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Bedford (town), New York
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Bedford is a town in Westchester County, New York, USA. The population was 17,335 at the 2010 census, the town of Bedford is located in the northeastern part of Westchester County, and contains the three hamlets of Bedford Hills, Bedford, and Katonah. Bedford was made a part of Connecticut in 1697 when a patent fixed the boundaries as a six-mile square, only when King William III of England issued a royal decree in 1700 settling a boundary dispute did Bedford become part of New York. The town served as the county seat of Westchester County during the American Revolutionary War after the Battle of White Plains, after the Revolution, Bedford was made one of two seats of county government, alternating with White Plains, until 1870. Westchester Countys oldest government building is the Court House in Bedford village, the Bedford Village Historic District, Caramoor Center for Music and the Arts, Palmer-Lewis Estate, and The Woodpile are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 39.4 square miles, of which 37.2 square miles is land and 2.2 square miles. The town is bordered to the west by Mount Kisco, to the south by Armonk in the town of North Castle, to the north by Lewisboro, and to the east by Pound Ridge. Bedford has a few minor landmarks, most of them centered on the Bedford Green, the Bedford Free Library is located in Bedford, on the Village Green, and is a member of the Westchester Library System. Bedford Hills and Katonah also have libraries that are members of the same system, along Route 22, at Hook Road, there is a large 300-plus-year-old oak tree known as the Bedford Oak. The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women is located in the town, as of the census of 2000, there were 18,133 people,5,731 households, and 4,395 families residing in the town. The population density was 486.9 people per square mile, there were 6,020 housing units at an average density of 161.6 per square mile. The racial/ethnic makeup of the town was 87. 50% White,7. 12% Black,1. 98% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 57% of the population. 0. 08% ethnic Pacific Islander and 1. 88% from other ethnicities,18. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the family size was 3.21. In the town, the population was out with 26. 4% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,32. 2% from 25 to 44,24. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $100,053, and the median income for a family was $118,820. Males had an income of $88,561 versus $47,468 for females
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
George Washington University
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The George Washington University is a private research university in Washington, D. C. GW is the largest institution of education in Washington, D. C. In his will, Washington left his 50 shares in the Potomac Company to help endow the university, however, due to the companys financial difficulties, the funding did not materialize. The university was chartered by an act of Congress on February 9,1821 and its name was changed to Columbian University in 1873 and to the George Washington University in 1904, in honor of Washington. GWs Graduate School of Political Management is the school of applied politics in the nations capital. GWs professional schools and the Elliott School of International Affairs are consistently ranked highly in national and international college rankings lists, the Princeton Review consistently ranks GW as one of the Most Politically Active schools. Some of the graduates have gone on to high positions within both the U. S. government and foreign governments. Notable alumni include former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and he presented numerous letters to Congress and included the subject in his last will and testament. Baptist missionary and leading minister Luther Rice raised funds to purchase a site in Washington, the first commencement in 1824 was considered an important event for the young city of Washington, D. C. In attendance were President Monroe, John C, Calhoun, Henry Clay, Marquis de Lafayette and other dignitaries. During the Civil War, most students left to join the Confederacy, walt Whitman was among many of the volunteers to work on the campus. Following the war, in 1873, Columbian College became the Columbian University and moved to a downtown location centered on 15th and H streets. The university moved its operations to the D. C. neighborhood of Foggy Bottom in 1912. The George Washington University, like much of Washington, D. C. traces many of its origins back to the Freemasons, the Bible that the presidents of the university use to swear an oath on upon inauguration is the Bible of Freemason George Washington. Freemasonry symbols are displayed throughout the campus including the foundation stones of many of the university buildings. Many of the Colleges of the George Washington University stand out for their age, the Law School is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences is the 11th oldest medical school in the nation, the Columbian College was founded in 1821, and is the oldest unit of the university. The Elliott School of International Affairs was formalized in 1898, the majority of the present infrastructure and financial stability at GW is due to the tenures of Presidents Cloyd Heck Marvin, Lloyd Hartman Elliott and Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
4.
New York University
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New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU
5.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
6.
Kate Mara
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Kate Rooney Mara is an American actress. She starred in the Netflix political drama House of Cards as Zoe Barnes and she made her film debut in 1999 with Random Hearts. She also appeared in the FX horror miniseries American Horror Story, Kate Rooney Mara was born and raised in Bedford, New York. She is the daughter of Timothy Christopher Mara, a NFL scout and vice president of the New York Giants for player evaluation and she is the second of four siblings, with one older brother, Daniel, one younger sister, Patricia, and one younger brother, Conor. Maras father has Irish, German, and French Canadian ancestry and she is a great-granddaughter of both New York Giants founder Tim Mara and Pittsburgh Steelers founder Art Rooney, Sr. Her paternal grandparents were Wellington Mara and Ann Mara, Wellington co-owned the Giants football team from 1959 until his death in 2005, and was succeeded by her uncle, John Mara, who is currently President, CEO, and co-owner of the team. Her maternal grandfather, Timothy James Tim Rooney, has run Yonkers Raceway in Yonkers and her granduncle, Dan Rooney, chairman of the Steelers, was a former United States Ambassador to Ireland and the co-founder of the charitable organization The Ireland Funds. An uncle, Art Rooney II, is the current President, Mara began acting at the age of nine in a school musical. She attended several youth theater-arts schools and appeared in community theater, Mara described herself to Esquire magazine as having been painfully shy while growing up and said she only had one friend. Her first audition was for the NBC police drama Homicide, Life on the Street and she did not get the role but knew from then on that she just wanted to act. Maras first television role was in the NBC legal drama Law & Order in 1997 and she went on to guest star on numerous television series, including Madigan Men, Ed and Law & Order, Special Victims Unit. Mara also appeared on Cold Case, Boston Public, CSI, Miami, Mara was cast as the lead in the 2004 WB pilot Prodigy, about a teenage child prodigy. She had a role on the WBs Jack & Bobby in 2005. Mara joined the cast of the HBO comedy-drama Entourage for the sixth season in 2009. She played Brittany, Eric E Murphy s assistant at his talent-management company, Mara filmed four episodes for the series in 2009. In 2011, she guest starred on the FX horror series American Horror Story, as Hayden McClaine, a student who becomes Dr. Ben Harmon s dead mistress, Mara was offered the role by Ryan Murphy, her former producer on Nip/Tuck. She filmed a second season of the series, which was released on February 14,2014, on July 10,2014, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. She made her debut in 2003 at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in John Guares Landscape of the Body with Lili Taylor
7.
John Mara
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John Kevin Mara /ˈmɛərə/ MAIR-ə is the president, CEO, and co-owner of the New York Giants. Mara was born in New York City and grew up in White Plains and he is the eldest son of Ann Mara and Giants owner Wellington Mara. His ancestry includes Irish, German, and French-Canadian and he attended Iona Preparatory School in nearby New Rochelle, graduating in 1972. He earned a B. S. cum laude in marketing from Boston College in 1976, after his graduation from Fordham, Mara was an attorney at Vedder, Price, Kaufman, Kammholz and Day, specializing in labor and employment law and litigation. Two years later, he joined Shea & Gould, where he remained until joining the Giants organization. Mara joined the Giants in 1991, serving as General Counsel and later as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer until his fathers death in 2005, under John Mara and Steve Tisch, the Giants have won Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI. Mara has served for 15 years on the NFL Competition Committee and he is the current chairman of the NFL Management Council Executive Committee. Mara, alongside Steve Tisch and Woody Johnson, brought Super Bowl XLVIII to MetLife Stadium in February 2014, Mara is the third generation of his family to own the Giants. His grandfather, Tim, founded the team in 1925, tims sons, Wellington and Jack, inherited the team in 1959, when Tim died. Among NFL franchises, only the Chicago Bears have been in the hands of one family longer than the Giants and he and his wife, Denise W. Mara, have one son, John Jr. and four daughters, Lauren, Courtney, Christine, and Erin. He is also an uncle to actresses Rooney Mara and Kate Mara, Mara serves on the Board of Directors of Saint Vincent’s Hospital in Harrison, New York and Boys Hope Girls Hope of New York
8.
Wellington Mara
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Wellington Timothy Mara was the co-owner of the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1959 until his death, and one of the most influential and iconic figures in the history of the NFL. He was the son of Tim Mara, who founded the Giants in 1925. Wellington was a boy for that year. Mara was born in Rochester, New York, the son of Elizabeth Lizette, a homemaker, Mara was an alumnus of Loyola School and Fordham University, both New York City Jesuit schools. In 1930, Timothy James Mara split his ownership interests between Wellington and his older brother Jack, soon after graduating from Fordham University, Wellington moved into the Giants front office as team treasurer and assistant to his father. He became the secretary in 1940. After fighting in World War II, he returned to the Giants as team vice president, when Jack, who had been president since 1941, died in 1965, Wellington became team president. For his first 37 years in the organization, he handled the franchises football decisions, however, his growing involvement in league affairs led him to turn over most of his day-to-day responsibilities to operations director Andy Robustelli in 1974. He didnt relinquish full control over the side of the operation until 1979. The Giants were hamstrung for several years by a relationship between Wellington and his nephew, Tim J. Mara, who inherited Jacks stake in the team upon Jacks death. By the 1970s, they almost never spoke to other. The Maras continued to close control over the Giants day-to-day operations long after most other owners had delegated such authority. Under Maras direction the New York Football Giants won six NFL titles, nine conference championships, the Giants have also accumulated the third highest number of victories in National Football League history. Mara was also liked by the Giants players, and was known to stick by them even when they struggled with off-the-field problems. Taylor has since lived a life style and credits Mara with helping him fight his addiction. The Wilson football used in NFL games prior to the AFL merger was nicknamed THE DUKE after Mara, for the 2006 season and beyond, a new version of THE DUKE has been used in NFL games. He was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1997, Mara was married to Ann Mara. His granddaughters include actresses Kate Mara and Rooney Mara, in 2012, Mara was elected into the New Jersey Hall of Fame
9.
Tim Mara
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Timothy James Tim Mara was the founder and administrator of the New York Giants of the National Football League. The Giants, under Mara, won NFL championships in 1927,1934,1938, and 1956 and divisional titles in 1933,1935,1939,1941,1944,1946, and 1958. Mara, the son of Elizabeth and John Mara, a policeman, at the age of 13, he quit school in order to find work to support his mother. His first job was as an usher in a theater and he then worked as a newsboy selling newspapers on the streets. This job brought him contact with many of New York’s bookmakers. He soon became a runner for the bookies, earning five percent of the bets he collected, by age 18, he was an established bookmaker himself. In 1925, the NFL was in need of a franchise in a city market that could be used to showcase the league. The NFLs President, Joseph Carr, traveled to New York to offer boxing promoter Billy Gibson a franchise, Gibson, the former owner of the NFLs last New York franchise, the New York Brickley Giants, refused the offer. However he referred Carr to his friend Tim Mara, while Mara did not know much about football, Maras friend, Dr. Harry March, did. This backing led Mara to purchase the NFL franchise for New York at a cost of $500, $500 then is worth about $12,458.00 in 2013. Mara and March, even signed Jim Thorpe to play several games in order to boost attendance. However many of the New York sports fans still took to college football, during the Giants first season, attendance was so poor that Mara lost over $40,000. To tap into New Yorks college football fans, Mara tried to sign ex-college football superstar Red Grange only to find that he already was a member of the Chicago Bears. However still looking for a way to cash in on Granges popularity, the gate receipts totalled $143,000 for that one game against Grange and the Bears, and Mara recovered all of his losses for the 1925 season. In 1926, Grange and his manager, C. C, Pyle, formed the first American Football League with a New York franchise named the Yankees to compete with the Giants. New Yorks coach Bob Folwell and star tackle, Century Milstead and this led Mara to increase the salaries of all his players by $50 a game to prevent them from leaving the Giants, too. He also signed many players to full-season contracts, Mara suffered $60,000 in financial losses that season. However all but four of the AFL franchises finished the 1926 season, Mara then challenged the AFL champion Philadelphia Quakers to a game and they accepted
10.
Art Rooney
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Arthur Joseph Rooney Sr. often referred to as The Chief, was the founding owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, an American football franchise in the National Football League, from 1933 until his death. Rooney is a member of the NFL Hall of Fame, was an Olympic qualifying boxer and he was the first president of the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1933 to 1974, and the first chairman of the team from 1933 to 1988. Rooneys great-grandparents, James and Mary Rooney, were Irish Catholics who emigrated from Newry in County Down, while living in Montreal, the Rooneys had a son, Arthur. James and Mary later moved to Ebbw Vale, Wales, where the industry was flourishing, taking their son Arthur, then 21. This Arthur Rooney married Catherine Regan, in Wales, and they had a son, two years after Dan Rooney was born, the family moved back to Canada and eventually ended up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1884. Along the way the family grew to nine children of which Dan was the second. Dan Rooney remained in the Pittsburgh area, and eventually opened a saloon in the Monongahela Valley coal town of Coulter, Pennsylvania. This is where Dan Rooney met and wed Margaret Maggie Murray, who was the daughter of a miner. Dan and Maggie would eventually settle their family in Pittsburghs North Side in 1913, Dan operated a cafe and saloon out of the first floor with the family living above. The building was located just a block from Exposition Park, which had been home to the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team until 1909. In 1925 he served as Wheelings player-manager and led the Middle Atlantic League in games, hits, runs, stolen bases and finished 2nd in batting average as his brother Dan Rooney finished 3rd in BA. Art also played halfback for the semi-pro Pittsburgh Hope Harvey and Majestic Radio clubs which he took over. Rooneys affiliation with the National Football League began in 1933 when he paid a $2,500 franchise fee to found a club based in the city of Pittsburgh. The league was able to take advantage of Pennsylvania relaxing their blue laws that prior to 1933 prohibited sporting events from taking place on Sundays. In 1936, Rooney won a parlay at Saratoga Race Course and he used the winnings to hire a coach, Joe Bach, give contracts to his players and almost win a championship. The winnings funded the team until 1941 when he sold the franchise to NY playboy Alex Thompson, Thompson wanted to move the franchise to Boston so he could be within a five-hour train ride of his club. At the same time, the Philadelphia Eagles ran into financial problems, Rooney used the funds from the sale of franchise to get a 70% interest in the Eagles, the other 30% held by Rooney friend and future NFL commissioner, Bert Bell. Bell and Rooney agreed to trade places with Thompson, Bell took the role of President of the Steelers that he relinquished to Rooney in 1946 when Bell became Commissioner
11.
Dan Rooney
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Daniel Milton Rooney is the former United States Ambassador to Ireland, who served from July 3,2009 until his resignation in 2012. He is chairman of the Pittsburgh Steelers American football team in the National Football League, Rooney was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2000 for his contributions to the game. He is credited with spearheading a requirement that NFL teams with head coach and general manager vacancies interview at least one minority candidate, Rooney is also co-founder of the Ireland-related fundraising organization The Ireland Funds. Rooney was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Kathleen, in the Steelers organization, Rooney has been involved in every aspect of the franchise since he was a young boy, often assisting his father at Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field. He grew up in the North Side neighborhood of Pittsburgh and attended North Catholic High School where he excelled as the teams quarterback and he was also the coach for the St. Peters Elementary school football team, which was quarterbacked by future CIA Director and lifelong friend Michael Hayden. Rooney was mentored by Fran Fogerty, Joe Carr, and Ed Kiely and these men assisted in teaching Dan the business of football. After being mentored and graduating from Duquesne University he knew football was what he wanted to pursue and he then met his future wife in the office of the Steelers where she was currently working. The couple got married soon after, by early 1969 Rooney was managing the day-to-day operations of the team and personally selected the coaching hire of Chuck Noll. During his tenure, he has implemented a philosophy and management style that open, practical. The results have been obvious, since 1972, the Steelers have won 15 division championships,8 AFC Championships, Rooney became the patriarch and controlling owner of the team in 1988, following the death of his father. In 2003, Rooney followed in his fathers footsteps by slowly ceding day-to-day operations of the franchise to the generation of the family. Although still chairman and to fans the public face of the team. Dan Rooney is a graduate of Duquesne University, majoring in accounting and he has been involved with the Steelers since 1960, originally working as director of personnel. While Rooney has generally avoided the spotlight, he has been an active owner behind the scenes. Rooney helped lead the negotiations of the collective bargaining agreement of 1982 and he is also one of the main architects of the salary cap, which was implemented in 1993. He surprised many with his endorsement of Barack Obama for president. The family had traditionally been very private on politics, even being rumored to have a Republican bent, Rooney responded to his public endorsement with, When I think of Barack Obama’s America I have great hope. I support his candidacy and look forward to his Presidency, Rooney is the benefactor of the Rooney Prize for Irish Literature and Vice-Chairman of The American Ireland Fund
12.
Tom Rooney (politician)
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Thomas Joseph Tom Rooney is the U. S. Representative for Floridas 17th congressional district, serving in Congress since 2009 and he is a member of the Republican Party. Tom Rooney was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, when Tom was 14 his father, Patrick J. Rooney Sr. moved to Palm Beach Gardens, Florida where the family owned a dog track and gambling business. He graduated from the Benjamin School in North Palm Beach, Florida in 1989, in college, Rooney played football for Syracuse University and Washington & Jefferson College outside of Pittsburgh where he earned his B. A. in English Literature. He was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity, Rooney attended the University of Florida where he received his M. A. in Political Science. After that he went to the University of Miami School of Law where he received his J. D. and they became members of The Florida Bar Association in 1999. After law school, both Rooney and his wife joined the U. S. Army JAG Corps, in 2001, Tom and Tara, along with their newborn son, were stationed at Fort Hood on 9/11. Rooney spent over four years on Active Duty in the United States Army JAG Corps and he served as Special Assistant U. S Attorney at Fort Hood in Texas, prosecuting all civilian crimes on post. Rooney also served in the 1st Cavalry Division, in 2002, Rooney began teaching Constitutional and Criminal Law as an Asst. Prof. in the Dept. of Law at the United States Military Academy at West Point and he received two Army Commendation Medals for his service. Tom and Tara Rooney each completed active duty with the rank of Captain. During his active duty time in the JAG Corps, he served with fellow future Congressman Patrick Murphy, as his first job out of college, Tom Rooney worked for U. S. Senator Connie Mack III, who had worked with Toms father, Tom started in Senator Macks mailroom, We opened every letter and that’s where I learned what people’s issues were. It really helped shape a blank slate in my life, after getting his Masters, he returned to Florida, where he went to work as an Assistant Attorney General. In 2005, Tom was named CEO of Home Safe and because of his work there and he is a graduate of Leadership Palm Beach County. 2008 Rooney challenged Democratic incumbent Tim Mahoney, Mahoney had narrowly won the Republican-leaning district in 2006, after five-term incumbent Mark Foley abruptly resigned under a cloud of scandal. It was widely believed that this significantly undermined Negrons chances, as voters would be reluctant to cast a ballot in Foleys name. In the Republican Party primary, Rooney was endorsed by Floridas Governor, Charlie Crist and this revelation shifted the race decisively in Rooneys favor, even causing the Palm Beach Post to take the rare step of rescinding its previous endorsement of Mahoney and endorsing Rooney instead
13.
Slasher film
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Slasher films are a subgenre of horror films, typically involving a violent psychopath stalking and murdering several people, usually with bladed tools. Some critics cite Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho as an early influential slasher film, Wes Cravens satirical film Scream renewed public interest in the genre, and several of the original slasher franchises were revived or rebooted in the years following the release of Scream. Many films in the genre continue to attract cult followings. The plot involves opposing objectives of the killer and a hero/heroine, typically, a film begins with a commemoration or anniversary of the past event that reactivates or re-inspires the killer. Often the victim survives, but is damaged in some way by his or her experience with the killer, dika also believes that the genres appeal is rooted in the audiences feelings of catharsis, recreation, and displacement, which is related to sexual pleasure. A common tropes featured in films is the final girl character. This trope is often discussed in introductory film courses, the character often cited as the genres first prototypical final girl is Laurie Strode in Halloween. Final girls, who escape the killers advances by a films end, are often virgins and have at least one female friend who is portrayed as sexually active. Another trope is the anti-heroic characterization of the films villain, most slasher franchises follow the continued efforts of a specific villain, rather than the killers victims, who do not often reappear in sequels. Notable examples of these include, Michael Myers, Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, Chucky. Some critics cite horror plays produced at the Grand Guignol in the late 19th century as having influenced the contemporary slasher genre, others reference the visceral images of violence in films such as Maurice Tourneurs The Lunatics, a silent film adaptation of a Grand Guignol play. Under the Hays Code, even references to sexuality and brutality were deemed unacceptable. Crime writer Mary Roberts Rinehart was an influence on the emerging horror genre. Her novel The Circular Staircase, later adapted into film as The Bat, both films employed the theme of town dwellers pitted against strange country folk, a recurring theme in later horror films. George Archainbauds Thirteen Women tells the story of a college sorority whose former members are set against one another by a vengeful peer, as they die, the culprit crosses out their yearbook photo, a device used in subsequent slasher films such as Prom Night and Graduation Day. The movies climax takes place on a train, something echoed in Terror Train, other early examples of the maniac seeking revenge trope include The Terror, based on the play by Edgar Wallace. Val Lewton produced Jacques Tourneurs The Leopard Man, a film about a murderer covering up his crimes against women in a town by framing an escaped show leopard. Robert Siodmaks The Spiral Staircase, based on Ethel Whites novel Some Must Watch, the helpless but sympathetic heroine became commonplace in later horror films, along with black-gloved killers, point of view shots, and jump scares
14.
Urban Legends: Bloody Mary
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Urban Legends, Bloody Mary is a 2005 supernatural slasher horror film starring Kate Mara, Robert Vito, Tina Lifford and Ed Marinaro. In 1969, three high school tried to drug and kidnap their prom night dates. Their plan works with two of the girls but the third, Mary Banner, tries to escape, the football captain chases her into a storage room and punches her, knocking her out. Unable to revive her nor able to hear her heartbeat, he believes Mary to be dead, panicking, he locks her body in an old trunk. Thirty five years later, in 2004, this story is told among three school girls during a sleep over and they also jokingly conjure up Bloody Mary and the next morning all three are gone. After having been missing for one day, they reappear, waking up in an old deserted mill, while most suspect a hoax on the girls part, Samantha and David suspects that it is a prank by football players. Buck blames these deaths on the Owens siblings, before her death, Heather made up with Samantha and tried to tell her that this happened before. In her homework, Samantha finds notes sent to Heather about the disappearance of Mary Banner, browsing the school papers archives, they find out that Mary was never found, that another victim committed suicide years later and that the third, Grace Taylor, still lives in town. They visit Grace, who claims that Mary, or rather, her force, is exacting revenge on the children of the five people involved in the kidnappings. While Samantha is prone to believe her, David remains skeptical, while sneaking around in Graces house, he also found out that Grace produced or collected artwork on Urban Legend and identifies Grace as the originator of the notes sent to Heather. The siblings go to warn Buck, who admits that he and his mates orchestrated Samanthas disappearance and he also reveals that his father, the football coach, was one of the kidnappers in 1969 but did not hurt Mary. Samantha, however, suspects that the coach was the one that killed Mary as she saw him put flowers on her headstone earlier and her stepfather, who overheard her, tells her to reveal any solid evidence she has. Meanwhile, an upset Buck tries to relax by drinking and watching movie in a motel, falling asleep, he wakes up from hearing a dripping sound and discovers the corpse of his dog. He is attacked by Mary, who crawls out from under his bed, different rumours about his death are spread immediately. Both siblings are trying to find clues about the remaining perpetrator, Samantha by browsing through old photographs. Grace still refuses to reveal the names but directs him to the school archives, going through the archives, he finds out the identity of the fifth person and rushes home, but finds Sam gone and is suffocated by a hooded man. Samantha meanwhile has visions of Mary again, revealing that the girl was not dead when she was locked in the trunk. and that she later awoke, realizing she was buried alive. The visions also reveal to Sam the whereabouts of the trunk. Sam visits Grace, while Grace is waiting in the van, Samantha finds the storage room and the trunk with Marys corpse in it
15.
Tanner Hall (film)
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Tanner Hall is a 2009 independent drama film about four girls having their coming-of-age in boarding school. It was written and directed by Tatiana von Fürstenberg and Francesca Gregorini and it stars Rooney Mara, Georgia King, Brie Larson, Amy Ferguson, Tom Everett Scott, Amy Sedaris, Chris Kattan, and Shawn Pyfrom. Shy and studious, Fernanda is usually the voice of reason among her friends-adventurous and sexy Kate, jealous of Fernandas exciting relationship, Victoria begins to sabotage Fernandas plans and plots to publicly humiliate her. Rooney Mara as Fernanda Georgia King as Victoria Brie Larson as Kate Amy Ferguson as Lucasta Tom Everett Scott as Gio Chris Kattan as Mr. George Middlewood Amy Sedaris as Mrs. It was well received at the Hamptons International Film Festival and was awarded the Grand Jury Prize for Best Feature at the Gen Art Film Festival and it was picked up by Anchor Bay Films, a division of Anchor Bay Entertainment, and was released in theaters September 2011. Despite this Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 12% score with critics and 27% score with audiences, aggregate review site Metacritic scored it 40 out of 100 from 10 reviews, indicating mixed or average. Http, //www. newschoolers. com/index. html http, //www. if3. ca/if3/likealion2010 Official website Tanner Hall at the Internet Movie Database
16.
Nancy Thompson (A Nightmare on Elm Street)
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Nancy Thompson is a fictional character in the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. She was portrayed by actress Heather Langenkamp in the film series. Heathers portrayal of the character got her into the Rotten Tomatoes Horror Movie Survivor Hall of Fame, introduced in the original A Nightmare on Elm Street film in 1984, Nancy is the first person to battle Freddy Krueger and survive. In A Nightmare on Elm Street 3, Dream Warriors, Nancy guides the last of the Elm Street children with their battle against Freddy. In Wes Cravens New Nightmare, a version of Heather Langenkamp must become Nancy once again to put an end to an entity embodying Freddy in the real world. Nancy also appears in the book series, novels, video games. She has been featured in a variety of merchandise based on the films, a popular A Nightmare on Elm Street character, Nancy has been called a 1980s icon and has often been regarded as one of the most significant female protagonists in all of cinema. She has also regarded as a prominent figure in American pop culture. In the original A Nightmare on Elm Street, Nancy is a 16-year-old girl who has begun experiencing nightmares about a mysterious, disfigured man in a red, the man has knives for fingers, which he scrapes along objects in the dream. She learns that her friend Tina is having nightmares, Tina is murdered in her sleep later that night. Tinas boyfriend Rod tells Nancy that he saw four invisible razors cutting her at the same time, Nancy begins relying on caffeine to stay awake, and eventually discovers that she can pull things out of her dream after she takes the killers hat, labelled Fred Krueger. Her mother explains that Krueger was a killer who was burned to death by vengeful parents after being freed from prison on a technicality. Nancy becomes convinced that he is exacting his revenge on the children of his killers from beyond the grave. With all of her friends dead, Nancy forms a plan to face Krueger alone and pull him into the real world, Nancy finally defeats Krueger by taking back the energy she has given him and stripping away his power. Although Nancy does not appear in A Nightmare on Elm Street 2, Freddys Revenge, teenager Jesse Walsh, who inhabits Nancys old room, and his girlfriend Lisa discover Nancys old diary—which chronicles the events of the first film. It tells them of the murders of Nancys friends, and also reveals Kruegers strengths and this helps Jesse and Lisa conquer Freddy in their own struggle with him. In a therapy session, Nancy uses hypnosis to put everybody to sleep, however, she and Dr Neil Gordon are fired when Hypnocil is blamed for a patient falling into a coma. Neil and Nancy learn that in order to defeat Freddy they must lay his bones to rest, Nancy contacts her father, Donald Thompson, to find out what the towns parents did with Freddys remains
17.
A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)
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This production makes it the ninth installment of the franchise. The film was released by Warner Bros. on April 30,2010 and it received mainly negative reviews from critics and grossed $115 million against a production budget of $35 million, making it the highest-grossing film in the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. The burned man cuts Deans throat in the dream, but in reality it appears that Dean is cutting his own throat as his friend, waitress Nancy Holbrook, looks on with Kris. At Deans funeral, Kris sees a photograph of her and Dean as children, Kris begins to dream about the burned man herself and refuses to go to sleep for fear that she will die in her dreams. Jesse Braun, Kriss ex-boyfriend, shows up at her house to keep her company while she sleeps, covered in her blood, Jesse runs to Nancys house to try to explain what happened and he learns that Nancy has been having dreams about the same man, Freddy Krueger. Jesse is apprehended by the police suspicion of murdering Kris. With her friends dying, Nancy begins to question what everyones connection is to each other, eventually, Nancy and her friend Quentin Smith discover that all of them attended the same preschool together. Nancys mother, Gwen, reluctantly tells Nancy and Quentin that there was a gardener at the preschool, Fred Krueger, who abused Nancy and the rest of the kids. Gwen explains that Nancy was his favorite, and that she came home one day telling her mother about a space in Kruegers room. Gwen claims Krueger skipped town before he was arrested, Nancy does not believe her and attempts to track down the remaining kids from the school. Nancy eventually discovers that all of the kids have been killed. Meanwhile, Quentin tries to accept that his nightmares are nothing more than repressed memories, Quentin sees everyones parents hunt down Krueger, and then burn him alive. Quentin and Nancy confront Quentins father, Alan Smith, about murdering Krueger with no evidence that he had committed any crime, thus, Nancy and Quentin believe that Krueger wants revenge on them for lying as children. As a result of their insomnia, Nancy and Quentin begin sporadically dreaming while they are still awake, to try to stop Krueger, they decide to go to the preschool and learn what they can. On the way, Nancy falls asleep and is attacked by Krueger, Quentin takes Nancy to the hospital for cuts on her arm, there, he steals some adrenaline and a syringe to help them stay awake. Nancy and Quentin eventually make it to the preschool, Quentin uncovers Kruegers hidden room and the evidence that proves Krueger was in fact abusing all of the children, they realize that Krueger actually wants revenge on them for telling the truth. Nancy decides the way to end this is to pull Krueger out of their dreams. Quentin tries to stay long enough to pull Nancy out of her dream when she has Krueger
18.
A Nightmare on Elm Street
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A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 American slasher film written and directed by Wes Craven, and the first film of the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. The film stars Heather Langenkamp, John Saxon, Ronee Blakley, Amanda Wyss, Jsu Garcia, Robert Englund, the plot revolves around several teenagers who are stalked and killed in their dreams by Freddy Krueger. The teenagers are unaware of the cause of this strange phenomenon, Craven filmed A Nightmare on Elm Street on an estimated budget of $1.8 million, a sum the film earned back during its first week. The film went on to gross over $25 million at the United States box office, critics and film historians state that the films premise is the struggle to define the distinction between dreams and reality, manifested by the lives and dreams of the teens in the film. Critics today praise the films ability to transgress the boundaries between the imaginary and real, toying with audience perceptions, fifteen-year-old Tina Gray is stalked through a boiler room and attacked by a disfigured man wearing a blade-fixed glove. She awakens from the nightmare, but her mother points out four mysterious slashes in her nightgown, the following morning, Tina is consoled by her best friend Nancy Thompson and her boyfriend Glen Lantz. Later, Nancy and Glen sleep at Tinas following her mothers out-of-town departure, falling asleep, Tina sees the man and runs. Awakened by Tinas thrashing, Rod witnesses her being fatally slashed by an unseen force and he flees as Nancy and Glen find Tina, mistakenly blaming Rod. Nancy tells her father, Lieutenant Don Thompson, of Tinas death, the next day, Rod is arrested by Don, despite his pleas of innocence. At school, Nancy falls asleep in class and finds the man, calling himself Freddy Krueger, Nancy burns her arm on a pipe and then awakens. She notices the mark on her arm and is concerned. At home, Nancy falls asleep in the bathtub and nearly drowned by Freddy. Nancy goes to Rod, who tells her what happened to Tina, Nancy has Glen watch over her as she falls asleep. She tries to find Freddy and sees him preparing to kill Rod and he turns his attention on her, she runs and wakes up when her alarm clock goes off. Nancy and Glen go to the jail and discover Rod dead in his cell in an apparent suicide, at Rods funeral, Nancys parents become worried when she describes the man in her dreams. Her mother Marge takes her to a dream clinic, in her dream, Nancy is attacked again and grabs Freddys hat. When the staff wake her up, she has a gash in her arm, at home, Marge bars the windows and begins drinking heavily. She tells Nancy that Freddy was a child murderer released on a technicality, in a form of vigilante justice, the parents in the neighborhood burned him alive
19.
The Social Network
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The Social Network is a 2010 American biographical drama film directed by David Fincher and written by Aaron Sorkin. It stars Jesse Eisenberg as founder Mark Zuckerberg, along with Andrew Garfield as Eduardo Saverin and Justin Timberlake as Sean Parker, neither Zuckerberg nor any other Facebook staff were involved with the project, although Saverin was a consultant for Mezrichs book. The film was released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on October 1,2010, the Social Network received widespread acclaim, with critics praising its direction, screenplay, acting, editing and score. Rolling Stones Peter Travers said The Social Network is the movie of the year, but Fincher and Sorkin triumph by taking it further. Lacing their scathing wit with a sadness, they define the dark irony of the past decade. It was also Roger Eberts selection for the best film of the year, the film also received awards for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director, Best Screenplay, and Best Original Score at the 68th Golden Globe Awards. In October 2003, 19-year-old Harvard University student Mark Zuckerberg is dumped by his girlfriend Erica Albright, after traffic to the site crashes parts of Harvards computer network, Zuckerberg is given six months of academic probation. However, Facemashs popularity attracts the attention of Harvard upperclassmen and twins Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss, the trio invites Zuckerberg to work on Harvard Connection, a social network featuring the exclusive nature of Harvard students and aimed at dating. Saverin provides $1,000 in seed funding, allowing Mark to build the website and they raise their complaint with Harvard President Larry Summers, who is dismissive and sees no value in either disciplinary action or Thefacebook website itself. Saverin and Zuckerberg meet fellow student Christy Lee, who asks them to Facebook me, as Thefacebook grows in popularity, Zuckerberg extends the network to Yale University, Columbia University and Stanford University. Lee arranges for Saverin and Zuckerberg to meet Napster co-founder Sean Parker and he also suggests dropping the The from Thefacebook, just calling it Facebook. At Parkers suggestion, the moves to Palo Alto, with Saverin remaining in New York to work on business development. After Parker promises to expand Facebook to two continents, Zuckerberg invites him to live at the house he is using as company headquarters, meanwhile, Saverin objects to Parker making business decisions for Facebook and freezes the companys bank account in the resulting dispute. He later relents when Zuckerberg reveals that they have secured $500,000 from angel investor Peter Thiel and he confronts Zuckerberg and Parker about it, and Saverin vows to sue Zuckerberg for all the companys shares before being ejected from the building. As a result, Saverins name is removed from the masthead as co-founder, later, a cocaine possession incident involving Parker and his attempt to place the blame on Saverin finally convinces Zuckerberg to cut ties with him. Throughout the film, the narrative is intercut with scenes from depositions taken in the Winklevoss twins and Saverins respective lawsuits against Zuckerberg, the Winklevoss twins claim that Zuckerberg stole their idea, while Saverin claims his shares of Facebook were unfairly diluted when the company was incorporated. After everyone leaves, Zuckerberg is shown sending a friend request to Albright on Facebook, screenwriter Aaron Sorkin said, What attracted me to had nothing to do with Facebook. The invention itself is as modern as it gets, but the story is as old as storytelling, I got a 14-page book proposal that Ben Mezrich had written for his publisher for a book he was going to call The Accidental Billionaires
20.
Lisbeth Salander
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Lisbeth Salander is a fictional character created by Swedish author and journalist Stieg Larsson. She is the character in Larssons award-winning Millennium series, along with the journalist Mikael Blomkvist. Salander first appeared in the 2005 novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and she reappeared in its sequels, The Girl Who Played with Fire, The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets Nest, and The Girl in the Spiders Web. In the only interview he ever did about the series, Larsson stated that he based the character of Lisbeth Salander on what he imagined Pippi Longstocking might have been like as an adult. In the Millennium series, Salander has the name V. Kulla displayed on the door of her apartment on the top floor of Fiskargatan 9 in Stockholm, V. Kulla is an abbreviation of Villa Villekulla, the name of Pippi Longstockings house. Another source of inspiration was Larssons niece, Therese, a rebellious teenager, she often wore black clothing and makeup, and told Larsson several times that she wanted to get a tattoo of a dragon. The author often emailed Therese while writing the novels to ask her about her life and she told him about her battle with anorexia and that she practiced kickboxing. Days later, wracked with guilt, he begged her forgiveness — which she refused to grant, the incident, he said, haunted him for years afterward, and in part moved him to create a character with her name who was also a rape survivor. Lisbeth Salander has red hair which she dyes black, upon her first appearance in the series, she is described as a pale, skinny young woman who has hair as short as a fuse, and a pierced nose and eyebrows. She has a tattoo of a dragon on her back that runs from her shoulder, down her spine. This was changed in the English translation to a dragon on her left shoulder blade. Salander visits a clinic in Geneva between the first and second books, where she had her wasp tattoo removed as she felt it was too conspicuous and it made her too easy to remember and identify. She also has a breast enlargement, having previously been flat-chested and she thought had looked ridiculous, and she was always uncomfortable showing herself naked. Salander is a computer hacker. Under the pseudonym Wasp, she becomes a prominent figure in the hacker community known as the Hacker Republic. She uses her skills as a means to earn a living, doing investigative work for Milton Security. She has a memory, and is skillful at concealing her identity, she possessed passports in different names. Salander has a relationship with investigative journalist Mikael Blomkvist, which veers back
21.
David Fincher
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David Andrew Leo Fincher is an American director and producer, notably for films, television series, and music videos. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for the fantasy drama The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. For the latter, he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director and his films Zodiac and The Social Network are ranked in BBCs 2016 poll of the greatest motion pictures since 2000. Howard died of cancer in April 2003, Fincher knew from a young age he wanted to go into filmmaking. When Fincher was two old, the family moved to San Anselmo, California, where filmmaker George Lucas was one of his neighbors. Fincher moved to Ashland, Oregon in his teens, where he graduated from Ashland High School, inspired by Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Fincher began making movies at age eight with an 8mm camera. Fincher was employed at Korty Films as a production assistant and he moved up the ranks and became a visual effects producer, working on the animated Twice Upon a Time. He was hired by Industrial Light & Magic in 1983 as an assistant cameraman and matte photographer, and worked on Return of the Jedi and Indiana Jones, in 1984, he left ILM to direct a commercial for the American Cancer Society that depicted a fetus smoking a cigarette. This quickly brought Fincher to the attention of producers in Los Angeles, though he would continue to direct spots for Levis, Converse, Nike, Pepsi, Revlon, Sony, Coca-Cola, Chanel, and other companies, Fincher began to focus on music videos. Set on a career, Fincher co-founded video-production company Propaganda Films and started off directing music videos. After directing several music videos, Finchers feature debut was Alien 3, while it received an Oscar nomination for visual effects, the film was not well received by critics or moviegoers. Fincher became involved with disputes with 20th Century Fox over script. In Directors Cut, Picturing Hollywood in the 21st Century, he blames the producers for not putting the necessary trust in him. He stated in an interview with The Guardian in 2009, No one hated it more than me, to this day, no one hates it more than me. After this, he retreated back into the world of commercial, the film, based on a screenplay by Andrew Kevin Walker, told the story of two detectives tracking down a serial killer who bases his killings on the seven deadly sins. The film grossed more than $100 million domestically, after the success of Seven, Fincher went on to film The Game. The story focused on a closed-off San Francisco businessman who receives a gift from his younger brother. The film had middling box-office returns despite being well received by critics, Fight Club is a screen adaptation of Chuck Palahniuks 1996 novel about an insomniac office worker who opens up a club devoted exclusively to bare knuckle fighting for men
22.
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)
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The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2011 Swedish-American psychological thriller film based on the novel of the same name by Stieg Larsson. This film adaptation was directed by David Fincher and written by Steven Zaillian, starring Daniel Craig and Rooney Mara, it tells the story of journalist Mikael Blomkvist s investigation to find out what happened to a woman from a wealthy family who disappeared 40 years prior. He recruits the help of computer hacker Lisbeth Salander, Sony Pictures Entertainment began development on the film in 2009. It took the company a few months to obtain the rights to the novel, while recruiting Zaillian, the casting process for the lead roles was exhaustive and intense, Craig faced scheduling conflicts, and a number of actresses were sought for the role of Lisbeth Salander. The script took six months to write, which included three months of analyzing the novel. Pre-release screenings occurred in London, New York City, and Stockholm, Critics gave the film favorable reviews, praising its bleak tone and lauding Mara and Craigs performances. With a production budget of $90 million, the film grossed $232.6 million over its theatrical run. In addition to being included in several publications best-of lists, the film was a candidate for numerous awards, in Stockholm, Sweden, journalist Mikael Blomkvist, co-owner of Millennium magazine, has lost a libel case brought against him by businessman Hans-Erik Wennerström. Lisbeth Salander, a brilliant but troubled investigator and hacker, compiles an extensive background check on Blomkvist for business magnate Henrik Vanger, who has a special task for him. In exchange for the promise of damning information about Wennerström, Blomkvist agrees to investigate the disappearance and assumed murder of Henriks grandniece, after moving to the Vanger familys compound, Blomkvist uncovers a notebook containing a list of names and numbers that no one has been able to decipher. Salander, who is under legal guardianship due to diagnosed mental incompetency, is appointed a new guardian, lawyer Nils Bjurman. Bjurman, a sexual sadist, abuses his authority to extort sexual favors from Salander and violently rapes her, not realizing she has a hidden video camera on her bag. At their next meeting she stuns him with a gun, rapes him with a dildo. Threatening to disclose the video recording, she blackmails him into writing a glowing progress report, Blomkvists daughter Pernilla visits him and notes that the numbers from the notebook are Bible references. Blomkvist tells Vangers lawyer, Dirch Frode, that he help with his research. Blomkvist hires Salander to investigate the notebooks content and she uncovers a connection to a series of murders of young women from 1947 through 1967, with the women either being Jewish or having Biblical names, many of the Vangers are known antisemites. During the investigation, Salander and Blomkvist become lovers, Henriks openly national socialist brother Harald identifies Martin, Harriets brother and operational head of the Vanger empire, and Blomkvist marks Martin as a possible suspect. Salanders research uncovers evidence that Martin and his father, Gottfried, committed the murders
23.
Stieg Larsson
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Karl Stig-Erland Stieg Larsson was a Swedish journalist and writer. He is best known for writing the Millennium trilogy of crime novels, Larsson lived much of his life in Stockholm and worked there in the field of journalism and as an independent researcher of right-wing extremism. He was the second best-selling author in the world for 2008, the third novel in the Millennium trilogy, The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets Nest, became the most sold book in the United States in 2010, according to Publishers Weekly. By March 2015, his series had sold 80 million copies worldwide, Stieg Larsson was born on 15 August 1954, as Karl Stig-Erland Larsson, in Umeå, Västerbottens län, Sweden, where his father and maternal grandfather worked in the Rönnskärsverken smelting plant. Suffering from arsenic poisoning, his father resigned from his job, due to their cramped living conditions there, they chose to let their one-year-old son, Stieg, remain behind with his grandparents. Stieg lived with his grandparents until the age of nine, near the village of Bjursele in Norsjö Municipality, Larsson lived with his grandparents in a small wooden house in the country, which he loved. He attended the school and used cross-country skis to get to and from school during the long. Larsson was not as fond of the environment in the city of Umeå. In 1974, Larsson was drafted into the Swedish Army, under the conscription law and his mother Vivianne also died early, in 1991, from complications with breast cancer and an aneurysm. On his twelfth birthday, Larssons parents gave him a typewriter as a birthday gift, Larssons first efforts at writing fiction were not in the genre of crime, but rather science fiction. In his first fanzines, 1972–74, he published a handful of short stories. In early June 2010, manuscripts for two stories, as well as fanzines with one or two others, were noted in the Swedish National Library. This discovery of what was called unknown works by Larsson generated considerable publicity, Larssons first name was originally Stig, which is the standard spelling. In his early twenties, he changed it to avoid confusion with his friend Stig Larsson, the pronunciation is the same regardless of spelling. While working as a photographer, Larsson became engaged in political activism. He became a member of Kommunistiska Arbetareförbundet, edited the Swedish Trotskyist journal Fjärde internationalen and he also wrote regularly for the weekly Internationalen. Larsson spent parts of 1977 in Eritrea, training a squad of female Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front guerrillas in the use of mortars and he was forced to abandon that work, having contracted a kidney disease. Upon his return to Sweden, he worked as a designer at the largest Swedish news agency, Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå
24.
Millennium series
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Millennium is a series of best-selling and award-winning Swedish crime novels, created by Stieg Larsson. Larsson planned the series as having ten installments, but due to his death in 2004. All of them were published posthumously, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in 2005, The Girl Who Played with Fire in 2006, and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets Nest in 2007. The series was printed in Swedish by Norstedts Förlag, with English editions by Quercus in the United Kingdom. The books have since been translated and published by publishers in over fifty countries. As of March 2015,80 million copies of the three books have sold worldwide. A fourth book, The Girl in the Spiders Web, commissioned by the publisher Norstedts to continue the series, was published in August 2015, the book is based on Larssons characters and was written by the Swedish author and crime journalist David Lagercrantz. Days later, wracked with guilt, he begged her forgiveness — which she refused, the incident, he said, haunted him for years afterward, and in part moved him to create a character with her name who was also a rape survivor. In the only interview he ever did about the series, Larsson stated that he based the character on what he imagined Pippi Longstocking might have been like as an adult, another source of inspiration was Larssons niece, Therese. A rebellious teenager, she wore black clothing and makeup. The author often emailed Therese while writing the novels to ask her about her life, both women were killed at the hands of men or as victims of honor crime. To Larsson, there was no difference, and the violence against women highly affected and inspired him to take action against these crimes through his writing. Seen in this light, Stieg couldnt have had any better therapy for what ailed his soul than writing his novels, people who knew Larsson, such as Baksi and Anders Hellberg, a colleague of Larssons in the 1970s and 1980s, were surprised that he wrote the novels. Hellberg went so far as to suspect that Larsson is not the author of the series. His partner, Gabrielsson has been named as the most likely candidate and she later claimed she had been misquoted. In 2011 Gabrielsson expressed anger at such accusations and clarified, The actual writing, but the content is a different matter. There are a lot of my thoughts, ideas and work in there, having begun writing the first book in summer 2002, Larsson waited until he had finished the first two and most of the third before submitting them to Swedish publishers. Baksi suggested he might have written the first chapter in 1997, Norstedts commissioned Steven T. Murray to undertake the English translation
25.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
26.
Side Effects (2013 film)
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Side Effects is a 2013 American psychological thriller film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Scott Z. Burns. It stars Jude Law as a psychiatrist whose patient Emily kills her husband after being prescribed a new antidepressant drug, catherine Zeta-Jones co-stars as Emilys previous psychiatrist. Side Effects was released in the United States on February 8,2013 by Open Road Films, after her husband Martin completes a four-year prison sentence for insider trading, Emily Taylor drives into a wall in an apparent suicide attempt. Jonathan Banks, assigned her psychiatrist, prescribes a series of antidepressants, Jonathan contacts Emilys previous psychiatrist, Victoria Siebert, who suggests an experimental new drug, Ablixa. The drug seems to help Emily, but gives her sleepwalking episodes as a side effect, one night, Emily stabs Martin to death while sleepwalking. Jonathan fights for Emilys acquittal in court and she pleads insanity and is declared not guilty on the condition that she stays in a psychiatric hospital until cleared by Jonathan. The publicity destroys Jonathans reputation, and his colleagues assume negligence on his part, Jonathan discovers evidence that Emily is lying, she was not depressed and faked her suicide attempts. He also discovers someone may have profited from Ablixas fall in stock value and he interviews Emily after administering what he claims is a truth serum that will make her drowsy. Though the serum is actually a placebo, she feigns drowsiness, when he confronts Victoria with his findings, she mails photographs to his wife Deirdre implying he had an affair with Emily. Deirdre leaves him, taking her son with him, Jonathan calls Victorias bluff by telling her Emily told him about their plot. He threatens Emily with electric shock treatment and tells her Victoria is paying him to keep her incarcerated so she can keep a bigger cut. Emily explains that she hated Martin for losing their opulent lifestyle and she began seeing Victoria for counseling, and the two women became lovers. Emily taught Victoria about the world, while Victoria taught Emily how to fake psychiatric disorders. They plotted to kill Martin and use the negative Ablixa publicity to manipulate stock prices, Jonathan accepts Emilys offer to give him a cut of her money if he releases her from the ward. Emily meets Victoria wearing a wire, after Victoria mentions details of the plot, she is arrested for conspiracy to commit murder and securities fraud. Emily, due to double jeopardy, cannot be charged as criminally responsible for her part in Martins murder, as retaliation for Emilys part in the plot, Jonathan, who still oversees her case, prescribes her Thorazine and Depakote and describes their unpleasant side effects. She is sent back to the ward for refusing treatment. In January 2012, the film was reported to be produced by Annapurna Pictures, a few weeks later, Annapurna Pictures pulled out from the project, and Endgame Entertainment provided financing for the project instead
27.
Ain't Them Bodies Saints
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Aint Them Bodies Saints is a 2013 American romantic crime drama film written and directed by David Lowery. The film stars Casey Affleck as Bob Muldoon, Rooney Mara as Ruth Guthrie, Bob and Ruth are a couple who become involved in criminal activities and are caught, with Bob taking the blame and going to prison. The film follows the events after the activities as Ruth gives birth to their daughter. When the child is four, Bob escapes from jail. The film debuted at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Cinematography Award in the U. S, dramatic Category and nominated for the Grand Jury Prize. It was selected to compete in the International Critics Week section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and it was released on August 16,2013, by IFC Films. The film received positive reviews overall, with praising its original take on the Bonnie and Clyde archetype. Ruth Guthrie is walking across a field and is followed by Bob Muldoon, Ruth is adamant and reveals that she is angry at Bob because he supposedly told Freddy that he was going to strike out on his own. Bob reassures her that isnt the case, that he meant the both of them. They reconcile and Ruth reveals she is pregnant, later that night Bob and Freddy commit a crime while Ruth waits in the getaway car. The police, including Patrick Wheeler, goes in pursuit of the culprits, Bob concocts a plan to take the fall for shooting Patrick and the crime committed earlier so that Ruth can raise their child in freedom. Bob and Ruth surrender their weapons and they are apprehended and Bob jailed. Ruth tells Skerrit, Freddys father, that she is going to wait for Bob, Bob writes several letters to Ruth while he is in jail, promising to be back with her and their child soon, and admonishes her to write to him. Their letters are read by officials before they are passed on to either Ruth or Bob. Meanwhile, Ruth gives birth to their daughter, Sylvie, years pass as Ruth and Sylvie live a normal life in the small town of Meridian, Texas. Patrick, who does not know it was Ruth that actually shot him, notices Ruth and Sylvie around town, one day, Patrick makes a visit to Ruths residence and tells her that Bob has escaped from prison. The local detective questions Ruth as to Bobs whereabouts, and Ruth tells him that Bob has not come to visit her, meanwhile, Bob is traversing the state of Missouri in order to escape the authorities. He coerces a woman to him to a location and then gets a train back to Texas
28.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
29.
Romance film
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Romance films make the romantic love story or the search for strong and pure love and romance the main plot focus. Occasionally, romance lovers face obstacles such as finances, physical illness, various forms of discrimination, as in all quite strong, deep, and close romantic relationships, tensions of day-to-day life, temptations, and differences in compatibility enter into the plots of romantic films. In romantic television series, the development of romantic relationships may play out over many episodes. Historical romance - A romantic story with a period setting and this includes films such as Gone with the Wind, Doctor Zhivago and Titanic. Romantic drama usually revolves around an obstacle which prevents deep and true love between two people. Music is often employed to indicate the mood, creating an atmosphere of greater insulation for the couple. The conclusion of a romantic drama typically does not indicate whether a final union between the two main characters will occur. Chick flick is a term associated with romance films as many are targeted to a female audience. As such, the terms cannot be used interchangeably, films of this genre include Dirty Dancing, The Notebook, Dear John, A Walk to Remember, and Romeo + Juliet. Romantic comedies are films with light-hearted, humorous plotlines, centered on romantic ideals such as true love is able to surmount most obstacles. Humour in such films tends to be of a verbal, low-key variety or situational, films within this genre include Four Weddings and a Funeral, Love Actually, Moonstruck, As Good as It Gets, Somethings Gotta Give, It Happened One Night, When Harry Met Sally. Romantic fantasies describe fantasy stories using many of the elements and conventions of the romance genre, romantic action comedies are films that blend romantic comedy and action. Examples include Killers, Knight and Day, Mr. & Mrs. Smith, This Means War, romantic thriller is a genre of film which has a storyline combining elements of the romance film and the thriller genre. Some examples of romantic thriller films are The Adjustment Bureau, The Phantom of the Opera, The Tourist, The Bodyguard, Unfaithful, and Wicker Park
30.
Her (film)
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Her is a 2013 American romantic science-fiction drama film written, directed, and produced by Spike Jonze. It marks Jonzes solo screenwriting debut, the film follows Theodore Twombly, a man who develops a relationship with Samantha, an intelligent computer operating system personified through a female voice. The film also stars Amy Adams, Rooney Mara, and Olivia Wilde, Jonze conceived the idea in the early 2000s after reading an article about a website that allowed for instant messaging with an artificial intelligence program. After making Im Here, a film sharing similar themes. He wrote the first draft of the script in five months, principal photography took place in Los Angeles and Shanghai in mid-2012. The role of Samantha was recast in post-production, with Samantha Morton being replaced with Johansson, additional scenes were filmed in August 2013 following the casting change. Her premiered at the 2013 New York Film Festival on October 12,2013, Warner Bros. initially provided a limited release for Her at six theaters on December 18. It was later given a release at over 1,700 theaters in the United States. Her received widespread acclaim upon its release, and grossed over $47 million worldwide on a production budget of $23 million. The film received awards and nominations, primarily for Jonzes screenplay. At the 86th Academy Awards, Her received five nominations, including Best Picture, Jonze also won awards for his screenplay at the 71st Golden Globe Awards, the 66th Writers Guild of America Awards, the 19th Critics Choice Awards, and the 40th Saturn Awards. Unhappy because of his divorce from his childhood sweetheart Catherine, Theodore purchases a talking operating system with artificial intelligence, designed to adapt. He decides that he wants the OS to have a female voice, Theodore is fascinated by her ability to learn and grow psychologically. They bond over their discussions about love and life, such as Theodores avoidance of signing his divorce papers because of his reluctance to let go of Catherine, Samantha proves to be constantly available, always curious and interested, supportive and undemanding. Samantha convinces Theodore to go on a date with a woman, with whom a friend. The date goes well, but Theodore hesitates to promise when he see her again, so she insults him. Theodore mentions this to Samantha, and they talk about relationships, Theodore explains that, although he and Amy dated briefly in college, they are only good friends, and that Amy is married. Theodores and Samanthas intimacy grows through a sexual encounter
31.
Trash (2014 film)
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Trash is a 2014 Brazilian-British adventure drama thriller film directed by Stephen Daldry and written by Richard Curtis, based on Andy Mulligans 2010 novel of same name. The film stars Rooney Mara, Martin Sheen, Wagner Moura, Trash follows three Brazilian street teenagers in Rio de Janeiro, Raphael, Gardo, and Rat who spend their time picking through litter in the hope of finding useful waste. One day they discover a wallet whose contents will bring them into conflict with the local police force as they find themselves unlikely whistleblowers in a city rife with corruption. Rather than turn the wallet over to the authorities for a reward, as the plot unfolds, one step after the other these teens persevere through unbearable challenges and circumstances. Screenwriter Richard Curtis was set to adapt the novel and Stephen Daldry was set to direct the film, on 8 July 2013, Rooney Mara joined the cast to play the role of Olivia, an NGO worker. Martin Sheen signed up to play the role of Father Juilliard, principal photography began on 24 July 2013, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The first trailer was released on 31 July 2014, the film was distributed outside of North America by Universal Pictures International. The film had its premiere at the Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival on 7 October 2014. It was released in Brazil on 9 October 2014. and in the United Kingdom on 30 January 2015, the film was released in the United States on 9 October 2015, by Focus World in a limited release and through video on demand. Trash received mixed to positive reviews, on Rotten Tomatoes, it has a score of 63%, an average rating of 5. 8/10, based on 40 reviews. The films consensus states, Action-packed, funny, and thought-provoking, on Metacritic, the film holds a score of 50 out of 100, based on 18 reviews, indicating mixed or average reviews
32.
Todd Haynes
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Todd Haynes is an American independent film director, screenwriter, and producer. He is considered a pioneer of the New Queer Cinema movement of filmmaking that emerged in the early 1990s. Haynes had not obtained proper licensing to use the Carpenters music, prompting a lawsuit from Richard Carpenter, Poison won the Sundance Film Festivals Grand Jury Prize and is regarded as a seminal work of New Queer Cinema. Haynes received further acclaim for his feature film, Safe. Safe was later voted the best film of the 1990s by The Village Voice Film Poll, Haynes next feature, Velvet Goldmine, is a tribute to the 1970s glam rock era, drawing heavily on the rock histories and mythologies of David Bowie, Iggy Pop and Lou Reed. The film received the Special Jury Prize for Best Artistic Contribution at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, Haynes gained critical acclaim and a measure of mainstream success with his 2002 feature, Far from Heaven. The film received four Academy Award nominations, including Best Original Screenplay for Haynes and his fifth feature, Im Not There, marked another shift in direction. A nonlinear biopic, Im Not There depicts various facets of Bob Dylan through seven fictionalized characters played by five actors, Im Not There received critical acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for Cate Blanchett. In 2015, Haynes returned to the big screen with Carol, his feature film. The film received acclaim and many accolades including six Academy Award nominations, five Golden Globe Award nominations. Haynes was born January 2,1961, in Los Angeles and his father, Allen E. Haynes, was a cosmetics importer, and his mother, Sherry Lynne, studied acting. Haynes is Jewish on his mothers side and his younger sister is Gwynneth Haynes of the band Sophe Lux. Haynes developed an interest in film at an age, and produced a short film, The Suicide. He studied semiotics at Brown University, where he directed his first short film Assassins, A Film Concerning Rimbaud, at Brown, he met Christine Vachon, who would go on to produce all of his feature films. The film presents Carpenters struggle with anorexia and bulimia, featuring several close-ups of Ipecac, Carpenters chronic weight loss was portrayed by using a Karen Barbie doll with the face and body whittled away with a knife, leaving the doll looking skeletonized. The film is notable for staged dream sequences in which Karen, in a state of deteriorating mental health. Superstar featured extensive use of Carpenter songs, showcasing Haynes love of popular music, Haynes failed to obtain proper licensing to use the music, prompting a lawsuit from Karens brother Richard for copyright infringement. Carpenter was reportedly offended by Haynes unflattering portrayal of him as a narcissistic bully, along with several broadly dropped suggestions that he was gay
33.
Carol (film)
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Carol is a 2015 British-American romantic drama film directed by Todd Haynes. The screenplay, written by Phyllis Nagy, is based on the 1952 romance novel The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith, the film stars Cate Blanchett, Rooney Mara, Sarah Paulson, Jake Lacy and Kyle Chandler. Set in New York City during the early 1950s, Carol tells the story of an affair between an aspiring female photographer and an older woman going through a difficult divorce. Carol had been in development since 1997, when Nagy wrote the first draft of the screenplay, british company Film4 Productions and its then-chief executive Tessa Ross financed development. The film had a development period, facing problems with financing, rights, scheduling conflicts. Number 9 Films came on board as a producer in 2011, the film is co-produced by New York-based Killer Films, which joined the project when co-founder and Hayness collaborator Christine Vachon approached Haynes to direct in 2013. Principal photography began in March 2014, in Cincinnati, Ohio, cinematographer Edward Lachman shot Carol on Super 16 mm film. Carol competed for the Palme dOr at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, the film opened in limited release in the United States on November 20,2015, and wide release on January 15,2016. It was released in the United Kingdom on November 27,2015, during the Christmas season of 1952, aspiring photographer Therese Belivet is working in Frankenbergs department store in Manhattan. She meets a woman, Carol Aird, who is searching for a doll for her daughter Rindy. At Thereses recommendation, Carol purchases a model train set, when Carol departs she leaves her gloves on the counter. Therese mails them to her using Frankenbergs sales slip with Carols name, Thereses boyfriend, Richard, wants her to go to France with him, hoping they will marry, but she is ambivalent about their relationship. A mutual friend, Dannie, invites Therese to his workplace, The New York Times, meanwhile, Carol is going through a difficult divorce from her neglectful husband, Harge. Carol calls Frankenbergs to thank the clerk who returned the gloves and invites Therese to lunch, Therese visits Dannie and he kisses her, but she becomes uncomfortable and leaves. Carol invites Therese to her home in New Jersey and she stops to purchase a Christmas tree and Therese takes candid photos of her. Harge arrives unexpectedly to take Rindy to Florida for Christmas, he becomes suspicious of Therese as Carol had an affair years before with her friend Abby, after Rindy leaves, a distressed Carol takes Therese to the train station so she can return home. Carol calls to apologize and they meet at Thereses apartment, where Carol surprises her with a Canon camera, Carol has learned that Harge is petitioning the judge to consider a morality clause against her, threatening to expose her homosexuality and give him full custody of Rindy. She decides to take a trip to escape the stress of the divorce proceedings
34.
Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)
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The Best Actress Award is an award presented at the Cannes Film Festival. It is chosen by the jury from the films in competition at the festival. It was first awarded in 1946, the ceremony was cancelled in 1948,1950, and 1968. No awards were given to actresses in 1947, on four occasions, the jury has awarded multiple women the prize from one film. The four films were A World Apart, Brink of Life, A Big Family, the jury also on occasion cites actresses with a special citation that is separate from the main award. From 1979 to 1981 the festival awarded a Best Supporting Actress prize. Isabelle Adjani is the actress to ever win the award for two films in one festival, which she did in 1981. The award can be for lead or supporting roles, barbara Hershey won the award consecutively in 1987 and 1988. ‡ - indicates the performance was nominated for an Academy Award 2 wins Vanessa Redgrave – Morgan
35.
2015 Cannes Film Festival
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The 68th annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 13 to 24 May 2015. Joel and Ethan Coen were the Presidents of the Jury for the main competition and it was the first time that two people chaired the jury. Since the Coen brothers each received a vote, they were joined by seven other jurors to form the customary nine-juror panel. French actor Lambert Wilson was the host for the opening and closing ceremonies, the Palme dOr was awarded to the French film Dheepan directed by Jacques Audiard. On winning the award Audiard said To receive a prize from the Coen brothers is something pretty exceptional, the festival poster featured Hollywood star and Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, photographed by David Seymour. The poster was chosen to pay tribute to Bergman for her contributions to films, as part of the tribute to Bergman, the Swedish documentary Ingrid Bergman, In Her Own Words was screened in the Cannes Classics section. Standing Tall, directed by Emmanuelle Bercot, was the opening film. This was the opening film in the festivals history to have been directed by a woman. Ice and the Sky, directed by Luc Jacquet, was the closing film. French film director Agnès Varda was presented with the honorary Palme dOr at the closing ceremony. She is also the first female filmmaker to receive the award. The Official Selection of films for the 2015 festival, including the line-up for the Main Competition, was announced on 16 April 2015, the films competing for the Palme dOr were announced at a press conference on 16 April 2015. Two films were added to the main competition line-up on 23 April 2015, Valley of Love, directed by Guillaume Nicloux, the following films competed in the Un Certain Regard section. Lamb, the first feature directed by Yared Zeleke, is also the first Ethiopian film to be included in the Official Selection. Sweet Red Bean Paste, directed by Naomi Kawase, was announced as the film for the Un Certain Regard section. The following films were selected to screen out of competition, Midnight screenings Special screenings Out of 4,550 entries, the Cinéfondation section focuses on films made by students at film schools. The following 18 entries were selected out of 1,600 submissions, more than one-third of the films selected represent schools participating in Cinéfondation for the first time. It is also the first time that a film representing a Spanish film school had been selected, the full selection for the International Critics Week section was announced on 20 April 2015, at the sections website
36.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
37.
Kibera
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Kibera is a division of Nairobi Area, Kenya, and neighbourhood of the city of Nairobi,5 kilometres from the city centre. Kibera is the largest slum in Nairobi, and the largest urban slum in Africa, the 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census reports Kiberas population as 170,070, contrary to previous estimates of one or two million people. Other sources suggest the total Kibera population may be 500,000 to well over 1,000,000 depending on which slums are included in defining Kibera, most of Kibera slum residents live in extreme poverty, earning less than $1.00 per day. Persons living with HIV in the slum are many, as are AIDS cases, cases of assault and rape are common. There are few schools, and most people cannot afford education for their children, diseases caused by poor hygiene are prevalent. A great majority living in the slum lack access to services, including electricity, running water. The Government initiated a programme to replace the slum with a residential district of high rise apartments. The neighbourhood is divided into a number of villages, including Kianda, Soweto East, Gatwekera, Kisumu Ndogo, Lindi, Laini Saba, Siranga, Makina and Mashimoni. The city of Nairobi, where Kibera is located, was founded in 1899 when the Uganda Railway line was built, thereby creating a need for its headquarters, the colonial administration intended to keep Nairobi as a home for Europeans and temporary migrant workers from Africa and Asia. Within Nairobi, Africans could live in segregated native reserves at the edge of the city, permits to live in Nairobi were necessary, and these permits separated living areas of non-Europeans by ethnic group. One such group were African soldiers who served the interests of the British colonial army. Kibera was situated on the KAR military exercise grounds in close proximity to the KAR headquarters along Thika Road, the British colonial government allowed the settlement to grow informally. The Nubians had no claim on land in Native Reserves and over time, with the increase in railway traffic, Nairobis economy developed, and an increasing number of rural migrants moved to urban Nairobi in search of wage labour. Kibera and other slums developed throughout Nairobi, proposals were made in the late 1920s to demolish and relocate Kibera, as it was within the zone of European residential holdings, however, the residents objected to these proposals. The colonial government considered proposals to reorganize Kibera, and the Kenya Land Commission heard a number of cases referred to the Kibera problem. By then, Kibera was not the only slum, after Kenya became independent in 1963, a number of forms of housing were made illegal by the government. The new ruling affected Kibera on the basis of land tenure, despite this, people continued to live there, and by the early 1970s landlords were renting out their properties in Kibera to significantly greater numbers of tenants than were permitted by law. The tenants, who are impoverished, cannot afford to rent legal housing, finding the rates offered in Kibera to be comparatively affordable
38.
Nairobi, Kenya
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Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. It is famous for having the Nairobi National Park, the only game reserve found within a major city. The city and its surrounding area also form Nairobi County, whose current governor is Evans Kidero, the name Nairobi comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, which translates to cool water. The phrase is also the Maasai name of the Nairobi river, however, it is popularly known as the Green City in the Sun, and is surrounded by several expanding villa suburbs. Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the authorities in British East Africa. The town quickly grew to replace Machakos as the capital of Kenya in 1907, after independence in 1963, Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya. During Kenyas colonial period, the city became a centre for the coffee, tea. The city lies on the River Athi in the part of the country. With a population of 3.36 million in 2011, Nairobi is the second-largest city by population in the African Great Lakes region after Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. According to the 2009 census, in the area of Nairobi,3,138,295 inhabitants lived within 696 km2. Nairobi is the 14th-largest city in Africa, including the population of its suburbs, the Nairobi Securities Exchange is one of the largest in Africa and the second-oldest exchange on the continent. It is Africas fourth-largest exchange in terms of trading volume, capable of making 10 million trades a day, Nairobi is found within the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan region, which consists of 4 out of 47 counties in Kenya, which generates about 60% of the entire nations wealth. The city was named after a water hole known in Maasai as Enkare Nairobi and it was completely rebuilt in the early 1900s after an outbreak of plague and the burning of the original town. The location of the Nairobi railway camp was due to its central position between Mombasa and Kampala. It was also chosen because its network of rivers could supply the camp with water, however, malaria was a serious problem, leading to at least one attempt to have the town moved. In 1905, Nairobi replaced Mombasa as capital of the British protectorate, as the British occupiers started to explore the region, they started using Nairobi as their first port of call. This prompted the government to build several spectacular grand hotels in the city. The main occupants were British game hunters, Nairobi continued to grow under the British and many British subjects settled within the citys suburbs
39.
Westchester County, New York
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Westchester County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. It is the second-most populous county on the mainland of New York, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a population of 949,113, estimated to have increased by 2. 9% to 976,396 by 2015. Situated in the Hudson Valley, Westchester covers an area of 450 square miles, consisting of 6 cities,19 towns, established in 1683, Westchester was named after the city of Chester, England. The county seat is the city of White Plains, the annual per capita income for Westchester was $47,813 in 2011. The 2011 median household income of $77,006 was the fifth highest in New York, by 2014, the countys median household income had risen to $83,422. Westchester County ranks second in the state after New York County for median income per person, Westchester County is one of the centrally located counties within the New York metropolitan area. They called the region Lenapehoking, which consisted of the area around, the first European explorers to visit the Westchester area were Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 1609. Dutch settlers began arriving in the 1620s, followed by settlers from England in the 1640s, Westchester County was one of the original twelve counties of the Province of New York, created by an act of the New York General Assembly in 1683. At the time it included present day Bronx County, and abutted then-Dutchess County to the north, by 1775, Westchester was the richest and most populous county in the colony of New York. Although the Revolutionary War devastated the county, recovery after the war was rapid, in 1788, five years after the end of the war, the county was divided into 20 towns. In 1798, the first federal census recorded a population of 24,000 for the county. Two developments in the first half of the 19th century – the construction of the first Croton Dam and Aqueduct, and the coming of the railroad – had enormous impacts on the growth of Westchester. The Croton Dam and Aqueduct was begun in 1837 and completed in 1842, now a National Historic Landmark, the Croton Aqueduct is considered one of the great engineering achievements of the 19th century. In the 1840s, the first railroads were built in Westchester, and included the New York and Harlem Railroad, the Hudson River Railroad, the railroads often determined the growth of a town, and the population shifted from Northern to Southern Westchester. By 1860, the county population was 99,000. The period following the American Civil War enabled entrepreneurs in the New York area to create fortunes, during the latter half of the 19th century, Westchesters transportation system and labor force attracted a manufacturing base, particularly along the Hudson River and Nepperhan Creek. In 1874, the portion of the present Bronx County was transferred to New York County. These would later split from Manhattan to form their own county, during the 20th century, the rural character of Westchester would transform into the suburban county known today
40.
Pittsburgh Steelers
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The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Steelers compete in the National Football League, as a club of the leagues American Football Conference North division. Founded in 1933, the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC, Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles and hosted more conference championship games than any other NFL team. The Steelers have won 8 AFC championships, tied with the Denver Broncos and they share the record for most conference championship games played in with the San Francisco 49ers. The Steelers share the record for second most Super Bowl appearances with the Broncos, and Dallas Cowboys, the Steelers lost their most recent championship appearance, Super Bowl XLV, on February 6,2011. The Steelers were founded as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8,1933, by Art Rooney, taking its name from the baseball team of the same name. The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding, the current owner is Arts son, Dan Rooney, who has given much control of the franchise to his son Art Rooney II. The Steelers enjoy a large, widespread fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation, the Steelers currently play their home games at Heinz Field on Pittsburghs North Side in the North Shore neighborhood, which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. Built in 2001, the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons, prior to Three Rivers, the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field. The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL first took to the field as the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20,1933, through the 1930s, the Pirates never finished higher than second place in their division, or with a record better than.500. Prior to the 1940 season, the Pirates renamed themselves the Steelers, during World War II, the Steelers experienced player shortages. They twice merged with other NFL franchises to field a team, during the 1943 season, they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles forming the Phil-Pitt Eagles and were known as the Steagles. In 1944, they merged with the Chicago Cardinals and were known as Card-Pitt and this team finished 0–10, marking the only winless team in franchise history. The Steelers made the playoffs for the first time in 1947 and this forced a tie-breaking playoff game at Forbes Field, which the Steelers lost 21–0. The Steelers also received a $3 million relocation fee, which was a windfall for them, the Steelers history of bad luck changed with the hiring of coach Chuck Noll for the 1969 season. The Pittsburgh Steelers 1974 draft was their best ever, no team has ever drafted four future Hall of Famers in one year. They also enjoyed a regular season streak of 49 consecutive wins against teams that would finish with a record that year. The Steelers suffered a rash of injuries in the 1980 season, the 1981 season was no better, with an 8–8 showing
41.
New York Giants
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The New York Giants are a professional American football team located in the New York metropolitan area. The Giants compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference East division. The team plays its games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Giants hold their training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex. The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 and their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears. Throughout their history, the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players, including NFL Most Valuable Player award winners Mel Hein, Frank Gifford, Y. A. Tittle, and Lawrence Taylor. The teams heated rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries, dating all the way back to 1933, the Giants played their first game as an away game against All New Britain in New Britain, Connecticut, on October 4,1925. They defeated New Britain 26–0 in front of a crowd of 10,000, the Giants were successful in their first season, finishing with an 8–4 record. In its third season, the finished with the best record in the league at 11–1–1 and was awarded the NFL title. In 1930, there were many who questioned the quality of the professional game. In December 1930, the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City and it was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro game. Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early, Rockne, like much of the public, thought little of pro football and expected an easy win. But from the beginning it was a one-way contest, with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another, when it was all over, Coach Rockne told his team, That was the greatest football machine I ever saw. I am glad none of you got hurt, the game raised $100,000 for the homeless, and is often credited with establishing the legitimacy of the professional game for those who were critical. It also was the last game the legendary Rockne ever coached, in a 14-year span from 1933 to 1947, the Giants qualified to play in the NFL championship game 8 times, winning twice. During this period the Giants were led by Hall of Fame coach Steve Owen, the period also featured the 1944 Giants, which are ranked as the #1 defensive team in NFL history. a truly awesome unit. They gave up only 7.5 points per game and shut out five of their 10 opponents, though they lost 14-7 to the Green Bay Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game. The famous Sneakers Game was played in this era where the Giants defeated the Chicago Bears on an icy field in the 1934 NFL Championship Game, the Giants played the Detroit Lions to a scoreless tie on November 7,1943
42.
Irish American
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Irish Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. About 33.3 million Americans—10. 5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and this compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland. Three million people identified as Scots-Irish, whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States. An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era, only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics—English, Irish or a few Germans. Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1. 6% of the population of 2.5 million in 1775. The Scots-Irish settled mainly in the back country of the Appalachian Mountain region. Irish Americans signed the documents of the United States—the Declaration of Independence. The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to simply as Irish. However, most descendants of the Scots-Irish continued to consider themselves Irish or American rather than Scots-Irish, however, beginning in the early 19th century, many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and, later in the century, railroads. During the colonial period, Scots-Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry, by the 19th century, through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry, the descendants of the Scots-Irish lost their identification with Ireland. This generation of pioneers. was a generation of Americans, not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots-Irish, in 1820 Irish-born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston, South Carolina. During the 1820s and 30s, Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices, in 1831 and 1835, he established free schools for free African American children. Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835, England led Charlestons Irish Volunteers to defend the school. Soon after this, however, all schools for blacks were closed in Charleston. The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium-sized cities, where they were visible, especially in Charleston, Savannah. After secession in 1861, the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army, civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a hard-war policy. Although most began as unskilled laborers, Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900, the large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers. Small but tight communities developed in growing such as Philadelphia, Boston, New York
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Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
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Italian-American
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Italian Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Italy, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States, about 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1820 to 2004. Immigration began in earnest during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades altogether. The 1870s were followed by the greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1914 and brought more than 4 million Italians to America. This period of large scale immigration ended abruptly with the onset of the First World War in 1914 and, except for one year, further immigration would be greatly limited by a number of restrictive laws passed by Congress in the 1920s. Approximately 84% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy and Sicily, after unification, the Italian government initially encouraged emigration to relieve economic pressures in the South. After the American Civil War, which resulted in over a million killed or wounded, immigrant workers were recruited from Italy. In the United States, most Italians began their new lives as manual laborers in Eastern cities, mining camps, Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in the first generation to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, the Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17 million Americans claim Italian ancestry, third only to Brazil with 31 million, and Argentina, Italians and their descendants in America have helped to shape the country and, in turn, have adapted to it. They have gained prominence in politics, sports, the media, the arts, the culinary arts. Italian navigators and explorers played a key role in the discovery, exploration, christopher Columbus, the explorer who first reached the Americas in 1492–1504, was Italian. Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502, is the source of the name America. Englands claims in North America were based on the voyages of the Italian explorer John Cabot, in 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to map the Atlantic coast of todays United States, and to enter New York Bay. In 1539, Marco da Nizza, explored the territory later became the states of Arizona. In the 17th century, Henri de Tonti, together with the French explorer LaSalle, De Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683. With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years and his brother Alphonse de Tonty, with French explorer Antoine Cadillac, was the co-founder of Detroit in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native population, included among these missionaries were numerous Italians
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