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History
Roman abacus
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The Ancient Romans developed the Roman hand abacus, a portable, but less capable, base-10 version of earlier abacuses like those that were used by the Greeks and Babylonians.
A reconstruction of a Roman hand abacus, made by the RGZ Museum in Mainz, 1977. The original is bronze and is held by the Bibliothèque nationale de Fr
A reconstruction of a Roman hand abacus, made by the RGZ Museum in Mainz, 1977. The original is bronze and is held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France, in Paris. This example is missing many counter beads.
Velser's reconstruction of Roman abacus (ca. 1600)
Velser's reconstruction of Roman abacus (ca. 1600)
Alternative usages of the beads in the lower slot
Alternative usages of the beads in the lower slot
Abacus
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An abacus, also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Arabic numeral system. An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads. In their earliest designs, the beads could be loose on a flat surface or sliding in grooves. Later the beads were made to slide on rods and built into a frame, allowing faster manipulation.
An early photograph of the Salamis Tablet, 1899. The original is marble and is held by the National Museum of Epigraphy, in Athens.
An early photograph of the Salamis Tablet, 1899. The original is marble and is held by the National Museum of Epigraphy, in Athens.
Copy of a Roman abacus
Copy of a Roman abacus
Russian schoty
Russian schoty
Early 20th century abacus used in Danish elementary school.
Early 20th century abacus used in Danish elementary school.