recognition of a miracle, Pius IX was assigned the liturgical feast day of February 7, the date of his death. Europe, including the Italian peninsula, was in the midst of political ferment when the bishop of Spoleto. He took the name Pius, after his generous patron and the prisoner of Napoleon Bonaparte. Through the 1850s and 1860s, Italian nationalists made military gains against the Papal States, however, concordats were concluded with numerous states such as Austria-Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Canada, Tuscany, Ecuador, Venezuela, Honduras, El Salvador and Haiti. Many contemporary Church historians and journalists question his approaches, in his Syllabus of Errors, still highly controversial, Pius IX condemned the heresies of secular society, especially modernism. He was a Marian pope, who in his encyclical Ubi primum described Mary as a Mediatrix of salvation, in 1854, he promulgated the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, articulating a long-held Catholic belief that Mary, the Mother of God, was conceived without original sin. In 1862, he convened 300 bishops to the Vatican for the canonization of Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan and his most important legacy is the First Vatican Council, which convened in 1869. The council is considered to have contributed to a centralization of the Church in the Vatican, Pius IX was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 3 September 2000. His Feast Day is 7 February, Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti was born on May 13,1792. He was educated at the Piarist College in Volterra and in Rome, as a theology student in his hometown Sinigaglia, in 1814 he met Pope Pius VII, who had returned from French captivity. In 1815, he entered the Papal Noble Guard but was dismissed after an epileptic seizure. He threw himself at the feet of Pius VII, who elevated him, the pope originally insisted that another priest should assist Mastai during Holy Mass, a stipulation that was later rescinded, after the seizure attacks became less frequent. Mastai was ordained priest on April 10,1819 and he initially worked as the rector of the Tata Giovanni Institute in Rome
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette is a suffragan diocese of the Roman rite, encompassing all of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, in the ecclesiastical province of the Archbishop of Detroit. It encompasses an area of 16,281 square miles and its cathedral is St. Peter Cathedral in Marquette, which replaced Holy Name of Mary Pro-Cathedral at Sault Ste. In 2000, the number of registered Catholics in the diocese was 65,500, there were fifty-eight diocesan priests and 11 religious at 74 parishes and 23 missions. There were 10 parish grade schools, sixty-three women religious were also in service to the diocese. Pope Pius IX separated territory from the Diocese of Detroit, to create the Vicariate Apostolic of Upper Michigan on July 29,1853, on January 9,1857, he raised the Vicarate to the status of a Diocese, as the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie. In 1865, Bishop Baraga transferred the See city to Marquette, in 1937 it became simply the Diocese of Marquette, and the Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie became a titular see. As early as the 17th century, Jesuit missionaries from France traveled to the Upper Peninsula to evangelize the Native American population, the first Catholic Mass in the Upper Peninsula was celebrated in 1641 by St. Isaac Jogues, in the area that would later become Sault Ste. The first resident pastor was noted missionary Jacques Marquette, who arrived in 1668, Marquette founded Michigans first European settlement, Sault Ste. Marie, and later founded St. Ignace, Michigan, other Jesuits would follow, and maintain a presence throughout the years. Father Frederic Baraga settled at LAnse in 1843, after forming Catholic missions in Wisconsin and he would devote the rest of his life to evangelizing in the Upper Peninsula. He later would become the first Bishop of the newly formed diocese, in 1953, on the 100th anniversary of the diocese being named a Vicariate Apostolic, a centennial Mass was held in Marquette on August 30. John Francis Doerfler as his successor, Doerfler was Vicar General of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin when he became the thirteenth and current Bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood on July 13,1991 and his episcopal Consecration was held at St. Peter Cathedral in Marquette on February 11,2014. The ordinary of the Diocese of Marquette is a bishop whose episcopal see is located at Cathedral of Saint Peter in Marquette
United States
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State of Michigan