1.
Marilyn Monroe
–
Marilyn Monroe was an American actress and model. Famous for playing comic dumb blonde characters, she one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s. Although she was an actress for only a decade, her films grossed $200 million by the time of her unexpected death in 1962. She continues to be considered a popular culture icon. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Monroe spent most of her childhood in foster homes, while working in a factory in 1944 as part of the war effort, she was introduced to a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career. The work led to short-lived film contracts with Twentieth Century-Fox and Columbia Pictures, after a series of minor film roles, she signed a new contract with Fox in 1951. Over the next two years, she became an actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business. Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for photos before becoming a star, but rather than damaging her career. Although she played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image throughout her career, she was disappointed at being typecast and underpaid by the studio. She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project, when the studio was still reluctant to change her contract, Monroe founded a film production company in late 1954, she named it Marilyn Monroe Productions. She dedicated 1955 to building her company and began studying acting at the Actors Studio. In late 1955, Fox awarded her a new contract, which gave her more control and a larger salary. After a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop and acting in the first independent production of MMP, The Prince and her last completed film was the drama The Misfits. Monroes troubled private life received much attention and she struggled with substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. She had two highly publicized marriages, to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and playwright Arthur Miller, both of which ended in divorce and she died at the age of 36 on August 5,1962, from an overdose of barbiturates at her home in Los Angeles. Although Monroes death was ruled a suicide, several conspiracy theories have been proposed in the decades following her death. Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at the Los Angeles County Hospital on June 1,1926, Gladys, the daughter of two poor Midwestern migrants to California, was a flapper and worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries. When she was fifteen, Gladys married a man nine years her senior, John Newton Baker and she filed for divorce in 1921, and Baker took the children with him to his native Kentucky
Marilyn Monroe
–
Studio publicity photograph
Marilyn Monroe
–
A 1955 copy of Monroe's birth certificate, listing her name as Norma Jeane Mortenson
Marilyn Monroe
–
Monroe photographed by
David Conover while she was still working at the Radioplane factory in late 1944
Marilyn Monroe
–
Monroe as gangster's moll Angela in
John Huston 's
The Asphalt Jungle (1950), one of her first performances to be noted by the critics
2.
Tom Ewell
–
Tom Ewell was an American film, stage and television actor, and producer. He received a Tony Award for the play and a Golden Globe Award for the film and he appeared in several other light comedies of the 1950s, most notably The Girl Cant Help It, though he preferred the stage. Ewell was born in Owensboro, Kentucky, the son of Martine and his family expected him to follow in their footsteps as lawyers or whiskey and tobacco dealers, but Ewell decided to pursue acting instead. He began acting in stock in 1928 with Don Ameche before moving to New York City in 1931. He enrolled in the Actors Studio and he made his Broadway debut in 1934 and his film debut in 1940, and for several years, he played comic supporting roles. His acting career was interrupted during World War II when he served in the United States Navy, after World War II, Ewell attracted attention with a strong performance in the film Adams Rib, and he began to receive Hollywood roles more frequently. With this play, he made his debut as a producer, in 1947, he won a Clarence Derwent Award for his portrayal of Fred Taylor in the original Broadway cast of John Loves Mary. His most successful and, arguably, most identifiable role came in 1952, when he joined the Broadway production of The Seven Year Itch as protagonist Richard Sherman. With Vanessa Brown as The Girl, Ewell played the more than 900 times over three years, as he indicated in a mystery guest appearance on Whats My Line. to promote the 1955 film adaptation. He earned both the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for portraying Sherman. He enjoyed other film successes, including The Lieutenant Wore Skirts with Sheree North, in The Girl Cant Help It, Julie London appears as a mirage to Tom Miller singing her signature song, Cry Me a River. He played Abel Frake in the 1962 version of the Rodgers and he co-starred in the U. S. premiere of Waiting for Godot with Bert Lahr in 1956 at the Coconut Grove Playhouse. However, as his film and theater careers seemed to have reached their peaks, over several years, he played guest roles in numerous series, and received an Emmy Award nomination for his continuing role in Baretta. In 1982, he co-starred as the town doctor in the short lived comedy Best of the West. His final acting performance was in a 1986 episode of Murder, from September 1960 to May 1961, Ewell starred in his own television series, in the self-titled The Tom Ewell Show, which lasted for one season. In the mid-1970s, Ewell enjoyed popular success with a role as retired veteran policeman Billy Truman in the 1970s Emmy-winning TV series Baretta. Ewell appeared in 36 episodes of the TV-cop series, which starred Robert Blake as Detective Tony Baretta, in 1979, he was a guest star on the TV series Taxi. Ewell also co-starred from 1981 to 1982 in the short-lived TV series Best of the West, on March 18,1946, he married Ann Abbott, daughter of Broadway director George Abbott, the short-lived marriage ended in divorce a year later
Tom Ewell
–
Ewell in 1958
Tom Ewell
–
in Adam's Rib (1949)
3.
The Seven Year Itch
–
The Seven Year Itch is a 1955 American romantic comedy film based on a three-act play with the same name by George Axelrod. The film was co-written and directed by Billy Wilder, and stars Marilyn Monroe and Tom Ewell and it contains one of the most iconic images of the 20th century – Monroe standing on a subway grate as her white dress is blown upwards by a passing train. The titular phrase, which refers to declining interest in a relationship after seven years of marriage, has been used by psychologists. Richard Sherman is a nerdy, faithful, middle-aged publishing executive with an imagination and a mid-life crisis, whose wife, Helen. That evening, he works on reading the manuscript of a book in which psychiatrist Dr. Brubaker claims that almost all men are driven to have affairs in the seventh year of marriage. A tomato plant then crashes into his chair, the woman upstairs apologizes for accidentally knocking it off the balcony. He waits for her to get dressed, including in underwear she says she keeps cool in her icebox, when she arrives, a vision in pink, they have a drink and he lies about being married. When she sees his wedding ring, he backtracks but she is unconcerned, having no designs on him and he has a fantasy that she is a femme fatale overcome by his playing of Rachmaninoffs Second Piano Concerto. In reality, she prefers Chopsticks, which play together. Richard, overcome by his fantasies, awkwardly grabs at her and he apologizes for his indiscretion but she says it happens to her all the time. Guilt-ridden, however, he asks her to leave, over the next few days, they spend more time together and Richard imagines that they are growing closer, although she is immune to his imagined charms. Helen continually calls her husband, asking him to send the paddle so Ricky can use the kayak and his waning resolve to resist temptation fuels his fear that he is succumbing to the Seven Year Itch. He seeks help from Dr. Brubaker, but to no avail, Richard imagines his wife with McKenzie on a hayride which actually takes place but into which he injects his paranoia, guilt and jealousy. The characters of Elaine, Marie, and the voices of Sherman and The Girl were dropped from the play, the characters of the Plumber, Miss Finch, the Waitress. Many lines and scenes from the play were cut or re-written because they were deemed indecent by the Hays office, Axelrod and Wilder complained that the film was being made under straitjacketed conditions. This led to a plot change, in the play, Sherman and The Girl had sex, in the movie. Footage of Walter Matthau and Ewells screen tests for Sherman is featured in the DVD of the film, nicolas Roegs film Insignificance features a character based on Monroe and a re-enactment of the subway/dress scene. The exterior shooting location of Richards apartment was 164 East 61st Street in Manhattan, saul Bass created the opening animated title sequence for the film, his only title sequence for a Wilder movie
The Seven Year Itch
–
The Seven Year Itch
The Seven Year Itch
–
Tom Ewell reprised his Broadway role and Marilyn Monroe replaced
Vanessa Brown.
4.
Portmanteau
–
In linguistics, a portmanteau is defined as a single morph that represents two or more morphemes. A portmanteau also differs from a compound, which not involve the truncation of parts of the stems of the blended words. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a portmanteau, of star and fish, whereas a hypothetical portmanteau of star and fish might be stish. Humpty Dumpty explains the practice of combining words in various ways by telling Alice, for instance, take the two words fuming and furious. Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, in then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. The etymology of the word is the French porte-manteau, from porter, to carry, in modern French, a porte-manteau is a clothes valet, a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like. It has also used especially in Europe as a formal description for hat racks from the French words porter. An occasional synonym for portmanteau word is frankenword, an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending Frankenstein, many neologisms are examples of blends, but many blends have become part of the lexicon. In Punch in 1896, the word brunch was introduced as a portmanteau word, in 1964, the newly independent African republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar chose the portmanteau word Tanzania as its name. Similarly Eurasia is a portmanteau of Europe and Asia, a scientific example is a liger, which is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger. Jeoportmanteau. is a category on the American television quiz show Jeopardy. The categorys name is itself a portmanteau of the words Jeopardy, responses in the category are portmanteaus constructed by fitting two words together. The term gerrymander has itself contributed to portmanteau terms bjelkemander and playmander, oxbridge is a common portmanteau for the UKs two oldest universities, those of Oxford and Cambridge. Many portmanteau words receive some use but do not appear in all dictionaries, for example, a spork is an eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork, and a skort is an item of clothing that is part skirt, part shorts. On the other hand, turducken, a made by inserting a chicken into a duck. Similarly, the word refudiate was first used by Sarah Palin when she misspoke, though initially a gaffe, the word was recognized as the New Oxford American Dictionarys Word of the Year in 2010. The business lexicon is replete with newly coined portmanteau words like permalance, advertainment, advertorial, infotainment, a company name may also be portmanteau as well as a product name. By contrast, the public, including the media, use portmanteaux to refer to their favorite pairings as a way to. giv people an essence of who they are within the same name and this is particularly seen in cases of fictional and real-life supercouples
Portmanteau
–
A
spork
Portmanteau
–
The original "
Gerrymander " pictured in an 1812 cartoon. The word is a portmanteau of Massachusetts Governor
Elbridge Gerry 's name with
"salamander."
5.
Film
–
A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
Film
–
A vintage Fox movietone motion picture camera
Film
–
The
Berlin Wintergarten theatre was the site of the first
cinema ever, with a short film presented by the
Skladanowsky brothers on 1 November 1895. The image depicts a July 1940
variety show.
Film
–
A shot from
Georges Méliès Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
Film
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
6.
Romance (love)
–
Romance is the expressive and pleasurable feeling from an emotional attraction towards another person often associated with sexual attraction. It is eros rather than agape, philia, or storge, historically, the term romance originates with the medieval ideal of chivalry as set out in its chivalric romance literature. Humans have an inclination to form bonds with one another through social interactions. The debate over an exact definition of love may be found in literature as well as in the works of psychologists, philosophers, biochemists and other professionals. The addition of drama to relationships of close, deep and strong love, psychologist Charles Lindholm defined love to be. an intense attraction that involves the idealization of the other, within an erotic context, with expectation of enduring sometime into the future. The word was originally an adverb of the Latin origin Romanicus, the connecting notion is that European medieval vernacular tales were usually about chivalric adventure, not combining the idea of love until late into the seventeenth century. In primitive societies, tension existed between marriage and the erotic, but this was expressed in taboo regarding the menstrual cycle. Anthropologists such as Claude Lévi-Strauss show that there were forms of courtship in ancient as well as contemporary primitive societies. There may not be evidence, however, that members of such societies formed loving relationships distinct from their established customs in a way that would parallel modern romance, before the 18th century, many marriages were not arranged, but rather developed out of more or less spontaneous relationships. After the 18th century, illicit relationships took on an independent role. In bourgeois marriage, illicitness may have become more formidable and likely to cause tension, in Ladies of the Leisure Class, Rutgers University professor Bonnie G. Smith depicts courtship and marriage rituals that may be viewed as oppressive to modern people. She writes When the young women of the Nord married, they did so without illusions of love and they acted within a framework of concern for the reproduction of bloodlines according to financial, professional, and sometimes political interests. Subsequent sexual revolution has lessened the conflicts arising out of liberalism, anthony Giddens, in his book The Transformation of Intimacy, Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Society, states that romantic love introduced the idea of a narrative into an individuals life. He adds that telling a story was one of the meanings of romance, according to Giddens, the rise of romantic love more or less coincided with the emergence of the novel. It was then that romantic love, associated with freedom and therefore the ideals of romantic love, for the discourse of intimacy emotional closeness was much more important than passion. This does not mean by any means that intimacy is to replace romance, on the contrary, intimacy and romance coexist. The 21st century has seen the growth of globalization and people now live in a world of transformations that affect almost every aspect of our lives, one example of the changes experienced in relationships was explored by Giddens regarding homosexual relationships. According to Giddens since homosexuals were not able to marry they were forced to more open
Romance (love)
–
The Stolen Kiss by
Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1786)
Romance (love)
–
Bernger von Horheim in the Codex Manesse (early 14th century)
Romance (love)
–
"La Belle Dame sans Merci" 1893, by
John William Waterhouse (1849-1917)
Romance (love)
–
Romeo and Juliet parting on the balcony in Act III.
7.
Romance film
–
Romance films make the romantic love story or the search for strong and pure love and romance the main plot focus. Occasionally, romance lovers face obstacles such as finances, physical illness, various forms of discrimination, as in all quite strong, deep, and close romantic relationships, tensions of day-to-day life, temptations, and differences in compatibility enter into the plots of romantic films. In romantic television series, the development of romantic relationships may play out over many episodes. Historical romance - A romantic story with a period setting and this includes films such as Gone with the Wind, Doctor Zhivago and Titanic. Romantic drama usually revolves around an obstacle which prevents deep and true love between two people. Music is often employed to indicate the mood, creating an atmosphere of greater insulation for the couple. The conclusion of a romantic drama typically does not indicate whether a final union between the two main characters will occur. Chick flick is a term associated with romance films as many are targeted to a female audience. As such, the terms cannot be used interchangeably, films of this genre include Dirty Dancing, The Notebook, Dear John, A Walk to Remember, and Romeo + Juliet. Romantic comedies are films with light-hearted, humorous plotlines, centered on romantic ideals such as true love is able to surmount most obstacles. Humour in such films tends to be of a verbal, low-key variety or situational, films within this genre include Four Weddings and a Funeral, Love Actually, Moonstruck, As Good as It Gets, Somethings Gotta Give, It Happened One Night, When Harry Met Sally. Romantic fantasies describe fantasy stories using many of the elements and conventions of the romance genre, romantic action comedies are films that blend romantic comedy and action. Examples include Killers, Knight and Day, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, This Means War, romantic thriller is a genre of film which has a storyline combining elements of the romance film and the thriller genre. Some examples of romantic thriller films are The Adjustment Bureau, The Phantom of the Opera, The Tourist, The Bodyguard, Unfaithful, and Wicker Park
Romance film
–
Tyrone Power passionately, lovingly, embraces
Alice Faye in the
1938 film Alexander's Ragtime Band.
8.
Kathryn Grayson
–
Kathryn Grayson was an American actress and soprano. From the age of twelve, Grayson trained as an opera singer and she was under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer by the early 1940s, soon establishing a career principally through her work in musicals. After several supporting roles, she was a performer in such films as Thousands Cheer, Anchors Aweigh with Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly. When film musical production declined, she worked in theatre, appearing in Camelot, later in the decade she performed in several operas, including La bohème, Madama Butterfly, Orpheus in the Underworld and La traviata. She was born Zelma Kathryn Elisabeth Hedrick in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Lillian was of Russian-Mongolian, Native American and English descent, and Charles was of German, Russian-Mongolian and Sicilian descent. Graysons sister, Frances Raeburn was also an actress and singer and she also had two brothers, Clarence Bud E. Hedrick, and Harold. In 1940, an MGM talent scout saw Grayson performing at a music festival, metro hoped to find a replacement for Deanna Durbin, who left the studio for Universal Pictures. For the next 18 months, Grayson went through voice lessons, drama coaching, diction, diets, within a year, Grayson had her first screen test. In the film, she takes part in three musical numbers, ann Sothern was also slated to appear, however, this fell through as well. The film eventually was made in 1944 as Broadway Rhythm and she appeared in three films in 1942, The Vanishing Virginian, Rio Rita and Seven Sweethearts. In the first, Grayson plays the daughter, Rebecca, of the eccentric Yancey family from Lynchburg. Set in 1913, the film was based on Rebecca Yancey Williamss own family, Grayson co-starred in Rio Rita with Abbott and Costello. Grayson portrayed the character, Rita Winslow. In 1943, Grayson appeared in the film Thousands Cheer, along with Gene Kelly, Mickey Rooney, Eleanor Powell, June Allyson, the film was intended as a morale booster for American troops and their families. Grayson starred as the daughter of an Army commander. It was announced in 1942 that Grayson would appear in An American Symphony with Judy Garland, Garland was replaced by June Allyson, and the film was retitled as Two Sisters from Boston and released in 1946. Grayson did not appear in any films for two years, but instead worked at entertaining troops during the war and performing on radio programs. Notably, it is reported that she would perform under the condition that the audience was integrated
Kathryn Grayson
–
from trailer for
The Toast of New Orleans (1950)
Kathryn Grayson
–
Grayson as Billie Van Maaster in Seven Sweethearts.
Kathryn Grayson
–
with
Mario Lanza in
The Toast of New Orleans
Kathryn Grayson
–
Grayson as Magnolia Hawkes.
9.
Comedy
–
In a modern sense, comedy refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece, in the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old, a revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, parody subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them. Similarly scatological humour, sexual humour, and race humour create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways, a comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society and uses humor to parody or satirize the behaviour and mannerisms of its members. Romantic comedy is a genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms. The adjective comic, which means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage. Of this, the word came into usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia and has, over time. The Greeks and Romans confined their use of the comedy to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. Aristotle defined comedy as an imitation of men worse than the average, however, the characters portrayed in comedies were not worse than average in every way, only insofar as they are Ridiculous, which is a species of the Ugly. The Ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others, the mask, for instance, in the Middle Ages, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings. It is in this sense that Dante used the term in the title of his poem, as time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. During the Middle Ages, the comedy became synonymous with satire. They disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms and they viewed comedy as simply the art of reprehension, and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or to the troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term gained a more general meaning in medieval literature. Starting from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed his type of comedy from the satyr plays
Comedy
–
Thalia, muse of comedy, holding a comic mask - detail of “Muses Sarcophagus”, the
nine Muses and their attributes; marble, early second century AD, Via Ostiense - Louvre
Comedy
–
Charlie Chaplin
Comedy
–
The
Monty Python comedy group
Comedy
–
Tragic Comic Masks of
Ancient Greek Theatre represented in the
Hadrian's Villa mosaic.
10.
Shakespeare in Love
–
For the theatre adaptation, see Shakespeare in Love. Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 British-American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Madden, written by Marc Norman, the film depicts an imaginary love affair involving Viola de Lesseps and playwright William Shakespeare while he was writing Romeo and Juliet. Several characters are based on figures, and many of the characters, lines. Shakespeare in Love won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actress, in 1593 London, William Shakespeare is a sometime player in the Lord Chamberlains Men and poor playwright for Philip Henslowe, owner of The Rose Theatre. Shakespeare is working on a new comedy, Romeo and Ethel, suffering from writers block, he has barely begun the play, but starts auditioning players. Viola de Lesseps, the daughter of a merchant, who has seen Shakespeares plays at court, disguises herself as Thomas Kent to audition. Shakespeare pursues Kent to Violas house and leaves a note with the nurse and he sneaks into the house with the minstrels playing that night at the ball, where her parents are arranging her betrothal to Lord Wessex, an impoverished aristocrat. While dancing with Viola, Shakespeare is struck speechless, and after being ejected by Wessex. Wessex also asks Wills name, to which he replies that he is Christopher Marlowe, when he discovers her true identity, they begin a secret affair. Inspired by her, Shakespeare writes quickly, with help from his friend and rival playwright Christopher Kit Marlowe, completely transforming the play into what will become Romeo, then, Viola is summoned to court to receive approval for her proposed marriage to Lord Wessex. Shakespeare accompanies her, disguised as her female cousin, there, he persuades Wessex to wager £50 that a play can capture the true nature of love, the exact amount Shakespeare requires to buy a share in the Chamberlains Men. Queen Elizabeth I declares that she will judge the matter when the occasion arises. When Richard Burbage, owner of the Curtain, finds out that Shakespeare has cheated him out of money and the play, he goes to the Rose Theatre with his Curtain Theatre Company. The Rose Theatre company drives Burbage and his out and then celebrate at the local pub. Viola is appalled when she learns Shakespeare is married, albeit separated from his wife, will discovers that Marlowe is dead, and thinks he is to blame. Lord Wessex suspects an affair between Shakespeare and his bride-to-be, because Wessex thinks that Will is Kit Marlowe, he approves of Kits death, and tells Viola the news. It is later learned that Marlowe had been killed in an accident, Viola finds out that Will is still alive, and declares her love for him. When Edmund Tilney, the Master of the Revels, is informed there is a player at The Rose
Shakespeare in Love
–
Theatrical release poster
11.
Roman Holiday
–
Roman Holiday is a 1953 American romantic comedy film directed and produced by William Wyler. It stars Gregory Peck as a reporter and Audrey Hepburn as a royal princess out to see Rome on her own, Hepburn won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance, the screenplay and costume design also won. It was written by John Dighton and Dalton Trumbo, though with Trumbo on the Hollywood blacklist, he did not receive a credit, instead, Trumbos credit was reinstated when the film was released on DVD in 2003. On December 19,2011, full credit for Trumbos work was restored, blacklisted director Bernard Vorhaus worked on the film as an assistant director under a pseudonym. It was shot at the Cinecittà studios and on location around Rome during the Hollywood on the Tiber era, the film was screened in the 14th Venice film festival within the official program. In 1999, Roman Holiday was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically and her doctor gives her a sedative to calm her and help her sleep, but she secretly leaves her countrys embassy. The sedative eventually makes her fall asleep on a bench, where Joe Bradley, not recognizing her, he offers her money so she can take a taxi home, but a woozy Anya Smith refuses to cooperate. Joe finally decides, for sake, to let her spend the night in his apartment. He is amused by her manner, but less so when she appropriates his bed. He transfers her to a couch, the next morning, Joe, having already slept through the interview Princess Ann was scheduled to give, hurries off to work, leaving her still asleep. When his editor, Mr. Hennessy, asks why Joe is late, Joe lies, Joe makes up details of the alleged interview until Hennessy informs him that the event had been canceled because the princess had suddenly fallen ill. Joe sees a picture of her and realizes who is in his apartment. Immediately seeing an opportunity, Joe proposes getting an exclusive interview, Hennessy, not knowing the circumstances, agrees to the deal and offers $5,000 if the interview is all Joe claims it will be, but bets Joe $500 that he will not succeed. Joe hurries home and, hiding the fact that he is a reporter and he also surreptitiously calls his photographer friend, Irving Radovich, to tag along to secretly take pictures. However, Ann declines Joes offer and leaves, Ann, enjoying her freedom, explores an outdoor market, buys a pair of shoes, and, on a whim, gets her long hair cut short. Joe follows and accidentally meets her on the Spanish Steps and this time he convinces her to spend the day with him. They see the sights, including the Mouth of Truth, a carved in marble which is said to bite off the hands of liars. When Joe shouts in pain and pulls his hand out of the mouth
Roman Holiday
–
Promotional poster for reissue
Roman Holiday
–
Filmed on location, several scenes show landmarks such as the
Spanish Steps.
Roman Holiday
–
Joe shocks his royal friend, pretending to have lost his hand to the
Mouth of Truth.
Roman Holiday
–
Joe and Anya on a
scooter ride through Rome—a ride that ends at the police station.
12.
My Super Ex-Girlfriend
–
My Super Ex-Girlfriend is a 2006 American superhero comedy film directed by Ivan Reitman and starring Uma Thurman, Luke Wilson, Anna Faris, Eddie Izzard, Rainn Wilson and Wanda Sykes. After foiling a purse snatcher who tries to steal Jenny Johnson s purse on the subway, Matthew Saunders becomes Jennys hero and starts dating this shy stranger. After several dates, Jenny displays increasingly neurotic and aggressive behavior, becoming more demanding and ultimately injuring Matt, Jenny starts to become more controlling after she reveals her powers and Matt starts to lose his mind. Hannah Lewis, Matts co-worker, has a crush on him despite the fact that she is going out with a handsome, as Matt and Hannahs friendship develops further, and after becoming aggravated with Jennys escalating jealousy, Matt ends the relationship. Professor Bedlam, Jennys former friend, and now G-Girls nemesis, Matt refuses and makes plans to leave the city. As he does so he is contacted by Hannah who has broken up with her cheating boyfriend, Jenny discovers them in bed the next day. Enraged and jealous, she attacks the pair with a white shark. Angered, Matt contacts Professor Bedlam and agrees to him defeat her. He instructs Matt to lure Jenny to a meeting where she can be exposed to another meteorite that will draw away her powers, Matt agrees and meets Jenny for a candlelit dinner at his apartment, under the pretense of wanting to resume their relationship. Hannah arrives to see Jenny sitting on Matts lap, the two women fight, and in the struggle Jennys superhero identity is revealed to Hannah. Bedlams trap is sprung, and the energy that gave Jenny her powers is drained back into the meteorite, Professor Bedlam appears, but reveals that he has no intention of keeping his promise to retire from villainy and in fact plans to take the powers for himself. While he and Matt fight, Jenny crawls to the charged meteorite attempting to regain her powers, Hannah intervenes just as Jenny grabs the meteorite, which explodes in a burst of power. Both Hannah and Jenny are catapulted off the roof, apparently to their deaths, Jenny appears within seconds, powers restored, only the unexpected reappearance of Hannah, who was also exposed to the meteorites energies, and now possesses the same powers as G-Girl, saves Matt. The second fight between Hannah and Jenny is a full-on super-brawl, destroying part of the neighboring properties, finally, Matt reasons with them both and they cease fighting. He tells Jenny that Professor Bedlam is her true love, Jenny agrees and she embraces her former nemesis. The next morning, Matt and Hannah meet up with Professor Bedlam, as cries for help are heard from afar, Jenny and Hannah, who have become partners in crime-fighting, take off to tackle the emergency. Matt and Barry are left holding their girlfriends purses and clothes, Uma Thurman as Jenny Johnson / G-Girl, a confused, insecure young woman who also happens to be a superheroine, thanks to her contact with a mysterious meteorite. Tara L. Thompson as Young Jenny Johnson Luke Wilson as Matthew Matt Saunders and he begins dating Jenny after capturing a thief who snatched her purse, but ultimately breaks up with her due to her controlling and demanding behavior
My Super Ex-Girlfriend
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Theatrical release poster
13.
Woody Allen
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Heywood Woody Allen is an American actor, writer, director, comedian, playwright, and musician whose career spans more than six decades. He worked as a writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, as a comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual, fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians and he is often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films, typically in the persona he developed as a standup, some of the best-known of his over 40 films are Annie Hall, Manhattan, and Hannah and Her Sisters. In 2007 he said Stardust Memories, The Purple Rose of Cairo, critic Roger Ebert described Allen as a treasure of the cinema. Allen won four Academy Awards, three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director and he also won nine British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards. His screenplay for Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the 101 Funniest Screenplays, in 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen, A Documentary on the American Masters TV series. Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in Brooklyn, New York and he and his sister, Letty, were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn. He is the son of Nettie, a bookkeeper at her familys delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg and his family was Jewish, his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Austria, and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. His parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. His childhood was not particularly happy, his parents did not get along, Allen spoke German quite a bit in his early years. He would later joke that when he was young he was sent to inter-faith summer camps. While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 and to Midwood High School, at that time, he lived in an apartment at 968 East 14th Street. Unlike his comic persona, he was interested in baseball than school. He impressed students with his talent at card and magic tricks. To raise money, he wrote jokes for agent David O. Alber, at the age of 17, he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen and later began to call himself Woody Allen. According to Allen, his first published joke read, Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O. P. S and he was then earning more than both parents combined
Woody Allen
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Allen in the 1970s
Woody Allen
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Allen as a high school senior, 1953
Woody Allen
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Allen with the Broadway cast of Play It Again, Sam (1969).
Woody Allen
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Allen candid from 2006
14.
Annie Hall
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Annie Hall is a 1977 American romantic comedy film directed by Woody Allen from a screenplay he co-wrote with Marshall Brickman. Produced by Allens manager, Charles H, principal photography for the film began on May 19,1976 on the South Fork of Long Island, and filming continued periodically for the next ten months. Annie Hall was screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival in March 1977, the film received widespread critical acclaim, and along with winning the Academy Award for Best Picture, it received Oscars in three other categories, two for Allen, and Keaton for Best Actress. The film additionally won four BAFTA awards and a Golden Globe and its North American box office receipts of $38,251,425 are fourth-best of Allens works when not adjusted for inflation. Film critic Roger Ebert called it just about everyones favorite Woody Allen movie, the films screenplay was also named the funniest ever written by the Writers Guild of America in its list of the 101 Funniest Screenplays. The comedian Alvy Singer is trying to understand why his relationship with Annie Hall ended a year ago, growing up in New York, he vexed his mother with impossible questions about the emptiness of existence, but he was precocious about his innocent sexual curiosity. That night, Annie shows no interest in sex with Alvy, instead, they discuss his first wife, whose ardor gave him no pleasure. His second marriage was to a New York writer who didnt like sports and was unable to reach orgasm, the two of them have fun making a meal of boiled lobster together. He teases her about the men in her past. He met her playing tennis doubles with friends, following the game, awkward small talk led her to offer him first a ride up town and then a glass of wine on her balcony. There, what seemed a mild exchange of personal data is revealed in mental subtitles as an escalating flirtation. Their first date follows Annies singing audition for a night club and he suggests they kiss first, to get it out of the way. After their lovemaking that night, Alvy is a wreck, while she relaxes with a joint, soon Annie admits she loves him, while he buys her books on death and says that his feelings for her are more than just love. When she moves in with him, things become very tense, eventually, he finds her arm in arm with one of her college professors and the two begin to argue whether this is the flexibility they had discussed. Alvy returns to dating, but the effort is marred by neurosis, bad sex, and finally an interruption from Annie and it turns out she needs him to kill a spider. A reconciliation follows, coupled with a vow to stay together come what may, however, their separate discussions with their therapists make it evident there is an unspoken divide. When Alvy accepts an offer to present an award on television, they fly out to Los Angeles, with Alvys friend, however, on the return trip, they agree that their relationship is not working. After losing her to her producer, Tony Lacey, he unsuccessfully tries rekindling the flame with a marriage proposal
Annie Hall
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Film poster
Annie Hall
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Allen saw the
Coney Island Thunderbolt when scouting locations and wrote it into the script as Alvy's childhood home.
Annie Hall
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Woody Allen in New York City in 2006.
Annie Hall
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Upper East Side of New York City
15.
William Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
William Shakespeare
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The
Chandos portrait, artist and authenticity unconfirmed.
National Portrait Gallery, London.
William Shakespeare
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John Shakespeare's house, believed to be
Shakespeare's birthplace, in
Stratford-upon-Avon.
William Shakespeare
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Shakespeare's coat of arms, as it appears on the rough draft of the application to grant a coat-of-arms to John Shakespeare. It features a spear as a
pun on the family name.
William Shakespeare
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Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon.
16.
Much Ado About Nothing
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Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599, as Shakespeare was approaching the middle of his career. The play was included in the First Folio, published in 1623, at the end, Benedick and Beatrice join forces to set things right, and the others join in a dance celebrating the marriages of the two couples. At Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro, a prince from Aragon, will return that night from a successful battle, Beatrice, Leonatos niece, asks the messenger about Benedick and makes sarcastic remarks about his ineptitude as a soldier. Leonato explains that There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signior Benedick, upon the arrival of the soldiers, Leonato welcomes Don Pedro and invites him to stay for a month, Benedick and Beatrice resume their merry war, and Pedros illegitimate brother Don John is introduced. Claudios feelings for Hero, Leonatos only daughter, are rekindled upon seeing her, Benedick, who openly despises marriage, tries to dissuade his friend but Don Pedro encourages the marriage. Benedick swears that he will never get married, Don Pedro laughs at him and tells him that when he has found the right person he shall get married. A masquerade ball is planned in celebration of the end of the war, Don John uses this situation to get revenge on his brother Don Pedro by telling young Claudio that Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself. A furious Claudio confronts Don Pedro, but the misunderstanding is quickly resolved, meanwhile, Benedick disguises himself and dances with Beatrice. Beatrice proceeds to tell this man that Benedick is the princes jester. Benedick, enraged by her words, swears he will have revenge, Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, harbour a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice. They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love him but afraid to tell him. Meanwhile, Hero and her maid Ursula ensure Beatrice overhears them discuss Benedicks undying love for her, the tricks have the desired effect, both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think they are the object of unrequited love, and both accordingly resolve to mend their faults and reconcile. Meanwhile, Don Pedros brother Don John, the prince, plots to prevent the wedding, embarrass his brother and wreak misery on Leonato. He informs Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is unfaithful, Claudio and Don Pedro are taken in, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly. At the wedding the day, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests. Her humiliated father Leonato expresses the wish that she would die, the presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero to be innocent. He suggests the family fake Heros death in order to extract the truth, prompted by the days harrowing events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other. Beatrice then asks Benedick to slay Claudio as proof of his devotion, Benedick is horrified and at first, denies her request
Much Ado About Nothing
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The first page of Much Ado About Nothing, printed in the
Second Folio of 1632
Much Ado About Nothing
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A painting of Beatrice by
Frank Dicksee, from The Graphic Gallery of Shakespeare's Heroines
Much Ado About Nothing
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Swooning of Hero in the Church scene by
Alfred Elmore
Much Ado About Nothing
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The title page from the first quarto edition of Much Adoe About Nothing, printed in 1600.
17.
Knocked Up
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Knocked Up is a 2007 American romantic comedy film written, directed, and co-produced by Judd Apatow, and starring Seth Rogen, Katherine Heigl, Paul Rudd, and Leslie Mann. It follows the repercussions of a drunken one-night stand between a slacker and a media personality that results in an unintended pregnancy. The film was released on June 1,2007 to box office success, grossing $219 million worldwide, a spin-off sequel, This Is 40, was released in 2012. Alison Scott is a woman who has just been given an on-air role with E. and is living in the pool house with her sister Debbies family. Ben Stone is laid-back and sardonic, while celebrating her promotion, Alison meets Ben at a local nightclub. After a night of drinking, they end up having sex, due to a misunderstanding, they dont use protection, Alison uses the phrase Just do it already to encourage Ben to put the condom on, but he misinterprets this to mean to dispense with using one. The following morning, they quickly learn over breakfast that they have little in common and go their separate ways, eight weeks later, Alison experiences morning sickness during an interview with James Franco and realizes she could be pregnant. She contacts Ben for the first time since their one-night stand to tell him, although insensitive at first, Ben says he will be there to support Alison. While he is unsure about being a parent, his father is excited. Alisons mother tries to persuade her daughter to have an abortion, later, Alison and Ben decide to give their relationship a chance. The couples efforts include Ben making an awkward marriage proposal with an empty ring box, Alison thinks its too early to think about marriage, because she is more concerned with hiding the pregnancy from her bosses, believing that they will fire her if they ever found out. After a somewhat promising beginning, tensions surface in the relationship, Alison is increasingly worried about Bens lack of responsibility and commitment, and has doubts about the longevity of their relationship. These thoughts are due to her sisters unhappy marriage, Debbies husband, Pete, works as a talent scout for rock bands, but he leaves at odd hours in the night, which makes her suspect he is having an affair. Upon investigating, she learns that he is part of a fantasy baseball draft. This results in their separation, and when Ben expresses amusement at Petes deception, angered, she ejects him from her car and abandons him in the middle of a busy street. He tracks her down to her appointment and they start another argument, leading to their own breakup. Ben and Pete decide to go on a trip to Las Vegas. Under the heavy influence of psychedelic mushrooms, they realize their loss and they reconcile at their daughters birthday party, but when Ben tries to work things out with Alison, she doesnt want to get back together
Knocked Up
–
Theatrical release poster
18.
Bromance
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A bromance is a close, emotionally intense, non-sexual bond between two men. It is an exceptionally tight affectional, homosocial male bonding relationship exceeding that of usual friendship, Bromance is a portmanteau of bro and romance. The term did not attain broad currency until approximately 2005 when the became more prominent in the motion picture industry. Numerous examples exist of intense homosocial friendships throughout history – such relationships were common between men and also between women, the term Romantic friendship, is a modern historical construct with a different homoerotic connotation and social construction, it is discussed within its own article. Bromance has been examined from viewpoints such as historiography, discourse analysis, social research, the emergence of bromance as a topic over the past decade has been seen as reflecting how society has collectively changed its perception and interest in the theme. Several characteristics of bromance have been cited, Bromance conveys a male homosocial relationship that goes further than traditional homosocial practices. The increased closeness goes beyond being mere friends, to a bond that has been characterized as capturing the conceptual edge of is gay / is not gay. Bromance provides a study of gender, sexuality, and exclusivity constraints in twenty-first century America as they operate in law. Those constraints in turn speak to the privilege and subordination imbued in this type of relationship, on the other hand, some have seen the emphasis on platonic love as a rejection of homoeroticism, or as a deliberate confounding of homosocial and homoerotic relationships. Bromance has also seen as a reflection of greater discursive expressivity. The experiences of friendship and masculinity, perhaps due to more open parenting styles from the 1970s, reflect a trend toward more openness emotionally, according to sociologist Peter Nardi, men are less afraid of being perceived as gay. It has become acceptable for them to show some emotion. Men are marrying later, if at all, which impacts male bonding, according to the 2010 US Census, the average age of a mans first marriage is 28, up from 23 in 1960, men with more education are waiting until their 30s before getting married. A number of celebrity relationships have been characterised as bromances. They were nicknamed Schobert in early 19th century Vienna, Ben Affleck and Matt Damon were described as perhaps the pioneering bromance in showbiz history, which led to a hit off-Broadway play called Matt and Ben. The relationship between Zachary Quinto and Chris Pine, stars of the 2009 Star Trek film, has been described similarly, entitled Tears of a Clooney, in which lead character Stan Smith becomes bromantically involved with Clooney as part of an elaborate revenge plot. Professional footballers Eric Dier and Dele Alli, who play together for Tottenham Hotspur and it was also described in Clemons autobiography Big Man, Real Life & Tall Tales. The Japanese and Korean music industry actively encourages bromance among male celebrities as part of the fan service to please the audience, while the term has generally been applied to straight relationships, mixed gay-straight relationships without sexual intimacy have also been dubbed bromances
Bromance
–
"Bronnie"
19.
American Pie 2
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American Pie 2 is a 2001 American sex comedy film and the sequel to the 1999 film American Pie and the second film in the American Pie film series. It was written by Adam Herz and David H. Steinberg, the film picks up the story of the five friends from the first film as they reunite during the summer after their first year of college. It was released in the United States on August 10,2001 and it was followed by another sequel, American Wedding. The film tells the story of five friends Jim, Kevin, Steve, Chris and Paul, much of the film takes place at a summer beach house in Grand Haven, Michigan, per Kevins older brothers suggestion. After breaking up for the summer, the four friends regroup for a party held by Stifler, their overtly sex-crazed class clown and his party is shut down thanks in part to the neighbors calling the police. Kevin is inspired by his brother to make his summer with his friends count by renting a beach home and he, Jim, Oz and Finch plan to take off to a beach house together, where they intend to spend the summer. Kevin realizes a problem and worked out that they can afford the house if they have a fifth member to work along with them. Stifler takes charge of much of the organizing, often ending up leading the group in their misadventures, Oz is miserable, being away from his girlfriend Heather who is in Spain. During the stay at the house, they proceed to start having phone sex to vent some of their loneliness. Heather later shows up early to the party, ending the storyline that Oz is involved in. After arriving in Grand Harbor they settle in, they manage to work painting a house in the area together. Jim, Stifler and Finch end up performing like for like sexual acts on each other in return for being able to watch the girls doing the same thing, Oz and Kevin take turns watching up a ladder and listening on the walkie-talkie also in the room. The conversation is accidentally picked up and heard by other people in the neighborhood. Finally at the end of the last party, Stifler manages to have a threesome with the owners of the house. After this, many concurrent stories run at the time, some interacting with each other. Nadia is coming to visit Jim in August, when she arrives early, Jim asks for help from band geek Michelle, humiliating himself in front of the audience when he pretends to be Petey, a mentally challenged boy who plays the trombone. They pretend to be in a relationship so that Nadia will not expect Jim to have sex, Nadia also realizes this and tells him, Go, get your band geek, and I will find mine. Jim goes and plays the trombone once more whilst Michelle is playing the flute at a recital in order to show her that she is the one he wants to be with
American Pie 2
–
American Pie 2
20.
Wedding Crashers
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Wedding Crashers is a 2005 American romantic comedy film directed by David Dobkin and written by Steve Faber and Bob Fisher. John Beckwith and Jeremy Grey are divorce mediators in Washington D. C. who crash wedding parties to meet and bed women. At the end of a season of successful crashes, Jeremy takes John to a wedding for the daughter of the U. S. Secretary of the Treasury, once inside, the pair set their sights on Clearys other daughters, Gloria and Claire. Jeremy ends up having sex with Gloria on a beach during the reception. Gloria is possessive and quickly becomes obsessed with Jeremy, and Jeremy urges John to escape the reception with him. Meanwhile, John attempts to court Claire, the maid of honor, but is interrupted by her boyfriend, Sack Lodge. When Gloria invites Jeremy and John to a weekend party at their family compound, John overrules Jeremy to accept. At dinner, John spikes Sacks wine with eye-drops to make him sick, John and Claire continue to bond the next day on a sailing trip. The suspicious Sack takes the men on a trip, where Jeremy is shot in the buttocks. While he recovers, John and Claire go on a ride to a secluded beach. Claire finally admits she isnt sure how she feels about Sack, meanwhile, Gloria tends to Jeremys wounds and reveals to him that she is not as innocent or inexperienced as she initially let on. Jeremy realizes that he himself has been played and that he may be in love with Gloria, betrayed, Claire turns away from John and the Secretary tells them to leave. Over the following months, John attempts to reach Claire but she refuses to see him and he attempts to crash Claire and Sacks engagement party but is caught and beaten by Sack. Confronting Jeremy about abandoning him, he learns that Jeremy has secretly continued his relationship with Gloria, betrayed, John spirals into depression, crashing weddings alone and becoming nihilistic and suicidal. Meanwhile, as Claire and Sack plan their wedding, Claires doubts grow, Jeremy proposes to Gloria and tries to ask John to be his best man, but a depressed John refuses. John visits Jeremys former wedding crashing mentor, Chazz Reinhold, who convinces him to crash a funeral, while there, he reconsiders his belief in love and marriage and rushes to Jeremys wedding. Sack interrupts, but Claire finally tells him that she cant marry him, Sack tries to attack John, but Jeremy intervenes to knock him out, and John and Claire kiss. After the wedding, the two drive away from the ceremony together, discussing crashing another wedding together, apparently skipping Jeremys own wedding reception
Wedding Crashers
–
Theatrical release poster
21.
Subgenre
–
Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time. Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented, often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible. Genre began as a classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, in later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre became a tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art. Because art is often a response to a state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about. Genre suffers from the ills of any classification system. Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized, and to works on their unique merit. While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions, proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation, recombination, and evolution of the codes. The term genre is used in the history and criticism of visual art. These are distinguished from staffage, incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting, Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings. The concept of the hierarchy of genres was a one in artistic theory. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the Académie française which held a role in academic art. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book
Subgenre
–
A genre painting (Peasant Dance, c. 1568, by
Pieter Brueghel the Elder)
22.
Warm Bodies (film)
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Warm Bodies is a 2013 American paranormal romantic zombie comedy film based on Isaac Marions novel of the same name. Directed and written by Jonathan Levine, the film stars Nicholas Hoult, Teresa Palmer, Analeigh Tipton, the film focuses on the development of the relationship between Julie, a young woman, and R, a zombie, and how their eventual romance develops throughout. The film is noted for displaying human characteristics in zombie characters, as a zombie, R constantly craves human flesh, especially brains, as he is able to feel alive through the victims memories he experiences when he eats them. R sees Julie and is drawn to her, after being shot in the chest by Julies boyfriend, Perry, R kills him while Julie is distracted, and eats his brain, giving R his thoughts and memories, making his attraction to Julie even stronger. He rescues Julie from the rest of the pack by wiping some zombie blood on her face, masking her scent, Julie is initially terrified of R, and suspicious of his intentions. Julie starts to trust R after he rescues her during an escape attempt. R insists that Julie has to stay with him for a few days until he deems it safe enough for her to leave, the two bond, listening to LP records and playing games to kill the time, causing R to slowly begin to come to life. After a few days, Julie gets restless, and tries to return home, yet attracts swarms of zombies, after fending off a group of zombies, including M, who is confused by Rs actions, R decides it is time to return her to the human enclave. On the way, R reveals to Julie that he was the one that killed Perry, R begins to make his way back to the airport, heartbroken. R and M lead a group to the enclave, where R sneaks inside the wall. There, he finds Julie and meets her friend Nora, who is initially shocked, when R reveals that the other corpses have also been coming back to life, the three of them attempt to tell Colonel Grigio, Julies father and leader of the survivors. Colonel Grigio refuses to believe corpses can change and threatens to kill R, Julie and R escape to a baseball stadium where the rest of Rs group is waiting, but soon find themselves under attack by a horde of Boneys. While M and his gang of zombies square off against the Boneys, Julie and R run, taking the only escape route, R jumps with Julie into a pool far below, shielding her from the impact. After Julie pulls R from the bottom of the pool, they kiss, Colonel Grigio arrives and shoots R in the shoulder without warning. Julie attempts to him that R has changed, when she notices that he is bleeding from his wound – revealing that he has completely revived and is human once more. The humans and zombies combine forces and kill most of the Boneys while the rest die off from starvation, the film ends with a now fully alive R and Julie watching a wall surrounding the city being demolished, signifying the end of the apocalypse. The zombies can barely talk in the film, so extensive voice-overs were used to express their thoughts, I think this movie takes the mythology in a different direction, and I think there is a lot there for die-hard zombie fans, he explained. It may be divisive, but I think theres a lot there for zombie fans if theyre open-minded to a new take on it, actress Teresa Palmer said, For me, the core of the story is that love breathes life back into people
Warm Bodies (film)
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Theatrical release poster
23.
500 Days of Summer
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500 Days of Summer is a 2009 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Marc Webb from a screenplay written by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber, and produced by Mark Waters. The film stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Zooey Deschanel, and employs a narrative structure, with the story based upon its male protagonist. As an independent production, the film was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight Pictures and it garnered favorable reviews and became a successful sleeper hit, earning over $60 million in worldwide returns, far exceeding its $7.5 million budget. Many critics lauded the film as one of the best from 2009 and drew comparisons to other acclaimed films such as Annie Hall, the film is presented in a nonlinear narrative, jumping between various days within the 500 days of Tom and Summers relationship. This is a summary of the plot. On January 8, Tom Hansen meets Summer Finn, his bosss new assistant, Tom is trained as an architect but works as a writer at a greeting card company in Los Angeles. After discovering they have a taste in music, they have a conversation about love, Tom believes in it. Following a karaoke night, Toms friend and co-worker McKenzie drunkenly reveals that Tom likes Summer, a few days later, Summer kisses Tom in the copy room at work. During the next few months Summer and Tom grow closer, Tom shows Summer his favorite spot in the city, which overlooks a number of buildings he likes, though the view is somewhat spoiled by parking lots. One night, Tom gets into a fight with a man who tries to pick up Summer in a bar, which causes their first argument. They make up and Summer concedes Tom deserves some certainty, on day 290, Summer breaks up with Tom in a diner after an awkward conversation at the record store, where Summer appears to have lost interest in Tom. Summer wants them to friends, but Tom is devastated. Summer quits her job at the card company. Toms boss moves him to the department, as his depression is not suitable for happier events. Tom goes on a date with a woman named Alison. The date does not go well as he spends it complaining about Summer until an exasperated Alison ends up taking Summers side, months later, Tom attends co-worker Millies wedding and tries to avoid Summer on the train, but she spots him and invites him for coffee. They have a time at the wedding, dance together. She invites Tom to a party at her apartment and falls asleep on Toms shoulder on the ride back
500 Days of Summer
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Theatrical release poster
500 Days of Summer
–
The
Bradbury Building in Los Angeles was a filming location.
500 Days of Summer
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Joseph Gordon-Levitt and Zooey Deschanel at the film's premiere in March 2009.
500 Days of Summer
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500 Days of Summer
24.
Adam (2009 film)
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Adam is an 2009 American romantic drama film written and directed by Max Mayer, starring Hugh Dancy and Rose Byrne. The film follows the relationship between a man named Adam with Asperger syndrome, and Beth. Mayer was inspired to write the script when he heard a radio interview with a man who had Aspergers. Filming took place in New York City in December 2005, the film premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Alfred P. Sloan Prize, and was released in the United States on July 29,2009. The release date in Canada and the UK was 7 August 2009 in Australia, Adam Raki is a young man, who has Asperger syndrome, living alone in Manhattan after his fathers recent death. He has a friend, Harlan Keyes, an old friend of his fathers. Because of his condition, Adam has difficulty communicating and likes to escape into his love of space exploration and his fixation on detail, repetitive behaviors, and mind-blindness cost him his job at a toy manufacturing company and nearly get him arrested after he is mistaken for a pedophile. He does not want to leave the apartment he and his father had been living in, although he likes to stick to his routine, and avoid socializing Adam is lonely and wishes things could be different. Beth Buchwald, a teacher and aspiring childrens book writer, moves into the apartment above his. One night, Beth is shocked to find him trying to clean her apartment windows suspended from the roof of the building in a space suit and she takes a liking to Adam despite his oddities. Adam hopes for a relationship with Beth, although his first attempts are uneasy, eventually he breaks out of his beloved routines enough to be able to date Beth. When Adam asks Beth if she was aroused as he was during an outing to Central Park, Adam admits his Aspergers and explains his inability to interpret her emotions. Surprised by his innocence, the day she asks a co-worker about Aspergers syndrome. Nonetheless, she is drawn to him, and his eccentricities make him attractive to her. Adams innocence, honesty and unique ways endear him to her, things begin to go downhill when Beths father, Marty, gets into legal trouble. In a naive effort to make small talk, Adam asks Marty about the details of his alleged crimes, after Adam discovers that Beth and her father engineered an accidental meeting, Adam angrily accuses Beth of being a liar and Beth storms out. Adam gets a call with a job offer in California working in satellite navigation and he goes to Beth, apologizes for his behavior and asks her to go to California with him. Marty objects to this and he and Beth argue, Beth asks Adam why he wants her to come with him
Adam (2009 film)
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Promotional film poster
25.
Forgetting Sarah Marshall
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Forgetting Sarah Marshall is a 2008 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Nicholas Stoller and starring Jason Segel, Kristen Bell, Mila Kunis and Russell Brand. The film, which was written by Segel and co-produced by Judd Apatow, was released by Universal Studios, filming began in April 2007 at the Turtle Bay Resort on the North Shore of Oahu Island in Hawaii. The film was released for North American theaters on April 18,2008, a sequel/spinoff was relesed in 2010 Get Him to the Greek. The story revolves around Peter Bretter, who is a composer for a TV show that happens to feature his girlfriend, Sarah Marshall. After a five-year relationship, Sarah abruptly breaks up with Peter, devastated by this event, he chooses to go on a vacation in Hawaii, in order to try to move forward with his life. Trouble ensues when he runs into his ex on the island as she is vacationing with her new boyfriend, composer Peter Bretter is in a five-year relationship with actress Sarah Marshall, who stars in a CSI-like television show titled Crime Scene, Scene of the Crime. One day, as Peter stands stark naked in their apartment, devastated, and unable to banish his grief through one-night stands, Peter takes a trip to Hawaii. However, the vacation is ruined when he learns that Sarah, taking pity on him, hotel concierge Rachel offers him an expensive suite for free in exchange for cleaning up the room himself. Peter begins spending time with Rachel and starts to develop feelings for her, meanwhile, the relationship between Sarah and Aldous begins to falter. Much of the discord is triggered by the news that Sarahs TV show has been canceled, during a day of surf and sand Aldous and Peter run into each other and begin talking. Inadvertently, Aldous informs Peter that he and Sarah began having sex a full year before she broke up with Peter, when Peter confronts Sarah, she tells him she began feeling disconnected emotionally from him and she couldnt do anything to make their relationship work. Sarah, Aldous, Peter, and Rachel later share a dinner together. After the dinner, Peter takes Rachel back to his hotel room, when Aldous realizes Sarah is clearly putting on a performance to provoke a reaction from Peter, he stops the sex and tells her the trip was a mistake as shes clearly not over Peter. They bicker furiously, prompting Aldous to announce that the relationship is over, the next day Peter encounters Aldous, and learns that he and Sarah have broken up and that he is flying back to England. Peter goes to Sarahs room to console her where she admits she loves him. The two start to engage in activity, but Peter abruptly cuts it off because of his feelings for Rachel. Peter immediately goes to Rachel to confess what happened, but she is hurt and demands that he leave, before leaving, Peter takes down a naked picture of Rachel from a local bar despite enduring a beat-down from the owner. He flies back to Los Angeles and after a period of sadness and self-loathing, he working on his Dracula puppet comedy-rock opera
Forgetting Sarah Marshall
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Theatrical release poster
26.
Made of Honor
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Made of Honor is a 2008 American romantic comedy film directed by Paul Weiland and written by Adam Sztykiel, Deborah Kaplan and Harry Elfont. The film stars Patrick Dempsey, Michelle Monaghan and Sydney Pollack, the plot follows a lifelong playboy who falls in love with his best friend, only to have her get engaged and ask him to be her maid of honor. It was released by Columbia Pictures in United States on May 2,2008, on Halloween night,1998, at Cornell University, Tom Bailey, Jr. in costume as Bill Clinton, slips into bed with his pre-arranged date, Monica. It turns out to be the woman, Monicas roommate Hannah. Ten years later, Hannah and Tom are best friends, Tom is very wealthy because of his creation of the coffee collar and gets a dime every time it is used. Tom is with a different girl every week, while Hannah focuses on her career in an art museum and he is very content with his life, suspecting that Hannah is too. After Tom takes Hannah to his fathers wedding, Hannah tells Tom she must go to Scotland for work. While shes gone, Tom discovers that without her, being with another week after week is not very fulfilling. He realizes that he loves Hannah and decides to tell her his feelings when she gets back, upon returning, Hannah surprisingly announces she is engaged to a wealthy Scot named Colin. Hannah asks Tom to be her maid of honor for her wedding, after arriving in Scotland at Eilean Donan Castle for the wedding, Tom realizes he is running out of time to stop Hannah. He meets all of Colins family and must perform in a variant of the Highland Games, Tom is also in the competition with Colin but loses in the last round. Tom takes Hannah out for a walk, hoping to tell her how he feels, the other bridesmaids interrupt for Hannahs bachelorette party. On her Hen Night, Hannah parades around a pub and sells her kisses for change, as she goes around, Hannah then kisses Tom. Though it just started as a peck on the cheek, it turns into a passionate kiss and that night, Hannah confronts Tom to ask about the kiss. When she gets to his room, her cousin is there. Hannah leaves and Tom runs after her and he knocks on her door, pleading for her to let him in. She refuses and asks about the kiss and he tells her he knew he, not Colin, was the one for her. She refuses to say that she thinks so too and instead tells Tom that she expects to marry Colin the next day
Made of Honor
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Promotional poster
27.
Judd Apatow
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Judd Apatow is a producer, writer, director, actor, and comedian. Apatows work has won awards including a Primetime Emmy Award, a Hollywood Comedy Award. His films have also been nominated for Grammy Awards, PGA Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Judd Apatow was born in Flushing, Queens, and raised in Syosset, New York. His mother, Tamara Tami, worked primarily managing record labels founded by her father and his father, Maury Apatow, was a real estate developer. His family was Jewish, but nonreligious, Apatow has an older brother, Robert, and a younger sister, Mia. His maternal grandmother, Molly, co-starred in his film This Is 40, when Apatow was twelve years old, his parents divorced. Robert went to live with his grandparents, and Mia went to live with her mother. As a child, Apatow lived mainly with his father, Apatows mother spent a summer working at a comedy club, which is where Judd was first exposed to live stand-up comedy. Apatow was obsessed with comedy as a child, his heroes were Steve Martin, Bill Cosby. Apatow began performing comedy at age seventeen, during his senior year of high school. In the September 1985 issue of Laugh Factory Magazine, he is listed as an Associate Editor, after graduating from high school in 1985, he moved to Los Angeles and enrolled in the screenwriting program at University of Southern California. While at USC, he organized and hosted a number of on-campus Comedy Night events, Apatow introduced the acts at these events with short standup routines of his own. He also began volunteering at benefit concerts for HBOs Comic Relief, Apatow dropped out of college during his second year and later moved into an apartment with comedian Adam Sandler, whom he met at the Improv. He competed in the Johnnie Walker Comedy Search in 1989 directed by Saturday Night Live short film producer Neal Marshad. Shortly thereafter, Apatow was introduced by manager Jimmy Miller to Garry Shandling which resulted in Apatow being hired as a writer for the Grammy Awards that year, which Shandling hosted. In 1992, Apatow appeared on HBOs 15th Annual Young Comedians Special and shortly went on to co-create. Apatow had met Stiller outside of an Elvis Costello concert in 1990, despite critical acclaim and an Emmy Award for Apatow and the rest of the writing staff, Fox canceled the show in 1993. Apatow credits Shandling as his mentor for influencing him to comedy that is more character-driven
Judd Apatow
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Apatow at the 2012
Tribeca Film Festival
Judd Apatow
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Apatow, in 2007
Judd Apatow
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Apatow (right) with
Leslie Mann and
Adam Sandler in Berlin (2009)
Judd Apatow
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Apatow with his wife, actress
Leslie Mann
28.
This is 40
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This Is 40 is a 2012 American comedy film written, co-produced and directed by Judd Apatow, and starring Paul Rudd and Leslie Mann. It is a spin-off of Knocked Up, which starred Seth Rogen, filming was conducted in mid-2011, and the film was released in North America on December 21,2012. The film follows the lives of middle-aged married couple Pete and Debbie as they each turn 40, with their jobs and daughters adding stress to their relationship. While having sex in the shower Pete reveals to his wife Debbie that he took a Viagra given to him by his friend Barry, Debbie is angered that she is turning 40. In the five years since Knocked Up, Debbie owns a boutique with Desi, Pete owns his own record label, with his friends Ronnie and Cat working with him. Petes business is struggling financially as he promotes the reunion of Graham Parker & The Rumour, the couple also are having to deal with their daughters, Sadie, a young teenager, and eight-year-old Charlotte. For Debbies birthday, the couple goes on a weekend to a resort. There they get high from eating marijuana cookies, and fantasize out loud about ways they would kill each other, after speaking with her friends Jason and Barb, Debbie decides to improve her marriage and family through exercise, and becoming more connected with her parents. Debbie tells Pete that he needs to stop lending his dad, Larry, money, Pete goes to visit him, but is unsuccessful at giving him the news, and still agrees to give him money. Meanwhile, Debbie visits her gynecologist, and discovers that she is pregnant and she decides not to tell Pete about this. Later, she yells at a student, Joseph, who has been taunting Sadie and she yells at him so much that his mother, Catherine, gets into an argument with Pete. They later have a meeting with the principal, but the couple denies everything that happened, the couple is overjoyed when Catherine starts using the same language they used previously and the principal dismisses them. One night between the school taunting sequences, Debbie takes Desi out dancing at a club, planning to confront her with her suspicions that she has been stealing money from the store, Debbie and Desi meet several players from the Philadelphia Flyers hockey team at the pub. Debbie awkwardly finds out one of the players wants to hang out with her. She is proud that he wants to have sex with her, afterwards, Debbie drops Desi off at her house and confronts her about the missing money. Desi reveals she is able to afford nice things because she is also an escort, later, Debbie meets up with Jodi, who confesses that she stole the money to buy Oxycontin. Meanwhile, Pete and Debbie are having to deal with Sadie and Charlotte fighting all the time, on Petes 40th birthday party, he argues with his dad about the money he wants from them. Debbie argues with her dad about not spending much time in her life
This is 40
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Theatrical release poster
29.
Silver Linings Playbook
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Silver Linings Playbook is a 2012 American romantic comedy drama film written and directed by David O. Russell. It was adapted from the novel The Silver Linings Playbook, by Matthew Quick, the film stars Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence, with Robert De Niro, Jacki Weaver, Chris Tucker, Anupam Kher, and Julia Stiles in supporting roles. Cooper plays Patrick Pat Solitano, Jr. a man with bipolar disorder who is released from a hospital and moves back in with his parents, played by Robert De Niro. The two become closer as they train and Pat, his father, and Tiffany examine their relationships with other as they cope with their problems. Silver Linings Playbook premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8,2012, the film opened to major critical success and earned numerous accolades. It received eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, the film was a success at the box office, grossing over $236 million worldwide, more than eleven times its budget. After eight months of treatment in a health facility for bipolar disorder, Patrick Pat Solitano is released into the care of his father Patrizio. His main focus is to reconcile with his wife, Nikki. She has moved away and obtained an order against him after Pat had found her in the shower with another man. During his time in the clinic Pat befriends Danny McDaniels, an man who is embroiled in a legal dispute with the clinic on whether or not he is eligible to leave. Pats therapist, Dr. Patel, does his best to him to keep taking his medication. But Pat tells him that he has a new outlook on life, he attempts to see the good, or silver linings, at dinner with his friend Ronnie and his wife Veronica, Pat meets Veronicas sister Tiffany Maxwell, a young widow with depression and relationship problems. Sparks fly between Pat and Tiffany and she tries to connect by offering sex, but Pat keeps focusing on getting Nikki back. Tiffany tries to get closer to Pat and even offers to deliver a letter to Nikki—if, in return, he will practice dancing with her and he reluctantly agrees and the two begin a rigorous practice regimen over the following weeks. Pat believes the competition will be a way to show Nikki that he has changed. Patrizio hopes to open his own restaurant and has resorted to illegal bookmaking, having put virtually all of his money on the outcome of a Philadelphia Eagles game, he asks Pat to attend as a good-luck charm. Danny is eventually released from the clinic, and teaches Pat, Pat asks Tiffany for time off from practice to attend the game. She gives him a reply from Nikki, in which she cautiously hints there may be a chance for reconciliation between them
Silver Linings Playbook
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Theatrical release poster
Silver Linings Playbook
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Cooper received his first
Academy Award nomination for his performance.
Silver Linings Playbook
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Lawrence won the
Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance
30.
Stereotype
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In social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality, however, this is only a fundamental psychological definition of a stereotype. Within psychology and spanning across other disciplines, there are different conceptualizations, some of these definitions share commonalities, though each one may also harbor unique aspects that may contradict the others. The term stereotype derives from the Greek words στερεός, firm, solid and τύπος, impression, the term comes from the printing trade and was first adopted in 1798 by Firmin Didot to describe a printing plate that duplicated any typography. The duplicate printing plate, or the stereotype, is used for printing instead of the original, outside of printing, the first reference to stereotype was in 1850, as a noun that meant image perpetuated without change. However, it was not until 1922 that stereotype was first used in the psychological sense by American journalist Walter Lippmann in his work Public Opinion. Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are understood as related but different concepts, although related, the three concepts can exist independently of each other. Studies of stereotype content examine what people think of others, rather than the reasons, early theories of stereotype content proposed by social psychologists such as Gordon Allport assumed that stereotypes of outgroups reflected uniform antipathy. For instance, Katz and Braly argued in their classic 1933 study that ethnic stereotypes were uniformly negative, by contrast, a newer model of stereotype content theorizes that stereotypes are frequently ambivalent and vary along two dimensions, warmth and competence. Warmth and competence are respectively predicted by lack of competition and status, groups that do not compete with the in-group for the same resources are perceived as warm, whereas high-status groups are considered competent. The groups within each of the four combinations of high and low levels of warmth, the model explains the phenomenon that some out-groups are admired but disliked, whereas others are liked but disrespected. This model was tested on a variety of national and international samples and was found to reliably predict stereotype content. Early studies suggested that stereotypes were only used by rigid, repressed, stereotyping can serve cognitive functions on an interpersonal level, and social functions on an intergroup level. For stereotyping to function on a level, an individual must see themselves as part of a group. Craig McGarty, Russell Spears, and Vincent Y, Yzerbyt argued that the cognitive functions of stereotyping are best understood in relation to its social functions, and vice versa. Stereotypes can help make sense of the world and they are a form of categorization that helps to simplify and systematize information. Thus, information is easily identified, recalled, predicted. Stereotypes are categories of objects or people, between stereotypes, objects or people are as different from each other as possible
Stereotype
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An 18th-century Dutch engraving of the peoples of the world, depicting the inhabitants of
Asia, the
Americas and
Africa as savages. Shown below are an
Englishman, a
Dutchman, a
German and a
Frenchman.
Stereotype
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Police officers buying doughnuts and coffee, an example of perceived stereotypical behavior in North America.
Stereotype
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An anti-semitic 1873 caricature depicting the stereotypical physical features of a Jewish male.
Stereotype
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A magazine feature from Beauty Parade from March 1952 stereotyping women drivers. It features
Bettie Page as the model.
