Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, was an Irish Gaelic lord, the last King of Tyrconnell. He was a younger brother of Hugh Roe O'Donnell and became the 1st Earl of Tyrconnell.

Tyrconnell, also spelled Tirconnell and Tirconaill, was a kingdom of Gaelic Ireland. It is associated geographically with present-day County Donegal, which was officially named County Tirconaill between 1922 and 1927. At times it also included parts of County Fermanagh, County Sligo, County Leitrim, County Tyrone and County Londonderry at its greatest extent. The kingdom represented the core homeland of the Cenél Conaill people of the Northern Uí Néill and although they ruled, there were smaller groups of other Gaels in the area.