1.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
2.
Iloilo
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Iloilo is a province located in the region of Western Visayas in the Philippines. Just off Iloilos southeast coast is the province of Guimaras, once part of Iloilo. Across the Panay Gulf and Guimaras Strait is Negros Occidental, occupying the half of the island of Negros. Iloilos capital is Iloilo City, though the city itself is independent, according to the 2015 census, the population of the province is 1,936,423. If Iloilo City is included, the population is 2,361,042, at the time of the Spanish conquest, writing was a new import and the use of organic medium such as leaf and bamboo, and no pre-Hispanic written accounts of Iloilo exist today. Oral history, in the form of recited epics, has survived to a small degree, but from these oral history and from writings from other sources, one can still glean Iloilos prehispanic past. The controversial origins of the people of Iloilo is said to be from the state of Panay, Panay was a militant nation allied under the Sri-Vijaya Mandala that defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca. The Chola invaders eventually destroyed the state of Pannai and its soldiers, royals. By 1512, this state had grown so powerful militarily and economically and this is mainly due in part to the rivalries between the Bisaya and Moro, of which the former found an ally in Spanish against the latter. The Bisaya accepted alliances with Spain, to defend themselves against the enslaving Moros, to this end, Iloilo contributed troops in the Castille War against the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1581, the encomienda in Ogtong was moved to La Villa Rica de Arevalo, soon, the area itself began to prosper, due to its successful textile and sugar industry. As a result, it received Chinese immigrants from the west, and over time Iloilo grew to be the most important province outside Manila. During the American period, Iloilo then became a home to many firsts, including the first department stores, nevertheless, Iloilo experienced a fall from grace after it was severely devastated in World War II and then had a decline during the 1950s-2000s. Still, the large populace of Iloilo and its agri-business sector has managed to maintain the province despite the exodus of some of its prominent families. The province covers a area of 5,000.83 square kilometres occupying the central. If Iloilo City is included for geographical purposes, Iloilo has an area of 5,079.17 square kilometres. The province is divided into two geographic regions, the highlands of the Madia-as on the western border and the lowland plains which account for a larger portion of the province. Small islands east of its northernmost tip also dot the Visayan Sea - of these, Pan de Azucar and Sicogon are well-known
3.
Guimaras
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Guimaras is an island province in the Philippines located in the region of Western Visayas. Among the smallest provinces, its capital is Jordan, the province is situated in the Panay Gulf, between the islands of Panay and Negros. To the northwest is the province of Iloilo and to the southeast is Negros Occidental, the whole island is part of the Metro Iloilo-Guimaras, one of the twelve metropolitan areas of the Philippines. The province consists primarily of Guimaras Island, and also includes Inampulugan, Guiwanon, Panobolon, Natunga, Nadulao, geologists have concluded that the island once formed one landmass with Panay. Guimaras, formerly known as Himal-us, was a sub-province of Iloilo until it was made an independent province on May 22,1992. He and his subordinates organized the pueblicitos or villages of Nayup under the patronage of Saint Peter the Apostle, evangelization of Guimaras occurred around the same time the friars were making inroads in Panay. The Augustinians established the visitas of Nayup and Igang as subordinate to Oton, gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, the 7th Spanish Governor-General, noted in a 20 June 1591 report to King Philip II that the friars of Oton made regular visits to the island. The Jesuits, who had established a school in Iloilo and had missions in Molo and Arevalo, by 1755, it was organized into a regular parish. When the population increased considerably, the island was given its status with a seat of government at Tilad. Under American rule, the Guimarasnons were given the opportunity to elect their president in 1908. Douglas MacArthur, a graduate from West Point as a Second Lieutenant at the age of 23. They constructed roads and the Santo Rosario Wharf, presently named MacArthurs Wharf, in November 1903, while working on Guimaras, he was ambushed by a pair of Filipino brigands or guerrillas, he shot and killed both with his pistol. In 1942, Japanese Imperial forces landed on Guimaras Island as the Empire of Japan began its occupation of the country during the Second World War, Guimaras gained its status as a sub-province of Iloilo through Republic Act 4667, which was enacted by Congress on 18 June 1966. It was proclaimed as a regular and full-fledged province on 22 May 1992 after a plebiscite was conducted to ratify the approval of its conversion pursuant to Section 462 of R. A. Shortly after Guimaras acquired its status, President Fidel V. Ramos appointed Emily Relucio-López as its first Governor. The province of Guimaras was originally composed up of three municipalities, Buenavista, Jordan, and Nueva Valencia, in 1995, through Republic Act No.7896 and Republic Act No. 7897, the municipalities of Sibunag and San Lorenzo were created, the two new municipalities officially acquired their municipal status after the May 8,1995 plebiscite held simultaneously with the local election. Ernesto L. Gedalanga was the first appointed mayor of Sibunag, the temporary seat of government of the Municipality of Sibunag is at Barangay Dasal while the temporary seat of Government of the Municipality of San Lorenzo is at Barangay Cabano
4.
Antique (province)
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Antique or is a province of the Philippines located in the region of Western Visayas. The province capital is San Jose, the most populous town in Antique, the province is situated in the western section of Panay Island and borders Aklan, Capiz and Iloilo to the east, while facing the Sulu Sea to the west. Antique was one of the three sakup of Panay before Spanish colonizers arrived on the islands, the province was known at that time as Hantík, the local name for the large black ants found on the island. The Spanish chroniclers, influenced by the French, recorded the name as Hantique. The locals then pronounced the name into its present name Antique Historians believe that the earliest people who settled on the island of Panay were tribal Negritos or Atis. Oral history, relayed as the Maragtas, states that ten datus or minor tribal chieftains from Malay escaped persecution from a city called Odtohan from Borneo due to a tyrant ruler called Makatunaw. The ten datus, led by Datu Puti, sailed northward with their families and communities, nevertheless, the Maragtas narrative is to be considered as part of the local history of the people. Upon arrival, the Malay datus met the Ati chieftain Datu Marikudo, Datu Marikudo responded to the datus generosity by giving the Malayans the lowlands and moving to the mountains with his Ati tribe as the mountains are sacred to them. The legacy of this landing is commemorated annually in Antique during the Binirayan festival, the island of Panay was then divided into three sakups, Hantik, Aklan and Irong-Irong. Aklan became the present-day Aklan and Capiz, Irong-Irong became Iloilo, Hantik was named for the large black ants found on the island called hantik-hantik. The sakup of Hantik was given to Datu Sumakwel, one of the ten datus, the three sakups were later governed as a political unit called the Confederation of Madyaas, also under Datu Sumakwel. Datu Sumakwel founded the town of Malandog, considered to be the first Malay settlement in the country, Malandog is now a barangay in the present-day municipality of Hamtic, which was named after the historic sakup. During the Spanish colonial period, the province was vulnerable to attacks by Moro raiders. Under the direction of the Spanish friars, a series of watchtowers, like the Old Watchtower in Libertad, in 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army landed in Antique and occupied the province during the Second World War. The liberation was achieved with the support of recognized local guerrillas. Antique is one of the five provinces comprising Western Visayas or Region VI, the province, with a total land area of 2,729.17 square kilometres, is an elongated stretch of land occupying the entire western side of the island. It is bounded by the central mountains of Panay, bordering on the provinces of Aklan in the northeast, Capiz on the east, Iloilo in the southeast. Its western-most and northernmost point is Semirara Island at 12°07′10″N 121°21′10″E, anini-y is the provinces most southerly point at 10°24′24″N 121°57′38″E
5.
Negros Occidental
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Negros Occidental, also known as Occidental Negros or Western Negros, is a province in the Philippines located in the Negros Island Region. It occupies the half of the island of Negros, with Negros Oriental comprising the southeastern half. Bacolod City is the capital, seat of government and the most populous city of the province, across the Panay Gulf and the Guimaras Strait to the northwest is the island-province of Guimaras and the province of Iloilo on Panay Island. Known as the Sugarbowl of the Philippines, Negros Occidental produces more than half the nations sugar output, the primary spoken language is Hiligaynon and the predominant religious denomination is Roman Catholicism. Negros was originally known to the natives as Buglas, meaning cut off in old Hiligaynon, when the Spaniards arrived in April 1565, they named it Negros because of the dark-skinned natives they found. Two of the earliest native settlements were Binalbagan and Ilog which later became towns in 1572 and 1584, other settlements were Hinigaran, Bago, Marayo, Mamalan and Candaguit. Ilog was made the first capital of the province in 1743 and this was later transferred to Himamaylan. Bacolod finally became the capital in 1849, the island was divided into Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental in 1890. The two provinces were united as an independent Republic of Negros with Bacolod as the capital on November 27,1898. It became a protectorate of the United States until 1901, when the republic was dissolved, economic growth continued especially with Philippine sugar having a part of the US market. The socio-economic lives of the island of Negros, from the 1950s up to the late 1980s, depended as before, during World War II, both Negros provinces invaded by Imperial Japanese forces and many residents resorted to flee to the inland mountains. Negros Island was liberated by combined Filipino & American troops with the local Negrense guerillas attacking the Japanese on August 6,1945 and they started the engagements of the Anti-Japanese Imperial Military Operations in Negros from 1942 to 1945 against the Japanese Imperial forces. Global sugar prices dropped during the 1970s and 1980s, which impacted the production of sugar in the island. Quality of life and sugar production were intertwined, so lower production meant lower quality of life for thousands that relied on the industry for sustenance, the province saw a dangerous spike in the percentage of malnourished infants which was as high as 78%. Negros Occidentals problem on malnourished infants gained global prominence among the press in 1985, during the 1970s and 1980s, atrocities against peasants were committed, with one such harrowing example being the Escalante Massacre. Negros del Norte was created from Negros Occidental on January 3,1986, but its creation was declared unconstitutional on July 11,1986, towards the end of 1987, after the successful overthrow of the Marcos regime, the overall economic situation started to show a positive upturn. Investments upswing became apparent by 1988, the participation of the industrial sector accelerated the consumer-led economic growth and development manifested with the increase in sales of consumer goods and by-products. Negros Occidental is located in the side of Negros Island
6.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
7.
Latin Church
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The Latin Church, commonly called Roman Catholic Church, sometimes Western Church, is the largest autonomous particular church sui iuris within the Catholic Church, applying Latin liturgical rites. There are 24 such sui iuris particular churches within the Catholic Church, all the other particular churches sui iuris, of which there are 23, originated farther east and are, therefore, collectively known as the Eastern Catholic Churches. Because of the migrations, members of all of these particular churches sui iuris are no longer confined to their areas of origin. A person is a member of or belongs to a particular church, a person also inherits or is of, a particular patrimony or rite. Since the rite has liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary elements, Particular churches that inherit and perpetuate a particular patrimony are identified by metonymy with that patrimony. Accordingly, rite has been defined as a division of the Christian church using a distinctive liturgy, is considered equal to the Latin rite within the Church. It thus used the rite as a technical designation of what may now be called a particular church. Church or rite is used as a single heading in the United States Library of Congress classification of works. The last known use was Pope Pius XII in Humani generis who taught that the Mystical Body of Christ and the Roman Catholic Church are one. Most ecclesiologists - experts in the theology of the Church itself - instead use Roman Catholic to refer exclusively to the Latin Church. The reasons for this are that each of the 24 Catholic Churches sui iuris have a modifier - Maronite, Ukrainian, Roman, etc. - and that Latin and Roman are virtually interchangeable. Further, as Adrian Fortescue noted in his article in the 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia, today, the most common Latin liturgical rites are the Roman Rite, the Ambrosian Rite, the Mozarabic Rite, and variations of the Roman Rite. The 23 Eastern Catholic Churches share five families of liturgical rites, the Latin liturgical rites, like the Armenian, are used only in a single sui iuris particular church. In the Eastern Churches these sacraments are usually administered immediately after baptism, celibacy, as a consequence of the duty to observe perfect continence, is obligatory for priests in the Latin Church. Rare exceptions are permitted for men who, after ministering as clergy in other churches and this contrasts with the discipline in most Eastern Catholic Churches. In the Latin Church, a man may not be admitted even to the diaconate unless he is legitimately destined to remain a deacon. Marriage after ordination is not possible, and attempting it can result in canonical penalties, Latin Mass Church of Rome Particular church General Roman Calendar Eastern Catholic Churches Catholic Encyclopedia, Latin Church
8.
Roman Rite
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The Roman Rite is the most widespread liturgical rite in the Catholic Church and is one of the Latin rites used in the Western or Latin Church. The Roman Rite has been adapted over the centuries and its Eucharistic liturgy can be divided into three stages, the Pre-Tridentine Mass, Tridentine Mass and Mass of Paul VI. The 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum specifies the circumstances in which priests of the Latin Church may continue to use the form of the Roman Rite in the 1962 Roman Missal. While other rites use more poetic language, the Roman Rite is noted for its sobriety of expression, as each is shown, a bell is rung and, if incense is used, the host and chalice are incensed. Sometimes the external bells of the church are rung as well, other characteristics that distinguish the Roman Rite from the rites of the Eastern Catholic Churches are frequent genuflections, kneeling for long periods, and keeping both hands joined together. We find the prayers of our Canon in the treatise de Sacramentis, so our Mass goes back, without essential change, to the age when it first developed out of the oldest liturgy of all. The final result of our inquiry is that, in spite of unsolved problems, in spite of later changes, in a footnote he added, The prejudice that imagines that everything Eastern must be old is a mistake. Eastern rites have been modified too, some of them quite late. No Eastern Rite now used is as archaic as the Roman Mass, in the same book, Fortescue acknowledged that the Roman Rite underwent profound changes in the course of its development. In the interval, there was what Fortescue called a radical change and he quoted the theory of A. Leo, I began to make these changes, Gregory I finished the process and finally recast the Canon in the form it still has. We must then admit that between the years 400 and 500 a great transformation was made in the Roman Canon and this infusion Fortescue called the last change since Gregory the Great. The Eucharistic Prayer normally used in the Byzantine Rite is attributed to Saint John Chrysostom, the East Syrian Eucharistic Prayer of Addai and Mari, which is still in use, is certainly much older. However, by about 1800 the Roman Rite had quite abandoned rood screens, however, when Western Europe adopted polyphony, the music of the Roman Rite did become very elaborate and lengthy. Latin liturgical rites List of Catholic rites and churches Liturgical books of the Roman rite Pre-Tridentine Mass Mass of Paul VI Mass Tridentine Mass Baldovin, John F. Reforming the Liturgy, A Response to the Critics. The Reform of the Liturgy 1948-1975, a Short History of the Roman Mass. By Michael Davies, said to be based on Adrian Fortescues The Mass, A Study of the Roman Liturgy Metzger, History of the Liturgy, The Major Stages. Bodies of Worship, Explorations in Theory and Practice, a Challenging Reform, Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal. Johnson, Lawrence, J. Worship in the Early Church, foley, Edward, Mitchell, Nathan D. and Pierce, Joanne M
9.
Jaro Cathedral
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Jaro Cathedral, formally Jaro Metropolitan Cathedral and the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Candles, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jaro. It is located in the district of Jaro in Iloilo City, Iloilo and it was initially place under the patronage of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary. The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines formally declared the cathedral the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Candles on February 2012, the original cathedral was built in 1874 by the first Bishop of Jaro, Mariano Cuartero, O. P. It was destroyed by the January 1948 Lady Caycay earthquake and later repaired in 1956 by the first Archbishop of Jaro, the journalist, national hero, and co-founder of the Propaganda Movement Graciano López Jaena was baptized in the Cathedral on December 20,1856. The National Historical Institute of the Philippines declared the Jaro Cathedral an historical landmark in 1976, in January 2012, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines approved the cathedral as the National Shrine of Our Lady of the Candles. The current parish rector is Msgr, the shrine is constructed in the Romanesque Revival style, deviating from semi-circular arches. A distinctive feature is that the tower is located across a busy street from the church, on Jaro Plaza. Typically, belfries are built next to their churches, in this case, the tower was adjacent to an earlier church, but an earthquake destroyed the church and left the tower. The church also possesses relics of St. Josemaría Escrivá, another feature of the church is its all-male ensemble of saints placed on the main pillars, with the exception of the Virgins icon. The arrangement is in response to Molo Churchs all-female theme, on the cathedral grounds are several archdiocesan and parish offices, and a perpetual adoration chapel. About a block away is the seminary, St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary
10.
Jaro, Iloilo City
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Jaro is one of the seven districts of Iloilo City, in the province of Iloilo, on the island of Panay, in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines. Jaro is the largest of all districts of Iloilo City, the district of La Paz was a former part of Jaro before it became separated. The town of Jaro is considered as the Mestizo Town in Iloilo with numbers of prominent Spanish Filipino families came from the area, Jaro is the cradle of Christian faiths with Roman Catholic and Protestant institutions established and founded in the area. The Spanish Catholics established institutions like the Jaro Cathedral and the Archdiocese of Jaro and its original name was Salog or Saro. It was also referred to as Ilaya or mountain/dry land together with La Paz which was referred to as Ilawod or sea/wet land and it had been one of the richer areas of Iloilo City even during the Spanish colonial period and probably the richest town of the entire colony. Historical artifacts indicate that it had once conducted trade with China and it was also the center of religious and economic power in the Visayas during the Spanish rule. Jaro officially became a city in 1886, La Paz, Iloilo City was a part of Jaro until it became independent from Jaro and became a Town and incorporated into the City of Iloilo. The Marian image was crowned by Pope John Paul II during his visit in 1982. During the American occupation, the Philippine islands were divided to different Protestant missions, Baptist missionaries came although other Protestant sects came also especially the Presbyterians and they established numerous institutions. Rockefeller as the first university in the City of Jaro and also the first Baptist founded, jaros celebration of the Feast of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria every February 2 is well known in the Philippines. The district is notable for its amount of nineteenth-century architecture. Straddling the main plaza is the antique Jaro Cathedral and the Palasyo, majority of the mestizo families from Iloilo came from this town, because it was a center and main port during Spanish period and many Spanish traders married natives and settled on the island. Jaro holds a high-concentration of Filipino-Mestizos and hosts many ancestral mansions of old Visayan families, family mansions such as those owned by the Lopez, Montinolla, Sanson, Luzariagga, De la Rama etc. families line the streets of this historic district. The French traveler Gabriel Lafond de Lurcy wrote of the place as such in his travelogues. Haro is much bigger in size than Iloilo, it is a rich town and they show taste in their dress, which is rich and elegant and, like all mestizas, they show a lot of spirit. University of Iloilo St. Joseph Regional Seminary, in Cubay and it is a theology seminary, as St. Vincent Seminary is a juniorate and philosophy seminary. Built in 1744, the Campanario de Jaro is one of the few belfries in the country that stood apart from the church where it belonged and it has served both as a religious structure and as a military watch tower during the Spanish Colonial Period. This three-storey tower, which stands 29 meters high, is made mainly of bricks and hewn limestone blocks
11.
Iloilo City
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Iloilo City, officially the City of Iloilo, is a highly urbanized city on southeastern tip of Panay island in the Philippines. It is the city of the province of Iloilo where it is geographically situated but, in terms of government and administration. In addition, it is the center of the Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan Area, in the 2015 census, Iloilo City had a population of 447,992, with a 1. 02% population annual growth rate. For the metropolitan area, the population is 946,146. Iloilo City is bordered by the towns of Oton in the west, Pavia in the north, Leganes in the northeast and the Iloilo Strait in its eastern and southern coastline. The city was a conglomeration of towns, which are now the geographical districts consisting of, Jaro, Molo, La Paz, Mandurriao. The district of Lapuz, a part of La Paz, was declared a separate district in 2008. According to ancient legends, some of the inhabitants of Panay island were originally from other islands, including Borneo, Sulawesi, Panay might be named after the kingdom of Pannai which is located in Sumatra, since i and y are interchangeable in Spanish. Proof for this is corroborated by linguistic evidence, local tradition refers to the name as a shortening of the Ati word, Ananipay. Probably, it was what the Atis had come to use for the name given by the Malay settlers to their newly found home, one of these ethnic groups was subjugated there and they were unable to flee for various circumstances. Someone speaking pampango found out that they were not speaking pampango among themselves, but they donned the old pampango ethnic costume. And when he addressed an old man among them, the replied, You are descendants of the lost, that in times past left this place to settle in other lands and this resonates the local Panay tradition regarding the arrival of ten Datus from Borneo. The kingdom of Pannai was a militant-nation allied under the Srivijaya Mandala that defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca, the Visayan lore says that in the 13th century, ten Bornean datus came to the island which they named Panay, Pani or Panae. This, after they dissented from the unjust rule of a certain Rajah Makatunao and it was said that it was also a way of the ten Bornean datus to barter the flat lands of Panay from the Ati. One datu, named Paiburong, was given the territory of Irong-Irong. In Panay, according to Friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O. S. A. in the ancient times, there was a trading center and a court of the most illustrious nobility in the whole island. By the 14th century, under Datu Padojinog, this state had grown so powerful militarily and economically, so much so, that the Chuan-chou gazeeter specifically reported that the Pisheya/Bisaya consistently made devastating raids against the Empires commerce. In 1566, as the Spanish conquest of the Philippines was underway and moving north toward Manila, the people then fervently accepted Christianity as they supplied the bulk of the mercenaries used in the conquest of partially islamized Manila, whose rulers were related to the Sultan of Brunei
12.
Elizabeth of Hungary
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Francis, by which she is honored as its patroness. Elizabeth was married at the age of 14, and widowed at 20, after her husbands death she sent her children away and regained her dowry, using the money to build a hospital where she herself served the sick. She became a symbol of Christian charity after her death at the age of 24 and was quickly canonized, Elizabeth was the daughter of King Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania. Her mothers sister was St. Hedwig of Andechs, wife of Duke Heinrich I of Silesia and her ancestry included many notable figures of European royalty, going back as far as Vladimir the Great of Kievan Rus. According to tradition, she was born in Kingdom of Hungary, possibly in the castle of Sárospatak, on 7 July 1207. A sermon printed in 1497 by the Franciscan friar Osvaldus de Lasco, the veracity of this account is not without reproach, Osvaldus also transforms the miracle of the roses to Elizabeths childhood in Sárospatak, and has her leave Hungary at the age of five. According to a different tradition she was born in Pozsony, Kingdom of Hungary and she was raised by the Thuringian court, so she would be familiar with the local language and culture. In 1221, at the age of fourteen, Elizabeth married Louis, the year he was enthroned as Landgrave. After her marriage, she continued her charitable practices, which included spinning wool for the clothing of the poor, in 1223, Franciscan friars arrived, and the teenage Elizabeth not only learned about the ideals of Francis of Assisi, but started to live them. It was also about time that the priest and later inquisitor Konrad von Marburg gained considerable influence over Elizabeth when he was appointed as her confessor. Elizabeth assumed control of affairs at home and distributed alms in all parts of their territory, even giving away state robes, below Wartburg Castle, she built a hospital with twenty-eight beds and visited the inmates daily to attend to them. Elizabeths life changed irrevocably on 11 September 1227 when Louis, en route to join the Sixth Crusade, died of a fever in Otranto, on hearing the news of her husbands death, Elizabeth is reported to have said, He is dead. It is to me as if the world died today. His remains were returned to Elizabeth in 1228 and entombed at the Abbey of Reinhardsbrunn, after Louis death, his brother, Henry Raspe, assumed the regency during the minority of Elizabeths eldest child, Hermann. About 1888 various investigators asserted that Elizabeth left the Wartburg voluntarily and she was not able at the castle to follow Konrads command to eat only food obtained in a way that was certainly right and proper. Following her husbands death, Elizabeth made solemn vows to Konrad similar to those of a nun and these vows included celibacy, as well as complete obedience to Konrad as her confessor and spiritual director. Konrads treatment of Elizabeth was extremely harsh, and he held her to standards of behavior which were almost impossible to meet, among the punishments he is alleged to have ordered were physical beatings, he also ordered her to send away her three children. Her pledge to celibacy proved a hindrance to her familys political ambitions, Elizabeth was more or less held hostage at Pottenstein, the castle of her uncle, Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg, in an effort to force her to remarry
13.
Pope Francis
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Pope Francis is the 266th and current Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as Bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City. He chose Francis as his name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bergoglio worked briefly as a chemical technologist and he was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969, and from 1973 to 1979 was Argentinas provincial superior of the Society of Jesus. He became the Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II and he led the Argentine Church during the December 2001 riots in Argentina, and the administrations of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner considered him a political rival. Following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI on 28 February 2013, throughout his public life, Pope Francis has been noted for his humility, emphasis on Gods mercy, concern for the poor, populist causes and commitment to interfaith dialogue. He maintains that the church should be open and welcoming. He does not support unbridled capitalism, Marxism, or Marxist versions of liberation theology, Francis maintains the traditional views of the church regarding abortion, euthanasia, contraception, homosexuality, ordination of women, and priestly celibacy. He opposes consumerism, irresponsible development, and supports taking action on climate change, in international diplomacy, he helped to restore full diplomatic relations between the U. S. and Cuba. Jorge Mario Bergoglio was born on 17 December 1936 in Flores and he was the eldest of five children of Mario José Bergoglio and Regina María Sívori. Mario Bergoglio was an Italian immigrant accountant born in Portacomaro in Italys Piedmont region, Regina Sívori was a housewife born in Buenos Aires to a family of northern Italian origin. Mario Josés family left Italy in 1929, to escape the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini, María Elena Bergoglio, the Popes only living sibling, confirmed that their emigration was not for economic reasons. His other siblings were Alberto Horacio, Oscar Adrián and Marta Regina, two great-nephews, Antonio and Joseph, died in a traffic collision. In the sixth grade, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles and he attended the technical secondary school Escuela Técnica Industrial N°27 Hipólito Yrigoyen, named after a past President of Argentina, and graduated with a chemical technicians diploma. He worked for a few years in that capacity in the section at Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory where his boss was Esther Ballestrino. Before joining the Jesuits, Bergoglio worked as a bar bouncer and as a janitor sweeping floors, in the only known health crisis of his youth, at the age of 21 he suffered from life-threatening pneumonia and three cysts. He had part of a lung excised shortly afterwards, Bergoglio has been a lifelong supporter of San Lorenzo de Almagro football club. Bergoglio is also a fan of the films of Tita Merello, neorealism, Bergoglio found his vocation to the priesthood while he was on his way to celebrate the Spring Day. He passed by a church to go to confession, and was inspired by the priest
14.
Diocese
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The word diocese is derived from the Greek term διοίκησις meaning administration. When now used in a sense, it refers to a territorial unit of administration. This structure of governance is known as episcopal polity. The word diocesan means relating or pertaining to a diocese and it can also be used as a noun meaning the bishop who has the principal supervision of a diocese. An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese, an archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or have had importance due to size or historical significance. The archbishop may have authority over any other suffragan bishops. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the bishopric is used to describe the bishop himself. Especially in the Middle Ages, some bishops held political as well as religious authority within their dioceses, in the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in a larger unit, the diocese. With the adoption of Christianity as the Empires official religion in the 4th century, a formal church hierarchy was set up, parallel to the civil administration, whose areas of responsibility often coincided. With the collapse of the Western Empire in the 5th century, a similar, though less pronounced, development occurred in the East, where the Roman administrative apparatus was largely retained by the Byzantine Empire. In modern times, many dioceses, though later subdivided, have preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division, modern usage of diocese tends to refer to the sphere of a bishops jurisdiction. As of January 2015, in the Catholic Church there are 2,851 regular dioceses,1 papal see,641 archdioceses and 2,209 dioceses in the world, in the Eastern rites in communion with the Pope, the equivalent unit is called an eparchy. Eastern Orthodoxy calls dioceses metropoleis in the Greek tradition or eparchies in the Slavic tradition, after the Reformation, the Church of England retained the existing diocesan structure which remains throughout the Anglican Communion. The one change is that the areas administered under the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are properly referred to as provinces and this usage is relatively common in the Anglican Communion. Certain Lutheran denominations such as the Church of Sweden do have individual dioceses similar to Roman Catholics and these dioceses and archdioceses are under the government of a bishop. Other Lutheran bodies and synods that have dioceses and bishops include the Church of Denmark, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Evangelical Church in Germany, rather, it is divided into a middle judicatory. The Lutheran Church-International, based in Springfield, Illinois, presently uses a traditional diocesan structure and its current president is Archbishop Robert W. Hotes. The Church of God in Christ has dioceses throughout the United States, in the COGIC, each state is divided up into at least three dioceses that are all led by a bishop, but some states as many as seven dioceses
15.
Cathedral
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A cathedral is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. The counterpart term for such a church in German is Dom from Latin domus ecclesiae or domus episcopalis, also Italian Duomo, Dutch Domkerk, when the church at which an archbishop or metropolitan presides is specifically intended, the term kathedrikos naos is used. In addition, both the Catholic Church and Orthodox churches have formed new dioceses within formerly Protestant lands for converts, consequently, it is not uncommon to find Christians in a single city being served by three or more cathedrals of differing denominations. In the Catholic tradition, the term cathedral correctly applies only to a church houses the seat of the bishop of a diocese. The abbey church of a territorial abbacy serves the same function, the Catholic Church also uses the following terms. A pro-cathedral is a parish or other church used temporarily as a cathedral, usually while the cathedral of a diocese is under construction, renovation and this designation applies only as long as the temporary use continues. A co-cathedral is a cathedral in a diocese that has two sees. A proto-cathedral is the cathedral of a transferred see. The cathedral church of a bishop is called the metropolitan cathedral. The term cathedral actually carries no implication as to the size or ornateness of the building, nevertheless, most cathedrals are particularly impressive edifices. The building is now under renovation and restoration for solemn dedication under the title Christ Cathedral in 2018, in the ancient world the chair, on a raised dais, was the distinctive mark of a teacher or rhetor and thus symbolises the bishops role as teacher. A raised throne within a hall was also definitive for a Late Antique presiding magistrate. The history of cathedrals starts in the year 313, when the emperor Constantine the Great personally adopted Christianity, in the third century, the phrase ascending the platform, ad pulpitum venire, becomes the standard term for Christian ordination. During the siege of Dura Europos in 256, a complete Christian house church, or domus ecclesiae was entombed in a bank, surviving when excavated. Otherwise the large room had no decoration or distinctive features at all, in 269, soon after Dura fell to the Persian army, a body of clerics assembled a charge sheet against the bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata, in the form of an open letter. Characteristically a Roman magistrate presided from a throne in a large, richly decorated and aisled rectangular hall called a basilica. The earliest of these new basilican cathedrals of which remains are still visible is below the Cathedral of Aquileia on the northern tip of the Adriatic sea. The three halls create a courtyard, in which was originally located a separate baptistery
16.
Panay
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Panay Island, is the sixth largest and fourth most populous island in the Philippines. With a total area of 12,011 Sq. km. Iloilo City, is the largest city on the island, with a population of 447,992. It is an island, located in the western part of the Visayas. It is about 160 kilometres across, it is divided into four provinces, Aklan, Antique, Capiz and Iloilo and it is located southeast of the island of Mindoro and northwest of Negros, separated by the Guimaras Strait. Between Panay and Negros lie the island-province of Guimaras, to the north and northeast is the Sibuyan Sea and the islands of Romblon, to the west and southwest is the Sulu Sea and to the south is Panay Gulf. Panay River, is the longest river in the island, Mount Madja-as in Antique, is the second highest peak on the island with an elevation of 2,117 m above sea level. Mount Nangtud, is the highest mountain in Panay, standing at 7,234 ft. above sea level, Located on the border of Barbaza, Antique and Jamindan, before 1212, Panay was called Simsiman. The community is located at the shores of the Ulian river and was linked by a creek, the creek provided salt to the Ati people as well as animals which lick the salt out of the salty water. Coming from the root word simsim, simsimin means to something to eat or to drink. During the time of Datu Pulpulan, father of the Ati chief Marikudo, the island was called Aninipay from words ani to harvest and nipay, the hair of this grass though short is very sharp and easily prick the skin as barbs and is very difficult to remove. Once the barbs stick to the skin it can cause a skin irritation. For this reason, Datu Pulpulan enacted a law that whoever among the Atis will use the grass to endanger others will face death as punishment. The picturesque mountain which stood majestically in the area was thought to be the place of Bululakaw. The island was so named by the Malay settlers due to the splendid beauty, a Spaniard named Gonzalo Ronquillo reached the island and also gave the name Pan hay which means theres a bread in the island. The place was then called Pan-hay which eventually became Panay, Madja-as was established by nine rebel datus or high officials connected with the court of Brunei, who were forced to leave that are on account of enmity of the Rajah at that time ruling the land. The datus, together with their wives and children, as well as few faithful servants and followers were escorted out of the country by the Rajahs Chief Minister. The local folklore says that the name of the Bornean Rajah was Makatunao and their ultimate origins may be traced to the sacking of the kingdom of Pannai at North Sumatra by the Chola dynasty who had placed puppet Rajahs on the throne after their invasion
17.
Western Visayas
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Western Visayas is an administrative region in the Philippines, numerically designated as Region VI. It consists of five provinces, and one highly urbanized city, the province of Palawan was transferred to Region VI on May 23,2005 by Executive Order 429. The Department of the Interior and Local Government announced in June 2005 that the transfer had been completed, however, Palaweños criticized the move, citing a lack of consultation, with most residents in Puerto Princesa City and all municipalities but one preferring to stay with Region IV-B. Consequently, Administrative Order No.129 was issued on August 19,2005 to address this backlash and this Order directed the abeyance of Executive Order 429 pending the approval of an implementation plan for the orderly transfer of Palawan from Region IV-B to Region VI. Hence, Palawan is currently part of Region IV-B. By virtue of Executive Order No, Western Visayas consists of the major island of Panay and the smaller Guimaras, as well as several outlying islands. The region is bordered to the north by the Sibuyan Sea, northeast by the Visayan Sea, east by the Guimaras Strait, south by the Iloilo Strait and the Panay Gulf, and west by the Sulu Sea. Western Visayas consists of 5 provinces,1 highly urbanized city,2 component cities,98 municipalities and 3,389 barangays, the languages native to the inhabitants of Western Visayas are, Aklanon, spoken in Aklan, northern Antique and northwestern Capiz. Capiznon, spoken in Capiz, northeastern Iloilo and eastern Aklan, hiligaynon, spoken in Iloilo, Guimaras, Capiz, Antique and Aklan. Kinaray-a, spoken in Antique, southern Iloilo, Guimaras, western Capiz, kalibo International Airport Iloilo International Airport Godofredo P. Media related to Western Visayas at Wikimedia Commons Philippine Standard Geographic Code
18.
Diocese of San Jose de Antique
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose de Antique is a Roman Rite diocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church centered in the city of San Jose de Buenavista, Antique in the Philippines. Erected on 18 June 1962 as the Territorial Prelature of San Jose de Antique and it comprises the whole province of Antique. On 15 November 1982, the prelature was elevated to a diocese, currently, the local ordinary is the Most Reverend Jose Romeo O. Lazo, D. D. † Raul José Quimpo Martirez Romulo Tolentino de la Cruz Jose Romeo Orquejo Lazo Catholic Church in the Philippines
19.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Bacolod
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bacolod is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in Negros Occidental, Philippines. One of the dioceses in the Philippines, the Diocese of Bacolod was erected on 15 July 1932 from the territories of the Archdiocese of Cebu. On 5 April 1955, the Diocese of Bacolod lost territory when the Diocese of Dumaguete was erected, the diocese further lost territory in the entire parts of Negros Occidental province on 30 March 1987 when the Diocese of Kabankalan and the Diocese of San Carlos were erected. The Diocese of Bacolod actively opposed the passage of Reproductive Health Bill of 2012, the Commission on Elections tried to have these posters removed, or at the least reduced in size. The Philippine Supreme Court issued a restraining order stopping COMELEC from forcing the removal of the posters. The Diocese of Bacolod is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Jaro, the current bishop is Patricio Abella Buzon, SDB, appointed on 24 May 2016. He was installed on August 9,2016, the seat of the diocese is the San Sebastian Cathedral in Bacolod with the San Diego Pro-cathedral in Silay as the dioceses pro-cathedral. Casimiro Lladoc † Manuel Yap † Antonio Yapsutco Fortich † Camilo Diaz Gregorio Vicente Macanan Navarra Patricio Abella Buzon, SDB Catholic Church in the Philippines
20.
Suffragan
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A suffragan bishop is a bishop subordinate to a metropolitan bishop or diocesan bishop. They may be assigned to an area which not have a cathedral of its own. In the Anglican churches, the term applies to a bishop who is an assistant to a diocesan bishop, for example, the Bishop of Jarrow is a suffragan to the diocesan Bishop of Durham. Suffragan bishops in the Anglican Communion are nearly identical in their role to auxiliary bishops in the Roman Catholic Church, the concept of a suffragan bishop in the Church of England was legalised by the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534. The first bishops consecrated under that Act were Thomas Manning, Bishop of Ipswich and John Salisbury, the last Tudor suffragan bishop in post was John Sterne, Bishop of Colchester, who died in post in 1607/8. No more suffragans were appointed for more than 250 years, until the consecration of Henry Mackenzie as Bishop of Nottingham on 2 February 1870. At that point, the sees of suffragans were still limited to the 26 towns named in the 1534 Act, the appointment of bishops suffragan became much more common thereafter. Some Anglican suffragans are legally delegated responsibility for an area within the diocese. For example, the Bishop of Colchester is a bishop in the Diocese of Chelmsford. Other suffragans have or have had responsibility for geographical areas. English diocesan bishops were commonly assisted by bishops who had been consecrated to sees which were in partibus infidelium before the English Reformation, the separation of the English Church from Rome meant that this was no longer possible. The Suffragan Bishops Act 1534 allowed for the creation of new sees to allow these assistant bishops, before then, the term suffragan referred to diocesan bishops in relation to their metropolitan. This concession was made in 1992 following the General Synods vote to women to the priesthood. An early example of a see in Wales is Penrydd, established in 1537. The Church of Ireland has no bishops, not even in the geographically large dioceses. Suffragan bishops are fairly common in larger dioceses of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, for example, Bishop Barbara Harris was titled simply “Suffragan Bishop of Massachusetts”. Coadjutor and assistant bishops are different episcopal offices than suffragan, a coadjutor is elected by a diocesan convention to become the diocesan bishop upon the ordinary’s retirement. A suffragan is also elected by a convention, but does not automatically succeed the diocesan bishop, however a suffragan’s office does continue to in the diocese until he or she chooses to retire
21.
Religious order
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The order is composed of initiates and, in some traditions, ordained clergy. Religious orders exist in many of the worlds religions, in Buddhist societies, a religious order is one of the number of monastic orders of monks and nuns, many of which follow under a different school of teaching, such as Zen. A well-known Chinese Buddhist order is the ancient Shaolin order in Chan Buddhism, a Catholic religious institute is a society whose members pronounce vows that are accepted by a superior in the name of the Church and who live a life of brothers or sisters in common. Catholic religious orders and congregations are the two categories of Catholic religious institutes. Religious institutes are distinct from secular institutes, another kind of institute of consecrated life, in the Catholic Church, members of religious institutes, unless they are also deacons or priests in Holy Orders, are not clergy, but belong to the laity. Several religious orders evolved during the Crusades to incorporate a military mission thus became religious military orders, hence they cannot move – nor be moved by their abbot or abbess – to another abbey. An independent house may occasionally make a new foundation which remains a dependent house until it is granted independence by Rome, in the Eastern Orthodox Church, there is only one type of monasticism. The profession of monastics is known as tonsure and is considered by monks to be a Sacred Mystery, the Rite of Tonsure is printed in the Euchologion, the same book as the other Sacred Mysteries and services performed according to need. Religious orders in England were dissolved by King Henry VIII upon the separation of the English church from Roman primacy, with the Catholic Revival in the Church of England and worldwide Anglicanism in the middle of the nineteenth century, several orders appeared. In 1841, the first order for women was established, there are presently thirteen active religious orders for men, fifty-three for women, and eight mixed gender. The Methodist Church of Great Britain, and its ancestors, have established a number of orders of Deaconesses, the Methodist Diaconal Order currently admits both men and women to the Order. Since the functions of a deacon are primarily pastoral, the MDO may therefore be regarded as an order of Regular clerics, the Order of Saint Luke is a religious order in the United Methodist Church dedicated to sacramental and liturgical scholarship, education, and practice. While Martin Luther had concerns with the value of monastic life, there are Lutheran religious orders in the United States. This order has strong ties to Lutheran Benedictine orders in Sweden, in 2011, an Augustinian religious order, the Priestly Society of St. Augustine was established by the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church. Its headquarters is at Christ Lutheran Church ALCC, jens Bargmann, Ph. D. is the Grand Prior. Among their corporations, the Religious Order of Jehovahs Witnesses cares for matters specific to Jehovahs Witnesses special full-time servants, in a particular branch, traveling overseers, special pioneers, and branch staff are considered members of the Order of Special Full-time Servants and the Bethel Family. Globally, their order is the Worldwide Order of Special Full-Time Servants of Jehovah’s Witnesses, male and female members of such religious orders typically make a formal vow of poverty and are granted certain status and exemptions by many governments. Jehovahs Witnesses do not have a separate class, but consider an adherents qualified baptism to constitute his ordination as a minister
22.
Papal bull
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A Papal bull is a specific kind of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Roman Catholic Church. It is named after the seal that was traditionally appended to the end in order to authenticate it. Papal bulls have been in use at least since the 6th century, but the phrase was not used until around the end of the 13th century, and then only internally for unofficial administrative purposes. However, it had become official by the 15th century, when one of the offices of the Apostolic Chancery was named the register of bulls, by the accession of Pope Leo IX in 1048, a clear distinction developed between two classes of bulls of greater and less solemnity. The majority of the bulls now in existence are in the nature of confirmations of property or charters of protection accorded to monasteries. In an epoch when there was much fabrication of such documents, a Papal confirmation, under certain conditions, could be pleaded as itself constituting sufficient evidence of title in cases where the original deed had been lost or destroyed. Since the 12th century, Papal bulls have carried a seal with the heads of the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul on one side. Papal bulls were issued by the Pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature. Papyrus seems to have used almost uniformly as the material for these documents until the early years of the eleventh century. Popularly, the name is used for any Papal document that contains a metal seal, today, the bull is the only written communication in which the Pope will refer to himself as Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei. For example, when Pope Benedict XVI issued a decree in bull form, while Papal bulls always used to bear a metal seal, they now do so only on the most solemn occasions. A Papal bull is today the most formal type of public decree or letters patent issued by the Vatican Chancery in the name of the Pope, the body of the text had no specific conventions for its formatting, it was often very simple in layout. For the most solemn bulls, the Pope signed the document himself, following the signature in this case would be an elaborate monogram, the signatures of any witnesses, and then the seal. Nowadays, a member of the Roman Curia signs the document on behalf of the Pope, usually the Cardinal Secretary of State, and thus the monogram is omitted. The most distinctive characteristic of a bull was the seal, which was usually made of lead. On the obverse it depicted, originally somewhat crudely, the early Fathers of the Church of Rome, the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, identified by the letters Sanctus PAulus and Sanctus PEtrus. Each head was surrounded by a circle of globetti, and the rim of the seal was surrounded by a ring of such beads. On the reverse was the name of the issuing Pope in the nominative Latin form, with the letters PP, for Pastor Pastorum
23.
Episcopal see
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An episcopal see is, in the usual meaning of the phrase, the area of a bishops ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Phrases concerning actions occurring within or outside an episcopal see are indicative of the significance of the term. The word see is derived from Latin sedes, which in its original or proper sense denotes the seat or chair that, the word throne is also used, especially in the Eastern Orthodox Church, both for the seat and for the area of ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The term see is also used of the town where the cathedral or the residence is located. Within Roman Catholicism, each diocese is considered to be a See unto itself with an allegiance to the See of Rome. The idea of a See as an entity is somewhat complicated due to the existence of the 23 Particular churches of the Roman Catholic Church. The Western Church and its Eastern Counterparts all reserve some level of autonomy within their particular See, the episcopal see of the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, is known as the Holy See or the Apostolic See, claiming Papal supremacy. The view of the Catholic Church contrasted by the Eastern Catholic idea of Pentarchy, followed by Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy
24.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu
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The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cebu is one of the ecclesiastical provinces of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. It is composed of the civil province of Cebu. It is the Mother Church of the Philippines, Cebu is considered as the fount of Christianity in the Far East. The seat of the archdiocese is Saint Vitales Metropolitan Cathedral-Parish, the current archbishop is the Most Reverend José S. Palma, DD, STh. D, who was installed on January 13,2011. The archdiocese honors Our Lady of Guadalupe de Cebú as its patroness while the second Filipino saint St. Pedro Calungsod as its patron saint. As of 2013, the archdiocese registered a total of 4,609,590 baptized Catholics and it is currently the largest archdiocese in the Philippines and in Asia having the most number of Catholics, seminarians and priests. The Church anchored in that year by the native Cebuanos profession of faith in Christ, baptism, the celebration of the Mass. Pedro Balderrama being the pastor for their spiritual needs. However, immediately after its inception during the aftermath of Battle of Mactan, Most of the natives materially apostatized, while others clung unto the image of the Santo Niño. The unintended negligence lasted for 44 years until it was re-established in 1565 by the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi, the oversight of the natives was then succeeded to Fray Diego de Herrera who would later re-baptized Tupas and his servants in 1568. Adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established his government in Cebu, thus the first capital of the Philippines, the Church of Panay The Church expanded from Cebu when the remaining missionaries led by Fr. Diego de Herrera when they were forced northwest temporarily due to conflict with the Portuguese, the Church of Camarines In 1570 the second batch of missionaries reached Cebu. The island became the seat as it was the center for evangelization. Alfonso Jimenez, O. S. A. who travelled and penetrated the Camarines region through the islands of Masbate, Leyte, Samar and he was called the first apostle of the region. The Church of Manila By 1571, Fr, Herrera who was assigned as chaplain of Legazpi, from Panay advanced further north and founded the local Church community in Manila. There Legazpi transferred the seat of government to the territory, though, Cebu remained the spiritual capital of the country. On February 6,1579, the Philippines first diocese, the Diocese of Manila had been established as a suffragan of the See of Mexico, the Diocese of Cebus first bishop was Pedro de Agurto, an Augustinian. On November 8,1941, it lost territory to establish Diocese of Tagbilaran as its suffragan, the Archdiocese was visited by Pope John Paul II in 1981
25.
Negros Island
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Negros is an island in the Philippines, which is the fourth largest in the country with a total land area of 13,309.60 km2. Negros is one of the islands comprise the Visayas, which forms the central division of the nation. It was created by virtue of Executive Order No.183 issued by President Benigno Aquino III on May 29,2015, the predominant inhabitants of the island region are mainly called Negrenses. As of 2015, Negros Island Regions total population is 4,414,131. Negros was originally called Buglas, an old Hiligaynon word thought to mean cut off, among its earliest inhabitants were the dark-skinned Ati people, one of several aboriginal Negrito ethnic groups dispersed throughout Southeast Asia that possesses a unique culture. The westernmost portions of the island fell under the nominal rule of the Kedatuan of Madja-as from the neighbouring islands of Panay. Upon arriving on the island in April 1565, the Spanish colonisers called the land Negros after the natives they observed. After appointing encomenderos for the island, Miguel López de Legazpi placed Negros under the jurisdiction of the governor of Oton on Panay, in 1734, however, the island became a military district with Ilog as its first capital. The seat of government was transferred to Himamaylan until Bacolod became the capital in 1849. In 1865, Negros and its outlying minor islands along with Siquijor was converted into a politico-military province, in 1890, the island was partitioned into the present-day provinces of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental. The Spanish Governor, D. Isidro Castro y Cinceros, surrendered to the Philippine Revolutionaries, led by Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta, general Miller appointed Aniceto, Governor of the Island in March 1899. On 9 April 1901, the Second Philippine Commission under the chairmanship of William H. Taft arrived in Dumaguete, from 3 to 6 November 1898, the Negrense peoples rose in revolt against the local Spanish colonial government headed by politico-military governor Colonel Isidro de Castro. The Spaniards decided to surrender upon seeing armed troops marching in a movement towards Bacolod. By the afternoon of 6 November, Col. de Castro signed the Act of Capitulation, in memory of this event, every November 5 is observed as a special non-working holiday in the province through Republic Act №6709, signed by President Corazon Aquino on 10 February 1989. On 27 November 1898, the Cantonal Republic of Negros unilaterally proclaimed independence, the state was renamed the Republic of Negros on 22 July 1899, and eventually dissolved by the United States and annexed by the U. S. Military Government of the Philippine Islands on 30 April 1901,1 as part of the Integrated Reorganization Plan of President Ferdinand Marcos. Negros Occidental was assigned to Western Visayas while Negros Oriental became part of Central Visayas, the movement for a single-island region started in the 1980s when officials of both provinces proposed a one-island, one-region unit. This led to the filing of House Bill No.1477 titled An Act Merging the Province of Negros Occidental and Oriental into One-Island Region
26.
Negros Oriental
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Negros Oriental, also called Oriental Negros or Eastern Negros, is a province in the Philippines located in the Negros Island Region. It occupies the half of the island of Negros, with Negros Occidental comprising the northwestern half. It also includes Apo Island, a dive site for both, local and foreign tourists. Negros Oriental faces Cebu to the east across the Tañon Strait, the primary spoken language is Cebuano and the predominant religious denomination is Roman Catholicism. Dumaguete City is the capital, seat of government and most populous city of the province. Negros Island, the fourth largest island in the Philippines, is believed to have once been part of a larger landmass, among the early inhabitants of the island were Negritos and later the Austronesians, as well as Han Chinese, who are mainly merchants. They called the island Buglas, a word which is believed to mean cut off. Spanish explorers on the expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi first came to the island in April 1565, Legazpi dropped anchor in Bohol and sent his men to scout the island. Because of the currents of the Tañon Strait between Cebu and Negros, they were carried for several days and forced to land on the western side of the island. They reported seeing many dark-skinned inhabitants, and they called the island Negros, the island was sparsely settled at the time, except for a few coastal settlements including Ilog and Binalbagan. In 1571, Legaspi assigned encomiendas on the island to 13 of his men, augustinian friars began the Christianization of the island the next year. The island was administered as part of the jurisdiction of Oton until 1734 when it became a military district, the capital was transferred to Himamaylan in 1795. Negros became a province in 1865 and the capital was transferred to Bacolod. Due to its proximity to Mindanao, the coasts of Negros was in constant threat from Moro marauders looking for slaves. The Moro raids and Negros Orientals distance from the Negros capital of Bacolod induced 13 Recollectionist priests to petition for the division of the island in July 1876. The island of Negros was then divided into the provinces of Negros Oriental, Dumaguete was made the first capital of Negros Oriental. In 1892, Siquijor became a part of Negros Oriental, having previously been administered by Spain under the province of Bohol. The Philippine Revolution reached the province in 1898, disrupting government functions but without extreme violence, revolutionary troops in the province were composed mostly of farm labourers and other prominent people of the province of Negros Oriental, who were organized and led by Don Diego de la Viña
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Romblon
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Romblon is an archipelagic province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. The province lies south of Marinduque and Quezon, east of Oriental Mindoro, north of Aklan and Capiz, according to the 2015 census, it has a total population of 292,781. Romblon has been inhabited by aboriginal Filipinos prior to the arrival of the Spanish in 1569, archaeological artifacts recovered by the National Museum in 1936 indicate that the aborigines of Romblon already have a rich and advanced culture. With arrival of the Americans in 1901, Romblon was declared a province and it lost its provincial status for a short while between 1907 and 1945, but regained it in 1946, just after World War II. The inhabitants of Romblon are divided into three groups, Romblomanon, Onhan and Asi. These groups occupy specific islands in the province and have their own language, Romblomanon is mainly spoken in the town of Romblon, in all of three towns of Sibuyan Island, and the town of San Agustin in Tablas Island. Onhan is mainly spoken in the municipalities in the part of Tablas Island as well as in the island municipality of San Jose. The northwestern part of Tablas Island (in Odiongan and Calatrava, as well as the municipalities of Corcuera, Banton. Currently, the province relies on agriculture, particularly rice and copra farming as well as fishing and it also has a lucrative marble industry due to an abundance of Italian-quality marble, hence, its moniker as the Marble Capital of the Philippines. In recent years, the province has become an ecotourism destination, with several white sand beaches, diving spots, mountains. According to legend, the name Romblon was derived from the Romblomanon word Nagalumyom, meanwhile, local historians Roland Madeja and Evelyn Reyes relate the origin of the name Romblon to the shape of Romblon Island. Madeja claims that the name was derived from the Spanish word ronblon, another term for tornillo, according to him, the Spanish claimed to have observed the screw-like shape of Romblon Island. Meanwhile, Reyes claims Romblon originated from doubloon, which refers to the Spanish coin used by Moro pirates in paying dowries for their brides-to-be, the Spanish might have named the island after the shape of the coin. Romblons aboriginal inhabitants were the Negritos from Panay and Mangyans from Mindoro, ancient wooden coffins discovered in the Guyangan Cave System of Banton Island in 1936 signify a rich ancient civilization and culture in the province before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1569. These artifacts are currently on display at the National Museum in Manila, the islands were later organized into three encomiendas and were administered from Arevalo. De Loarca visited Romblon in 1582 and conducted the first census of the islands, in 1635, Recollect missionaries arrived in Romblon to establish Catholic missions and settlements. They helped the Spanish authorities establish peace and order in the islands, in 1637, they established seven missionary centers at Romblon, Badajoz, Cajidiocan, Banton, Looc, Odiongan and Magallanes. Romblon was separated from the jurisdiction of Arevalo and annexed to Capiz, in 1853, the islands were organized into a politico-military commandancia administered from Capiz and continued to be so until the end of the Spanish rule in 1898
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Palawan
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Palawan, officially the Province of Palawan, is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the Mimaropa region. It is the largest province in the country in terms of area of jurisdiction. Its capital is the City of Puerto Princesa, but it is governed independently from the province as an urbanized city. The islands of Palawan stretch between Mindoro in the northeast and Borneo in the southwest and it lies between the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea. The province is named after its largest island, Palawan Island, measuring 450 kilometres long, the province is composed of the long and narrow Palawan Island, plus a number of other smaller islands surrounding it, totalling roughly 1,780 islands and islets. The Calamianes Group of Islands to the northeast consists of Busuanga, Coron, Culion, Balabac Island is located off the southern tip, separated from Borneo by the Balabac Strait. In addition, Palawan covers the Cuyo Islands in the Sulu Sea, the disputed Spratly Islands, located a few hundred kilometres to the west, are considered part of Palawan by the Philippines, and is locally called the Kalayaan Group of Islands. Palawans almost 2,000 kilometres of coastline is lined with rocky coves. It also harbors a vast stretch of forests that carpet its chain of mountain ranges. The mountain heights average 3,500 feet in altitude, with the highest peak rising to 6,843 feet at Mount Mantalingahan, the vast mountain areas are the source of valuable timber. The terrain is a mix of coastal plain, craggy foothills, valley deltas, the province has a total land area of 14,649.73 square kilometres. When Puerto Princesa City is included for geographical purposes, its area is 17,030.75 square kilometres. The land area is distributed to its mainland municipalities, comprising 12,239 square kilometres, and the island municipalities, the province has two types of climate. The first, which occurs in the northern and southern extremities, the other, which prevails in the eastern coast, has a short dry season of one to three months and no pronounced rainy period during the rest of the year. The southern part of the province is virtually free from tropical depressions but northern Palawan experiences torrential rains during the months of July, summer months serve as peak season for Palawan. Sea voyages are most favorable from March to early June when the seas are calm, the average maximum temperature is 31 °C with little variation all year. Palawan comprises 433 barangays in 23 municipalities and the capital City of Puerto Princesa, as an archipelago, Palawan has 13 mainland municipalities and 10 island towns. The remaining island municipalities are, Busuanga, Coron, Linapacan and Culion, Cuyo, Agutaya and Magsaysay, Araceli, Cagayancillo, Balabac and Kalayaan
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Cotabato
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Cotabato, formerly but colloquially known as North Cotabato, is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the SOCCSKSARGEN region in Mindanao. Cotabato derives its name from the Maguindanao word kuta wato, meaning stone fort, Islam was introduced in this part of the country in the later part of 15th century by Sharif Mohammed Kabungsuwan, an Arabo-Malay Muslim warrior-missionary. Modern historians have pointed to the Cotabato delta as the location of Toupo. Christianity was introduced in 1596, but the Spaniards were unable to penetrate into the region until the half of the 19th century. The district of Cotabato was formed in 1860, covering the areas of what is now Cotabato, Maguindanao, the coming of the Americans ushered in the creation of the Moro Province on July 15,1903, through Act No.787 of the Philippine Commission. Cotabato, covering what are now the provinces of Cotabato, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato and Sarangani, during the American period, large companies were established in Cotabato to exploit the vast timber resources of the region. By the 1930s, settlers from Luzon and Visayas established homesteads in Cotabato, in December 1941, Japanese planes bombed and invaded in Cotabato. In 1942, Cotabato was occupied by the Japanese Imperial forces, in 1945, Cotabato was recaptured from the Japanese Imperial forces by the combined Filipino and American troops together with the recognized Moro guerrilla units. The guerrillas used the traditional Moro Kampilan, Barong and Kris swords, the pace of settlement in the region accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s. The former province of Cotabato was once the largest in the Philippines, in 1966, South Cotabato was created as a separate province. In 1992, the province of Sarangani was formed out of South Cotabato, on November 22,1973, through Presidential Decree No. 341, what remained of the old Cotabato was further divided into the provinces of North Cotabato, Maguindanao, North Cotabato was later renamed Cotabato through Batas Pambansa Blg.660 approved on March 7,1984. Cotabato now comprises the city of Kidapawan,17 municipalities. The province currently has three congressional districts, Cotabato covers a total area of 9,008.90 square kilometres occupying the northeastern tip of Region XII and is centrally located in Mindanao. Cotabato is strategically linked to the major Arterial Road System that traverses, the Cotabato via Kabacan - Maramag - Kibawe, Bukidnon Sayre Highway meanwhile serves as its link to the Cagayan de Oro-Iligan City Corridor. Cotabato stretches from the east at Mount Apo, which separates it from Davao, the province’s fertile plains are traversed by tributaries of this great river. Typhoons do not pass through Cotabato and rainfall is distributed throughout the year. Cotabato comprises 17 municipalities and one city, during 2010-2016 Administration, the Bangsamoro ideal sprouted and a newly proposed region was in the making
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Zamboanga (province)
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Zamboanga is a former province of the Philippines located in the western region of the southern island of Mindanao, Philippines. During the time of the United States purchase of the Philippines, the Moro Province, in 1914 was replaced by the Department of Mindanao and Sulu. It was divided into Zamboanga, Sulu, Cotabato, Davao, Agusan, the town of Zamboanga as its capital. Luis Lim was appointed as the first governor of Zamboanga, florentino Saguin was elected as first elected governor. After the defeat of the American-Filipino forces in Corregidor, most of the province went under Japanese control, the establishment of the general headquarters, garrisons and concentration camps of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces was stationed in Zamboanga. After the three-year main conflicts, when the Zamboangueño guerrillas were retreating against the Japanese in the main province and that was before the liberation of local Filipino troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary units on 1944 and the American troops on the U. S. Armed Forces on 1945, well before the Battle of Zamboanga, by the end of the month, the province with Zamboanga City was officially liberated and the return of the provincial government from Dipolog to Zamboanga City. After the war, on June 16,1948, Molave was designated as Zamboangas capital by the virtue of Republic Act No.286 signed by President Elpidio Quirino. Before the U. S. liberation forces returned and came back they landed on the beaches of Leyte in October 1944, doe of the U. S. Army’s 41st Infantry Division in March 1945 in Zamboanga City. In March 1945, American liberation forces of the U. S. Army’s 41st Infantry Division landed on the beaches of Zamboanga City and Western Zamboanga province, the bill was signed by President Elpidio Quirino in a ceremony held at the Malacañan Palace. The towns of Dapitan, Dipolog, Rizal, New Piñan, Polanco, Katipunan, Manukan, Sindangan, Liloy, the towns of Molave, Pagadian, Labangan, Margosatubig, Dimataling, Dinas, Ipil, Buug, Malangas, Kabasalan and Aurora are under Zamboanga del Sur. The town of Dipolog was designated capital of Zamboanga del Norte, in 2001, a brand new Zamboanga province, Zamboanga Sibugay, was created from the province of Zamboanga del Sur with Ipil as its provincial capital. November 15,1935 – The establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under the collaboration of Filipinos, november 15,1935 – Then President Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated. He was the leader of the Commonwealth of the Philippines under the American control, july 26,1941 – The 101st Infantry Division, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFFE was established on 1941 to 1946 at the general headquarters in Zamboanga. December 1941 – Begins in World War II, The Japanese bomber and fighter pilots air raided the province of Zamboanga during the Japanese Invasion, january 1942 – The Japanese Imperial forces occupied the province of Zamboanga. The military built general headquarters and garrisons for the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in Zamboanga,1942 – Christian and Muslim soldiers of the 101st Infantry Division, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFFE sieged Zamboanga for the couple of months. After the Fall of Zamboanga, Christian and Muslim troops of the USAFFE 101st Infantry Division surrender to the Imperial Japanese Army forces. 1942 – The military establishment of the 105th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was active on 1942 to 1946 at the headquarters and camp bases in Dipolog
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Davao (province)
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The Province of Davao was a province of the Philippines in the island of Mindanao. It was divided into three provinces of Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, and Davao del Sur with the passage of Philippine Republic Act No.4867 on May 20,1967. It was one of the largest, most populous and prosperous provinces in the country during its time, being settled by immigrants from the Luzon, the province was established after the dissolution of Moro Province in 1914. Before the province broke up, massive waves of immigrants from Visayas, Japanese immigrants, mostly rich businessmen and pioneers, also immigrated to its capital Davao in large numbers, making it the Philippines Little Japan. It was made a district of Department of Mindanao and Sulu from 1914 until 1920, the bill called for the appointment of local officials by Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon. By then, it was the city in the province throughout the latters existence. What is now the Davao City Legislative Building served as the capitol for the governor and other provincial officials in the province. On 1942, during the outbreak of World War II in the Philippines, forces of the Imperial Japanese Army invaded the province, guerrilla parties were then organized in the province to battle Japanese garrison forces there. It was in late 1944 when the Allies began liberating the island of Mindanao, the province was one of the few provinces in the country to recover quickly from the war. Its capital city resumed its role as the economic center of Mindanao. Though some local Japanese inhabitants in the provinces were expelled from the due to enmity after the war. After the war, migration to the province has increased due to the great employment and agricultural opportunities the province have. In 1948, all districts in the country have been abolished. This paved the way for the creation of towns in the province, such as Digos, Padada, Compostela. To reorganize governance in the country, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed the Republic Act No.4867 on May 8,1967, dividing the province into three. The then-Davao Province is currently a region consisting of five provinces, Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Occidental, Davao Oriental, the province of Davao del Norte bore this name from 1972 until 1998, when Compostela Valley seceded as a separate province. Davao Occidental was created by virtue of Republic Act 10360 enacted on July 23,2013, the province is the newest in the country, carved out from the southern part of Davao del Sur. The Act was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on November 28,2012, and December 5,2012, respectively, and signed by President Benigno Aquino III on January 14,2013
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Sulu Archipelago
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The Sulu Archipelago is a chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean, in the southwestern Philippines. The archipelago forms the limit of the Celebes Sea and southern limit of the Sulu Sea. The Sulu Archipelago islands are within the Mindanao island group, consisting of the provinces of Basilan, Sulu, the archipelago is not, as is often supposed, the remains of a land bridge between Borneo and the Philippines. Tawi-Tawi, the southernmost island of the group, has a serpentine basement-complex core with a limestone covering and this island chain is an important migration route for birds. The largest municipalities in the area are on Maimbung and Jolo, the archipelago is the home of the indigenous Tausug people, various group of Samal people including the semi-nomadic Badjaw, the land-based Sama, the related Yakan people, and the Jama Mapun people. The Tausug language is widely in the Sulu Archipelago as both first and second languages throughout these islands. The Yakan language is mainly in Basilan Island. Numerous dialects of Sinama are spoken throughout the archipelago, from the Tawi-Tawi Island group, to the Mapun island group, to the coast of Mindanao, the archipelago is geographically subdivided into several groups, most significantly those around the main islands Basilan, Jolo and Tawi-Tawi. After that, it part of the Bruneian Empire before gaining its own independence on 1578. The region then part of the independent Sultanate of Sulu. The arrival of Western powers later became a conflict when the Spanish start to impose the rule of Spanish East Indies over the Sulu Archipelago, Spanish military expeditions against the sultanate were launched over the centuries of the colonial Philippines period. The Moro Rebellion independence movement continued the Islamic Moro conflict, against the United States occupation in areas of the Moro people in the archipelago, the Sulu Archipelago was part of the Islamic Sultanate of Sulu, founded in 1405 by Shari’ful Hashem Syed Abu Bak’r. The sultanate also included portions of Borneo, Mindanao, Palawan, from the first Spanish encounters with Jolo island, the Spanish–Moro conflict met firm and organised resistance from the Sultanate of Sulu. Miguel López de Legazpi had established a colony in Cebu in May 1565, the following year, Figueroa was awarded the sole right to colonise Mindanao. In 1587, during a campaign against Borneo launched by Sande, the Spaniards left Jolo after a few days. The Joloanos resolved to resist Spanish intrusions, in response to attacks, Joloanos raided Spanish settlements and reducciones. In November 1593, the Spanish Empire sent Juan Ronquillo to Tampakan to thwart the slave raiders, the following year, the Spanish Army troops relocated to Caldera Bay, Mindanao. In 1598, another expedition was launched against Jolo, but was repelled by the Joloanos, in late 1600, Captain Juan Gallinato with a group of about 200 Spanish soldiers attacked Jolo but were unsuccessful
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Mindanao
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Mindanao is the second largest and southernmost major island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three groups in the country, consisting of the island of Mindanao and smaller outlying islands. As of the 2010 census, the population itself is 20,281,545 people, while the Mindanao island group has 21,968,174 inhabitants. Davao City is the most populous city in Mindanao hosting 1,632,991 people, followed by Zamboanga City, Cagayan de Oro City, the island has seen a communist insurgency as well as armed Moro separatist movements. Mindanao is considered the food basket of the Philippines, eight of the top 10 agri-commodities exported from the Philippines come from here. Mindanao is also dubbed with the monikers The Philippines Land of Promise, although many attempts made, it was never occupied by Spain for their 333 years of stay in Luzon and Visayas. Yet during Spains defeat and Treaty of Paris in 1898, they illegally included by coordinates Mindanao, evidence of human occupation dates back tens of thousands of years. In prehistoric times the Negrito people arrived, sometime around 1500 BC, Austronesian peoples spread throughout the Philippines and far beyond. Native people of the Maluku Islands refer the island as Maluku Besar, the evidence of old stone tools in Zamboanga del Norte may indicate a late Neolithic presence. Ceramic burial jars, both unglazed and glazed, as well as Chinese celadons, have found in caves, together with shell bracelets, beads. Many of the objects are from the Yuan and Ming periods. Evidently, there was a history of trade between the Subanon and the Chinese long before the latter’s contact with Islam. In the Classic epoch of Philippine history, the people of Mindanao were heavily exposed to Hindu and Buddhist influence and beliefs from Indonesia, artifacts found from this era include the Golden kinnara, Golden Tara, and the Ganesh pendant. These cultural traits passed through Mindanao into the Visayas and Luzon, in coastal areas, the Hindu-Buddhist cultural revolution was strongest, whereas in interior parts, influences were indigenized into local animist beliefs and customs and appeared more subtly. The Darangen epic of the Maranao people harkens back to this era as the most compete local version of the Ramayana. The Maguindanao at this also had strong Hindu beliefs, evidenced by the Ladya Lawana epic saga that survives to the modern day. The Rajahnate of Butuan, a kingdom mentioned in Chinese records as a tributary state in the 10th century AD, was concentrated along the northeastern coast of the island around Butuan. The coming of Islam happened in the 14th century, the first mosque in the Philippines was built in the mid-14th century in the town of Simunul
34.
Pope John Paul II
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Pope Saint John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was Pope from 1978 to 2005. He is called by some Catholics Saint John Paul the Great and he was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the day of the conclave. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland, John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Churchs relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Churchs teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women and he was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the worlds bishops, a key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims. He was the second longest-serving pope in history after Pope Pius IX. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, John Paul IIs cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. A second miracle attributed to John Paul IIs intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014, together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul IIs optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice. He was the youngest of three born to Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska, whose mothers maiden surname was Scholz. Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died in childbirth in 1929 when Wojtyła was eight years old and his elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmunds work as a physician led to his death from scarlet fever. As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper, during his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowices large Jewish community. School football games were organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side. I remember that at least a third of my classmates at school in Wadowice were Jews
35.
San Jose de Buenavista, Antique
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The population was 62,534 at the 2015 census. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 31,148 registered voters, San Jose is 97 kilometres from Iloilo City,182 kilometres from Kalibo, and 213 kilometres from Roxas City. In 1250, ten Bornean Datus, their wives, children, warriors, servants, and followers left Borneo, in December, they landed at Siriwagan, San Joaquin, in the province of Iloilo. After interrogating two men who were fishing there, they were told that the leader, Chieftain Marikudo and his wife, the Datus went downstream and found the Ati ruler. Negotiations commenced and the Barter of Panay was made, Panay was bought in exchange for a gold salakot for Marikudo and a long, gold necklace for Maniwangtiwan. The other three datus sailed northward to Luzon, leaving seven datus under the leadership of Datu Sumakwel, multiple settlements were established in Malandog, later including Tubigon, which is now San Jose de Buenavista, and a settlement was established in Naganya. Barangay Odiong served as a dock for boats of Malays coming from Malandog to the part of Hantique. To signal boats stopping or arriving, the authorities used budyong or horns made from a carabao’s horns. The blowing of budyong took place at Telegrapo in Tubigon as this served as the signal. The Hantique rivers at that time were navigable and the way of traveling. Spanish colonizers came to Hantique in 1581, with them came Augustinian friars that Christianized the inhabitants who lived in Hamtic. They taught the people in Christian ways and built churches in Maybato, Asluman, Naganya, there was no place called San Jose de Buenavista at that time. It was called Tubigon because it was under water, Tubigon was still a part of Hamtic and a visita of the church of Hamtic, meaning it had no parish priest of its own. The people went to Maybato to hear mass, the church was a big stone edifice, which gave the name Maybato to its vicinity. Moro pirates frequently plundered Hamtic and went as far as Maybato and these Moro pirates burned the church and took away the huge bell in the belfry. They had not gone far from Mala-iba when their boat sank and in colloquial Spanish, Mala-iba means, in 1733, San Jose, formerly called “Tubigon” was founded, and in 1790, it acquired its land title through land grants issued by Governor-General Carlos Benequer de Marquina. Afterwards, it became a parish having its first curra paroco or parish priest, about two hundred years ago, the site now occupied by San Jose de Buenavista was dense jungle and a favorite landing place of the Moro pirates who raided the countryside. During the invasions of 1743, the Moros were reported to have penetrated as far as Catung-agan, the year 1776 saw a return of the Moros to Bugasong
36.
Antique
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An antique is a collectable item, at least 100 years old. It is collected or desirable because of its age, beauty, rarity, condition, utility, personal emotional connection and it is an object that represents a previous era or time period in human society. It is common practice to define antique as applying to objects at least 100 years old, antiques are usually objects that show some degree of craftsmanship—or a certain attention to design, such as a desk or an early automobile. They are bought at shops, estate sales, auction houses, online auctions. Antique dealers often belong to trade associations, many of which belong to CINOA. Motor vehicles are an exception to the 100-year rule, the customary definition of antique requires that an item be at least 100 years old and in original condition. In the United States, the 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act defined antiques as,1830 was the approximate beginning of mass production in the United States. These definitions were intended to allow people of that time to distinguish between genuine antique pieces, vintage items, and collectible objects, commonly refers to the remains of ancient art and everyday items from antiquity, which themselves are often archaeological artifacts. An antiquarian is a person who collects and studies antiquities or things of the past, traditionally, Chinese antiques are marked by a red seal, known as a chop, placed there by an owner. Experts can identify previous owners of an antique by reading the chops, the pre-revolution Chinese government tried to assist collectors of Chinese antiques by requiring their Department of Antiquities to provide a governmental chop on the bottom of a Chinese antique. This chop is visible as a piece of red sealing wax that bears the government chop to verify the date of the antique, the government of the Peoples Republic of China has its own definitions of what it considers antique. As of the Cultural Revolution and Chinas opening trade to other countries, antiquing is the act of shopping, identifying, negotiating, or bargaining for antiques. People buy items for use, gifts, or profit. Sources for antiquing include garage sales and yard sales, estate sales, resort towns, antique districts, collectives, note that antiquing also means the craft of making an object appear antique through distressing or applying an antique-looking paint applications. Often, individuals get confused between these handmade distressed vintage or modern items and true antiques, if you can not tell the difference between the two, you may find yourself paying a high amount of money for something that has little value in the antiquing industry. Antique furniture is an area of antiques because furniture has obvious practical uses as well as collector value. Many collectors use pieces in their homes, and care for them with the hope that they hold their value or appreciate and this is in contrast to buying new furniture, which typically depreciates from the moment of purchase. Antique furniture includes dining tables, chairs, bureaus, chests etc, the most common woods are mahogany, oak, pine, walnut, and rosewood
37.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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Angel Lagdameo
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Angel Nacorda Lagdameo, (Latin, Angelus Lagdameo, D. D. became the Archbishop of Jaro, Iloilo in 2000. Lagdameo was born on 2 August 1940 in Lucban, Quezon, a graduate of San Jose Seminary, Ateneo de Manila University, he was ordained priest on 19 December 1964 by Bishop Alfredo Ma. He served in various capacities in Mount Carmel Seminary and St Alphonsus School of Theology for fifteen years, in 1978 he served as Protonotary of the First Diocesan Synod of Lucena convoked by Bishop Jose T. Sanchez. On 12 August 1980 he was consecrated bishop as an auxiliary to Cardinal Julio Rosales, in 1986 he was secretary general of the Fourth Diocesan Synod of Cebu convoked by Cardinal Ricardo Vidal. In the same year he became Coadjutor Bishop of Dumaguete, succeeding Bishop Epifanio B, as Bishop of Dumaguete he convoked its first diocesan synod in 1992 a year after the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines. From 1994-98, he was chairman of the Office of Laity of the Federation of Asian Bishops Conferences, during his term he gave conferences and participated in conventions of the Catholic laity in various countries of Asia. From 1990 to January 2000 he served as chairman of the CBCP Episcopal Commission for the Laity, as of 2014 he was concurrently the Global Spiritual Director of Bukas Loob sa Diyos, National Spiritual Director of the Mother Butler Guild and the World Apostolate of Fatima. On 11 March 2000 the Bishop of Dumaguete was appointed by Pope John Paul II as the twelfth prelate and he was installed in the Cathedral of Jaro on 9 May 2000. The Archbishop presided at the investigation, which lasted for three years, from 1 December 2005 to 1 December 2009 he served as president of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines, a maximum of two terms. On 14 February 2011 he made his ad limina visit to Pope Benedict XVI, specifically, he pointed out the implementation phase of the 3rd Diocesan Synod of Jaro. During the preparation for the Canonization of St Pedro Calungsod, he presided during the day of the Triduum Mass in Rome on 19 October 2012. He participated in the Light of Peace Prayer Event in the University of the Philippines Campus in Miag-ao, Lagdameos personal coat of arms is divided vertically into two major parts, on the left side is the Arms of the Archdiocese and on the right is Archbishop Lagdameos personal Arms. Horizontally they divided into the Chief and the Base, the Dexter or Right, Arm of the See of Jaro The black eagle and the three red roses on the sinister bend undoubtedly refer to St Elizabeth of Hungary, the patroness of the Archdiocese of Jaro. Saint Elizabeth is the daughter of the King of Hungary and the wife of a Landgrave of Thurgingia, the black eagle is said to be the bravest bird, the emblem of magninimity and fortitude of mind. And of such color was the eagle of the Roman Emperors, now used by the Germans because the color, the three red roses remind us of the legend narrated in the biography of St Elizabeth. This shows the Archbishops loyalty to his alma mater where he had his priestly formation under the Jesuit Fathers, the wings on the side of the monogram of Our Lady completes the symbolism to represent Our Lady of the Angels on whose feast day Archbishop Lagdameo was born. Lucban, the birthplace of the Archbishop is represented on the portion of the Arm by a fruit of a citrus family called Lucban from which the town got its name. The mountain represents the scenic Mount Banahaw at the foot of which lies serenely the town of Lucban, at the bottom is the Franciscan Symbol - the hand of Christ nailed to the cross and the hand of St Francis bearing the stigma
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Dominican Order
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Members of the order, who are referred to as Dominicans, generally carry the letters O. P. after their names, standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers. Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, the order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, in the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows,917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6,058 Dominican friars, a number of other names have been used to refer to both the order and its members. In England and other countries the Dominican friars are referred to as Black Friars because of the black cappa or cloak they wear over their white habits, Dominicans were Blackfriars, as opposed to Whitefriars or Greyfriars. They are also distinct from the Augustinian Friars who wear a similar habit and their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they were the Domini canes, or Hounds of the Lord. The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way, men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this emerged two orders of mendicant friars, one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi, the other. Dominics new order was to be an order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, at the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a mixed spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation, the brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits affected the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics, in England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart. The orders origins in battling heterodoxy influenced its development and reputation. Many later Dominicans battled heresy as part of their apostolate, indeed, many years after St. Dominic reacted to the Cathars, the first Grand Inquistor of Spain, Tomás de Torquemada, would be drawn from the Dominican Order. As an adolescent, he had a love of theology. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood, at that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade
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