The Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition was a survey expedition in 1913–14 to follow the path of the Rio da Dúvida in the Amazon basin. The expedition was jointly led by Theodore Roosevelt, the former president of the United States, and Colonel Cândido Rondon, a Brazilian explorer who had discovered its headwaters in 1909. Sponsored in part by the American Museum of Natural History, they also collected many new animal and insect specimens. The river was eventually named "Rio Roosevelt" for the former president. He nearly died during the voyage and his health was permanently damaged.

The Roosevelt River is a Brazilian river, a tributary of the Aripuanã River about 760 km (470 mi) in length.