1.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
2.
Wayne County, Michigan
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Wayne County is the most populous county in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,820,584, the 2014 Census update listed the countys population at 1,764,804. The county seat is Detroit, the most populous city in Michigan, the county was founded in 1796 and organized in 1815. Wayne County is included in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is one of several American counties named after Revolutionary War General Anthony Wayne. Wayne County was the county in the Northwest Territory, formed 15 August 1796 from portions of territorial Hamilton County, territorial Knox County. It was named for the American general Mad Anthony Wayne and it originally encompassed the entire area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most of the Upper Peninsula, as well as smaller sections that are now part of northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Clair, and Lake Erie back to the starting point and this boundary would include Chicago, Illinois and a sizable strip of Wisconsin along Lake Michigan. These boundaries would be adjusted as Indiana and Illinois became states, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 673 square miles, of which 612 square miles is land and 61 square miles is water. Its water area includes parts of the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair, Wayne County borders on Oakland County and Macomb County to the north, Washtenaw County to the west, Essex County, Ontario, Canada to the east, and Monroe County to the south. The eastern boundary is a boundary in the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair with Essex County. Automotive traffic crosses this boundary at the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge, due to the southwestern course of the river, this small portion of Canada actually lies to the south of Wayne County. The southern communities of the county are usually referred to as Downriver, Grosse Ile is the largest island in Wayne County and is connected to the mainland by the Wayne County Bridge and the Grosse Ile Toll Bridge. It was the government agency in Wayne County, Michigan responsible for building and maintaining the countys roads, the Wayne County Road Commission was an exemplary agency in the state of Michigan, and had great involvement and influence in roadway planning more widely in the state. It became internationally renowned for innovative ideas, sometimes breaking ground well in advance of the Michigan State Highway Department, the county road commission was more advanced than the states own public works department in several respects. It had long had its own in-house construction group to build bridges and it adopted one or more bridge types before the state did. Its first commissioners were Edward N. Hines, Cassius R. Benton, commissioners Benton and Ford quit, but commissioner Hines persisted and led the commission through reorganization getting around the obstacles. Hines was a commissioner continuously from 1906 to 1938, Hines is credited with the idea of putting a painted line down a roadways center to divide traffic, and other innovations that were later widely adopted. The commission worked systematically, and it became a model to others, within a few years, the county hosted delegations of engineers from around the United States, as well as from a number of other countries, including Britain, Japan, Australia, and Borneo
3.
Metro Detroit
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The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is a major metropolitan area in Southeast Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and its surrounding area. There are several definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, and sports. The area includes a variety of landscapes, parks, and beaches. It is one of the nations largest metropolitan economies, with seventeen Fortune 500 companies and this urbanized area covers parts of the counties of Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne. These counties are referred to as the Detroit Tri-County Area and had a population of 3,862,888 as of the 2010 census with an area of 1,967.1 square miles. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 4,296,250 with an area of 3,913 square miles. It had a population of 5,318,744 as of the 2010 census, lenawee County was removed from the CSA in 2000, but added back in 2013. With the adjacent city of Windsor, Ontario and its suburbs, when the nearby Toledo metropolitan area and its commuters are taken into account, the region constitutes a much larger population center. An estimated 46 million people live within a 300-mile radius of Detroit proper, Metro Detroit is at the center of an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis. Detroit and the region constitute a major center of commerce and global trade, most notably as home to Americas Big Three automobile companies, General Motors, Ford. Detroits six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of about 4.3 million, in May 2012, the Department of Labor reported metropolitan Detroits unemployment rate at 9. 9%. The Detroit MSA had a Gross Metropolitan Product of $197.7 billion in 2010, firms in the region pursue emerging technologies including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, and hydrogen fuel cell development. Metro Detroit is one of the health care economies in the U. S. according to a 2003 study measuring health care industry components. Casino gaming plays an important economic role, with Detroit the largest US city to offer casino resort hotels, caesars Windsor, Canadas largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, and Greektown Casino in the city. The casino hotels contribute significant tax revenue along with thousands of jobs for residents, gaming revenues have grown steadily, with Detroit ranked as the fifth largest gambling market in the United States for 2007. When Casino Windsor is included, Detroits gambling market ranks either third or fourth, there are about four thousand factories in the area. The domestic auto industry is headquartered in Metro Detroit. The area is also an important source of engineering job opportunities, a 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Detroit–Windsor region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the citys international border crossing
4.
Detroit Metropolitan Airport
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It is Michigans busiest airport, and one of the largest airline hubs in the country. The Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a large hub primary commercial service facility, the airport is Delta Air Lines second-largest hub by flight count. Detroit serves as the gateway to Asia for the Eastern United States for Delta and is also the third-busiest gateway to Europe for the airline. The airport is a gateway for tourism in metropolitan Detroit and is one of SkyTeams major Midwestern hubs. It is also the fourth-largest base for Spirit Airlines and is a connecting point between the Eastern and the Western United States. Detroit Metropolitan Airport has maintenance facilities capable of servicing and repairing aircraft as large as the Boeing 747-400, in 2012 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport was the 16th-busiest airport in the United States and the 44th-busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger traffic. In terms of operations, it remains one of the ten busiest airfields in North America. Metro Airport also serves the Toledo, Ohio, area, approximately 40 miles south of the airport, the airport serves over 140 destinations and was named the best large U. S. airport in customer satisfaction by J. D. Power & Associates in 2010. Wayne County began to plan an airport in the townships of the county as early as 1927. Construction was completed in 1929, and the first landing was on February 22,1930 and that year Thompson Aeronautical Corporation, a forerunner of American Airlines, began service from the airport. From 1931 until 1945 the airport hosted Michigan Air National Guard operations gained by the United States Army Air Forces and it was named Romulus Field during the war, it was then all east of Merriman Rd and north of Goddard Rd. It was renamed Detroit-Wayne Major Airport in 1947, and in the three years expanded threefold as three more runways were built. In 1949 runways 3L/21R and 9L/27R were built, and in 1950 runway 4R/22L was added, pan-Am, and BOAC, were the first passenger airlines at Detroit-Wayne Major. In the April 1957 Official Airline Guide, they were the only passenger airlines, three Pan Am DC-7Cs per week FRA–LHR–SNN–DTW–ORD and back, and one BOAC DC-7C per week LHR–PIK–YUL–DTW–ORD, aerial photographs of DTW from 1949 and 1956 show the airports expansion. American Airlines shifted to Detroit-Wayne in October 1958, followed by Northwest, Allegheny, also in 1958, the L. C. Smith Terminal was completed and the airport was given its present name. Northwests flights to MSP were DTWs only nonstops west beyond Chicago and Milwaukee until 1966, the North Terminal opened in 1966 and a third terminal, the Michael Berry International Terminal, opened in 1974. The last of its original three runways was completed in 1976. A new parallel crosswind runway opened in 1993, Republic Airlines began hub operations in 1984, and its merger with Northwest Airlines in 1986 expanded the hub
5.
General Motors
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With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Holden, HSV, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors. In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors also holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland, also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland
6.
Northwest Airlines
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Northwest Airlines Corp. was a major United States airline founded in 1926 and absorbed into Delta Air Lines, Inc. by a merger. Approved on October 29,2008, the merger made Delta the largest airline in the world until the American Airlines-US Airways merger on December 9,2013. Northwest continued to operate under its own name and brand until the integration of the carriers was completed on January 31,2010, Northwest was headquartered in Eagan, Minnesota near Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. After World War II it became dominant in the market with a hub in Tokyo. After acquiring Republic Airlines in 1986, Northwest also established major hubs at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, in 1993 it began a strategic alliance with KLM and a jointly-coordinated European hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The Detroit and Minneapolis operations were retained as Delta hubs, however, the Memphis operation peaked at more than 300 flights per day prior to the merger with Delta. In addition to operating one of the largest domestic route networks in the U. S, Northwest carried more passengers across the Pacific Ocean than any other U. S. carrier, and carried more domestic air cargo than any other American passenger airline. Regional flights for Northwest were operated under the name Northwest Airlink by Mesaba Airlines, Pinnacle Airlines, Northwest Airlines was a minority owner of Midwest Airlines, holding a 40% stake in the company. Northwest Airlines tagline was Now youre flying smart and its frequent-flyer program was called WorldPerks. Like other early airlines, Northwests focus was not in hauling passengers, the airline was originally based in Detroit, Michigan. The fledgling airline established a route between Minneapolis and Chicago, using open-cockpit biplanes such as the Curtiss Oriole and the Waco JYM. From 1928 the enclosed cabin six-passenger Hamilton H-45 and H-47 were used, Northwest Airlines began carrying passengers in 1927, in 1928 Northwest started its first international route with service to Winnipeg. In 1929, a group headed by Richard Lilly, a businessperson from St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1933 Northwest airlines was selected to fly the Northern Transcontinental Route to Seattle, Washington. It adopted the name Northwest Airlines the following year after the Air Mail scandal, Northwest Airways, Inc. changed its name to Northwest Airlines, Inc. and the airline was incorporated under its new name in the State of Minnesota. In 1939 Northwest had five daily flights from Chicago to Minneapolis, Northwest also served Winnipeg, Manitoba and Portland, Oregon by spurs from its transcontinental route. Northwest Airlines common stock began to be traded in 1941. The airlines experience with the climate led the U. S. government to designate Northwest as the main airline over the North Pacific following the war. In spring of 1947 Northwest began stationing employees at Haneda Airport in Tokyo, on July 15,1947 Northwest was the first airline to begin direct service between the United States and Japan, using a Douglas DC-4 airliner named The Manila
7.
Northwest Airlines Flight 253
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The flight was the target of a failed al-Qaeda bombing attempt on Christmas Day, December 25,2009, in which a passenger tried to set off plastic explosives sewn to his underwear. There were 290 people on board the aircraft—an Airbus A330-323E operated by Northwest Airlines, had the attempt succeeded, it would have surpassed American Airlines Flight 191 as the deadliest aviation occurrence on U. S. soil and tied Iran Air Flight 655 as the eighth-deadliest of all time. The incident was also the second in 2009 involving an Airbus A330 and this was also the final accident/incident involving Northwest Airlines as it closed down a month later when it merged with Delta Air Lines. A Dutch passenger, Jasper Schuringa, tackled and restrained him, Abdulmutallab was handcuffed while the pilot safely landed the plane. In all, three people were injured, Abdulmutallab, Schuringa, and one other passenger, upon landing in Detroit, Abdulmutallab was arrested and taken to a hospital for treatment of his burns. On December 28,2009, al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed responsibility for the attempted bombing, on January 6,2010, a federal grand jury indicted Abdulmutallab on six criminal charges, including attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction and attempted murder. Reports indicated that the U. S. had received regarding an powder bomb planned attack by a Yemen-based Nigerian man. She cited the actions of the passengers and the crew on flight to show why that system is so important. After heavy criticism, she stated the day that the system failed miserably. U. S. President Barack Obama called the U. S. s failure to prevent the bombing attempt totally unacceptable, al-Awlaki was killed on September 30,2011. Eight days earlier at the KLM Royal Dutch Airlines office in Accra, Ghana, Abdulmutallab left Lagos on Christmas Eve at 23,00 aboard KLM Flight 588, a Boeing 777 bound for Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam. In Amsterdam, on Christmas Day, Abdulmutallab checked in for Northwest Airlines Flight 253 to Detroit with only carry-on luggage, initially, some media rumored that Abdulmutallab tried to fly to Detroit because it was a major hub of the U. S. automotive industry. According to Lori Haskell, the man told the ticket agent. The ticket agent said nobody was allowed to board without a passport, the well-dressed man replied, We do this all the time, hes from Sudan. Lori Haskell said the two men were directed down a corridor, to talk to a manager and we never saw him again until he tried to blow up our plane, Lori Haskell said of Abdulmutallab. A CBP official and spokesman confirmed there were not any Sudanese refugees on the plane, the Dutch counter-terror agency said that Abdulmutallab presented a valid Nigerian passport and U. S. entry visa when he boarded Flight 253. Haskell suggested authorities should, Put the video out there to prove Im wrong, Federal agents later said they were trying to identify and find the well-dressed man. U. S. authorities had initially discounted the passenger accounts, Flight 253, a Northwest Airlines Airbus A330-323E twinjet, registered N820NW, with 279 passengers,8 flight attendants, and 3 pilots aboard, left Amsterdam around 08,45 local time
8.
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
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Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, or AQAP, also known as Ansar al-Sharia in Yemen, is a militant Islamist organization, primarily active in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. It was named for al-Qaeda, and says it is subordinate to that group and its now-deceased leader Osama bin Laden and it is considered the most active of al-Qaedas branches, or franchises, that emerged due to weakening central leadership. The U. S government believes AQAP to be the most dangerous al-Qaeda branch due to its emphasis on attacking the far enemy, the group established an Emirate during the 2011 Yemeni Revolution. The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations, Australia, Canada, Russia, Syria, Iran, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, the European Union, like al-Qaeda Central, AQAP opposes the monarchy of the House of Saud. AQAP was formed in January 2009 from a merger of al-Qaedas Yemeni, the Saudi group had been effectively suppressed by the Saudi government, forcing its members to seek sanctuary in Yemen. In 2010, it was believed to have several hundred members, the percentage of terrorist plots in the West that originated from Pakistan declined considerably from most of them, to 75% in 2007, and to 50% in 2010, as al-Qaeda shifted to Somalia and Yemen. U. S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton formally designated al-Qaeda in Yemen a terrorist organization on December 14,2009. S. On August 26,2010, Yemen claimed that U. S. officials had exaggerated the size and danger of al-Qaeda in Yemen, insisting also that fighting the jihadist networks local branch remained Sanaas job. A former bodyguard of Osama bin Laden warned of an escalation in fighting between al-Qaeda and Yemeni authorities, and predicted the government would need outside intervention to stay in power. However, Ahmed al-Bahri told the Associated Press that attacks by al-Qaeda in southern Yemen was an indication of its increasing strength, Al-Qaeda was responsible for the USS Cole bombing in October 2000 in the southern port of Aden, killing 17 U. S. sailors. In 2002, an al-Qaeda attack damaged a French supertanker in the Gulf of Aden, the Global Terrorism Database attributes the 2004 Khobar massacre to the group. In this guise, it is known as The Jerusalem Squadron. For a chronology of recent Islamist militant attacks in Saudi Arabia and he killed Private William Long, and wounded Private Quinton Ezeagwula. He said that he was affiliated with and had been sent by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, AQAP said it was responsible for Umar Farouk Abdulmutallabs attempted Christmas Day bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 as it approached Detroit on December 25,2009. In that incident, Abdulmutallab reportedly tried to set off plastic explosives sewn to his underwear, on February 8,2010, deputy leader Said Ali al-Shihri called for a regional holy war and blockade of the Red Sea to prevent shipments to Israel. In an audiotape he called upon Somalias al-Shabaab militant group for assistance in the blockade, the packages originated from Yemen, and were addressed to outdated addresses of two Jewish institutions in Chicago, Illinois, one of which was the Congregation Or Chadash, a LGBT synagogue. On October 30,2010, On November 5,2010 and it also claimed responsibility for the crash of a UPS Boeing 747-400 cargo plane in Dubai on September 3. American authorities had said they believed that al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula was behind the plot, officials in the United Kingdom and the United States believe that it is most likely that the bombs were designed to destroy the planes carrying them
9.
Interstate 94 in Michigan
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Interstate 94 is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Billings, Montana, to the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. In Michigan, it is a state highway that enters the state south of New Buffalo. Joseph near Lake Michigan before turning inland toward Kalamazoo and Battle Creek on the west side of the peninsula, heading farther east, I-94 passes through rural areas in the middle of the southern Lower Peninsula, crossing I-69 in the process. I-94 then runs through Jackson, Ann Arbor, and portions of Metro Detroit, past the east side of Detroit, the Interstate angles northeasterly through farmlands in The Thumb to Port Huron, where the designation terminates on the Blue Water Bridge at the Canadian border. The first segment of what later became I-94 within the state and this expressway was initially numbered M-112. In the mid-1950s, state and federal officials planned an Interstate to replace the route of U. S. Highway 12. By 1960, the length of I-94 was completed from Detroit to New Buffalo, two years later, the US12 designation was dropped from the freeway. Subsequent extensions in the 1960s completed most of the rest of the route, the last segment opened to the public in 1972 when Indiana completed its connection across the state line. The highway has one route, I-194, which serves downtown Battle Creek. Various segments have been dedicated to people and places. The entire length of I-94 is listed on the National Highway System, a network of important to the countrys economy, defense. As the state trunkline highway closest to the shore in these areas. Joseph and the Lake Huron Circle Tour in the Port Huron area, sections through the Detroit area are named the Detroit Industrial and Edsel Ford freeways. I-94 in the state is either a four- or six-lane freeway for most of its length, I-94 enters Michigan from Indiana south of New Buffalo. The freeway runs northeasterly through rural Michiana farmland in the corner of the Lower Peninsula. I-94 traverses an area just east of the Warren Dunes State Park as the freeway runs parallel to the Red Arrow Highway, the freeway crosses its companion highway south of St. Joseph, Red Arrow turns northward carrying the business loop for Benton Harbor and St. Joseph. The Interstate curves further inland to bridge the St. Joseph River near Riverview Park, East of Benton Harbor, I-94 meets the Napier Avenue interchange, where US31 merges onto the freeway. East of the Southwest Michigan Regional Airport, I-94/US31 meets the end of I-196, US31 departs the I-94 freeway to follow I-196
10.
Marriage
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The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity, when defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, whom they marry may be influenced by socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns for womens rights and because of international law. These trends coincide with the human rights movement. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, an authority, a tribal group. It is often viewed as a contract, Marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting via a wedding ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce, some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through divorce or annulment. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of laws against the practice. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005 and these changes have occurred primarily in Western countries. The word marriage derives from Middle English mariage, which first appears in 1250–1300 CE and this in turn is derived from Old French, marier, and ultimately Latin, marītāre, meaning to provide with a husband or wife and marītāri meaning to get married. The adjective marīt-us -a, -um meaning matrimonial or nuptial could also be used in the form as a noun for husband. Anthropologists have proposed several competing definitions of marriage in an attempt to encompass the wide variety of marital practices observed across cultures, even within Western culture, definitions of marriage have careened from one extreme to another and everywhere in between. The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries defined marriage as a union between a man and a such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners. In recognition of a practice by the Nuer people of Sudan allowing women to act as a husband in certain circumstances, Kathleen Gough suggested modifying this to a woman, none of these men had legal rights to the womans child. Economic anthropologist Duran Bell has criticized the definition on the basis that some societies do not require marriage for legitimacy. He argued that a definition of marriage is circular in societies where illegitimacy has no other legal or social implications for a child other than the mother being unmarried. In 1955 article in Man, Leach argued that no one definition of marriage applied to all cultures and he offered a list of ten rights associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children, with specific rights differing across cultures
11.
Interstate 275 (Michigan)
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Interstate 275 is an Interstate in the US state of Michigan that acts as a western bypass of the Detroit metropolitan area. The Michigan Department of Transportation maintains the highway as part of the state trunkline highway system. The freeway runs through the suburbs near Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. The southern terminus is the interchange with I-75 near Newport, northeast of Monroe, MDOT considers the Interstate to run to an interchange with I-96, I-696 and M-5 on the Farmington Hills–Novi city line, running concurrently with I-96 for about five miles. This gives a length of about 35.03 miles. All other map makers, like the American Automobile Association, Rand McNally, a highway roughly parallel to the modern I-275 was included in early planning maps for the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s. As plans developed through the 1960s and into the early 1970s, some plans in the 1970s had the northern Novi–Davisburg section numbered as a state highway M-275. The southern half of I-275 was built in segments that were completed in January 1977, later that month, the state canceled the northern section because of local opposition. A later attempt to revive the proposal failed in 1979, additional plans to complete M-275 through Oakland County were kept on the drawing boards through the 1980s, but failed to materialize. M-5 opened along part of the former I-275/M-275 right-of-way between 1994 and 2000, I-275 begins at exit 20 along I-75 in northeastern Monroe County. The surrounding area is farmland and residential subdivisions in the adjacent Frenchtown, the freeway angles to the northwest and crosses US Highway 24, which is also called Telegraph Road. After this interchange, I-275 turns to the north, running east of Carleton, crossing the Canadian National Railway, at Will Carleton Road, the trunkline crosses into Wayne County. There it continues on a path parallel to a CSX Transportation line through southern Wayne County. The freeway crosses the Huron River at South Huron Road, adjacent to Willow Metropark, in the city of Romulus, I-275 begins to take on a more suburban character when it passes the southwestern boundary of the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. There is access to the side of the airport signed at Eureka Road. Between these two interchanges, I-275 begins to run to the northwest, near these two complexes, the freeway turns north again, running parallel and to the east of Haggerty Road. The freeway crosses over another NS railroad line used by Amtrak trains from Chicago and Pontiac, US12. I-275 crosses the Lower Branch of the River Rouge north of Michigan Avenue and the Middle Branch north of Ford Road, north of the Middle Branch of the River Rouge in Plymouth Township, I-275 crosses Schoolcraft Road and another CSX line from Detroit
12.
Section (United States land surveying)
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In U. S. land surveying under the Public Land Survey System, a section is an area nominally one square mile, containing 640 acres, with 36 sections making up one survey township on a rectangular grid. The legal description of a tract of land under the PLSS includes the name of the state, name of the county, township number, range number, section number, Sections are customarily surveyed into smaller squares by repeated halving and quartering. A quarter section is 160 acres and a section is 40 acres. In 1832 the smallest area of land that could be acquired was reduced to the 40-acre quarter-quarter section, after the Civil War, Freedmen were reckoned to be self-sufficient with 40 acres and a mule. In the 20th century real estate developers preferred working with 40-acre parcels, the phrases front 40 and back 40, referring to farm fields, indicate the front and back quarter-quarter sections of land. One of the reasons for creating sections of 640 acres was the ease of dividing into halves, a section can be halved seven times in this way, down to a 5-acre parcel, or half of a quarter-quarter-quarter section—an easily surveyed 50-square-chain area. This system was of practical value on the American frontier. A description of a section in standard abbreviated form, might look like NW 1/4, NE 1/4, Sec.34, T. 3S, R. 1W. In expanded form this would read the Northwest quarter of the Northeast quarter of Section 34 of Township 3 South, the existence of section lines made property descriptions far more straightforward than the old metes and bounds system. The importance of sections was greatly enhanced by the passage of An Ordinance for ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Territory of 1785 by the U. S. Congress. This law provided that lands outside the states could not be sold, otherwise distributed. The standard way of doing this was to divide the land into sections, an area six sections by six sections would define a township. Within this area, one section was designated as school land, as the entire parcel would not be necessary for the school and its grounds, the balance of it was to be sold, with the monies to go into the construction and upkeep of the school. Every township is divided into 36 sections, each usually 1 mile square, Sections are numbered boustrophedonically within townships as follows, Sections are broken up into 40-acre blocks, or quarter quarter sections. These are labeled as follows, The curvature of the earth makes it impossible to superimpose a regular grid on its surface, as the meridians converge toward the North Pole. As the U. S. is in the Northern Hemisphere, if a sections or townships east and west sides are parallel, the entire township grid shifts to account for the earths curvature. Where the grid is corrected, or where two grids based on different principal meridians meet, section shapes are irregular, Sections also differ from the PLSS ideal of one square mile for other reasons, including errors and sloppy work by surveyors, poor instrumentation, and difficult terrain. In addition, the survey tool was the magnetic compass
United States of America
Michigan
Wayne
