1.
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
Edinburgh
–
Clockwise from top-left: View from
Calton Hill,
Old College,
Old Town from Princes Street,
Edinburgh Castle,
Princes Street from Calton Hill
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh in the 17th century
Edinburgh
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A painting showing Edinburgh characters (based on
John Kay 's caricatures) behind
St Giles' Cathedral in the late 18th century
2.
Mock the Week
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Mock the Week is a British topical, satirical celebrity panel show, that was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson, the same people responsible for the comedy game show Whose Line Is It Anyway. Performers deliver answers on unexpected subjects on the spur of the accusations of scripting have been made by other comedians. It is made by independent production company Angst Productions, and made its debut on BBC Two on 5 June 2005, old episodes currently air on Dave, and this is frequently mentioned on the show. News topics range from international news stories to regional news items from within Britain, with the show sometimes including photos. In addition, a smaller stage next to the desk is used and referred to as the Press Pit, in episode 11 of season 6, Dara admitted that winners of each round and point allocation was not based on anything specific, and viewers should stop e-mailing in. Along with the system, neither team has, in effect. The following list the performers that have been permanent members from their debut to their departure from the show, Frankie Boyle – Part of Left Team. He joined in Series 1, and remained until Series 7, Rory Bremner – Part of Right Team. He joined in Series 1 and left in Series 2, andy Parsons – Part of Right Team. He joined in Series 3 and remained until Series 14, whereupon his departure from the show as a regular was announced on 19 October 2015, russell Howard – Part of Right Team. He joined in Series 4 and remained until Series 9, although he was not present in the half of the series. Chris Addison – Part of Left Team, along with at least one or two permanent members, the panel often consists of guest performers, some of whom have had frequent appearances on the show. The following have appeared multiple times on the show as a guest panellist, ^ Appearances made before becoming a regular panellist. b. ^ Made an appearance in the Comic Relief 24 Hour Panel People special, along with Doc Brown, Daniel Sloss, games that feature are either regularly used, occasionally used, or were retired after a while. If one player from each team was left standing, sudden death would come into effect, in which a random topic was picked, from Series 3, this was changed to far simpler system of Dara simply deeming the team who got the biggest laugh to be the winner. If this is the answer, what is the question, the round often was played before the final round, but recently is often played as the first round of the episode. Scenes wed like to see, The final round of each episode, the round was inspired by the game Scenes From A Hat from Whose Line Is It Anyway. Picture Of The Week, Panellists are shown an image and makes jokes about it, the round replaced Headliners as one of the regular games of the show
Mock the Week
–
Mock the Week
3.
Bremner, Bird and Fortune
–
Fortune died in December 2013, three and a half years after the last episode was broadcast. Rory Bremners first television series started in 1986 on BBC Two, the BBC gave him his own television series after successful shows at the Edinburgh festival. The series also had input from Jeremy Hardy, Steve Nallon, Steve Brown, in 1989 John Bird started to collaborate on the show with John Fortune following suit in 1991. From the fourth series it was renamed The Rory Bremner Show, by 1999 all non-political sketches were dropped for the show and series was refocused purely on political satire, with a name change. In 2002, three members of the production team, Geoff Atkinson, Steve Connelly and Tristam Shapeero, were nominated for a BAFTA for Best Comedy Programme or Series. Bird and Fortune were nominated for a BAFTA for Best Entertainment Performance in 2001, in 2003 the episode At Her Majestys Pleasure won a Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Entertainment. In October 2004, they published a book based on the show, called You Are Here, in 2004 Rory Bremner was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Comedy Performance. In November 2008 a four-part mini series was produced, called Silly Money, the trio looked at the economic downturn, with fewer of the usual sketches and co-stars. The episodes contained many more George Parr sketches than usual and they also included a number of archive clips to further illustrate points and create satire from them based on hindsight. The last full series was broadcast in late 2008, Two further series, both having three episodes, focussed more on specific issues. The Last Show Before The Recovery, started on 7 June 2009 and looked at the crisis, and The Daily Wind-Up, aired from 2–4 May 2010. The show is almost entirely political, but in recent series different genres of sketches have been introduced, the show ends with a musical number. A near full list of most episodes can be viewed on the BFI website, http, //ftvdb. bfi. org. uk/sift/series/32481 Fortune died on 31 December 2013 and his agent Vivienne Clore said he died peacefully with his wife Emma and dog Grizelle at his bedside. Bremner, Bird and Fortune at channel4. com Bremner, Bird and Fortune at the Internet Movie Database YouTube - Bremner Bird, and Fortunes Clips
Bremner, Bird and Fortune
–
Bremner, Bird & Fortune title card
4.
Major (United Kingdom)
–
Major is a military rank which is used by both the British Army and Royal Marines. The rank is superior to captain, and subordinate to lieutenant colonel, the insignia for a major is a crown. The equivalent rank in the Royal Navy is lieutenant commander, by the time of the Napoleonic wars, an infantry battalion usually had two majors, designated the senior major and the junior major. The senior major effectively acted as second-in-command and the majors often commanded detachments of two or more companies split from the main body, the second-in-command of a battalion or regiment is still a major. This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an alternative, from 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force maintained the rank of major. It was superseded by the rank of squadron leader on the following day, by World War I, majors were often commanding independent companies, squadrons and batteries, but those that were organically part of a regiment or battalion were still usually commanded by captains. After World War II, major became the rank held by officers commanding all companies, squadrons. In the 21st century British Army, officers normally attain the rank after around eight to 10 years of commissioned service, a common job for a major is the command of a sub-unit of 120 or fewer junior officers and soldiers
Major (United Kingdom)
–
1856 to 1867 major's collar rank insignia
5.
Clifton Hall School
–
Clifton Hall School is an independent day school located near Newbridge in Midlothian, Scotland. It is divided into the Nursery, Junior and Senior Schools, the school operates on a non-selective first-come-first-served basis for all entrants. Headmaster Rod Grant states on the website that children choose Clifton Hall. The school was founded in 1930 by Richard Killick and Robert Ainslie, Clifton Hall was originally opened as a traditional boarding prep school, with boys aged from five to thirteen. When Ainslie left to found Blairmore School in 1937, the roll of children had grown from four to forty-three, though the Great Depression had somewhat hindered growth. Further developments were interrupted by the Second World War, when the R. A. F. requisitioned the building, forcing the school to move to Kinloch House in Amulree, after the War, the school grew rapidly to its then capacity of one hundred pupils. New rooms and facilities were added and the number of teachers increased, in 1964 the school ceased to be proprietorial and became a company limited by guarantee governed by a Board of Governors. In these years the school moved away from its boys-only policy. In 1994 full boarding was started at the school, weekly boarding continued until 1996, when all boarding whatsoever was stopped. In 2008, the merged with another small independent school known as St. Serfs located in the Roseburn area of Edinburgh. This school was sold, with the proceeds used to begin secondary education at the school. Over the next few years, the school tripled in size, the school occupies a 19th-century, category A-listed building. This was constructed in 1850 to designs by David Bryce for the Maitland family, an older house, possibly from the late 16th century, forms the basis of the structure, although it was completely rebuilt in the Scottish baronial style. The estate of Clifton itself dates back to the 13th century and was owned by the Graham family. Sir David Edward, lawyer and former judge of the Court of Justice of the European Communities
Clifton Hall School
–
Clifton Hall School
6.
Wellington College, Berkshire
–
Wellington College is a British co-educational boarding and day independent school in the village of Crowthorne, Berkshire. Wellington is a charity and currently has about 1,050 pupils aged between 13 and 18. It was built as a monument to the first Duke of Wellington. Her Majesty Queen Victoria laid the stone in 1856 and inaugurated the Schools public opening on 29 January 1859. Many former Wellington pupils fought in the straight after leaving school during the First World War, volunteering for military action. A further 501 former pupils were killed in action in the Second World War, the school is a member of the Rugby Group, which includes Harrow School and Charterhouse School, and is also a member of the G20 Schools group. The Good Schools Guide calls the school a serious player in the field of education, Wellington College was granted its royal charter in 1853 as the Royal and Religious Foundation of The Wellington College, and was opened in 1859. Its first Master was Edward White Benson, later Archbishop of Canterbury, the colleges Visitor is HM The Queen. Originally, the school supported children of deceased officers who had held commissions in the Army, in 1952 a Supplementary Royal Charter extended the privilege of eligibility to the orphan children of deceased officers of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force. However, only a minority of the children at the come from military families. By the 1950s and 1960s, the school was considering becoming co-educational, the first girls were admitted into the Sixth Form in the 1970s and the school became fully co-educational in 2005. Wellington has sponsored the founding of a new independent state school in Wiltshire, The Wellington Academy, Wellington is also partnered with Wellington College International Shanghai, in the city of Shanghai, now open. The college was designed by John Shaw, Jr. who had previously worked as an architect for Eton College. The main buildings were designed in a style loosely termed French Grand Rococo, there have been many modern buildings, the best of which follow Shaws style while still being modern, for example, the new Nicholson modern foreign-languages building. Wellington College stands on a 400-acre estate in South-East England, near Reading, the grounds of the college include a golf course and woodland in addition to playing fields. The grounds contain many unusual ant and spider species, and were frequented by the entomologist Horace Donisthorpe, the grounds also contain a Site of Special Scientific Interest, Wellington College Bog. Notable former pupils include historian P. J. Wellington College was one of the 21 founding members of the Rugby Football Union, Wellington have a national reputation for Rugby. In 2014/15 Wellington College 1st XV won the Rugby World School Team of the Year award and they also won the National Daily Mail Trophy title, as well as the Rosslyn Park National Schools 7s Open
Wellington College, Berkshire
–
View of the main College buildings and South Front.
Wellington College, Berkshire
–
Wellington College
Wellington College, Berkshire
–
Family
7.
East Lancashire Regiment
–
The East Lancashire Regiment was, from 1881 to 1958, a line infantry regiment of the British Army. The regiment was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 30th Regiment of Foot and 59th Regiment of Foot with the militia and rifle volunteer units of eastern Lancashire. In 1958 the regiment was amalgamated with the South Lancashire Regiment to form the Lancashire Regiment which was, in 1970, however, in 2006, the Queens Lancashire were amalgamated with the Kings Own Royal Border Regiment and the Kings Regiment to form the present Duke of Lancasters Regiment. The 1st Battalion was formed from the 30th Regiment of Foot and the 2nd Battalion from the 59th Regiment of Foot and the regiment was renamed the East Lancashire Regiment in July 1881. Under the system introduced in 1881, one battalion of infantry regiment was to serve at a home station while the other was in a foreign garrison or on active service. Due to the emergency caused by the outbreak of war in South Africa in 1899 most home service battalions were dispatched to the conflict, the 1st East Lancashire Regiment arrived at Cape Town in early February 1900. In time of war it could be embodied or mobilised, when the war that broke out in South Africa in 1899 began to absorb a large amount of the regular armys resources, the terms of service of the militia were altered to allow them to serve in the war. The 3rd Battalion was embodied in January 1900 and served in South Africa until 1902 and it was disembodied in March 1902. The battalion was awarded the battle honour South Africa 1900–1902, the volunteer battalions were organised for home defence purposes, and their members were subject to regular drills and training. Like the militia battalion, elements of the volunteers fought in South Africa, both volunteer battalions were awarded battle honours for the war. In 1908, under the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 the militia and volunteer force were reconstituted as the Special Reserve, Territorial battalions were renumbered in series after the special reserve battalions. It was as part of division that were to be mobilised in August 1914 after the outbreak of World War I. The size of the regiment was increased during the conflict, reaching a total of 17 battalions, the East Lancashire Regiment was again increased in size for the duration of the Second World War, although not to such an extent as in 1914–1918. Firstly, prior to the outbreak of hostilities in 1939, the entire Territorial Army was doubled in size, secondly, a number of wartime battalions were formed. Captain Harold Marcus Ervine-Andrews of the 1st Battalion was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry at Dunkirk on 31 May –1 June 1940, in 1948 the regiment was reduced to a single regular battalion. They served in the Middle East, Malaya, the Suez Canal Zone, in 1957 defence cuts were announced that significantly reduced the size of the army. As a result, the East Lancashire Regiment was amalgamated with The South Lancashire Regiment on 1 July 1958 to form The Lancashire Regiment, in 1970 the Lancashire Regiment was in turn amalgamated with the Loyal Regiment to form the Queens Lancashire Regiment. In 2006 the Queens Lancashire Regiment was merged with the Kings Own Royal Border Regiment and Kings Regiment to form a new large regiment, the headdress badge selected for the centre of the full dress helmet was a sphinx upon a plinth inscribed EGYPT
East Lancashire Regiment
–
Second Lieutenant Alfred Victor Smith 1/5th Battalion, posthumously awarded the
Victoria Cross for gallantry at Helles in December 1915
East Lancashire Regiment
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Badge of the East Lancashire Regiment
East Lancashire Regiment
–
Members of the 4th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment in trenches near Givenchy on 28 June 1918
East Lancashire Regiment
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Spencer John Bent VC
8.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
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Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
9.
Royal Army Medical Corps
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The Royal Army Medical Corps is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families, in war and in peace. Together with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, the Royal Army Dental Corps and Queen Alexandras Royal Army Nursing Corps, because it is not a fighting arm, under the Geneva Conventions, members of the RAMC may only use their weapons for self-defence. Other ranks do not fix bayonets, neither do they prefix Surgeon in front of their rank as medical officers of the Royal Navy do. The RAMC, like every other British regiment, has its own distinctive unit insignia, dark blue beret, the default Army colour worn by units without distinctive coloured berets. There is also a small attachment to Special Forces, the Medical Support Unit who wear the beret of the SAS. Cap badge depicting the Rod of Asclepius, surmounted by a crown, enclosed within a wreath, with the regimental motto In Arduis Fidelis. The cap badge is worn 1 inch above the eye on the beret. The cap badge of the ranks must also be backed by an oval patch of dull cherry-red coloured cloth measuring 3.81 cm wide and 6.35 cm high sewn directly to the beret. Officers do not use the backing, but have a cloth cap badge instead. Silver regimental collar badges, a miniature of the cap badge, stable belt comprising equal horizontal bands of dull cherry, royal blue, and old gold, reflecting the old uniform worn in the 1900s, the gold depicting the royal in the title. Silver belt buckle with engraved regimental badge, Medical services in the British armed services go as far back as the formation of the Standing Regular Army after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. This was the first time a career was provided for a Medical Officer, known as the Regimental Surgeon, both in peacetime and in war. The Army was formed entirely on a basis, and an MO with a Warrant Officer as his Assistant Surgeon was appointed to each regiment. The MO was also for the first time concerned in the health of his troops. This regimental basis of appointment for MOs continued until 1873, when an army medical service was set up. There was much unhappiness in the Army Medical Service in the following years, for medical officers did not actually have military rank but advantages corresponding to relative military rank. They had inferior pay in India, excessive amounts of Indian and colonial service and they did not have their own identity as did the Army Service Corps, whose officers did have military rank. A number of complaints were published, and the British Medical Journal campaigned loudly, for over two years after 27 July 1887 there were no recruits to the Army Medical Department
Royal Army Medical Corps
–
Tactical Recognition Flash
Royal Army Medical Corps
–
Cap Badge of the Royal Army Medical Corps
Royal Army Medical Corps
–
Army surgeons carry out an operation during the Second World War
Royal Army Medical Corps
–
RAMC World War I memorial in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh
10.
Crimean War
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The Crimean War was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, the French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an agreement, Nicholas I of Russia, Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to, when the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans declared war on Russia in October 1853. The war started in the Balkans, when Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities, until then under Ottoman suzerainty and now part of modern Romania, led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the town of Kars in eastern Anatolia led to a siege. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and Britain rushed forces to Gallipoli and they then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a skirmish at Köstence, there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that there they are, the French doing nothing, after extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought their way to a point south of Sevastopol after a series of successful battles. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, a second counterattack, ordered personally by Nicholas, was defeated by Omar Pasha. The front settled into a siege and led to conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic, the Caucasus, Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and neutral countries began to join the Allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued and this was welcomed by France and Britain, as their subjects were beginning to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856, Russia was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent, Christians there were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute. The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways
Crimean War
–
Detail of
Franz Roubaud 's
panoramic painting The
Siege of Sevastopol (1904)
Crimean War
Crimean War
–
Russian siege of
Kars,
Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29
Crimean War
–
Two French
Zouaves officers and one private
11.
Cabaret
–
Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring music, song, dance, recitation, or drama. It is mainly distinguished by the venue, which might be a pub. The audience, often dining or drinking, does not typically dance, performances are usually introduced by a master of ceremonies or MC. The entertainment, as done by an ensemble of actors and according to its European origins, is oriented towards adult audiences. In the United States striptease, burlesque, drag shows, or a solo vocalist with a pianist, the word cabaret was first used in 1655. It is derived from tavern probably from Middle Dutch cambret, the word cabaret came to mean a restaurant or night club by 1912. Cabaret can be divided in 10 different types. However, these are artificial dividing lines, cabaret shows are most of the time a compound of elements from the different types, the cabaret performer plays with language, sometimes poetic, but often is he or she rock hard and hateful. The cabaret performer analyses in his/her stubborn manner actual, social and political topics, the cabaret performer tells an often slightly absurd story with a moral packed in it. The cabaret performer plays with music, for example by twisting or combining familiar melodies, the cabaret performer tells nonsensical and absurd stories and plays idiotic types. The emphasis is less on text in the show of cabaret performer. Here the cabaret performer eludes on his liberating through laughter role, an iteration of storytelling cabaret The cabaret performer quickly switches between the different styles/types of cabaret, types, or songs. In this the cabaret performer is a guest at a government, institution or a company, cabarets existed in Paris in the 16th century, they were ancestors of the modern restaurant. Unlike taverns they sold wine not by itself but only with a meal, customers might sing if they had drunk enough wine, but early cabarets did not have formal programs of entertainment. Cabarets were frequently used as meeting places for writers and artists, in 1773 French poets, painters, musicians and writers began to meet in a cabaret called Le Caveau on rue de Buci, where they composed and sang songs. The Caveau continued until 1816, when it was forced to close because its clients wrote songs mocking the royal government, in the 18th century the café-concert or café-chantant appeared, which offered food along with music, singers, or magicians. The most famous was the Cafe des Aveugles in the cellars of the Palais-Royal, in the early 19th century many cafés-chantants appeared around the city, the most famous were the Café des Ambassadeurs on the Champs-Élysées and the Eldorado on boulevard Strasbourg. By 1900 there were more than 150 cafés-chantants in Paris, the first cabaret in the modern sense was Le Chat Noir in the Bohemian neighborhood of Montmartre, created in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis, a theatrical agent and entrepreneur
Cabaret
–
1896 advertisement for a tour of the first French cabaret show,
Le Chat Noir.
Cabaret
–
The Café des Aveugles in the cellars of the Palais-Royal (beginning of the 19th century)
Cabaret
–
The composer
Eric Satie playing the piano at
Le Chat Noir (1880s)
Cabaret
–
The
Moulin Rouge in 1893
12.
19 (song)
–
19 is a song by British musician Paul Hardcastle released as the first single from his self-titled third studio album Paul Hardcastle. The song has a strong message, focusing on Americas involvement in the Vietnam War. The track was notable for use of sampled and processed speech, in particular a synthesized stutter effect used on the words nineteen. It also includes various non-speech, re-dubbed sampling, such as crowd noise, in 2009, the song placed at 73 on VH1s 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 80s. 19 became the single in 13 countries. This was helped by the fact that versions of the song, spoken by local news anchors, were recorded in French, Spanish, German. The song received the Ivor Novello award for Best-selling single of 1985, the songs English-language release came in three different 12 versions - Extended Version, Destruction Mix and The Final Story, each with an alternative cover design. I was out having fun in pubs and clubs when I was 19, not being shoved into jungles, the title 19 comes from the documentarys claim that the average age of an American combat soldier in the war was 19, as compared to World War IIs 26. This claim has since been disputed, undisputed statistics do not exist, although Southeast Asia Combat Area Casualties Current File, the source for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, shows a large number of deaths were ages 19 or 20. According to the source,23 is the average age at time of death. The song also comments that while the tour of duty was longer during World War II, the songs pivotal hook, the repetitive N-n-n-n-nineteen, was chosen due to the limitations of the early sampling technology used. The E-mu Emulator could only sample for two seconds, so the hook was based around the bit of the narrative that made sense in two seconds. Hardcastle wasnt optimistic about the chances in the charts. His previous two singles for independent labels had failed to make it into the UKs Top 40 and the policy at Radio 1 was felt to be unsupportive of dance music. News interest in the song helped, with the 10th Anniversary of the End of the Vietnam War seeing Hardcastle interviewed by Alastair Stewart of ITN. Tony Blackburn, then breakfast DJ for Radio London was a supporter of the song and it quickly reached number 1 in the UK. Hardcastle produced different mixes of the song to maintain interest in it. The songs reliance on sampling also caused problems with legal clearance, Ken Grunbaum recalled in 2012 that there were no precedents for something like this
19 (song)
–
"19"
13.
Sports commentator
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In sports broadcasting, a sports commentator gives a running commentary of a game or event in real time, usually during a live broadcast, traditionally delivered in the historical present tense. The comments are normally a voiceover, with the sounds of the action, in the case of television commentary, the commentators are on screen rarely if at all during the event. The main commentator, also called the play-by-play announcer or commentator in North America and they are valued for their articulateness and for their ability to describe each play or event of an often fast-moving sporting event. Other main commentators may, however, only one sport. The analyst or color commentator provides expert analysis and background information, such as statistics, strategy on the teams and athletes and they are usually former athletes or coaches in their respective sports, although there are some exceptions. The term color refers to levity and insight provided by analyst, the most common format for a sports broadcast is to have an analyst/color commentator work alongside the main/play-by-play announcer. Vin Scully, longtime announcer for the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team, is one of few examples of this practice still existing today, a sideline reporter assists a sports broadcasting crew with sideline coverage of the playing field or court. Sideline reporters are often granted inside information about an important update, such as injury, in cases of big events, teams consisting of many sideline reporters are placed strategically so that the main commentator has many sources to turn to. In British sports broadcasting, the presenter of a sports broadcast is usually distinct from the commentator, in North America, the on-air personality based in the studio is called the studio host. During their shows, the presenter/studio host may be joined by analysts or pundits. In North American English, sportscaster is a term for any type of commentator in a sports broadcast. It may also refer to a talk show host or a newscaster covering sports news. In 1975, the National Hockey League made headlines when two coaches from the N. H. L, all-Star Game in Montreal allowed Robin Herman and Marcel St. Cyr. access into the mens locker room. Both were believed to have been the first women allowed to enter a professional mens locker room to conduct a post-game interview. Sport organizations began to follow in the N. H. L. s footsteps, Baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn and other officials chose to discriminate her based on her sex. Knowing that this would put Sports Illustrated in a disadvantage from other publishers, Time Inc. and Ludtke filed a lawsuit against Kuhn. The lawsuit was taken to the U. S. District Court in 1978 where Judge Constance Baker Motley ruled the act as violating the 14th amendment of the U. S. Constitution. The court ruled that the Yankees organization devise a plan to protect the players of their privacy while female sportswriters conducted interviews, society viewed the issue as women sportswriters only wanting access to the mens locker room to see players naked
Sports commentator
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English commentators
Eddie Hemmings and
Mike Stephenson
Sports commentator
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Michael Kay,
Ken Singleton, and
Paul O'Neill as the announcers of every New York Yankees game on YES.
14.
Richie Benaud
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Richard Richie Benaud, OBE was an Australian cricketer who, after his retirement from international cricket in 1964, became a highly regarded commentator on the game. Benaud was a Test cricket all-rounder, blending leg spin bowling with lower-order batting aggression, along with fellow bowling all-rounder Alan Davidson, he helped restore Australia to the top of world cricket in the late 1950s and early 1960s after a slump in the early 1950s. In 1958 he became Australias Test captain until his retirement in 1964 and he became the first player to reach 200 wickets and 2,000 runs in Test cricket, arriving at that milestone in 1963. Gideon Haigh described him as perhaps the most influential cricketer and cricket personality since the Second World War, Benaud was born in Penrith, New South Wales, in 1930. He came from a family, with his younger brother John Benaud also going on to become an Australian Test cricketer. Lou later moved to Parramatta region in western Sydney, and played for Cumberland and it was here that Richie Benaud grew up, learning how to bowl leg breaks, googlies and topspinners under his fathers watch. Educated at Parramatta High School, Benaud made his first grade debut for Cumberland at age 16, in November 1948, at the age of 18, Benaud was selected for the New South Wales Colts, the state youth team. He scored 47 not out and took 3/37 in a win over Queensland. As a specialist batsman, he made his first class debut for New South Wales at the Sydney Cricket Ground against Queensland in the New Years match of the 1948–49 season. On a green pitch which was struck by a downpour on the day, Benauds spin was not used by Arthur Morris and he failed to make an impression with the bat in his only innings. Relegated to the Second XI after this match, he was struck in the head above the eye by a ball from Jack Daniel while batting against Victoria in Melbourne. He spent two weeks in hospital for the surgery and this was the only match he played for the second-string state team that summer. In his early career, Benaud was a batting all-rounder, marked by a looping backlift which made him suspect against fast bowling but allowed him to have a wide attacking stroke range. At the start of the 1949–50 season, he was still in the Second XI, Benaud was recalled to the New South Wales First XI in late December for the Christmas and New Years fixtures. With Ray Lindwall, Keith Miller and Ernie Toshack, three of Australias leading four bowlers from the 1948 Invincibles tour of England unavailable, Benaud bowled heavily in some matches. However, he did not have success in his five games. He took the wicket of Queensland batsman Bill Brown in his match of the season. Benaud erroneously recalled in an autobiography that this was his maiden wicket—it was his fourth—and described the ball as the worst I ever bowled and he had more success with the bat, scoring 93 and narrowly missing a century against South Australia
Richie Benaud
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Benaud in 1956
Richie Benaud
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Richie Benaud
Richie Benaud
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Benaud in his delivery stride, c. 1953
15.
John Arlott
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Leslie Thomas John Arlott OBE was an English journalist, author and cricket commentator for the BBCs Test Match Special. He was also a poet and wine connoisseur, with his poetic phraseology, he became an iconic cricket commentator noted for his wonderful gift for evoking cricketing moments by the BBC. John Arlott was born in 1914 at Cemetery Lodge, Chapel Hill, Basingstoke in Hampshire and he attended Fairfields Primary School in Basingstoke before winning a scholarship to Queen Marys Grammar School. Once at the school, however, he became embroiled in a feud with the headmaster, as the school had not been receptive to his young, independent. Arlott eventually left the school of his own accord and he meanwhile showed an early interest in the local cricket matches, in 1926 he watched England and Australia play at The Oval, becoming a fan of Jack Hobbs, and later watched Sussex play Lancashire. After leaving school, following a stint at the local town hall where he learned to type. His friend David Rayvern Allen noted that it was there that he discovered humanity in often dislocated forms, was fundamental to his personal development. This was followed by twelve years as a policeman in the Southampton County Borough Police Force and he progressed to the rank of sergeant while stationed at Southampton, and enjoyed the opportunity to watch Hampshire play at the County Ground while on duty at Northland Road. Though his cricket skills were not sufficient to play for the Southampton Police cricket XI and he played cricket at club level but would spend most of his free summer time following the Hampshire team both home and away. As a result of his support he became known to the team. He was watching Hampshire play Kent at Canterbury in August 1938 when they discovered they would be short of a man for the following game. Being willing and available young Arlott was co-opted and he travelled with the team to Worcester, Hampshire had had to use three substitute fielders when two of their XI were injured and skipper Cecil Paris suffered a puncture on his way to the ground. The following day, the report in the Western Daily Press named one of the substitutes as Harlott, a local policeman. It was quite a memorable day in the field, with the Nawab of Pataudi scoring an elegant undefeated century for Worcester in one of his rare appearances on the county circuit. The match ultimately fizzled out as just a draw with Hampshire scoring 313 and 91 –2. It was his one and only appearance in a first class cricket fixture, in 1980 he was asked whether playing first-class cricket on a regular basis might have provided him with greater insight as a cricket writer. He replied, My word, I know what the problems are. After being invited to make a radio address to George VI on VE Day,1945, he attracted the attention of the BBC, and of John Betjeman
John Arlott
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Arlott in a post-war posed BBC shot
John Arlott
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Arlott's birthplace
16.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
Vietnam War
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Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in
Ia Drang, ARVN Rangers defending
Saigon during the 1968
Tet Offensive, two
Douglas A-4C Skyhawks en route for airstrikes against North Vietnam after the
Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture
Quảng Trị during the 1972
Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the
1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, burial of 300 victims of the 1968
Huế Massacre.
Vietnam War
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A Japanese naval officer surrenders his sword to a British Lieutenant in Saigon on 13 September 1945.
Vietnam War
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The
Geneva Conference, 1954
Vietnam War
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U.S. President
Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles greet President
Ngô Đình Diệm of
South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957.
17.
West Indian cricket team in England in 1984
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The West Indian cricket team in England in 1984 played three One Day Internationals and five Tests. West Indies were captained by Clive Lloyd throughout, and England by David Gower, the average number of runs by the English captain was nineteen, as were the average number of runs per English player in the Fifth Test. Comedian Rory Bremner sang about the debacle in the song N-n-nineteen Not Out, the three ODIs were played on 31 May,2 June and 4 June. West Indies won the First ODI at Old Trafford comfortably, thanks to a huge 189* scored by Viv Richards, the Test series was a historic 5-0 blackwash to West Indies, with victories by wide margins in all 5 Tests. England won the toss and decided to bat, half an hour into the opening session, debutant opening batsman Andy Lloyd was hit on the head by a short-pitched ball bowled by Malcolm Marshall. Lloyd left the field and spent several days in hospital, he did not play again in 1984. England were soon in trouble on 89-5, but Ian Botham hit 64 and England reached a total of 191, West Indies reach a mammoth 606 in reply, with five batsmen reaching half-centuries. Top scorers were Larry Gomes and Viv Richards, who shared a stand of 206. Richards also became the fourth West Indian batsman to pass 5,000 runs in Tests, captain Clive Lloyd scored 71, and the West Indian tail-enders were also in the runs, with number 9 Eldine Baptiste and number 10 Michael Holding sharing a 9th wicket stand of 150. Derek Pringle took 5-108, one of four England bowlers to concede over 100 runs, West Indies won the toss and put England in to bat. The decision looked poor after an opening stand, and England reached 286, with opening batsmen Graeme Fowler and debutant Chris Broad top scorers. England took a lead when the West Indies were dismissed for 245. This was the first occasion that an Englishman had taken 8 wickets against West Indies in England, Clive Lloyd scored a modest 39, becoming the second West Indian batsman to pass 7,000 Test runs. In Englands second innings, Allan Lamb scored 110 and Botham 81, West Indies achieved the target of 342 runs to win with ease, in 66.1 overs, losing only one wicket, thanks to an unbroken stand of 287 between Gordon Greenidge and Gomes. England won the toss and batted first again for the third Test running, Lamb reached 100 as England were all out for 270, and 4-70 for Holding. In the process, Holding became the second West Indian to take 200 Test wickets, the West Indies secured a narrow first-innings lead, reaching 302, with 104* to Gomes, and Holding second-highest on 59. Batsman Paul Terry made his Test debut for England, but scored only 8 and 1 and this was the last Test played by Bob Willis. West Indies won the toss and batted first for the first time in the series, by the close of the second day, they had reached 500 all out, with a second double century for Greenidge and a century for wicketkeeper Jeff Dujon
West Indian cricket team in England in 1984
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West Indies Cricket Flag Pre 1999
18.
England cricket team
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The England cricket team is the team that represents England and Wales in international cricket. Since 1 January 1997 it has been governed by the England and Wales Cricket Board, England and Australia were the first teams to play a Test match, and these two countries together with South Africa formed the Imperial Cricket Conference on 15 June 1909. England and Australia also played the first One Day International on 5 January 1971, Englands first Twenty20 International was played on 13 June 2005, once more against Australia. As of 9 March 2017, England has played 983 Test matches, winning 351, the team has won The Ashes on 32 occasions, the same number as their opponents Australia. England has played 683 ODIs, winning 332, and its record in major ODI tournaments includes finishing as runners-up in three Cricket World Cups, and also in two ICC Champions Trophys, England has also played 89 T20Is, winning 43. They won the ICC World Twenty20 in 2010, and were runners-up in 2016, England are currently ranked fourth in Tests, fifth in ODIs and fifth in T20Is by the ICC. England currently holds the record for the highest ever ODI total of 444, such matches were repeated on numerous occasions for the best part of a century. In 1846 William Clarke formed the All-England Eleven and this team would eventually compete against a United All-England Eleven with annual matches occurring between 1847 and 1856. These matches were arguably the most important contest of the English season if judged by the quality of the players, the first overseas tour occurred in September 1859 with England touring North America. This team had six players from the All-England Eleven, six from the United All-England Eleven and was captained by George Parr, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, attention turned elsewhere. English tourists visited Australia in 1861-62 with this first tour organised as a venture by Messrs Spiers and Pond. Most matches played during tours prior to 1877 were against odds and this first Australian tour were mostly against odds of at least 18/11. The tour was so successful that George Parr led a tour in 1863–64. James Lillywhite led a subsequent England team which sailed on the P&O steamship Poonah on 21 September 1876 and they would play a combined Australian XI, for once on even terms of 11 a side. The match, starting on 15 March 1877 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground came to be regarded as the inaugural Test match, the combined Australian XI won this Test match by 45 runs with Charles Bannerman of Australia scoring the first Test century. At the time, the match was promoted as James Lillywhites XI v Combined Victoria, the teams played a return match on the same ground at Easter,1877, when Lillywhites team avenged their loss with a victory by four wickets. The first Test match on English soil occurred in 1880 with England victorious, – The body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia. As a result of loss the tour of 1882–83 was dubbed by England captain Ivo Bligh as the quest to regain the ashes
England cricket team
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The first England team to tour Southern Australia
England cricket team
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England cricket crest
England cricket team
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Bill Woodfull evades a Bodyline ball. Note the number of leg-side fielders.
England cricket team
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English cricket team at the Test match held at the
Brisbane Exhibition Ground. England won the match by a record margin of 675 runs.
19.
David Gower
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David Ivon Gower OBE is a former English cricketer who became the captain of the England cricket team during the 1980s. Described as one of the most stylish left-handed batsmen of his era, Gower played 117 Test matches and 114 One Day Internationals scoring 8,231 and 3170 runs and he was one of the most capped and high scoring players for England during his period. Gower led England during the 1985 Ashes, and his team was victorious, however and he was briefly reinstated for the 1989 Ashes series, before being replaced as captain by Graham Gooch. The strained relationship between the pair contributed to Gower retiring from cricket in 1993. Nevertheless, he ended with a record in first-class cricket, accumulating 26,339 runs at an average of 40.08. As of February 2013, he holds the record of 119 consecutive innings without registering a duck in Test cricket, following his retirement, Gower became a successful cricket commentator with Sky Sports, and on 16 July 2009 he was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. Gower was born in Tunbridge Wells in 1957, the family returned to England after Tanganyika was granted independence, when Gower was six years old, settling in Kent and later moving to Loughborough. Gower attended prep school at Marlborough House School in Hawkhurst from the age of 8 to 13 and he was awarded a scholarship to attend The Kings School in Canterbury—where his father was an earlier head boy—as a boarder. Gower made the school cricket First XI aged 14 and he was later to be made captain and he also played for the rugby First XV before being dropped from the team for lack of effort. While at school, Gower played representative cricket for Public Schools against English Schools at under-16 level, Gower finished school with eight O levels, three A levels and one S level in history. He sat the History exam for Oxford University and was offered an interview at St Edmund Hall, spurning a place at University College, London, Gower returned to school in an attempt to gain two more A levels but lost interest partway through the year. Having played some matches for the Leicestershire Second XI the previous summer, Gower tried his luck at the club as a professional for the remainder of the year, for £25 per week. In the summer, Gower returned to University College, where he studied law, Gower is nicknamed Lord Gower by his Sky Sports colleagues, in allusion to his aristocratic ancestry and public school education. He is a distant descendant of the Leveson-Gower family, Dukes of Sutherland, Gower enjoyed one of the most prolific first-class cricket careers in English history, in both domestic and international competitions. Gowers career run total is also the fourth highest by an English player, behind only Alec Stewart with 8,463, Graham Gooch with 8,900 and Alastair Cook with as of 5 November 2016,10,688. He played domestic cricket from 1975 until 1993, largely with Leicestershire until 1989, where he moved to Hampshire, Gower made his debut for Leicestershire on 30 July 1975, during that seasons County Championship, against Lancashire at Stanley Park, Blackpool. Winning the toss, Lancashire chose to bat first and amassed 259 thanks largely to a century by David Lloyd, Gower, batting at number seven, scored 32 before he was dismissed by Ken Shuttleworth, Leicestershire making 321 and taking a first-innings lead. Lloyd made 90 in the innings as Lancashire declared on 305
David Gower
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David Gower
David Gower
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Despite a prolific scoring career, Gower is often best remembered for his languid, laid-back approach both on and off the field. In 1991 he buzzed an England warm-up match with a biplane, an action for which he was reprimanded.
David Gower
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Gower batting for England in a Test match at
Trent Bridge in 1981.
Terry Alderman is bowling, with
Ian Botham at the other end. There are four slips and two gulleys fielding to the left of
Rod Marsh. Despite one score of 89 during the series, Gower failed to consistently perform, and thus the Australian team have set this very attacking field.
David Gower
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Gower (far right) with fellow commentators Willis and Botham, politicians
Alastair Campbell and
James Erskine.
20.
Spitting Image
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Spitting Image is a British satirical puppet show, created by Peter Fluck, Roger Law and Martin Lambie-Nairn. The series was produced by Spitting Image Productions for Central Independent Television over 18 series which aired on the ITV network, the series was cancelled in 1996, after viewing figures declined. ITV had plans for a new series in 2006, but these were scrapped after a dispute over Ant & Dec puppets used to host Best Ever Spitting Image, Martin Lambie-Nairn proposed a satirical television show featuring caricature puppets created by Peter Fluck and Roger Law. The idea for the series was rejected by many in the industry, who thought it would only be suitable for children, but the series was finally accepted for development and first broadcast in 1984. English comedy writer and National Lampoon editor Tony Hendra, was brought in as a writer, Fluck, Hendra brought in John Lloyd, producer of Not The Nine OClock News. They were joined by Jon Blair, a documentary producer and they then hired Muppet puppeteer Louise Gold. Development was funded by Clive Sinclair, the puppets, based on public figures, were designed by Fluck and Law, assisted by caricaturists that included David Stoten, Pablo Bach, Steve Bendelack and Tim Watts. The episodes included musical parodies by Philip Pope and later Steve Brown, the first episode of Spitting Image, in 1984, aired with a laugh track, apparently at the insistence of Central Television. This episode was shown to an audience before transmission. In the early years of the show, Spitting Image was filmed in the zone at London Docklands. Impressionist Steve Nallon recalls that they were able to get away with no health and safety, there were no extractor fans, it was quite Dickensian. In later series, Spitting Image was recorded at Centrals studios in Nottingham with last minute additions being recorded at the Limehouse Studios at Canary Wharf, London. Before the first episode was broadcast, the parodies of the Royal Family were cut, as a courtesy to the Duke of Edinburgh, the scenes were however all reinstated in later episodes. The series had been scheduled to have 13 episodes but was cut back to 12, rob Grant and Doug Naylor were then brought in as head writers to save the show. By 1986, under their supervision, Spitting Image had become popular, however, Grant and Naylor subsequently left to create Red Dwarf for BBC2. Spitting Image had a dispute with the Independent Broadcasting Authority in 1985. When Margaret Thatcher resigned in November 1990, her successor was John Major, the producers dressed Major, skin and all, in shades of grey. They invented an affair between him and Virginia Bottomley, the show added animated sketches from 1989 and again from 1994
Spitting Image
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Puppets of a Court Flunkey and
Osama Bin Laden
Spitting Image
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Opening titles from 1988 to 1991
Spitting Image
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Spitting Image album cover for "Da Do Run Ron" satirical parody of
Ronald Reagan
21.
BBC 2
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
BBC 2
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A former ident from the 1991-2001 set. Several idents from the set were reinstated in July 2014.
BBC 2
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BBC Two logo
BBC 2
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The figure '2' became a character in 2001
BBC 2
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The latest idents featuring the '2' to become the 'Window on the World' in 2007. They have since been phased out.
22.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
Channel 4
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Channel 4
23.
Tony Blair
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Anthony Charles Lynton Blair is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and the Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. From 1983 to 2007, Blair was the MP for Sedgefield, under Blairs leadership, the party used the phrase New Labour, to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism. Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism, in May 1997, the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory, the largest in its history, allowing Blair, at 43 years old, to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812. In September 1997, Blair attained early personal popularity, receiving a 93% public approval rating, the Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership, in 2001, in which it won another landslide victory, and in 2005, with a reduced majority. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blairs government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act, Human Rights Act, Blairs government also devolved power, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly. In Northern Ireland, Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq, including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression. In 2016, the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified, Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007. On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister, he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East and he now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name, including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1953 and he was the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair. Leo Blair was the son of two entertainers and adopted as a baby by Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher, in 1923 he returned to Ballyshannon, County Donegal. In Ballyshannon Corscaddens wife, Sarah Margaret, gave birth above the grocery shop to Blairs mother. Blair has one brother, Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Blairs first home was with his family at Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh, during this period, his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Blairs first relocation was when he was 19 months old, at the end of 1954 Blairs parents and their two sons moved from Paisley Terrace to Adelaide, South Australia. His father lectured in law at the University of Adelaide and it was when in Australia that Blairs sister Sarah was born. The Blairs lived in the suburb of Dulwich close to the university, the family returned to the UK in summer 1958
Tony Blair
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Blair in January 2014
Tony Blair
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Blair addressing a crowd in
Armagh in 1998
Tony Blair
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Tony Blair and
George W. Bush shake hands after their press conference in the East Room of the White House on 12 November 2004.
Tony Blair
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Jacques Chirac,
George W. Bush, Tony Blair and
Silvio Berlusconi during the G8 Summit in
Évian, June 2003
24.
Gordon Brown
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James Gordon Brown is a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2010. He previously served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Blair Government from 1997 to 2007, Brown was a Member of Parliament from 1983 to 2015, first for Dunfermline East and later for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. A doctoral graduate of the University of Edinburgh, Brown spent his career working as both a lecturer at a further education college and a television journalist. He entered Parliament in 1983 as the MP for Dunfermline East and he joined the Shadow Cabinet in 1989 as Shadow Secretary of State for Trade, and was later promoted to become Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1992. After Labours victory in 1997, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, in 2007, Tony Blair resigned as Prime Minister and Labour Leader and Brown was chosen to replace him in an uncontested election. Brown remained in office as Labour negotiated to form a government with the Liberal Democrats. On 10 May 2010, Brown announced he would stand down as leader of the Labour Party, Labours attempts to retain power failed and on 11 May, he officially resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party. He was succeeded as Prime Minister by David Cameron, and as Leader of the Labour Party by Ed Miliband, later, Brown played a prominent role in the campaign surrounding the Scottish independence referendum of 2014, galvanising support behind maintaining the union. Brown was born at the Orchard Maternity Nursing Home in Giffnock, Renfrewshire and his father was John Ebenezer Brown, a minister of the Church of Scotland and a strong influence on Brown. He died in December 1998, aged 84 and his mother, Jessie Elizabeth Brown, known as Bunty, died on 19 September 2004, aged 86. She was the daughter of John Souter, a timber merchant, the family moved to Kirkcaldy – then the largest town in Fife, across the Firth of Forth from Edinburgh – when Gordon was three. Brown was brought up there with his elder brother John and younger brother Andrew Brown in a manse, in common with many other notable Scots, he is therefore often referred to as a son of the manse. At age sixteen he wrote that he loathed and resented this ludicrous experiment on young lives and he was accepted by the University of Edinburgh to study history at the same early age of sixteen. During an end-of-term rugby union match at his old school, he received a kick to the head and this left him blind in his left eye, despite treatment including several operations and weeks spent lying in a darkened room. Later at Edinburgh, while playing tennis, he noticed the symptoms in his right eye. Brown underwent experimental surgery at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and his eye was saved. In his youth at the University of Edinburgh, Brown was involved in a relationship with Margarita. Margarita said about it, It was a solid and romantic story
Gordon Brown
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Brown as Prime Minister, c. 2009
Gordon Brown
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Gordon Brown speaking at the annual
World Bank /
IMF meeting in 2002
Gordon Brown
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Gordon Brown and President of the United States George W. Bush meet at Downing Street
Gordon Brown
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Gordon Brown meets British troops during a visit to Basra, 2007
25.
Cameo appearance
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A cameo role or cameo appearance is a brief appearance or voice part of a known person in a work of the performing arts, typically unnamed or appearing as themselves. Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common, a crew member of the show or movie playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo as well, such as Alfred Hitchcocks frequently performed cameos. Originally cameo role meant a character part that stands out from the other minor parts. The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning a short literary sketch or portrait, which is based on the meaning of cameo. More recently, cameo has come to refer to any short appearances, whether as a character or as oneself, such as the examples below. Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a mismatch between the celebritys stature and the film or TV show in which he or she is appearing. Others are acknowledgments of a contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of TV series. Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field, possibly the best-known series of cameos was by the director Alfred Hitchcock, who made very brief appearances in most of his films. Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works, “Literary cameos” usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage. Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine, a cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal signature on a story. Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance, quentin Tarantino provides cameos or small roles in at least 10 of his movies. Likewise, Peter Jackson has made cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length movie Bad Taste in which he plays a main character. For example, he plays a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug, a Rohan warrior in The Two Towers, director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character. In Whos That Knocking at My Door, he appears as one of the gangsters, he is a crew man in After Hours. He opens up his 1986 film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool. In addition, he appears with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, in a same way, Roman Polanski appears as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholsons nose with the blade of his clasp knife. Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films, mike Todds film Around the World in 80 Days was filled with cameo roles, and others. The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, among the many cameos featured in the film Maverick, actor Danny Glover appears as the lead bank robber
Cameo appearance
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Alfred Hitchcock (left) in
Notorious
26.
Improvisational comedy
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Improvisational theatre exists in performance as a range of styles of improvisational comedy as well as some non-comedic theatrical performances. It is sometimes used in film and television, both to develop characters and scripts and occasionally as part of the final product. Improvisational techniques are used extensively in drama programs to train actors for stage, film. However, the skills and processes of improvisation are used outside of the context of performing arts. It is sometimes used in psychotherapy as a tool to gain insight into a persons thoughts, feelings, the earliest well documented use of improvisational theatre in Eastern history is found in the Atellan Farce of Africa 391 BC. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, commedia dellarte performers improvised based on an outline in the streets of Italy. Some people credit American Dudley Riggs as the first vaudevillian to use audience suggestions to create improvised sketches on stage, Spolin influenced the first generation of modern American improvisers at The Compass Players in Chicago, which led to The Second City. Her son, Paul Sills, along with David Shepherd, started The Compass Players, following the demise of the Compass Players, Paul Sills began The Second City. They were the first organized troupes in Chicago, and the modern Chicago improvisational comedy movement grew from their success. Many of the current rules of comedic improv were first formalized in Chicago in the late 1950s and early 1960s, initially among The Compass Players troupe, which was directed by Paul Sills. From most accounts, David Shepherd provided the vision of the Compass Players. Mike Nichols, Ted Flicker, and Del Close were her most frequent collaborators in this regard, during this time, Forsberg trained many of the performers who went on to star on The Second City stage. Simultaneously, Keith Johnstones group The Theatre Machine, which originated in London, was touring Europe and this work gave birth to Theatresports, at first secretly in Johnstones workshops, and eventually in public when he moved to Canada. Toronto has been home to a rich improv tradition, in 1984, Dick Chudnow founded ComedySportz in Milwaukee, WI. Expansion began with the addition of ComedySportz-Madison, in 1985, the first Comedy League of America National Tournament was held in 1988, with 10 teams participating. The league is now known as World Comedy League and boasts a roster of 24 international cities, in San Francisco, The Committee theater was active in North Beach during the 1960s. It was founded by alumni of Chicagos Second City, Alan Myerson, when The Committee disbanded in 1972, three major companies were formed, The Pitchell Players, The Wing, and Improvisation Inc. The only company that continued to perform Closes Harold was the latter one and its two former members, Michael Bossier and John Elk, formed Spaghetti Jam in San Franciscos Old Spaghetti Factory in 1976, where shortform improv and Harolds were performed through 1983
Improvisational comedy
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An improvisational comedy troupe performing a shortform game based on direction from the audience; in this case spoofing a hard rock band performing a song made up on the spot.
Improvisational comedy
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Three improvisers performing longform improv comedy at the Gorilla Tango Theatre in Chicago.
27.
Mock The Week
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Mock the Week is a British topical, satirical celebrity panel show, that was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson, the same people responsible for the comedy game show Whose Line Is It Anyway. Performers deliver answers on unexpected subjects on the spur of the accusations of scripting have been made by other comedians. It is made by independent production company Angst Productions, and made its debut on BBC Two on 5 June 2005, old episodes currently air on Dave, and this is frequently mentioned on the show. News topics range from international news stories to regional news items from within Britain, with the show sometimes including photos. In addition, a smaller stage next to the desk is used and referred to as the Press Pit, in episode 11 of season 6, Dara admitted that winners of each round and point allocation was not based on anything specific, and viewers should stop e-mailing in. Along with the system, neither team has, in effect. The following list the performers that have been permanent members from their debut to their departure from the show, Frankie Boyle – Part of Left Team. He joined in Series 1, and remained until Series 7, Rory Bremner – Part of Right Team. He joined in Series 1 and left in Series 2, andy Parsons – Part of Right Team. He joined in Series 3 and remained until Series 14, whereupon his departure from the show as a regular was announced on 19 October 2015, russell Howard – Part of Right Team. He joined in Series 4 and remained until Series 9, although he was not present in the half of the series. Chris Addison – Part of Left Team, along with at least one or two permanent members, the panel often consists of guest performers, some of whom have had frequent appearances on the show. The following have appeared multiple times on the show as a guest panellist, ^ Appearances made before becoming a regular panellist. b. ^ Made an appearance in the Comic Relief 24 Hour Panel People special, along with Doc Brown, Daniel Sloss, games that feature are either regularly used, occasionally used, or were retired after a while. If one player from each team was left standing, sudden death would come into effect, in which a random topic was picked, from Series 3, this was changed to far simpler system of Dara simply deeming the team who got the biggest laugh to be the winner. If this is the answer, what is the question, the round often was played before the final round, but recently is often played as the first round of the episode. Scenes wed like to see, The final round of each episode, the round was inspired by the game Scenes From A Hat from Whose Line Is It Anyway. Picture Of The Week, Panellists are shown an image and makes jokes about it, the round replaced Headliners as one of the regular games of the show
Mock The Week
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Mock the Week
28.
Sunday AM
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Sunday AM is an Irish morning television show that was first broadcast on TV3 at 09,00 from 30 August 2015. Following the success of Ireland AM and an absence of live breakfast television on the weekends and it was confirmed Ireland AM presenter Anna Daly would move to the new weekend slot and present alongside Ivan Yates. and Laura Woods. The show broadcasts between 09,00 to 12,00 each Sunday, the program features news, current affairs, weather updates and analysis of Sunday newspapers with in-studio guests. The first show began at 09,00 on Sunday 30 August 2015, Anna Daly Ivan Yates Laura Woods Ian Noctor News & Weather Geraldine Lynagh Sport Tommy Martin Sunday AM at TV3 Sunday AM on Facebook Sunday AM on Twitter
Sunday AM
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Sunday AM
29.
BBC Radio 4
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BBC Radio 4 is a radio station owned and operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967, the station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Radio department. The station is broadcast from the BBCs headquarters at Broadcasting House and it is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the Internet. It is notable for its news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 – and the most popular in London and the South of England. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011 and was UK Radio Station of the Year at the 2003,2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and it also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File On 4, Export Controls. Costing £71.4 million, it is the BBCs most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network, Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review, in 2010 Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller. Damazer became Master of St Peters College, Oxford, music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the stations remit. It broadcasts occasional concerts, and documentaries related to forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. As a result, for around 70 days a year listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, as well as news and drama, the station has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station. The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967 and it had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its radio stations. For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday and these were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and an evening bulletin was aired at 5. 55pm. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations and these included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC Easts studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 am to 8.45 am. Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk. All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980 apart from in the south west, in September 1991 it was decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as coverage had extended to cover almost all of the UK. Opt-outs were transferred to long wave, currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, long wave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010
BBC Radio 4
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Logo of Radio 4 until 2007
BBC Radio 4
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BBC Radio 4
