1.
Curia Julia
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The Curia Julia is the third named Curia, or Senate House, in the ancient city of Rome. It was built in 44 BC, when Julius Caesar replaced Faustus Cornelius Sullas reconstructed Curia Cornelia, Caesar did so to redesign both spaces within the Comitium and the Roman forum. The alterations within the Comitium reduced the prominence of the senate, the work, however, was interrupted by Caesars assassination at the Theatre of Pompey, where the Senate had been meeting temporarily while the work was completed. The project was finished by Caesars successor, Augustus Caesar. However, the roof, the elevations of the side walls. There were many curiae during the history of the Roman civilization, the Curia Julia is the third named curia within the comitium. Each structure was rebuilt a number of times but originated from a single Etruscan temple, when this original temple was destroyed, Tullus Hostilius rebuilt it and gave it his name. It lasted for a few hundred years until fire destroyed the curia. In fact, the now in the forum is the second incarnation of Caesars curia. From 81 to 96, the Curia Julia was restored under Domitian, in 283, it was heavily damaged by a fire, at the time of Emperor Carinus. From 284 to 305, the Curia was then rebuilt by Diocletian and it is the remnants of Diocletians building that stands today. In 412, the Curia was restored again, this time by Urban Prefect Annius Eucharius Epiphanius. On July 10,1923, the Italian government acquired the Curia Julia, the exterior of the Curia Julia features brick-faced concrete with a huge buttress at each angle. The lower part of the front wall was decorated with slabs of marble, the upper part was covered with stucco imitation of white marble blocks. A single flight of steps leads up the bronze doors, the current bronze doors are modern replicas, the original bronze doors were transferred to the Basilica of St. John Lateran by Pope Alexander VII in 1660. Interestingly enough, a coin was found within the doors during their transfer and that allowed archaeologists to date repairs made to the Senate House and the addition of the bronze doors to the reign of Emperor Domitian. The original appearance of the Senate House is known from an Emperor Augustus denarius of 28 BC, the interior of the Curia Julia is fairly austere. The hall is 25.20 m long by 17.61 m wide, there are three broad steps that could have fitted five rows of chairs or a total of about 300 senators
Curia Julia
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Curia Julia
Curia Julia
Curia Julia
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Curia Julia front
Curia Julia
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Inside the Curia (or Curia Julia), the restored Senate House (2006).
2.
Curia
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A curia, plural curiae, is an assembly, council, or court, in which public, official, or religious issues are discussed and decided. In ancient Rome, the populace was divided into 30 curiae, which met in order to confirm the election of magistrates, witness the installation of priests, the making of wills, lesser curiae existed for other purposes. The word curia came to denote the places of assembly, especially the senate. Similar institutions existed in towns and cities of Italy. In medieval times, a council was often referred to as a curia. Today, the most famous curia is the Curia of the Roman Catholic Church which assists the Roman Pontiff in the government of the Church. The word curia is thought to derive from Old Latin coviria, in this sense, any assembly, public or private, could be called a curia. In addition to the Roman curiae, voting assemblies known as curiae existed in towns of Latium. During the republic, local curiae were established in Italian and provincial municipia, in imperial times, local magistrates were often elected by municipal senates, which also came to be known as curiae. By extension, the word came to mean not just a gathering. The most important curiae at Rome were the 30 that together made up the comitia curiata, traditionally ascribed to the kings, each of the three tribes established by Romulus, the Ramnes, Tities, and Luceres, was divided into ten curiae. In theory, each gens belonged to a curia, although whether this was strictly observed throughout Roman history is uncertain. Each curia had a name, said to have been derived from the names of some of the Sabine women abducted by the Romans in the time of Romulus. However, some of the curiae evidently derived their names from districts or eponymous heroes. The curiae were probably established geographically, representing specific neighborhoods in Rome, only a few of the names of the 30 curiae have been preserved, including Acculeia, Calabra, Faucia, Foriensis, Rapta, Veliensis, Tifata, and Titia. Each curia had its own sacra, in which its members, known as curiales, worshipped the gods of the state and other deities specific to the curia, each curia had a meeting site and place of worship, named after the curia. Originally, this may have been an altar, then a sacellum. The curia was presided over by a curio, who was always at least 50 years old, the curio undertook the religious affairs of the curia
Curia
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The
Curia Julia, as restored from 1935 to 1937
3.
Secretariat of State (Holy See)
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The Secretariat of State is the oldest dicastery in the Roman Curia, the central papal governing bureaucracy of the Catholic Church. It is headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State and performs all the political, the Secretariat is divided into two sections, the Section for General Affairs and the Section for Relations with States, known as the First Section and Second Section, respectively. The origins of the Secretariat of State go back to the fifteenth century, one can also trace to this Secretaria Apostolica the Chancery of Briefs, the Secretariat of Briefs to Princes and the Secretariat of Latin Letters. From these beginnings, the Secretariat of State developed, especially at the time of the Council of Trent, for a long time, the Secretarius Intimus, also called Secretarius Papae or Secretarius Maior, was almost always a prelate, often endowed with episcopal rank. It was only at the beginning of the pontificate of Innocent X that someone already a Cardinal, Pope Innocent XII definitively abolished the office of Cardinal Nephew, and the powers of that office were assigned to the Cardinal Secretary of State alone. With the apostolic constitution Regimini Ecclesiae universae of 15 August 1967, Pope Paul VI reformed the Roman Curia, the head of the Secretariat of State is the Secretary of State, who is a cardinal. The Cardinal Secretary of State is primarily responsible for the diplomatic and political activity of the Holy See, abroad, the Section for General Affairs is responsible for organizing the activities of nuncios around the world in their activities concerning the local church. The Section for General Affairs is headed by a known as the Substitute for General Affairs, or more formally. The current Substitute for General Affairs to the Secretary of State is Archbishop Giovanni Angelo Becciu, the current Assessor for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State is Monsignor Paolo Borgia. In 1814, Pope Pius VII gave this office responsibility for negotiations with all governments and this Council was later replaced by the present Section for Relations with States. The Section is responsible for the Holy Sees interactions with civil governments, the Section is headed by an Archbishop, the Secretary for Relations with States, who reports to the Secretary of State. His staff includes a Prelate, the Under-Secretary for Relations with States, the Secretary for Relations with States is often called the foreign minister of the Holy See, and the Under-Secretary is often called the deputy foreign minister. The current Secretary for Relations with States is Archbishop Paul Gallagher, the current Undersecretary for Relations with States is Monsignor Antoine Camilleri. The current Delegate for Pontifical Representations is Archbishop Jan Pawłowski and the current Head of Protocol is Monsignor José Avelino Bettencourt
Secretariat of State (Holy See)
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St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
Secretariat of State (Holy See)
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Two Secretaries of State: Cardinal
Angelo Sodano (Former Secretary of State of the
Holy See) with
Condoleezza Rice (Former
U.S. Secretary of State).
Secretariat of State (Holy See)
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Jesus
4.
Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)
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The Section for Relations with States or Second Section of the Secretariat of State is the body within the Roman Curia charged with dealing with matters that involve relations with civil governments. It has been part of the Vatican Secretariat of State since 1909 and it is analogous to the foreign ministry of a state. The Second Section, headed by the Substitute [i. e. Alternate Secretary of State), the Third Section, headed by the Chancellor of Apostolic Briefs, deals with the despatch of Briefs. The Cardinal Secretary of State was concurrently prefect of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs with the secretary equalivant to the current secretary for Relations with States. He established what had been the First Section as a distinct from the Secretariat of State, though closely related. Articles 45–47 of Pastor Bonus indicate dealing with heads of government as the task of the Section for Relations with States. It represents the Holy See at international organizations and conferences, from the start, this body has been placed under the presidency of the Cardinal Secretary of State. Under him, it is headed by the Secretary for Relations with States, the current Secretary for Relations with States is Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher, and the current Undersecretary is Monsignor Antoine Camilleri. History of the Secretariat of State Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs at Catholic-hierarchy. org
Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)
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The Holy See
5.
Secretariat for the Economy
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The Secretariat for the Economy is a dicastery of the Roman Curia with authority over all economic activities of the Holy See and the Vatican City State. Pope Francis ordered the establishment of the secretariat in a motu proprio, Fidelis dispensator et prudens and it is headed by a cardinal-prefect, who reports directly to the Pope. It is, after the Secretariat of State, the second dicastery named a secretariat, the seat of the secretariat is in Saint Johns Tower in the Vatican Gardens. George Pell, Archbishop of Sydney, was named the secretariats first prefect, Pell said he would begin work at the Vatican by the end of March. The Pope also announced the formation of a Council for the Economy to set guidelines for the secretariat. The council comprises eight cardinals or bishops and seven lay persons with strong professional financial experience and these members were named on 8 March. The council is headed by a coordinator, currently Reinhard Marx. On Friday, June 5,2015, Pope Francis appointed Libero Milone as Auditor General, a meeting of the Council for the Economy was held in September 2014 to discuss the statutes of the new secretariat. On 3 March, Pope Francis appointed Monsignor Alfred Xuereb as the first General Secretary of the Secretariat, both the Secretariat and Council were given formal status in February 2015
Secretariat for the Economy
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Vatican City
6.
Vatican Publishing House
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The Vatican Publishing House is a publisher established by the Holy See in 1926. It is responsible for publishing official documents of the Roman Catholic Church, on 27 June 2015, Pope Francis decreed that the Vatican Publishing House would eventually be incorporated into a newly established Secretariat for Communications in the Roman Curia. In 1926, the library was separated from the printing and transformed into autonomous body that was entrusted with the sale of books that were being made to print by the Holy See. The Apostolic constitution Pastor bonus of John Paul II classified the LEV as an affiliated with the Holy See. It has its own constitution and its own rules, the statutes of LEV Article 2 states, The Libreria Editrice Vaticana has the fundamental aim of publishing the documents of the Supreme Pontiff and the Holy See. The company owns the copyright to all the writings of the Pope, the policy was announced on 31 May 2005. La Stampa was the first to pay royalties to the Vatican publisher, and the Union of Catholic Booksellers and Publishers protested the Vatican policy, the LEVs policy has been summarized as, ews organizations can quote from the popes speeches, encyclicals and other writings without charge. They can also publish full texts free provided they cite Vatican copyright, but if a text is published separately
Vatican Publishing House
–
Jesus
7.
Congregation (Roman Curia)
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The second highest-ranking departments of the Roman Curia are called congregations. Above them are the three Secretariats, lower-ranking are the pontifical councils and pontifical commissions. In origin, the congregations were selected groups of cardinals, not the whole College of Cardinals, today, as a result of a decision of the Second Vatican Council, the membership includes diocesan bishops from diverse parts of the world who are not cardinals. Each congregation also has a permanent staff to assist it in dealing with the business comes before it. Each congregation is led by a prefect, who is usually a cardinal, until recently, a non-cardinal appointed to head a congregation was styled pro-prefect until made a cardinal. Ecclesiastical business used to be handled by the pontifical chancery, however, the ever-growing number of business items and the ever-increasing complexity of the issues necessitated the creation of separate, specialised administrative-legislative bodies. Thereafter, cardinals in greater or less number were associated with them, often, however, they were not merely entrusted with the preparation of the case, but were given authority to decide it. This division would evidently facilitate the selection of wise and experienced men in all branches of ecclesiastical affairs, hence also a natural division into executive cases, assigned to the offices, judicial cases, reserved to the tribunals, and administrative cases, committed to the Roman Congregations. By a judicious division of administrative matters, he established that permanent organization of these departments of the Curia, on 29 June 1908, with the constitution Sapienti Consilio, Pope St. Pius X reduced the number of the congregations to 11. Wherefore, it is forbidden for an officer of one of the congregations to serve in any way as an agent, or as a procurator or advocate, the competency of the congresso in each congregation is determined. The congresso consists of the officers under the presidency of the cardinal who presides over the congregation. It deals with the matters of importance among those that are before the congregation. It is also the business of the congresso to prepare for their discussion those matters that are to be considered by the full congregation. On the other hand, the congresso is charged with the execution of the orders of the congregation that have received the approval of the pope. The normæ peculiares and the communes, together with the Constitution Sapienti Consilio. Following the Second Vatican Council, Pope Paul VI implemented many of the called for in the Curia with his Constitution Regimini Ecclesiae Universae of 15 August 1967. One of the changes brought about by Paul VI was the admission of diocesan bishops and archbishops as members of the Congregations. The most recent reorganization of the Roman Congregations came with Pope John Paul IIs Constitution Pastor Bonus, agents of Roman Congregations This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed. article name needed
Congregation (Roman Curia)
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Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Congregation (Roman Curia)
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Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Congregation (Roman Curia)
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Congregation for Bishops
8.
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
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The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is the oldest among the nine congregations of the Roman Curia. It was founded to defend the church from heresy, today and its headquarters are at the Palace of the Holy Office, just outside Vatican City. The congregation employs a board including cardinals, bishops, priests, lay theologians. The current Prefect is Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller and it served as the final court of appeal in trials of heresy and served as an important part of the Counter-Reformation. This body was renamed the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office in 1908 by Pope Saint Pius X, in many Catholic countries, the body is often informally called the Holy Office. The Congregations name was changed to Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 7 December 1965 and this includes investigations into grave delicts, i. e. These crimes, in a motu proprio of 2001, Sacramentorum sanctitatis tutela, in effect, it is the promoter of justice who deals with, among other things, the question of priests accused of paedophilia. Within the CDF are the International Theological Commission, the Pontifical Biblical Commission, the Prefect of the CDF is ex officio president of these commissions. Until 1968, the Pope himself held the title of prefect, instead, he appointed one of the cardinals to preside over the meetings, first as Secretary, then as Pro-Prefect. Since 1968, the Cardinal head of the dicastery has borne the title of Prefect, therefore, from 1968 onwards, the title of Secretary refers to the second highest-ranking officer of the Congregation. The Congregation has a membership of some 18 other cardinals and a number of non-cardinal bishops, a staff of some 38 priests, religious and lay men and women. The work of the CDF is divided into four sections, the doctrinal, disciplinary, matrimonial, staff, Prefect, Cardinal Gerhard Ludwig Müller Secretary, Archbishop Luis Ladaria Ferrer, S. J. Assistant Secretary, Archbishop Joseph Augustine Di Noia, O. P and they refused to recant the doctrines of the Community of the Lady of All Nations. The nuns are members of the Good Shepherd Monastery of Our Lady of Charity, sister Mary Theresa Dionne,82, one of 6, said they will still live at the convent property, which they own. The sect believes that its 86-year-old founder, Marie Paule Giguere, is the reincarnation of the Virgin Mary, notification on the works of the Reverend Father Jon Sobrino, S. J. Notification regarding the book Jesus Symbol of God of the Reverend Father Roger Haight, notification on the book Toward a Christian Theology of Religious Pluralism by the Reverend Father Jacques Dupuis, S. J. Notification concerning some writings of Professor Dr. J, notification concerning the Text Mary and Human Liberation by the Reverend Father Tissa Balasuriya, O. M. I. Notification on the writings and activities of Mrs. M. I. P, essay on militant Ecclesiology by Leonardo Boff, O. F. M
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
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Astronomer
Galileo Galilei presented before the Holy Office, a 19th-century painting by
Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
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The Palace of the Holy Office, seat of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
9.
Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
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The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in Rome is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for missionary work and related activities. It is perhaps better known by its title, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. It was renamed by Pope John Paul II in 1982 and its mission continues unbroken, the early Congregation was established in the Palazzo Ferratini, donated by Juan Bautista Vives, to the south of the Piazza di Spagna. The current Prefect of the Congregation is Cardinal Fernando Filoni, the current Secretary is Archbishop Savio Hon Tai-Fai from Hong Kong. The Adjunct Secretary is Archbishop Protase Rugambwa, the Under-Secretary is Father Tadeusz Wojda, S. A. C. The Archivist of the Archives of the Congregation is Bishop Luis Manuel Cuña Ramos, monsignors Lorenzo Piva and Camillus Nimalan Johnpillai assist as Office Heads of the Congregation. The Congregation was originally housed in a palace, the Palazzo Ferratini, donated by Vives. In 1634 a small chapel was built according to designs by Bernini. In 1642, Father Valerio, with Bernini, redesigned the façade to the Piazza di Spagna, and the development was continued along the Via Due Macelli by Gaspare de’Vecchio from 1639-1645. Initially Borromini designed an oval chapel plan but this was superseded by a rectilinear design, with the greater length parallel to the street. Construction of the chapel commenced in 1660 and although the part was built by 1665. The Re Magi chapel, dedicated to the Three Kings, has a plan with four side chapels and galleries above. On the interior, the wall and the vault are differentiated horizontally by a line but there is a vertical continuity of wall. The criss cross arrangement in the Re Magi Chapel is such that an octagon is formed at the centre and his first designs for the façade onto the Via di Propaganda Fide had five bays but he expanded this to seven. The façade is dominated by the giant pilasters that originally supported a balustrade above the narrow entablature, the central door leads into the courtyard where Borromini intended a curved arcade but this was not built. Only the left side of the façade relates to the chapel. Other parts of the College have further minor works by Borromini, the intrinsic importance of its duties and the extraordinary extent of its authority and of the territory under its jurisdiction caused the Cardinal Prefect of Propaganda to be known as the red pope. This was the direction for the Catholic Church to look for evangelizing
Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
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The headquarters of the Propaganda fide in Rome, North facade on Piazza di Spagna by architect
Bernini, the southwest facade seen here by
Borromini: etching by
Giuseppe Vasi, 1761.
Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
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Alexandre de Rhodes '
Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, published by the Propaganda Fide in 1651.
10.
Roman Rota
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An appeal may be had to the Pope himself, who is the supreme ecclesiastical judge. The Catholic Church has a legal system, which is the oldest in the West still in use today. The court is named Rota because the judges, called auditors, the Rota was established in the 13th century. The Pope appoints the auditors of the Rota and designates one of them the dean, on Saturday, September 22,2012, Pope Benedict XVI accepted the resignation as Dean, for reasons of age, of Bishop Antoni Stankiewicz, and appointed in his place Msgr. Pio Vito Pinto, until then serving as a prelate Auditor of the Court of first instance, the Rota issues its decrees and sentences in Latin. The auditors of the Rota are selected from among recognized ecclesiastical judges serving various Dioceses around the world, the Rotas official records begin in 1171. Until the Risorgimento and the loss of the Papal States in 1870, until the 14th century the court was formally known as the Apostolic Court of Audience. Its first usage in a bull is in 1418. It is also possible that the term Rota comes from the wheel that was centered in the marble floor of Avignon. The Rota serves as a tribunal of first instance in cases such as any contentious case in which a Bishop of the Latin Church is a defendant. If the case can still be appealed after a Rotal decision, the Rota is the highest appeals court, or Supreme court, for all judicial trials in the Catholic Church. The Roman Rota proceedings are governed by a set of rules. Only advocates who are registered in a specific list are allowed to represent the parties before the Tribunal, since Pope Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio Quaerit semper the Rota has had exclusive competence to dispense from marriages ratum sed non consummatum. The Dean of the Rota, even if not already consecrated a Bishop, is to be addressed as Your Excellency, all Prelate Auditor Judges of the Rota are styled, Most Reverend Monsignor. The active auditors of the Rota, with their dates of appointment by the Pope, are, domenico Teti, Dean of the Roman Rota Tribunal of the Roman Rota Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts GCatholic. org Herbermann, Charles, ed. Sacra Romana Rota
Roman Rota
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The Roman Rota is named after the round room in which it originally met.
11.
Apostolic Penitentiary
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The Apostolic Penitentiary, formerly called the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary, is one of the three tribunals of the Roman Curia. The Apostolic Penitentiary is chiefly a tribunal of mercy, responsible for relating to the forgiveness of sins in the Catholic Church. The Apostolic Penitentiary has jurisdiction only over matters in the internal forum, the head of the Apostolic Penitentiary, the Major Penitentiary, is one of the few Vatican officials who retain their positions sede vacante. If the Major Penitentiary is a Cardinal Elector he is one of three persons in the conclave allowed to communicate with those outside the conclave, so that he can continue to fulfill his duties. The Major Penitentiary is a Titular Archbishop and is normally a Cardinal, since 21 September 2013, the Major Penitentiary is Cardinal Mauro Piacenza. The second-highest-ranking official in the Apostolic Penitentiary, the Regent, is H. E. Msgr, normally, a priest or even a bishop would not be able to do this unless the person was in danger of imminent death. The Pope has the power, as the absolute sovereign of the Catholic Church. Up until the 18th century, the Apostolic Penitentiary also considered cases of confessor-penitent disputes involving violations against what was termed the external forum. For particularly heinous sins, or for serious sins committed by penitents of high political or cultural standing and this practice was particularly true in the medieval Church, for sins referred to a bishop for absolution. If a penitent felt that the penance imposed was disproportionate to the sins committed, the alleged offense was said to be against the external forum, that is, related to public acts required of the penitent. These statements were transcribed by legal clerks, who were paid by fees assessed by Apostolic Penitentiary for the transcription of their decisions and this practice prompted claims that the tribunal, and by extension the Church, accepted money for the forgiveness of sins. Normally confessions of sins are handled at the level by priests. The work of the Apostolic Penitentiary involves sins, such as defiling the Eucharist and these sins bring automatic excommunication from the Church. Once the excommunication is lifted, then absolution can be granted, persons who wish to receive an absolution or dispensation reserved to the Holy See write a petition to the Penitentiary. Usually, this petition is written through their initial confessor, the petition must use pseudonyms when explaining the situation to avoid revealing the identity of the persons involved, and the tribunal itself acts in complete secrecy. The Major Penitentiary considers the matter himself, unless it is particularly important, the members of the tribunal only give advice regarding the petition—the Major Penitentiary has the ultimate decision on whether the dispensation or absolution should be granted. If the Major Penitentiary is uncertain as to whether he has authority in a given case, the impediment or act in question must not be public, as it would then be a matter of the external forum and cannot be absolved or dispensed by the Penitentiary. There are also adaptations for those unable to go to church, Vatican City portal John Paul II
Apostolic Penitentiary
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A series of articles on
Apostolic Penitentiary
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Logo of the Apostolic Penitentiary
12.
Pontifical Council for Culture
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The Pontifical Council for Culture is a dicastery of the Roman Curia charged with fostering the relationship of the Catholic Church with different cultures. Pope John Paul II founded it on 20 May 1982 and he later merged the Pontifical Council for Dialogue with Non-Believers with it. It also fosters relationships between the Holy See and exponents of the world of culture and promotes dialogue with the contemporary cultures. The Council cooperates with episcopal conferences, universities and international such as UNESCO with regard to its field of interest. The permanent staff at the Councils headquarters consists of more than a dozen people, including the President (currently Gianfranco Ravasi, the Secretary. The Pope also appoints consultors, who are yet more numerous, under the Councils patronage, Liana Marabini launched the International Catholic Film Festival known as Mirabile Dictu, an independent film festival to promote films covering Roman Catholic topics. The event has been held annually since 2010 in Rome, Pope Benedict XVI gave the Council new impetus in his desire to build a dialogue with contemporary artists. It has plans to mount a Holy See pavilion at the 2011 Venice Biennale, on 19 December 2015, Paul Tighe was appointed the Councils first Adjunct Secretary. Gabriel-Marie Garrone Paul Poupard Gianfranco Ravasi Ricardo Blázquez Pérez, pontifical council member since 2015 Official website
Pontifical Council for Culture
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St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
13.
Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
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The Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church is an office of the Papal household that administrates the property and revenues of the Holy See. Formerly, his responsibilities included the administration of the Patrimony of St. Peter. As regulated in the Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus, the Camerlengo is always a Cardinal and his heraldic arms are ornamented with two keys – one gold, one silver – in saltire surmounted by an ombrellino, a canopy or umbrella of alternating red and yellow stripes. These are also the arms of the Holy See during a Papal interregnum. e, the possessions of the Holy See, became known as the Camerarius. Prior to the 18th century, the Camerlengo enjoyed an income of 10,000 to 12,000 scudi a year out of the Apostolic Camera. He had jurisdiction over all suits involving the Apostolic Camera, and could judge separately or in association with the Clerics of the Apostolic Camera and he has appellate jurisdiction over suits decided by the Masters of the Roads. In a narration of the 18th century, the Camerlengo is the officer in the Apostolic Camera. In his office are the Governor of Rome, The Treasurer, the Auditor, the President, the Advocate General, the Fiscal Procurator, the Commissary, and twelve Clerks of the Chamber. Each Clerk of the Chamber received around 8,000 scudi a year, the chief beneficiary of these changes was the Cardinal Secretary of State. In the last century, the offices of Secretary of State and Camerlengo were held concurrently by Pietro Gasparri, Eugenio Pacelli, Jean-Marie Villot, on 20 December 2014, Pope Francis appointed Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran as Camerlengo, succeeding Cardinal Bertone. The Camerlengo is responsible for the determination of the death of the reigning Pope. After the Pope is declared dead, the Camerlengo takes possession of the Ring of the Fisherman and this act symbolizes the end of the late Popes authority and prevents its use in forging documents. The Camerlengo then notifies the officers of the Roman Curia. He then participates in the preparations for the conclave and the Popes funeral, until a successor Pope can be elected, the Camerlengo serves as Vatican Citys acting head of state. He is no longer, however, responsible for the government of the Catholic Church when the papacy is vacant, that task was placed in the hands of the College of Cardinals by Universi Dominici gregis. Unlike the rest of Roman Curia, the Camerlengo retains his office during the sede vacante and functions as the director of the Vaticans operations. This is primarily to carry out the Colleges decisions with regard to the funeral of the late Pope and the events leading up to the conclave. The only other people who keep their offices during this time are the Major Penitentiary, the Archpriest of St. Peters Basilica, and the Vicars General for Rome and the Vatican City State
Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
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Coat of arms of the Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church during Sede Vacante (the
escutcheon and
motto are proper to the incumbent)
14.
Congregation of Ceremonies
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The Sacred Congregation of Ceremonies was a dicastery of the Roman Curia that was charged with the direction of all papal ceremonies as well as of the ceremonial of cardinals. The congregation was established by Pope Sixtus V and it also communicated instructions to the legates of the Holy See for the maintenance of due decorum in transacting the affairs of their missions. It instructed newly promoted cardinals, too, on the etiquette to be followed conformably with their new dignity, finally, it solved the questions of precedence which arose among cardinals or among ambassadors to the Holy See. It was dissolved in 1967 in the Curial reforms by Pope Paul VI, rhema-Verlag, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-930454-80-8 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed
Congregation of Ceremonies
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Pope Sixtus V, founder of the Congregation of Ceremonies
15.
Pontifical Council for the Family
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The Pontifical Council for the Family was part of the Curia of the Roman Catholic Church from 1981 to 2016. It was established by Pope John Paul II on 9 May 1981 with his motu proprio Familia a Deo Instituta, replacing the Committee for the Family that Pope Paul VI had established in 1973. The Council fostered the pastoral care of families, protects their rights and dignity in the Church and in civil society and its functions were shifted to the new Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life on 1 September 2016. The Councils last President was Archbishop Vincenzo Paglia, in addition to its advisory board of Bishops, members of the Council included laypeople, especially married laypeople from all over the world. The Council published the quarterly review Familia et Vita starting in 1994, the Council was based in Palazzo San Callisto, Piazza San Callisto, Rome
Pontifical Council for the Family
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St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
16.
Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
–
To this end, it cooperates with various religious institutes and advocacy groups, as well as scholarly, ecumenical, and international organizations. Among its reference works is the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, effective 1 January 2017, the work of the Council was assumed by the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development and Cardinal Peter Turkson became Prefect of the Dicastery. It was in reply to this request that Pope Paul VI established the Pontifical Commission Justitia et Pax by a Motu Proprio dated 6 January 1967. Two months later, in Populorum Progressio, Paul VI succinctly stated of the new body that its name, gaudium et Spes and this Encyclical, which in a certain way. Applies the teaching of the Council, were the texts and points of reference for this new body. After a ten-year experimental period, Paul VI gave the Commission its definitive status with the Motu Proprio Iustitiam et Pacem of 10 December 1976. It will deepen the social doctrine of the Church and attempt to make it known and applied. These relations must be marked by the spirit of the Gospel. It will assemble and evaluate various types of information and the results of research on justice and peace, the development of peoples, when appropriate, it will inform Episcopal bodies of the conclusions drawn. It will heighten awareness of the need to promote peace, above all on the occasion of the World Day of Peace and it will maintain close relations with the Secretariat of State, especially when it deals publicly with problems of justice and peace in its documents or declarations. The Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace has a President who is assisted by a Secretary, a staff of lay persons, religious and priests of different nationalities works with them in carrying out the programmes and activities of the Council. The Pope also appoints about forty Members and Consultors who serve in a capacity for a period of five years. A high point in the life of the Council, the Plenary Assembly is a time of discernment of the signs of the times. The Consultors, some of whom are experts in the teaching of the Church. On Saturday, May 16,2015, Pope Francis named the Reverend Father Timothy Radcliffe, director of the Las Casas Institute of Blackfriars in Oxford, England, which does studies on social justice and human rights, as one of the Consultors. Maurice Roy Bernardin Gantin Roger Etchegaray François-Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận Renato Martino Peter Turkson Joseph Gremillion Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo Roger Joseph Heckel, diarmuid Martin Giampaolo Crepaldi Mario Toso, S. D. B. The primary work of the Pontifical Council is to engage in action-oriented studies based on both the papal and episcopal social teaching of the Church. It also promotes ethical reflection on the evolution of economic and financial systems and addresses problems related to the environment and the responsible use of the Earths resources
Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
–
St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
17.
History of the Roman Curia
–
Like every bishop, the pope was surrounded by a college of priests. The college met regularly to form councils to lead its diocese and its function also extended a calling to the universal Church, and for matters relating to it, the Pope surrounded himself with other bishops around Rome to hear their advice. Gradually, these took a almost permanent presence, the word curia is first used in the Church by a papal document in 1089. Meetings were held three times a week under Pope Innocent III, outside the presbyteries, which dealt with general topics, the pope set up specialized committees of Cardinals on particular topics. These commissions, first in temporary mandate, became more and more important, gradually, consistories lost their effectiveness and started to look like meetings apparatus. The real work was done within the congregations, in 1542, the first congregation, the Holy Office was established by Pope Paul III to fight against Protestantism and other heresies. Then other congregations were created on this model, one after the Council for the Interpretation of the Decrees of the Council of Trent in 1561, and one for the Index in 1571. Some of these congregations were created to assist in the administration of the Papal States rather than those of the Holy See or the Church. There was another reorganization in 1908 under Pope Pius X. While the Pope was sovereign of that region, the Curia had both religious and civil functions, the Curia was from then on dedicated in practice entirely to the Popes ecclesiastical responsibilities. When the Holy See concluded the Lateran Pacts with the Italian State in 1929, the Holy See recognized the annexation by Italy of the Papal States, and Vatican City State was created. The Curia has continued to devote itself exclusively to ecclesiastical affairs, the Second Vatican Council was followed by further changes. Some offices ceased to exist, because their functions were abolished. Others again were given a new name. Pope Benedict XVI made only modest changes to the structure of the Roman Curia, when Martino retired in 2009, the Councils each received its own preside once again. Also in March 2006 the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue was briefly merged into the Pontifical Council for Culture under Cardinal Paul Poupard, in June 2010 Benedict created the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelisation, appointing Archbishop Rino Fisichella its first president. On 16 January 2013 Pope Benedict transferred responsibility for catechesis from the Congregation for the Clergy to the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization
History of the Roman Curia
–
St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
History of the Roman Curia
–
Ministry of Jesus &
Apostolic Age
18.
Pastor Bonus
–
Pastor bonus is an apostolic constitution promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 28 June 1988. It thus strengthens the unity of the faith and the communion of the people of God and it replaced the previous governing document, Regimini Ecclesiæ universæ, which was released by Paul VI in 1967. It delineated the roles of the Secretariat of State, Congregations, Tribunals, Pontifical Councils, Administrative Services and it also established the norms for the Ad limina visits of bishops to Rome and the relationship between the Holy See and the particular Churches and episcopal conferences. Among the changes formulated in the constitution was the re-integration of the Council for Public Affairs of the Church into the Secretariat of State as the Section for Relations with States. The Council for Public Affairs of the Church had previously been a section of the Secretariat of State, the constitution also opened membership in dicasteries to priests, deacons, religious, and lay persons. Pastor bonus continued the opening of the government of the church by allowing representatives of all the faithful to have a role in the Roman Curia. As of March 2016, Pastor bonus has been amended in 2011, by Quaerit semper, in 2013, by Ministrorum institutio and Fides per doctrinam, and in 2014, by Confermando una tradizione. On the same day the Apostolic Letter Fides per doctrinam transferred the competence of catechesis from the Congregation for Clergy to the Pontifical Council for Promoting New Evangelization, in October 2013, Pope Francis and his Council of Cardinals were reviewing Pastor bonus for possible further revisions. It also established the Secretariat for the Economy as a dicastery of the Roman Curia, original text Full text, translated to English by Francis C. C. F. Kelly, James H. Provost, and Michel Thériault and revised by Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Secretariat of State, changing needs, changing names, Reform of Curia is Vatican tradition, Catholic New Service,13 July 2014
Pastor Bonus
–
Johannes Paul II
Pastor Bonus
–
Francis (2013) and Benedict XVI (2008)
19.
Acta Apostolicae Sedis
–
Acta Apostolicae Sedis, often cited as AAS, is the official gazette of the Holy See, appearing about twelve times a year. It was established by Pope Pius X on 29 September 1908 with the decree Promulgandi Pontificias Constitutiones and it contains all the principal decrees, encyclical letters, decisions of Roman congregations, and notices of ecclesiastical appointments. The laws contained in it are to be considered promulgated when published and it replaced a similar publication that had existed since 1865, under the title of Acta Sanctae Sedis. As indicated above, the Acta Sanctae Sedis ceased publication four years later, Acta Apostolicae Sedis is published in Latin. In accordance with paragraph 2 of the Legge sulle fonti del diritto of 7 June 1929, index of Vatican City-related articles Acta Apostolicae Sedis
Acta Apostolicae Sedis
–
Logo
20.
Holy See
–
The Holy See, also referred to as the See of Rome, is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity. It serves as the point of reference for the Catholic Church everywhere. Today, it is responsible for the governance of all Catholics, organised in their Particular Churches, Patriarchates, as an independent sovereign entity, holding the Vatican City enclave in Rome as sovereign territory, it maintains diplomatic relations with other states. Diplomatically, the Holy See acts and speaks for the whole church and it is also recognised by other subjects of international law as a sovereign entity, headed by the Pope, with which diplomatic relations can be maintained. The creation of the Vatican City state was meant to ensure the diplomatic, in Greek, the adjective holy or sacred is constantly applied to all such sees as a matter of course. The word see comes from the Latin word sedes, meaning seat, while Saint Peters basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the Papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the church of Saint John Lateran within the city of Rome. The Pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia, the Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia. The incumbent, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, is the Sees equivalent of a prime minister, Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State, acts as the Holy Sees minister of foreign affairs. Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis On 31 August 2013, mamberti was named in his role by Pope Benedict XVI in September 2006. The Secretariat of State is the body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have rights similar to those of embassies. The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals, the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage and it also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, the Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies. The Holy See does not dissolve upon a Popes death or resignation and it instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante. The government of the See, and therefore of the Catholic Church, canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the Church during this period. In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire, the Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner. Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the popes merchant banker, Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the patrimony of the Holy See. The Holy See has been recognized, both in practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of public international law, with rights
Holy See
–
The
papal throne (
cathedra), in the apse of
Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, symbolises the Holy See.
21.
Roman Pontiff
–
The pope is the Bishop of Rome and, therefore, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, the office of the pope is the papacy. The pope is considered one of the worlds most powerful people because of his diplomatic and he is also head of state of Vatican City, a sovereign city-state entirely enclaved within the Italian capital city of Rome. The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in world history, the popes in ancient times helped in the spread of Christianity and the resolution of various doctrinal disputes. In the Middle Ages, they played a role of importance in Western Europe. Currently, in addition to the expansion of the Christian faith and doctrine, the popes are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue, charitable work, Popes, who originally had no temporal powers, in some periods of history accrued wide powers similar to those of temporal rulers. In recent centuries, popes were gradually forced to give up temporal power, the word pope derives from Greek πάππας meaning father. The earliest record of the use of title was in regard to the by then deceased Patriarch of Alexandria. Some historians have argued that the notion that Peter was the first bishop of Rome, the writings of the Church Father Irenaeus who wrote around AD180 reflect a belief that Peter founded and organised the Church at Rome. Moreover, Irenaeus was not the first to write of Peters presence in the early Roman Church, Clement of Rome wrote in a letter to the Corinthians, c. 96, about the persecution of Christians in Rome as the struggles in our time and presented to the Corinthians its heroes, first, the greatest and most just columns, the good apostles Peter and Paul. St. Ignatius of Antioch wrote shortly after Clement and in his letter from the city of Smyrna to the Romans he said he would not command them as Peter and Paul did. Given this and other evidence, many agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero. Protestants contend that the New Testament offers no proof that Jesus established the papacy nor even that he established Peter as the first bishop of Rome, others, using Peters own words, argue that Christ intended himself as the foundation of the church and not Peter. First-century Christian communities would have had a group of presbyter-bishops functioning as leaders of their local churches, gradually, episcopacies were established in metropolitan areas. Antioch may have developed such a structure before Rome, some writers claim that the emergence of a single bishop in Rome probably did not occur until the middle of the 2nd century. In their view, Linus, Cletus and Clement were possibly prominent presbyter-bishops, documents of the 1st century and early 2nd century indicate that the Holy See had some kind of pre-eminence and prominence in the Church as a whole, though the detail of what this meant is unclear. It seems that at first the terms episcopos and presbyter were used interchangeably, the consensus among scholars has been that, at the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters whose offices were overlapping or indistinguishable
Roman Pontiff
Roman Pontiff
–
Bishop of
Rome
Roman Pontiff
–
Saint Peter
Roman Pontiff
–
St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
22.
Particular Church
–
The particular churches and liturgical rites of the Catholic Church are closely related yet distinct. The term church refers to an ordered assembly of the faithful, whereas the term rite refers to a liturgical, theological. Therefore, even though particular churches and liturgical rites are often closely interrelated, in Catholic canon law, a particular church is an ecclesiastical community headed by a bishop or someone recognised as the equivalent of a bishop. There are two kinds of churches, Autonomous particular church or Church sui iuris, In this context the descriptors autonomous and sui iuris are synonymous. These are aggregations of local churches that share a specific liturgical, theological and canonical tradition. They have also called particular Churches or rites. The largest such autonomous particular church is the Latin Church, the other 23 are referred to collectively as the Eastern Catholic Churches, headed by bishops who have the title and rank of Patriarch or Major Archbishop. In Catholic ecclesiology, a church is an assembly of the faithful, hierarchically ordered, to be a sacrament of the Mystical Body of Christ in the world, a church must have both a head and members. The sacramental sign of Christ the head is the sacred hierarchy – the bishops, priests, more specifically, it is the local bishop, with his priests and deacons gathered around and assisting him in his office of teaching, sanctifying and governing. Thus, the church is fully present sacramentally wherever there is a sign of Christ the head, a bishop and those who assist him, each diocese is therefore considered a particular church. In this sense of church, the list of churches in the Catholic Church has only one member, within the Catholic Church there are local particular churches, of which dioceses are the most familiar form. Other forms include territorial abbacies, apostolic vicariates and apostolic prefectures, the Code of Canon Law states, Particular Churches, in which and from which the one and only Catholic Church exists, are principally dioceses. A list of Catholic dioceses, of which on 31 December 2011 there were 2,834, is given at List of Catholic dioceses and these are known as autonomous churches. There are 24 such autonomous Catholic churches, One Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, although each of them has its own specific heritage, they are all in full communion with the Pope in Rome. For the particular churches within the Catholic Church, whether autonomous ritual churches or dioceses, are seen as not simply branches, theologically, each is considered to be the embodiment in a particular place or for a particular community of the one, whole Catholic Church. It is in these and formed out of them that the one, there are 24 autonomous churches, one Latin Church and twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches, a distinction by now more historical than geographical. The term sui iuris means, literally, of its own law, although all of the particular churches espouse the same beliefs and faith, their distinction lies in their varied expression of that faith through their traditions, disciplines, and canon law. All are in communion with the Holy See, for this kind of particular church, the 1983 Code of Canon Law uses the unambiguous phrase autonomous ritual Church
Particular Church
–
History
23.
Pastor bonus
–
Pastor bonus is an apostolic constitution promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 28 June 1988. It thus strengthens the unity of the faith and the communion of the people of God and it replaced the previous governing document, Regimini Ecclesiæ universæ, which was released by Paul VI in 1967. It delineated the roles of the Secretariat of State, Congregations, Tribunals, Pontifical Councils, Administrative Services and it also established the norms for the Ad limina visits of bishops to Rome and the relationship between the Holy See and the particular Churches and episcopal conferences. Among the changes formulated in the constitution was the re-integration of the Council for Public Affairs of the Church into the Secretariat of State as the Section for Relations with States. The Council for Public Affairs of the Church had previously been a section of the Secretariat of State, the constitution also opened membership in dicasteries to priests, deacons, religious, and lay persons. Pastor bonus continued the opening of the government of the church by allowing representatives of all the faithful to have a role in the Roman Curia. As of March 2016, Pastor bonus has been amended in 2011, by Quaerit semper, in 2013, by Ministrorum institutio and Fides per doctrinam, and in 2014, by Confermando una tradizione. On the same day the Apostolic Letter Fides per doctrinam transferred the competence of catechesis from the Congregation for Clergy to the Pontifical Council for Promoting New Evangelization, in October 2013, Pope Francis and his Council of Cardinals were reviewing Pastor bonus for possible further revisions. It also established the Secretariat for the Economy as a dicastery of the Roman Curia, original text Full text, translated to English by Francis C. C. F. Kelly, James H. Provost, and Michel Thériault and revised by Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Secretariat of State, changing needs, changing names, Reform of Curia is Vatican tradition, Catholic New Service,13 July 2014
Pastor bonus
–
Johannes Paul II
Pastor bonus
–
Francis (2013) and Benedict XVI (2008)
24.
Pope John Paul II
–
Pope Saint John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was Pope from 1978 to 2005. He is called by some Catholics Saint John Paul the Great and he was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the day of the conclave. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland, John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Churchs relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Churchs teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women and he was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the worlds bishops, a key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims. He was the second longest-serving pope in history after Pope Pius IX. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, John Paul IIs cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. A second miracle attributed to John Paul IIs intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014, together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul IIs optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice. He was the youngest of three born to Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska, whose mothers maiden surname was Scholz. Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died in childbirth in 1929 when Wojtyła was eight years old and his elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmunds work as a physician led to his death from scarlet fever. As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper, during his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowices large Jewish community. School football games were organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side. I remember that at least a third of my classmates at school in Wadowice were Jews
Pope John Paul II
–
John Paul II in 1993
Pope John Paul II
–
The wedding portrait of John Paul II's parents, Emilia and Karol Wojtyła Snr
Pope John Paul II
–
The courtyard within the
family home of the Wojtyłas in
Wadowice,
Poland
Pope John Paul II
–
The tomb of the parents of John Paul II at
Rakowicki Cemetery in
Kraków,
Poland
25.
Pope Francis
–
Pope Francis is the 266th and current Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as Bishop of Rome, and sovereign of Vatican City. He chose Francis as his name in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bergoglio worked briefly as a chemical technologist and he was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969, and from 1973 to 1979 was Argentinas provincial superior of the Society of Jesus. He became the Archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and was created a cardinal in 2001 by Pope John Paul II and he led the Argentine Church during the December 2001 riots in Argentina, and the administrations of Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner considered him a political rival. Following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI on 28 February 2013, throughout his public life, Pope Francis has been noted for his humility, emphasis on Gods mercy, concern for the poor, populist causes and commitment to interfaith dialogue. He maintains that the church should be open and welcoming. He does not support unbridled capitalism, Marxism, or Marxist versions of liberation theology, Francis maintains the traditional views of the church regarding abortion, euthanasia, contraception, homosexuality, ordination of women, and priestly celibacy. He opposes consumerism, irresponsible development, and supports taking action on climate change, in international diplomacy, he helped to restore full diplomatic relations between the U. S. and Cuba. Jorge Mario Bergoglio was born on 17 December 1936 in Flores and he was the eldest of five children of Mario José Bergoglio and Regina María Sívori. Mario Bergoglio was an Italian immigrant accountant born in Portacomaro in Italys Piedmont region, Regina Sívori was a housewife born in Buenos Aires to a family of northern Italian origin. Mario Josés family left Italy in 1929, to escape the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini, María Elena Bergoglio, the Popes only living sibling, confirmed that their emigration was not for economic reasons. His other siblings were Alberto Horacio, Oscar Adrián and Marta Regina, two great-nephews, Antonio and Joseph, died in a traffic collision. In the sixth grade, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles and he attended the technical secondary school Escuela Técnica Industrial N°27 Hipólito Yrigoyen, named after a past President of Argentina, and graduated with a chemical technicians diploma. He worked for a few years in that capacity in the section at Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory where his boss was Esther Ballestrino. Before joining the Jesuits, Bergoglio worked as a bar bouncer and as a janitor sweeping floors, in the only known health crisis of his youth, at the age of 21 he suffered from life-threatening pneumonia and three cysts. He had part of a lung excised shortly afterwards, Bergoglio has been a lifelong supporter of San Lorenzo de Almagro football club. Bergoglio is also a fan of the films of Tita Merello, neorealism, Bergoglio found his vocation to the priesthood while he was on his way to celebrate the Spring Day. He passed by a church to go to confession, and was inspired by the priest
Pope Francis
–
Pope Francis
Pope Francis
–
Jorge Mario Bergoglio (fourth boy from the left on the third row from the top) at age 12, while studying at the Salesian College.
Pope Francis
–
Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio in 2008
Pope Francis
–
Pope Francis with Argentine president
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.
26.
Noble court
–
The court of a monarch, or at some periods an important nobleman, is a term for the extended household and all those who regularly attended on the ruler or central figure. It can also refer to the residence of the monarch where the court resides or a series of complexes. In the largest courts, the households, many thousands of individuals comprised the court. Foreign princes and foreign nobility in exile may also seek refuge at a court and this is shown above Near Eastern and Eastern courts often included the harem and concubines as well as eunuchs who fulfilled a variety of functions. At times the harem was walled off and separate from the rest of the residence of the monarch, in Asia concubines were often a more visible part of the court. Lower ranking servants and bodyguards were not properly called courtiers though may be included as part of the court or royal household in the broadest definition, entertainers and others may have been counted as part of the court. A royal household is the highest ranking example of this, a group of individuals dependent on the patronage of a great man, classically in ancient Rome, forms part of the system of clientage that is discussed under vassal. Individual rulers differed greatly in tastes and interests, as well as in political skills, accordingly, some founded elaborate courts based on new palaces, only to have their successors retreat to remote castles or to practical administrative centers. Personal retreats might arise far away from official court centres, etiquette and hierarchy flourish in highly structured court settings, and may leave conservative traces over generations. Most courts featured a strict order of precedence often involving royal and noble ranks, orders of chivalry, some courts even featured court uniforms. One of the markers of a court is ceremony. Most monarchal courts included ceremonies concerning the investiture or coronation of the monarch, some courts had ceremonies around the waking and the sleeping of the monarch called a levée. Orders of chivalry as honorific orders became an important part of court culture starting in the 15th century and they were the right of the monarch to create and grant as the fount of honour. Two of the earliest titles referring to the concept of a courtier were likely the ša rēsi, the imperial court of the Byzantine Empire at Constantinople would eventually contain at least a thousand courtiers. The courts systems became prevalent in other such as those in the Balkan states, the Ottoman Empire. Byzantinism is a term that was coined for this spread of the Byzantine system in the 19th century, however, by the Sui Dynasty the functions of the royal household and the imperial government were clearly divided. During the Heian period, Japanese Emperors and their families developed an exquisitely refined court that played an important role in their culture. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West, a court culture can be recognized in the entourage of the Ostrogoth Theodoric the Great
Noble court
–
Ambassador
Kosa Pan and
Siamese envoys pay their respect to
Louis XIV at his court in
Versailles.
Noble court
–
The 'Court of Lahore'.
Noble court
–
The
Macartney Embassy. Lord Macartney salutes the
Qianlong Emperor, but refused to
kowtow.
Noble court
–
The Dutch court is known for old traditions
27.
Cabinet (government)
–
A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch. They are usually called ministers, but in some jurisdictions are sometimes called secretaries, in some countries, the cabinet is called Council of Ministers or Government Council or lesser known names such as Federal Council, Inner Council or High Council. These countries may differ in the way that the cabinet is used or established, in some countries, particularly those that use a parliamentary system, the Cabinet collectively decides the governments direction, especially in regard to legislation passed by the parliament. In this way, the President gets opinions and advice in upcoming decisions, instead, it is usually the Head of Government who holds all means of power in his hands and the Cabinet reports to him. In most governments, members of the Cabinet are given the title of minister, in a few governments, as in the case of Mexico, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and United States, the title of secretary is also used for some Cabinet members. In many countries, a Secretary is a member with an inferior rank to a minister. In some countries attorneys general also sit in the cabinet, while in others this is strictly prohibited as the attorneys general are considered to be part of the judicial branch of government. The size of cabinets varies, although most contain around ten to twenty ministers, researchers have found an inverse correlation between a countrys level of development and cabinet size, on average, the more developed a country is, the smaller is its cabinet. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, cabinets began as smaller sub-groups of the English Privy Council, the term comes from the name for a relatively small and private room used as a study or retreat. The process has repeated itself in recent times, as leaders have felt the need to have a Kitchen Cabinet or sofa government, under the Westminster system, members of the cabinet are Ministers of the Crown who are collectively responsible for all government policy. All ministers, whether senior and in the cabinet or junior ministers, must publicly support the policy of the government, the cabinet may also provide ideas on/if new laws were established, and what they include. Cabinet deliberations are secret and documents dealt with in cabinet are confidential, in theory the prime minister or premier is first among equals. In some countries, the ministers are referred to as spokespersons. A prime ministerial government is a government where the minister is dominant in terms of the executive. As the prime minister is, by definition, a member of a cabinet – this form of government is often a development from cabinet government, in true cabinet government the prime minister is primus inter pares, where prime ministerial government necessitates the crossing of this boundary. An often cited example of ministerial government is the United Kingdom. Thatcher began using bilateral meetings with ministers to determine policy areas using cabinet to simply announce these decisions. Due to the extent of her success, and her control over cabinet positions, despite John Major moving back towards cabinet government, Tony Blair carried on Thatchers approach
Cabinet (government)
–
Barack Obama 's Cabinet, 2009
Cabinet (government)
–
Brazilian President
Dilma Rousseff and her cabinet, 2015
28.
Pius XII
–
Pope Pius XII, born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, reigned as Pope from 2 March 1939 to his death in 1958. After the war Pius XII advocated peace and reconciliation, including lenient policies towards Axis, the Church experienced severe persecution and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the Eastern Bloc. Pius XII was an opponent of Communism and of the Italian Communist Party. He explicitly invoked ex cathedra papal infallibility with the dogma of the Assumption of Mary in his 1950 Apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus and his magisterium includes almost 1,000 addresses and radio broadcasts. His forty-one encyclicals include Mystici corporis, the Church as the Body of Christ, Mediator Dei on liturgy reform and he eliminated the Italian majority in the College of Cardinals in 1946. In 1954, Pius XII began to suffer ill health. The embalming of his body was mishandled, with effects that were evident during the funeral and he was buried in the Vatican grottos and was succeeded by Pope John XXIII. In the process toward sainthood, his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by Pope Paul VI during the session of the Second Vatican Council. He was made a Servant of God by Pope John Paul II in 1990, Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli was born on 2 March 1876 in Rome into a family of intense Catholic piety with a history of ties to the papacy. His parents were Filippo Pacelli and Virginia Pacelli, together with his brother Francesco and his two sisters, Giuseppina and Elisabetta, he grew up in the Parione district in the centre of Rome. Soon after the family had moved to Via Vetrina in 1880 he began school at the convent of the French Sisters of Divine Providence in the Piazza Fiammetta, the family worshipped at Chiesa Nuova. Eugenio and the children made their First Communion at this church. In 1886 too he was sent to the school of Professor Giuseppe Marchi. In 1891 Pacellis father sent Eugenio to the Liceo Ennio Quirino Visconti Institute, a school situated in what had been the Collegio Romano. He was also enrolled at the State University, La Sapienza where he studied modern languages, at the end of the first academic year however, in the summer of 1895, he dropped out of both the Capranica and the Gregorian University. According to his sister Elisabetta, the food at the Capranica was to blame, having received a special dispensation he continued his studies from home and so spent most of his seminary years as an external student. In 1899 he completed his education in Sacred Theology with a degree awarded on the basis of a short dissertation. Shortly after ordination he began studies in canon law at SantApollinaire
Pius XII
–
Eugenio Pacelli at the age of six in 1882
Pius XII
–
Pope Venerable Pius XII
Pius XII
–
Pacelli on the day of his ordination, 2 April 1899.
Pius XII
–
The Serbian Concordat, 24 June 1914. Present for the Vatican were
Cardinal Merry del Val and next to him, Pacelli.
29.
Diocese
–
The word diocese is derived from the Greek term διοίκησις meaning administration. When now used in a sense, it refers to a territorial unit of administration. This structure of governance is known as episcopal polity. The word diocesan means relating or pertaining to a diocese and it can also be used as a noun meaning the bishop who has the principal supervision of a diocese. An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese, an archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or have had importance due to size or historical significance. The archbishop may have authority over any other suffragan bishops. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the bishopric is used to describe the bishop himself. Especially in the Middle Ages, some bishops held political as well as religious authority within their dioceses, in the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in a larger unit, the diocese. With the adoption of Christianity as the Empires official religion in the 4th century, a formal church hierarchy was set up, parallel to the civil administration, whose areas of responsibility often coincided. With the collapse of the Western Empire in the 5th century, a similar, though less pronounced, development occurred in the East, where the Roman administrative apparatus was largely retained by the Byzantine Empire. In modern times, many dioceses, though later subdivided, have preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division, modern usage of diocese tends to refer to the sphere of a bishops jurisdiction. As of January 2015, in the Catholic Church there are 2,851 regular dioceses,1 papal see,641 archdioceses and 2,209 dioceses in the world, in the Eastern rites in communion with the Pope, the equivalent unit is called an eparchy. Eastern Orthodoxy calls dioceses metropoleis in the Greek tradition or eparchies in the Slavic tradition, after the Reformation, the Church of England retained the existing diocesan structure which remains throughout the Anglican Communion. The one change is that the areas administered under the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are properly referred to as provinces and this usage is relatively common in the Anglican Communion. Certain Lutheran denominations such as the Church of Sweden do have individual dioceses similar to Roman Catholics and these dioceses and archdioceses are under the government of a bishop. Other Lutheran bodies and synods that have dioceses and bishops include the Church of Denmark, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Evangelical Church in Germany, rather, it is divided into a middle judicatory. The Lutheran Church-International, based in Springfield, Illinois, presently uses a traditional diocesan structure and its current president is Archbishop Robert W. Hotes. The Church of God in Christ has dioceses throughout the United States, in the COGIC, each state is divided up into at least three dioceses that are all led by a bishop, but some states as many as seven dioceses
Diocese
–
Sankt Laurentii kyrka Diocese of Linköping, Söderköpings kommun, Sweden
Diocese
–
Pope Pius XI (left) blesses Bishop
Stephen Alencastre as fifth
Apostolic Vicar of the Hawaiian Islands in a
Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace window. In
Roman Catholicism, the
pope is the bishop of the
Diocese of Rome, creates the other
Catholic dioceses throughout the world and chooses their bishops.
Diocese
–
St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh Cathedral of the Diocese of Armagh and Metropolitan Cathedral of the United Provinces of Armagh and Tuam,
Church of Ireland Anglican Communion
Diocese
–
Jesus
30.
Diocese of Rome
–
The Diocese of Rome is a diocese of the Catholic Church in Rome. The Bishop of Rome is the Pope, the Supreme Pontiff, as the Holy See, the papacy is a sovereign entity with diplomatic relations, and civil jurisdiction over the Vatican City State within Rome. The Diocese of Rome is the Metropolitan diocese of the Province of Rome, the Catholic Church teaches that the first Bishop of Rome was Saint Peter in the first century, the incumbent since 13 March 2013 is Pope Francis. The bishop of the Diocese of Rome has, in the first place, the title of Bishop of Rome, the best evidence available for the origins of the Church in Rome is Saint Pauls Epistle to the Romans. This indicates that the church was established probably by the early 40s CE, Saint Peter became associated with this church sometime between the year 58 and the early 60s. By now the church at Rome was exercising a pastoral care that extended beyond its own community, appeals were made to Peter and Paul, with whom the Roman church was most closely identified. The city of Rome has grown beyond the boundaries of the diocese, notable parts of the city belong to the dioceses of Ostia and Porto-Santa Rufina. Ostia is administered together with the Vicariate of the City and thus included in the statistics given below and it consists of two parishes, Saint Peters Basilica and Saint Anne in Vatican. The current Vicar General for Vatican City is Angelo Comastri, Vicariate of Rome the territory under Italian sovereignty and including the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, which is the cathedral of the diocese. The Vicar General for the Vicariate of Rome is called the Cardinal Vicar, the Vicariates website lists 335 active and 5 suppressed parishes in its territory. The diocese covers a territory of 881 square kilometres of which 0.44 square kilometres is in the Vatican City State. The diocese has 1,219 diocesan priests of its own, while 2,331 priests of other dioceses,5,072 religious priests and 140 Opus Dei priests reside in its territory, as do 2,266 women religious. In 2004, they pastored an estimated 2,454,000 faithful, six of the dioceses of the Roman Province are described as suburbicarian. Each suburbicarian diocese has a Cardinal Bishop at its head, the Diocese of Ostia was merged with the Diocese of Rome in 1962, and is now administered by a Vicar General, in tight cooperation with the Vicar General for Rome
Diocese of Rome
–
The Papal Cathedra, the
throne of the
Pope in the
Archibasilica Lateranensis.
Diocese of Rome
–
Diocese of Rome Dioecesis Urbis seu Romana Diocesi di Roma
31.
Cardinal Vicar
–
Cardinal Vicar is a title commonly given to the vicar general of the Diocese of Rome for the portion of the diocese within Italy. The official title, as given in the Annuario Pontificio, is Vicar General of His Holiness, the Bishop of Rome appoints the Cardinal Vicar with ordinary power to help with the spiritual administration of his diocese. There is a position dealing with the spiritual needs of the Vatican City called the Vicar General for the Vatican City State, or more exactly. It seems certain that in the twelfth century vicars were named only when the pope absented himself for a time from Rome or its neighbourhood. When he returned, the vicars duties ceased, thus the nomination of a vicar on 28 April 1299, is dated from the Lateran. The office owes its development to the removal of the Roman Curia to Southern France. Since then the list of vicars is continuous, the oldest commissions do not specify any period of duration, in the Bull of 16 June 1307, it is said for the first time that the office is held at our good will. It is only in the century that we meet with life-tenures. Formerly the nomination was by Bull, when began the custom of nominating by Brief is difficult to determine, the oldest Bull of nomination known bears the date of 13 February 1264. An immemorial custom of the Curia demands that all its officials shall be sworn in. In all probability during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries such oaths were taken at the hands of the pope himself, later the duty fell to the Apostolic Camera. The oath, whose text first appears in a document of 21 May 1427, greatly resembles, in its first part, the oath is conceived in very general terms and lays but slight stress on the special duties of the vicar. According to the oldest known decree of nomination,13 February 1264, in this document, however, neither the special rights of the vicar nor the local extent of his authority are made known, but it is understood that the territory in question is the city of Rome. On 27 June 1288, the received the rights of visitation, correction and reformation in spiritual matters. Of dedicating churches and reconciling cemeteries, consecrating altars, blessing, confirming, on 21 July 1296, Pope Boniface VIII added the authority to hear confessions and impose salutary penances. On 6 July 1202, the variant is met with, to reform the churches, clergy, and people of Rome itself. His jurisdiction over all monasteries is first vouched for 16 June 1207, the inclusion among these of monasteries, exempt and non-exempt and their inmates, without the walls of Rome, was the first step in the local extension of the vicars jurisdiction. He was also empowered to confer vacant benefices in the city, for a considerable length of time the above-mentioned rights exhibit the fulness of the vicars authority
Cardinal Vicar
–
The Holy See
32.
Vicar General of Rome
–
Cardinal Vicar is a title commonly given to the vicar general of the Diocese of Rome for the portion of the diocese within Italy. The official title, as given in the Annuario Pontificio, is Vicar General of His Holiness, the Bishop of Rome appoints the Cardinal Vicar with ordinary power to help with the spiritual administration of his diocese. There is a position dealing with the spiritual needs of the Vatican City called the Vicar General for the Vatican City State, or more exactly. It seems certain that in the twelfth century vicars were named only when the pope absented himself for a time from Rome or its neighbourhood. When he returned, the vicars duties ceased, thus the nomination of a vicar on 28 April 1299, is dated from the Lateran. The office owes its development to the removal of the Roman Curia to Southern France. Since then the list of vicars is continuous, the oldest commissions do not specify any period of duration, in the Bull of 16 June 1307, it is said for the first time that the office is held at our good will. It is only in the century that we meet with life-tenures. Formerly the nomination was by Bull, when began the custom of nominating by Brief is difficult to determine, the oldest Bull of nomination known bears the date of 13 February 1264. An immemorial custom of the Curia demands that all its officials shall be sworn in. In all probability during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries such oaths were taken at the hands of the pope himself, later the duty fell to the Apostolic Camera. The oath, whose text first appears in a document of 21 May 1427, greatly resembles, in its first part, the oath is conceived in very general terms and lays but slight stress on the special duties of the vicar. According to the oldest known decree of nomination,13 February 1264, in this document, however, neither the special rights of the vicar nor the local extent of his authority are made known, but it is understood that the territory in question is the city of Rome. On 27 June 1288, the received the rights of visitation, correction and reformation in spiritual matters. Of dedicating churches and reconciling cemeteries, consecrating altars, blessing, confirming, on 21 July 1296, Pope Boniface VIII added the authority to hear confessions and impose salutary penances. On 6 July 1202, the variant is met with, to reform the churches, clergy, and people of Rome itself. His jurisdiction over all monasteries is first vouched for 16 June 1207, the inclusion among these of monasteries, exempt and non-exempt and their inmates, without the walls of Rome, was the first step in the local extension of the vicars jurisdiction. He was also empowered to confer vacant benefices in the city, for a considerable length of time the above-mentioned rights exhibit the fulness of the vicars authority
Vicar General of Rome
–
The Holy See
33.
Vatican City
–
Vatican City, officially Vatican City State or the State of Vatican City, is a walled enclave within the city of Rome. With an area of approximately 44 hectares, and a population of 842, however, formally it is not sovereign, with sovereignty being held by the Holy See, the only entity of public international law that has diplomatic relations with almost every country in the world. It is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Bishop of Rome – the Pope, the highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins. Vatican City is distinct from the Holy See, which dates back to early Christianity and is the episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin. According to the terms of the treaty, the Holy See has full ownership, exclusive dominion, within Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peters Basilica, the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Museums. They feature some of the worlds most famous paintings and sculptures, the unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of publications. The name Vatican City was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, the name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. Vatican is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the area the Romans called vaticanus ager. The official Italian name of the city is Città del Vaticano or, more formally, Stato della Città del Vaticano, although the Holy See and the Catholic Church use Ecclesiastical Latin in official documents, the Vatican City officially uses Italian. The Latin name is Status Civitatis Vaticanæ, this is used in documents by not just the Holy See. The name Vatican was already in use in the time of the Roman Republic for an area on the west bank of the Tiber across from the city of Rome. Under the Roman Empire, many villas were constructed there, after Agrippina the Elder drained the area and laid out her gardens in the early 1st century AD. In AD40, her son, Emperor Caligula built in her gardens a circus for charioteers that was completed by Nero, the Circus Gaii et Neronis, usually called, simply. Even before the arrival of Christianity, it is supposed that this originally uninhabited part of Rome had long considered sacred. A shrine dedicated to the Phrygian goddess Cybele and her consort Attis remained active long after the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter was built nearby, the particularly low quality of Vatican water, even after the reclamation of the area, was commented on by the poet Martial. The Vatican Obelisk was originally taken by Caligula from Heliopolis in Egypt to decorate the spina of his circus and is thus its last visible remnant and this area became the site of martyrdom of many Christians after the Great Fire of Rome in AD64. Ancient tradition holds that it was in this circus that Saint Peter was crucified upside-down, opposite the circus was a cemetery separated by the Via Cornelia. Peters in the first half of the 4th century, the Constantinian basilica was built in 326 over what was believed to be the tomb of Saint Peter, buried in that cemetery
Vatican City
–
View of St. Peter's Square from the top of Michelangelo's dome
Vatican City
–
Flag
Vatican City
–
The Vatican
obelisk was originally taken from Egypt by
Caligula.
Vatican City
–
Bands of the British army's 38th Brigade playing in front of St Peter's Basilica, June 1944
34.
Papal States
–
The Papal States, officially the State of the Church, were territories in the Italian Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Italian Peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. At their zenith, they covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio, Marche, Umbria and Romagna and these holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. By 1861, much of the Papal States territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy, only Lazio, including Rome, remained under the Popes temporal control. In 1870, the pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all, Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini ended the crisis between unified Italy and the Vatican by signing the Lateran Treaty, granting the Vatican City State sovereignty. The Papal States were also known as the Papal State, the territories were also referred to variously as the State of the Church, the Pontifical States, the Ecclesiastical States, or the Roman States. For its first 300 years the Catholic Church was persecuted and unrecognized and this system began to change during the reign of the emperor Constantine I, who made Christianity legal within the Roman Empire, and restoring to it any properties that had been confiscated. The Lateran Palace was the first significant new donation to the Church, other donations followed, primarily in mainland Italy but also in the provinces of the Roman Empire. But the Church held all of these lands as a private landowner, the seeds of the Papal States as a sovereign political entity were planted in the 6th century. Beginning In 535, the Byzantine Empire, under emperor Justinian I, launched a reconquest of Italy that took decades and devastated Italys political, just as these wars wound down, the Lombards entered the peninsula from the north and conquered much of the countryside. While the popes remained Byzantine subjects, in practice the Duchy of Rome, nevertheless, the pope and the exarch still worked together to control the rising power of the Lombards in Italy. As Byzantine power weakened, though, the took a ever larger role in defending Rome from the Lombards. In practice, the papal efforts served to focus Lombard aggrandizement on the exarch, a climactic moment in the founding of the Papal States was the agreement over boundaries embodied in the Lombard king Liutprands Donation of Sutri to Pope Gregory II. When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the popes renewed earlier attempts to secure the support of the Franks. In 751, Pope Zachary had Pepin the Younger crowned king in place of the powerless Merovingian figurehead king Childeric III, zacharys successor, Pope Stephen II, later granted Pepin the title Patrician of the Romans. Pepin led a Frankish army into Italy in 754 and 756, Pepin defeated the Lombards – taking control of northern Italy – and made a gift of the properties formerly constituting the Exarchate of Ravenna to the pope. The cooperation between the papacy and the Carolingian dynasty climaxed in 800, when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor, the precise nature of the relationship between the popes and emperors – and between the Papal States and the Empire – is disputed. Events in the 9th century postponed the conflict, the Holy Roman Empire in its Frankish form collapsed as it was subdivided among Charlemagnes grandchildren
Papal States
–
The
Quirinal Palace, papal residence and home to the civil offices of the Papal States from the
Renaissance until their annexation
Papal States
–
Flag in 1870
Papal States
–
Antichristus (1521) by
Lucas Cranach the Elder is a woodcut of the Papal States at war during the Renaissance.
Papal States
–
The Breach of Porta Pia, on the right, in 1870.
35.
Pope Pius X
–
Pope Saint Pius X, born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was Pope from August 1903 to his death in 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine, promoting traditional devotional practices and his most important reform was to order the codification of the first Code of Canon Law, which collected the laws of the Church into one volume for the first time. He was also considered a pastoral pope, in the sense of encouraging personal holiness, piety and he was born in the town of Riese, which would later append Pio X to the towns name. Pius X believed that there was no surer or more direct road than by the Virgin Mary to achieve this goal. His immediate predecessor, Pope Leo XIII, had promoted a synthesis between the Catholic Church and secular culture, faith and science, and divine revelation and reason. Pius X defended the Catholic faith against popular 19th-century attitudes and views such as indifferentism and relativism which his predecessors had warned against as well and he followed the example of Leo XIII by promoting Thomas Aquinas and Thomism as the principal philosophical method to be taught in Catholic institutions. Pius X vehemently opposed modernism, which claimed that Roman Catholic dogma should be modernized and blended with nineteenth-century philosophies and he viewed modernism as an import of secular errors affecting three areas of Roman Catholic belief, theology, philosophy, and dogma. Personally, Pius X combined within himself a strong sense of compassion, benevolence and poverty, but also stubbornness and he wanted to be pastoral in the sense that he was the only pope in the 20th century who gave Sunday homily sermons in the pulpit every week. After the 1908 Messina earthquake he filled the Apostolic Palace with refugees and he rejected any kind of favours for his family, his brother remained a postal clerk, his favourite nephew stayed on as village priest, and his three sisters lived together close to poverty in Rome. He often referred to his own origins, taking up the causes of poor people. I was born poor, I have lived poor, and I wish to die poor, considered a holy person by many, public veneration of Pope Pius X began soon after his death. Numerous petitions resulted in a process of beatification which started in the 1920s. The Society of Saint Pius X, a Traditionalist Catholic group, is named in his honor, a gigantic statue of him is enshrined within Saint Peters Basilica, while the town of his birthplace was also renamed after his canonization. Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was born in Riese, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia and he was the second born of ten children of Giovanni Battista Sarto and Margarita Sanson. He was baptised 3 June 1835, giuseppes childhood was one of poverty, being the son of the village postman. Though poor, his parents valued education, and Giuseppe walked 3.75 miles to each day. At a young age, Giuseppe studied Latin with his village priest, on 18 September 1858, Sarto was ordained a priest, and became chaplain at Tombolo. While there, Father Sarto expanded his knowledge of theology, studying both Saint Thomas Aquinas and canon law, while carrying out most of the functions of the parish pastor, in 1867, he was named archpriest of Salzano
Pope Pius X
–
Pope Saint Pius X
Pope Pius X
–
Kitchen of the Sarto family in Riese
Pope Pius X
–
A young Giuseppe Sarto
Pope Pius X
–
Cardinal Sarto
36.
1917 Code of Canon Law
–
The 1917 Code of Canon Law, also referred to as the Pio-Benedictine Code, was the first official comprehensive codification of Latin canon law. It was promulgated on 27 May 1917 and took effect on 19 May 1918. It was in force until the 1983 Code of Canon Law took legal effect and it has been described as the greatest revolution in canon law since the time of Gratian. This was also the law that for the first time in Roman Catholic Church history. Papal attempts at codification of the mass of canon law spanned the eight centuries since Gratian produced his Decretum c. In the 13th century especially canon law became the object of scientific study, the most important of these were the five books of the Decretales Gregorii IX and the Liber Sextus of Bonaface VIII. Some of it became obsolete and contradictions crept in so that it became difficult in recent times to discover what was of obligation and where to find the law on a particular question. When the Vatican Council met in 1869 a number of bishops of different countries petitioned for a new compilation of law that would be clear. The council never finished its work and no attempt was made to bring the legislation up to date, by the 19th Century, this body of legislation included some 10,000 norms. Many of these were difficult to reconcile with one another due to changes in circumstances and this situation impelled Pope St. Pius X to order the creation of the first Code of Canon Law, a single volume of clearly stated laws. Under the aegis of Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law was completed under Benedict XV, the work having been begun by Pius X and promulgated by Benedict XV, it is sometimes called the Pio-Benedictine Code, but more often the 1917 Code. The Catholic universities of the world and the bishops of all countries were asked to cooperate, the scholars began the work and a copy of the first draft was sent to the bishops for suggestions. Every Latin bishop had the right to keep a representative in Rome to give him voice at the meetings of the codification commission. By the winter of 1912, the span of the code had been completed. The new code was completed in 1916, the code was promulgated on 27 May 1917 as the Code of Canon Law by his successor, Pope Benedict XV, who set 19 May 1918 as the date on which it came into force. For the most part, it applied only to the Latin Church except when it treats of things that, by their nature, apply to the Oriental, the numbering of the canons was not to be altered. It was in force until Canon 6 §1 1° of the 1983 Code of Canon Law took legal effect, the congregations were instead to issue Instructions on the canons of the code, and to make it clear that they were elucidating particular canons of the code. This was done so as not to make the code obsolete soon after it was promulgated, the 1917 Code was very rarely amended, and then only slightly
1917 Code of Canon Law
–
Cover of the 1917 Code of Canon Law
37.
Pope Paul VI
–
Pope Paul VI, born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Montini served in the Vaticans Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954, Montini later became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the name Paul VI. He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which was closed with the death of John XXIII. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of Church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform policies of his predecessors and successors, Paul VI was a Marian devotee, speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings, visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals. Following his famous predecessor Saint Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council, Paul VI sought dialogue with the world, with other Christians, other religions, and atheists, excluding nobody. He saw himself as a servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes of the rich in North America. His positions on birth control, promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, Pope Benedict XVI declared that the late pontiff lived a life of heroic virtue and conferred the title of Venerable upon him. Pope Francis beatified him on 19 October 2014 after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession and his liturgical feast is celebrated on the date of his birth on 26 September. Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia and his father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility and he had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini and he attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was interrupted by bouts of illness. In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest and he was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year, afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest, in 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a Christian inspired culture. Montini had just one posting in the service of the Holy See as Secretary in office of the papal nuncio to Poland in 1923. Of the nationalism he experienced there he worte, This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, then one seeks the expansion of ones own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours
Pope Paul VI
–
Paul VI in 1963
Pope Paul VI
–
His father, Giorgio Montini
Pope Paul VI
–
Montini on the day of his ordination in 1920.
Pope Paul VI
–
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini walking in Saint Peter's Square in 1962.
38.
Sede vacante
–
Sede vacante in the canon law of the Catholic Church is the vacancy of the episcopal see of a particular church and especially that of the papacy. It is Latin for the seat being vacant, the seat in question being the throne of the particular church. After the death or resignation of a pope, the Holy See enters a period of sede vacante, in this case the particular church is the Diocese of Rome and the vacant seat is the cathedra of Saint John Lateran, the cathedral church of the Bishop of Rome. During this period, the Holy See is administered by a regency of the College of Cardinals, at the same time, all the heads of the departments of the Roman Curia cease to exercise their offices. The exceptions are the Cardinal Camerlengo, who is charged with managing the property of the Holy See, and the Major Penitentiary, if either has to do something which normally requires the assent of the Pope, he has to submit it to the College of Cardinals. The postal administration of the Vatican City State prepares and issues special postage stamps for use during this particular period, the coat of arms of the Holy See also changes during this period. The papal tiara over the keys is replaced with the umbraculum or ombrellino in Italian and this symbolizes both the lack of a Pope and the governance of the Camerlengo over the temporalities of the Holy See. As further indication, the Camerlengo ornaments his arms with this symbol during this period, previously during this period the arms of the Camerlengo appeared on commemorative Vatican lira coinage. It now makes its appearance on Vatican euro coins, which are legal tender in all Eurozone states, once a new pope has been elected the sede vacante period officially ends, even before the papal inauguration. Cardinals present in Rome are required to wait at least fifteen days after the start of the vacancy before they hold the conclave to elect the new Pope, after twenty days have elapsed, they must hold the conclave, even if some cardinals are missing. With the next conclave in 1939, cardinals began to travel by air, days before his resignation in February 2013, Benedict XVI amended the rules to allow the cardinals to begin the conclave sooner, if all voting cardinals are present. Historically, sede vacante periods have often been quite lengthy, lasting months, or even years. The longest period without a Pope in the last 250 years was the half year from the death in prison of Pius VI in 1799. Whilst conclaves and papal elections are generally completed in short order, the following is a table of sede vacante periods in excess of a year, The term sede vacante can be applied to other Catholic dioceses outside of Rome. In such cases, this means that the diocesan bishop has either died, resigned, transferred to a different diocese, or lost his office. If there is a bishop for the diocese, then this period does not take place. Within eight days after the see is known to be vacant. The administrator they choose must be a priest or bishop who is at least 35 years old, the diocesan administrator has greater powers, essentially those of a bishop except for matters excepted by the nature of the matter or expressly by law
Sede vacante
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The arms of the
Holy See under sede vacante
39.
Cardinal Secretary of State
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The Secretariat of State performs all the political and diplomatic functions of the Holy See and the Vatican City. The Secretary of State is currently Cardinal Pietro Parolin, the Cardinal Secretary is appointed by the Pope, and serves as one of his principal advisors. As one of the offices in the Roman Catholic Church. The Cardinal Secretarys term ends when the Pope who appointed him dies or leaves office, once the new Pope is chosen, the former Secretarys role in the commission likewise expires, though he can be re-appointed as Secretary of State. At this stage the secretary was a minor functionary, the Vatican administration being led by the Cardinal Nephew. By the time of Pope Innocent X the Secretary of State was always himself a Cardinal, from then onwards the Secretary of State has been the most important of the officials of the Holy See. In 1968, Pope Paul VIs apostolic constitution Regimini Ecclesiae Universae further enhanced the powers of the Secretary, in 1973 Paul further broadened the Secretaryship by abolishing the ancient office of Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church and merging its functions into those of the Secretary
Cardinal Secretary of State
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Vatican City
40.
Pietro Parolin
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Pietro Parolin is an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church. He has served as the Secretary of State since 15 October 2013 and he was elevated to the cardinalate on 22 February 2014. Parolin was born in Schiavon, Province of Vicenza, as the son of a store manager. He has one sister and a brother, when he was ten years old, his father died in a car accident. After he was ordained on 27 April 1980, he took up studies in canon law at the Pontifical Gregorian University. He entered the Holy Sees diplomatic service in 1986 at the age of 31 and he served for three years in the Nunciature of Nigeria and another three in the Nunciature of Mexico. In Nigeria he became familiar with the problems in Christian-Muslim relations and these laborious negotiations led to Mexico officially shedding the country’s secular and anti-clerical imprint, which extended to its Constitution. In Rome he was as director for Spain, Andorra, Italy. He speaks native Italian, fluent English and French, and near-native Spanish, Parolin has also been at the forefront of Vatican efforts to approve and implement the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Addressing the International Atomic Energy Agency on 18 September 2006, at its headquarters in Vienna, Austria, Parolin referred to this treaty as the basis to pursue nuclear disarmament and an important element for further development of nuclear energy applications for peaceful purposes. He said, Since this treaty is the only multilateral legal instrument currently available, intended to bring about a nuclear weapons-free world, humanity deserves no less than the full cooperation of all states in this important matter. In 2005 Msgr Parolin was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, in September 2007 at the opening of the UN he argued that, We often hear in the halls of the United Nations of the responsibility to protect. The Holy See believes that applies also in the context of climate change, at the beginning of Pope Benedicts pontificate, direct contact was re-established with China. It was in context that Benedict XVI sent Chinese Catholics the June 2007 Letter. On 17 August 2009 Pope Benedict XVI appointed Msgr, Parolin to a new position as apostolic nuncio to Venezuela. Talks between the government and Vatican have been held since 1990, Vietnam has one of Asias largest Catholic populations, with more than 6 million followers. In the latest round of talks, a senior Vatican delegation spent the week in Vietnam meeting with Hanoi officials in the hope of laying the groundwork for formal diplomatic relations. During the meeting, the two sides held in-depth and comprehensive discussions on bilateral relations, including issues related to the Catholic Church in Vietnam, the two sides also acknowledged the encouraging development in the relations between Vietnam and the Holy See since 1990
Pietro Parolin
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His Eminence Pietro Parolin
Pietro Parolin
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Archbishop Parolin during a mass in Caracas, July 2012
Pietro Parolin
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President
Obama meets Cardinal Parolin, 27 March 2014
41.
George Pell
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George Pell AC is an Australian cardinal prelate of the Catholic Church. He serves as the inaugural and current Prefect of the Secretariat for the Economy since 2014 and he previously served as the eighth Archbishop of Sydney, auxiliary bishop and archbishop of the Archdiocese of Melbourne. He was created a cardinal in 2003, since Pells appointment as Archbishop of Melbourne in 1996, he has maintained a high public profile on a wide range of issues, while retaining a strict adherence to Catholic orthodoxy. He is generally regarded as progressive on social issues but conservative on matters of faith. Pell was born in Ballarat, Victoria, to George Arthur and his father, a non-practising Anglican whose ancestors were from Leicestershire in England, was a heavyweight boxing champion, his mother was a devout Catholic of Irish descent. During World War II, his father served in the Australian Defence Force and his sister, Margaret, became a violinist with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. As a child, he underwent 24 operations to remove an abscess in his throat, Pell received his early education at Loreto Convent and later at St Patricks College, where he matriculated. Both colleges are in his native Ballarat, at St Patricks, Pell played as a ruckman on the first XVIII from 1956 to 1959. He even signed to play with the Richmond Football Club, however, his ambitions later turned to the priesthood. In 1960, he began his studies at Corpus Christi College. One of his fellow seminarians at Corpus Christi was Denis Hart, Pell continued to play football and served as class prefect in his second and third years. In 1963, he was assigned to continue his studies at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome and he was ordained to the diaconate on 15 August 1966. On 16 December 1966, Pell was ordained a priest by Cardinal Grégoire-Pierre Agagianian at St. Peters Basilica, during his studies at Oxford, he also served as a chaplain to Catholic students at Eton College, where he celebrated the first Roman Catholic Mass since the English Reformation. In 1971, he returned to Australia and was assigned to serve as an assistant priest in Swan Hill and he then served at a parish in Ballarat East from 1973 to 1983, becoming administrator of the parish of Bungaree in 1984. In 1982, he earned a Master of Education degree from Monash University in Melbourne and he was also editor of Light, the newspaper of the Diocese of Ballarat, from 1979 to 1984. From 1985 to 1987, Pell served as rector of his alma mater. Pell was appointed a bishop of Melbourne and Titular Bishop of Scala on 30 March 1987. He received his consecration on 21 May 1987 from Archbishop Frank Little, with bishops Ronald Mulkearns
George Pell
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His Eminence George Pell
AC
42.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney is a Latin Church metropolitan archdiocese, located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Military Ordinariate of Australia, as well as the Eastern Rite Melkite Catholic Eparchy of St Michael, Archangel, St Mary’s Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney. The current archbishop is Anthony Fisher, the Vicariate Apostolic of New Holland and Van Diemen’s Land was founded in 1834. The Diocese of Sydney was elevated on 5 April 1842, just two weeks later, the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese and a metropolitan see. In 1819, two priests were officially authorised by the British government to minister to the Catholics of the Australian colony. Until 1834, the territory now forming the Archdiocese of Sydney and that of the entire Australian mainland, on 28 February 1842, the Diocese of Sydney was erected with Bishop Polding as its diocesan bishop. Some weeks later Sydney was made a see, with Hobart. At that time, the Archdiocese of Sydney included the whole of the portion of the continent, comprising what are now known as the states of New South Wales, Victoria. The suffragan dioceses are, Maitland, Armidale, Bathurst, Lismore, Wilcannia-Forbes, Wagga Wagga, Wollongong, Parramatta, the Metropolitan Cathedral of St Mary is the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Sydney and the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney. The cathedral is dedicated to Mary, Help of Christians, Patron of Australia, St Mary’s holds the title and dignity of a minor basilica, bestowed upon it by Pope Pius XI in 1930. St Marys is the largest church in Australia, though not the highest, in 2008, St Marys Cathedral became the focus of World Youth Day 2008 and was visited by Pope Benedict XVI. A foundation stone for the cathedral was laid in 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, when this cathedral was destroyed by fire in June 1865, plans were put in place for the construction of the current cathedral. Further construction of the nave commenced in 1913 and was dedicated in 1928, the richly decorated crypt was completed in 1961 and the most recent additions, two pinnacled spires, were commenced in 2000 and completed in advance of World Youth Day 2008. St Marys Cathedral Choir, the oldest musical institution in Australia, is formed of approximately 40 choristers and sings at High Mass every Sunday, the following individuals have been elected as Archbishop of Sydney, with a number elected as cardinals, as well as receiving civilian honours. Their highest title is shown here, There are around 577,000 Catholics in the archdiocese, the Catholic population is 27. 7% of the total. There are 139 parishes, in the care of around 246 diocesan priests. There are some 480 priests in total, including priests, working within the archdiocese, including those on lesser duties. There are 1,238 religious sisters and 275 religious brothers, while Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal Clancy established the Seminary of the Good Shepherd in the Sydney suburb of Homebush in 1996
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney
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The Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Mary, cathedral of the Archdiocese
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney
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St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney; front, facing south.
43.
Vatican Radio
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Vatican Radio is the official broadcasting service of the Vatican. Set up in 1931 by Guglielmo Marconi, today its programs are offered in 47 languages, and are sent out on short wave, medium wave, FM, satellite, since its inception, Vatican Radio has been maintained by the Jesuit Order. During World War II and the rise of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, a week after Pope Pius XII ordered the programming, Vatican Radio broadcast to an incredulous world that Poles and Jews were being rounded up and forced into ghettos. Today, programming is produced by two hundred journalists located in 61 different countries. Vatican Radio produces more than 42,000 hours of simultaneous broadcasting covering international news, religious celebrations, in-depth programs, the current general director is Father Federico Lombardi, S. J. Vatican Radio began broadcasting with the callsign HVJ on two shortwave frequencies using 10 kilowatts of power on 12 February 1931, with the pontificial message Omni creaturae of Pope Pius XI. In 1933, a permanent microwave link was established between the Vatican Palace and the residence of the papacy, Castel Gandolfo. In 1936, the International Telecommunication Union recognized Vatican Radio as a special case, on 25 December 1937 a Telefunken 25 kW transmitter and two directional antennas were added. Vatican Radio broadcast over 10 frequencies, during World War II, Vatican Radios news broadcasts were banned in Germany. During the war, the service operated in four languages. While some critics have said Pope Pius XII was too quiet regarding the Holocaust, Adler argues that it exposed Nazi persecution of the Church and opposed collaboration with Nazism. It appealed to Catholics to remain true to their faiths injunctions, to defend the sanctity of life, in so doing the Pope pursued a policy of spiritual resistance to Nazi ideology and racism. In 1948, services expanded to 18 languages, because of space purposes, the Holy See acquired a 400-hectare area located 18 kilometres north of Rome at Santa Maria di Galeria. The Italian Republic granted the site status in 1952. The next phase involved two 100 kW transmitters aimed at Africa and Oceania, a 250 kW mediumwave transmitter for Europe, Radio Vaticana was one of 23 founding broadcasting organisations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950. In the 21st century, Vatican Radio has experimented with digital technologies and has used electronic newsletters, podcasts. Vatican Radio and CTV began their own YouTube channel in 2010, operating in four languages, in May 2009 it was announced that Vatican Radio would begin broadcasting commercial advertisements for the first time in July. The decision was made so as to meet the rising costs
Vatican Radio
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Administration building and
radio masts at Vatican City
Vatican Radio
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Vatican Radio Radio Vaticana
44.
Vatican Television Center
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The Vatican Television Center is the Holy See national broadcaster of Vatican City State. Vatican Central Television was first aired in 1983, created in 1983 by Pope John Paul II, the Vatican Television Center is, since November 1996, an institution legally associated with the Vatican. The main services that it offers are live broadcasts, daily help to other media, creation of television programs, programs are mainly based on what happens in the Vatican. Daily prayers such as Angelus, general audiences on Wednesdays and various celebrations are broadcast, the Pope’s travels around the world are also broadcast. Each year, CTV broadcasts around 130 events in the Vatican and covers daily public activities of the Pope, octava Dies, is a weekly magazine of 25 minutes broadcast in the entire world since Easter 1998. It is also broadcast by Italian Catholic television channels and by agencies such as APTN. It is available in English and Italian on the Vatican’s website, live broadcasts are made on the Vatican’s website and by other Italian catholic television channels such as Telepace or TV2000, and foreign television channels such as KTO. If asked CTV also gives images to other channels for events in the Vatican or during Pope’s visits all around the world. In Vatican, it can offer assistance setting up press center and press conference but also services of special reporters and video. CTV produced many documentaries during the reigns of Pope John Paul II and it made documentaries on the lives of Pope, on the Vatican City and on the main churches of Catholicism. They were broadcast in English, Spanish, French and in other languages, CTV owns a library of more than 10.000 recordings, that means 4.000 hours of recordings and images of Pope John Paul II’s reign since 1984. This library is open to foreign television channels and to documentary producers from all around the world, the secretary of CTV is open Monday to Saturday from 9 a. m to 1 p. m. Index of Vatican City-related articles Official website Livestream CTV
Vatican Television Center
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History
45.
Libreria Editrice Vaticana
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The Vatican Publishing House is a publisher established by the Holy See in 1926. It is responsible for publishing official documents of the Roman Catholic Church, on 27 June 2015, Pope Francis decreed that the Vatican Publishing House would eventually be incorporated into a newly established Secretariat for Communications in the Roman Curia. In 1926, the library was separated from the printing and transformed into autonomous body that was entrusted with the sale of books that were being made to print by the Holy See. The Apostolic constitution Pastor bonus of John Paul II classified the LEV as an affiliated with the Holy See. It has its own constitution and its own rules, the statutes of LEV Article 2 states, The Libreria Editrice Vaticana has the fundamental aim of publishing the documents of the Supreme Pontiff and the Holy See. The company owns the copyright to all the writings of the Pope, the policy was announced on 31 May 2005. La Stampa was the first to pay royalties to the Vatican publisher, and the Union of Catholic Booksellers and Publishers protested the Vatican policy, the LEVs policy has been summarized as, ews organizations can quote from the popes speeches, encyclicals and other writings without charge. They can also publish full texts free provided they cite Vatican copyright, but if a text is published separately
Libreria Editrice Vaticana
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Jesus
46.
Kevin Farrell
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Kevin Joseph Farrell is an Irish-born American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. A former member of the Legion of Christ, he has appointed the Prefect of the Dicastery for Laity, Family and Life. He had been the seventh Bishop of Dallas, as well as the chancellor of the University of Dallas, kevin Farrell was born in Dublin, Ireland, and grew up speaking Irish. The second of four sons, he has a brother, Brian. Farrell studied under the Christian Brothers in Drimnagh, and entered the novitiate of the Legion of Christ in 1966, in 1967, he visited the United States while raising funds for the missions of Latin America through the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. Farrell also attended the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, receiving a degree in dogmatic theology. He also holds a Masters in business and administration from the University of Notre Dame as well, Farrell was ordained to the priesthood in Rome on December 24,1978. He then served as chaplain to the University of Monterrey in Mexico and he was also General Administrator of the Legion of Christ with responsibilities for seminaries and schools in Italy, Spain, and Ireland. In 1984, Farrell was assigned to the United States and incardinated in the Archdiocese of Washington and he served as an associate pastor at St. Peters Church in Olney, St. Bartholomew Church in Bethesda, and St. Thomas the Apostle Church in Washington. Seán OMalley, OFM Cap, as director of the Spanish Catholic Center in 1986, Farrell became acting director of Catholic Charities in 1988, and was the Archdiocesan Secretary of Finance from 1989 to 2001. He was raised to the rank of Honorary Prelate of His Holiness in 1995, in 2001, he was named vicar general for the Archdiocese and pastor of Annunciation Church in Washington. On December 28,2001 Pope John Paul II appointed Farrell as an Auxiliary Bishop of the Washington Archdiocese with the see of Rusuccuru. He was consecrated on February 11,2002 by Cardinal Theodore Edgar McCarrick and he was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI on March 6,2007 to replace the retiring Bishop Charles Victor Grahmann. He was installed on May 1,2007, within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Farrell is a consultant to the Committee on Migration, which oversees the Migration and Refugee Services department. This department serves and advocates for refugees, asylees, other forced migrants, immigrants and he will assume the chair in November 2009. Bishop Farrells brother, Bishop Brian Farrell, is the secretary of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, kevin Farrell said of his brother, My brother is a bishop. My older brother – but I became a bishop before he did, theres still some of that sibling rivalry. On August 17,2016, Pope Francis appointed Farrell prefect of the newly established Dicastery for Laity, Family, on October 9,2016, Pope Francis announced he would raise Farrell to the rank of cardinal in a consistory on November 19,2016
Kevin Farrell
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The Most Reverend Kevin Joseph Farrell
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Ojetti, Benedetto (1913). "Roman Curia". Catholic Encyclopedia.
Ojetti, Benedetto (1913). "
