1.
Romani people
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The Romani are widely known among English-speaking people by the exonym Gypsies, which some people consider pejorative due to its connotations of illegality and irregularity. Romani are dispersed, with their populations in Europe – especially Central, Eastern and Southern Europe including Turkey, Spain. Since the 19th century, some Romani have also migrated to the Americas, there are an estimated one million Roma in the United States, and 800,000 in Brazil, most of whose ancestors emigrated in the nineteenth century from eastern Europe. Brazil also includes some Romani descended from people deported by the government of Portugal during the Inquisition in the colonial era, in migrations since the late nineteenth century, Romani have also moved to other countries in South America and to Canada. In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora, the Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large, many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two, those varieties are sometimes called Para-Romani. French bohème, bohémien, from the Kingdom of Bohemia, whence they came, Rom means man or husband in the Romani, it has the variants dom and lom, related with the Sanskrit words dam-pati, dama, lom, lomaka loman, roman. Another possible origin is from Sanskrit डोम doma, Sanskrit सिनधु is a river or stream of water in general. In particular, it denotes the river Indus and the country around it, in the Romani language, Rom is a masculine noun, meaning man of the Roma ethnic group or man, husband, with the plural Roma. The feminine of Rom in the Romani language is Romni, however, in most cases, in other languages Rom is now used for people of all genders. Romani is the adjective, while Romano is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use Rom or Roma as a name, while others do not use this term as a self-ascription for the entire ethnic group. Sometimes, rom and romani are spelled with a r, i. e. rrom. In this case rr is used to represent the phoneme /ʀ/, the rr spelling is common in certain institutions, or used in certain countries, e. g. Romania, to distinguish from the endonym/homonym for Romanians. In the English language, Rom is a noun and an adjective, while Romani is also a noun, both Rom and Romani have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy. Romani was initially spelled Rommany, then Romany, while today the Romani spelling is the most popular spelling, occasionally, the double r spelling mentioned above is also encountered in English texts. The term Roma is increasingly encountered during recent decades, as a term for the Romani people
2.
Romani people in Bulgaria
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Romani people in Bulgaria constitute one of the countrys largest ethnic minorities. The Romani are the third or second largest ethnic group, depending on the data, the 2011 census recorded a lower figure than that in 2001. While Romani have the highest birth rate in Europe and are considered the fastest growing group, and they also tend to have high death and immigration rates. The Romani people in Bulgaria speak Bulgarian, Turkish or Romani, depending on the region, the Romani people have darker pigmentation than most of Bulgarias ethnic groups as a result of their Indian descent. They are not concentrated in regions, but are rather spread throughout the country in similar frequencies. However, there are villages with Romani majority, in Bulgaria, Romani are most commonly referred to as Tsigani, an exonym that some Romani resent and others embrace. The form of the endonym Roma in Bulgarian is romi, in Bulgaria Roma are discriminated, 59% to 80% of non-Roma have negative feelings towards Roma. They are emancipated social group, having higher crime, unemployment, birth, death and poverty rates, though most live in poverty, the Romani are represented in Bulgarian mafia and rich Romani crime bosses deal with drug trade and prostitution. Though most of them are unemployed, they have a high rate of child sex workers. Roma constitute the majority of population according to self-identification of inmates. According to 2002 data, the poverty rate among Romani is 61. 8%, in 1997, 84% of Bulgarian Romani lived under the poverty line, compared with 32% of ethnic Bulgarians. In 1994, the poverty rate of Romani was estimated at 71. 4%, however, they enjoy more financial aid than other citizens, especially for children, which may have prompt the higher birth rates of the Romani. Many live with humanitarian aid without working, in 2011 the share of Romani with university degree reached 0. 3%, while 6. 9% have secondary education, the same share was 22. 8%/47. 6% for Bulgarians. The Turks are more negative towards the Romani than the Bulgarians, with 30-50% rejecting various interactions and friendship with Romani. Although only 25% of Romani parents object to their children to be married with a Bulgarian, Romani are avoided by the majority traditionally, especially for marriage, however, there are ethnically mixed people with Gypsy and Bulgarian parents who are called жоревци zhorevtsi. The rights of the Romani people in the country are also represented by political parties and cultural organizations, the Romani people originate from Northern India, presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab. More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi and it shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali. Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India, in February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India
3.
Romanichal
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The Romanichals are a Romani sub-group in the United Kingdom and other parts of the English-speaking world. Romanichals are thought to have arrived in England in the 16th century and they are closely related to the Welsh Kale and to other Romani groups in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. The word Romanichal is derived from Romani chal, where chal is Angloromani for fellow, Romanichal are found across the United Kingdom, particularly England, Lowland Scotland and Wales. The Romanichal diaspora emigrated from the British Isles to other parts of the English-speaking world, based on some estimates, there are now more people of Romanichal descent in the United States than in Britain. They are also found in numbers in South Africa, Australia, Canada. Many Angloromani words have been incorporated into English, particularly in the form of British slang, many, but not all, Romanichals are noted for a fairer phenotype than that of other Romani groups in Europe. Lighter-skinned Romani are not uncommon, and a light phenotype, including individuals with blond hair and blue eyes, can also be seen in established Eastern European Roma communities. The French writer Felix Colson, writing in 1839 about his visits to slave holdings in Romania, remarked of some of the Romani slaves, Their skins are hardly brown but blond and beautiful. Lighter-skinned Romani girls in Slovakia, noted for their beauty, were given the nickname Papin or Papinori in the Romani language to indicate their light skin tone, stereotypically, darker skin is seen as a racial characteristic among the Romani. Blond hair, fair skin and blue eyes are not uncommon features among both the Roma and British Romani groups. Examples include lighter-skinned Roma who were conscripted into fighting units during WWII and he didn’t look like a gypsy—He was white. As with the varying phenotypes in continental Romani groups, the British Romanichal are a subgroup of the Romani people. They display genetic markers distinct from those of people of the British Isles. These markers show them to be most closely related to continental Romani groups like the Sinti from Germany, Austria, the Finnish Kale, a further sub-group of the Romani people, allege that they are descendants of Romani people from the UK. The Romani people have origins in India, specifically Rajasthan and began migrating westwards from the 11th century, the first groups of Romani people arrived in Great Britain by the end of the 15th century, escaping conflicts in Southeastern Europe. In 1506 there are recorded Romani persons in Scotland, arrived from Spain, soon the leadership passed laws aimed at stopping the Romani immigration and at the assimilation of those already present. During the reign of Henry VIII, the Egyptians Act banned Romanies from entering the country, failure to do so could result in confiscation of property, imprisonment and deportation. In 1562 a new law offered Romanies born in England and Wales the possibility of becoming English subjects, in 1596,106 men and women were condemned to death at York just for being Romani, and nine were executed
4.
Finnish Kale
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The Finnish Kale are a group of the Romani people who live primarily in Finland and Sweden. Their main languages are Finnish and Finnish Romani, the original Finnish Kale were Romani groups who came to Finland via Sweden in the 16th century, leaving the kingdoms of Scotland and England. In 1637, all Romani groups were declared outlaws who could be hanged without trial, when Finland declared independence in 1917, all Kales received full citizenship and rights. During the Winter War and Continuation War, about a thousand Kales served in the Finnish military, Finnish Kale commonly follow their traditions in both male and female dress. Finnish Kale women choose personally whether to don the traditional dress or not at around the age of 15 to 20, in case of nontraditional wear, modesty customs are still followed. Back in the 19th century, Finnish Kale men dressed nearly identical to the ethnic Finn farmers, in a coat, slacks, high boots, in the early 20th century, many Kale men adopted the clothing style associated with the highly regarded profession of horse cab driver. This dress featured a shirt, a jacket, a peaked cap, tall black boots. The use of jodhpurs was very specific for the Finnish Kale, as Romani in other areas would have associated them with the aggressive military. During the 1960s and 70s, the peaked cap fell out of use, jackets are still worn as traditional Kale modesty disallows appearing in only a shirt. Light-colored slacks or jeans are rarely seen, the driver-style dress is used only by some of the older men, or by younger men for special occasions. The traditional female Finnish Kale dress stems from the dress worn by the ethnic Finn women. Until the turn of the 20th century, Kale and Finn women dressed much alike in blouses, long skirts, over time and with increased wealth, the female Kale dress has become continually more decorated. Young children wear similar clothing to other ethnicities, girls approaching maturity, but still below the age to don the traditional dress, often wear long, narrow, dark skirts. Music is a part of Finnish Kale culture, everyday entertainment. In Finland, the Kale are known especially for their contribution to the Finnish tango, Kale men have been a vital part of Schlager singers since the start of the genres popularity in Finland following World War II. At first Kale singers faced direct discrimination, and for instance were banned from performing at certain establishments either on principle or following Kale audience misbehavior. Taisto Tammi and Markus Allan were the two most important earlier Kale performers, both adopted artistic aliases to reduce attention at their ethnic background, since then, discrimination has lessened and Kale singers have no need to mask their birth names in order to succeed in the career. Numerous Kale have participated in the Tangomarkkinat, a national tango-singing contest, winners include Anneli Sari, the Kale have traditionally held positions as craftsmen, but the occupation has lost importance in modern times, leading to a significant rise in unemployment within the group
5.
Sinti
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The Sinti are a Romani people of Central Europe. They were traditionally itinerant, but today only a percentage of the group remains unsettled. In earlier times, they lived on the outskirts of communities. The Sinti of Central Europe are closely related to the known as Manouche in France. They speak the Sinti-Manouche variety of Romani, which exhibits strong German influence, the Sinti arrived in Germany and Austria in the Late Middle Ages along with Romani from India, eventually splitting into two groups, Eftavagarja and Estraxarja. They arrived in Germany at least before 1540, in Italy they are present mainly in Piedmont region, with some communities in Veneto and Emilia Romagna as well. Sinti and Roma had migrated to Germany in the late 15th century, nonetheless, they were still generally accused of being beggars and thieves, and by 1899, the police kept a central register on Gypsies. Adolf Eichmann recommended that the Gypsy Question be solved simultaneously with the Jewish Question, some were sent to Poland, or elsewhere, others were confined to designated areas, and many were eventually gassed. In concentration camps, the Sinti were forced to either a black triangle, indicating their classification as asocial, or a brown triangle. Django Reinhardt was a guitarist who fused traditional dance hall musettes with American jazz in 1930s and 1940s, along with Stéphane Grappelli and the other members of the Quintette du Hot Club de France, founded the style of music known as Gypsy Jazz. Other notable Sinti musicians include Drafi Deutscher and the jazz guitarists Jimmy Rosenberg, the Sinto Hänsche Weis produced a record in Germany in the 1970s in which he sang about the Poraimos in his own language. Many younger Germans first learned about this part of Holocaust history as a result of this recording, titi Winterstein and several members of Reinhardts clan still play traditional and modern Gypsy jazz. The jazz keyboardist Joe Zawinul was also of Sinti descent, marianne Rosenberg, a very popular Sinti/Roma-German singer, is considered the Cher of Germany. She sings mainly in German but has sung in English, French, Italian and she came 10th in the German preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest 1975 with Er gehört zu mir. Her biography book Kokolores is a best seller in Europe, oto Pestner is a notable Slovenian Sinti singer. He is known for his involvement with the New Swing Quartet, Pestner also sings gospel and Slovenian folk music. Sintis notable for their sporting achievements include Johann Trollmann, the 1933 boxing champion of Germany, history of the Romani people Romani people by country Sindhi diaspora
6.
Romani people in Hungary
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Romani people in Hungary are Hungarian citizens of Romani descent. According to the 2011 census, they compose 3, the Romani people originate from Northern India, presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab. More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi and it shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali. Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India, in February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora, the date of the arrival of the first Romani groups in Hungary cannot exactly be determined. Sporadic references to persons named Cigan, Cygan or Chygan or to villages named Zygan can be found in charters from the 13th–14th centuries, however, persons bearing these names were not Romani, and Zygan was not inhabited by Romani people in the 14th century. Accordingly, these seem to have derived from an Old Turkic word for plain hair. The charter makes mention of 17 tent-dwelling Gypsies who were held by a local boyar Costea, lord of Alsó- and Felsővist, next, the financial accounts of the town of Brassó recorded a grant of food to Lord Emaus the Egyptian and his 120 followers in 1416. Since Romani people were mentioned as either Egyptians or the Pharaohs People in this period, Lord Emaus. In the mid-18th century, Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Joseph II dealt with the Romani question by the methods of enlightened absolutism. Maria Theresa enacted a decree prohibiting the use of the name Cigány or Zigeuner and requiring the terms new peasant and she later placed restrictions on Romani marriages, and ordered children to be taken away from Romani parents to be raised in bourgeois or peasant families. Joseph II prohibited use of the Romani language in 1783, the forced assimilation essentially proved successful. During World War II,28,000 Romani perished in Hungary, although they traditionally lived in the countryside, under general urbanization trends from the second half of the 20th century many of them moved into the cities. There is a sizable Romani minority living in Budapest, the real number of Romani in Hungary is a disputed question. In the 2001 census 205,720 people called themselves Romani, studies from the 1990s show that the majority of Romani in Hungary grow up with Hungarian as their mother tongue. Only about 5% spoke Romani and another 5% spoke Boyash as their mother tongue, Boyash is a language related to Romanian and apart from loan words not related to Romani. During World War II, about 28,000 Romani were killed in Hungary, since then, the size of the Romani population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn Hungarian child belongs to the Romani minority, based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Romani population will double by 2050
7.
Ursari
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The Ursari or Richinara are the traditionally nomadic occupational group of animal trainers among the Romani people. The Ursari form an important part of the Roma community in Romania and they also form a sizable part of the Roma present in Serbia and Western European countries such as the Netherlands and Italy. The word Ursari may also refer to a dialect of Balkan Romani, as spoken in Romania and Moldova, although it is estimated that most Ursari, like the Boyash, speak Romanian as their native language. There is no consensus on whether Ursari belong to the Sinti subgroup of the Roma people or to the other half of the Roma population. A Romanian poll conducted in 2004 among 347 Roma found that 150 referred to themselves as Ursari, the Coşniţari group, present on both sides of the Danube, is believed to be a segment of the Ursari. In later decades, they were probably among the people referred to as Egyptians. The Ursari formed part of the population in the Danubian Principalities before the abolitions of the 1840s and 1850s. With the Boyash, the Kalderash, and groups of Roma smiths, Ursari formed the category of lăieşi, by the early decades of the 19th century, most of the state-owned Roma were lăieşi, as opposed to private-owned ones. Ursari people and the Boyash-proper traditionally accompanied the Kalderash on their travels to Rumelia, also according to Thouvenel, Ursari were known for veterinary skills, which, he argued, the superstition of people in the countryside attributes to the possession of a magic art. In addition to handling, the community would occasionally trade in wild animals. Female members of the community were known for their practice of fortune-telling, as early as the rule of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza, they formed a staple of such spectacles, alongside the music-playing Lăutari, the Căluşari, and freak shows. At around the time, they included a section of zavragii. Also during the late 19th century, the Ursari came to be attested in Imperial Russian-ruled Bessarabia, a similar move originated in Serbia, around Kragujevac, with Boyash and Ursari moving into northern and central Italy. In time, a significant number of Ursari joined circuses, while others began manufacturing and trading bone objects and leather. The bears were taught to make dancing moves to a tambourine, or trained to walk upright and perform such as leaning on canes. It has been reported that bear training involved burning the paws of cubs to the rhythm of music, the official explanation for the measure was that such patterns of movement were helping to spread typhus. Over the following years, under Ion Antonescus regime, members of the Ursari community were among the Roma people deported to Transnistria, interdictions on performing with bears were legislated throughout the Eastern Bloc. In April–June 1991, following the Revolution of 1989, Ursari in several localities of Romanias Giurgiu County — Bolintin Deal, Ogrezeni, Ursari people were chased away, and many of their lodgings were burned to the ground
8.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
9.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
10.
Nomad
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A nomad is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another. Among the various ways nomads relate to their environment, one can distinguish the hunter-gatherer, as of 1995, there were an estimated 30–40 million nomads in the world. Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method, pastoralists raise herds, driving them, or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. Nomadism is also a lifestyle adapted to regions such as steppe, tundra, or ice and sand. For example, many groups in the tundra are reindeer herders and are semi-nomadic and these nomads sometimes adapt the use of high technology such as solar photovoltaics to reduce their dependence on diesel fuel. These groups are known as peripatetic nomads, a nomad is a person with no settled home, moving from place to place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise making a living. The word Nomad comes from a Greek word that one who wanders for pasture. Most nomadic groups follow an annual or seasonal pattern of movements and settlements. Nomadic peoples traditionally travel by animal or canoe or on foot, today, some nomads travel by motor vehicle. Most nomads live in tents or other portable shelters, Nomads keep moving for different reasons. Nomadic foragers move in search of game, edible plants, the Australian Aborigines, Negritos of Southeast Asia, and San of Africa, for example, traditionally move from camp to camp to hunt and to gather wild plants. Some tribes of the Americas followed this way of life, Pastoral nomads make their living raising livestock, such as camels, cattle, goats, horses, sheep, or yaks. These nomads travel to find more camels, goats, and sheep through the deserts of Arabia, the Fulani and their cattle travel through the grasslands of Niger in western Africa. Some nomadic peoples, especially herders, may move to raid settled communities or avoid enemies. Nomadic craftworkers and merchants travel to find and serve customers and they include the Lohar blacksmiths of India, the Romani traders, and the Irish Travellers. Most nomads travel in groups of families called bands or tribes and these groups are based on kinship and marriage ties or on formal agreements of cooperation. A council of adult males makes most of the decisions, though some tribes have chiefs, in the case of Mongolian nomads, a family moves twice a year. These two movements would generally occur during the summer and winter, the winter location is usually located near mountains in a valley and most families already have their fixed winter locations
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