1.
Gennevilliers
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Gennevilliers is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine département of France. It is located 9.1 km from the center of Paris, on 9 April 1929, one-fifth of the territory of Gennevilliers was detached and became the commune of Villeneuve-la-Garenne. Gennevilliers is the site of the river port Port of Gennevilliers of Paris on the Seine river. Gennevilliers is served by three stations on Paris Métro line 13, Les Courtilles, Les Agnettes and Gabriel Péri, all three are at the border with the commune of Asnières-sur-Seine. Gennevilliers is also served by two stations on Paris RER line C, Les Grésillons and Gennevilliers, schools include,13 preschools 9 elementary schools 3 junior high schools, Collège Guy-Môquet, Collège Edouard-Vaillant, Collège Louis-Pasteur There is a senior high school, Lycée Galilée
2.
Hauts-de-Seine
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Hauts-de-Seine is a department of France. It is part of the Métropole du Grand Paris and of the Île-de-France region and it is small and densely populated and contains the modern office, theatre, and shopping complex known as La Défense. Its creation reflected the implementation of a law passed in 1964, in the 1990s and early 2000s, the Hauts-de-Seine received national attention as the result of a corruption scandal concerning the misuse of public funds provided for the departments housing projects. Implicated were former minister and former President of the council of the Hauts-de-Seine, Charles Pasqua. Hauts-de-Seine is Frances second wealthiest département and one of Europes richest areas and its GDP per capita was €62,374 in 2003, according to INSEE official figures. Hauts-de-Seine is the base of Nicolas Sarkozy, President of the Republic from 2007 to 2012. He was previously the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine in the department, Charles Pasqua was also based in Hauts-de-Seine. Website of the General council Prefecture website
3.
French people
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The French are an ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France. This connection may be legal, historical, or cultural, modern French society can be considered a melting pot. To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of origin, race. The debate concerning the integration of this view with the underlying the European Community remains open. A large number of foreigners have traditionally been permitted to live in France, indeed, the country has long valued its openness, tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries, the European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector. Seeing itself as a nation with universal values, France has always valued. However, the success of such assimilation has recently called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves, the 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration, the name France etymologically derives from the word Francia, the territory of the Franks. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the Roman Empire, in the pre-Roman era, all of Gaul was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Gaul was militarily conquered in 58-51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar, the area then became part of the Roman Empire. Over the next five centuries the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture, the Gaulish vernacular language disappeared step by step to be replaced everywhere by Vulgar Latin, which would later develop under Frankish influence into the French language in the North of France. With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture, the Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as laeti, already during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands, at the beginning, they served in the Roman army and reached high commands. Their language is spoken as a kind of Dutch in northern France. Another Germanic people immigrated massively to Alsace, the Alamans, which explains the Alemannic German spoken there and they were competitors of the Franks, thats why it became at the Renaissance time the word for German in French, Allemand. By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France, the Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process
4.
Morocco
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Morocco, officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a mountainous interior, large tracts of desert. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of 446,550 km2 and its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Tetouan, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, a historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, the Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1666. In 1912 Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with a zone in Tangier. Moroccan culture is a blend of Arab, indigenous Berber, Sub-Saharan African, Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara as its Southern Provinces. Morocco annexed the territory in 1975, leading to a war with indigenous forces until a cease-fire in 1991. Peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock, Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy, the king can issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister, Moroccos predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Tamazight. The Moroccan dialect, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken, Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa, the full Arabic name al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyyah translates to Kingdom of the West, although the West in Arabic is الغرب Al-Gharb. The basis of Moroccos English name is Marrakesh, its capital under the Almoravid dynasty, the origin of the name Marrakesh is disputed, but is most likely from the Berber words amur akush or Land of God. The modern Berber name for Marrakesh is Mṛṛakc, in Turkish, Morocco is known as Fas, a name derived from its ancient capital of Fes. The English name Morocco is an anglicisation of the Spanish Marruecos, the area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, sometime between 190,000 and 90,000 BC. During the Upper Paleolithic, the Maghreb was more fertile than it is today, twenty-two thousand years ago, the Aterian was succeeded by the Iberomaurusian culture, which shared similarities with Iberian cultures. Skeletal similarities have been suggested between the Iberomaurusian Mechta-Afalou burials and European Cro-Magnon remains, the Iberomaurusian was succeeded by the Beaker culture in Morocco
5.
Days of Glory (2006 film)
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Days of Glory is a 2006 French film directed by Rachid Bouchareb. The cast includes Sami Bouajila, Jamel Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Mélanie Laurent, the film deals with the contribution of North African soldiers to the Free French Forces during the Second World War and, controversially, with the discrimination against them. The films release contributed to a recognition of the pension rights of soldiers from former French possessions by the French government. Jamel Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Sami Bouajila, the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Saïd, a goat herder, joins the 7th Algerian Tirailleur Regiment. Soon the men, dressed in lend-lease American uniforms meet Sergeant Martinez, a pied noir. Their mission is to capture a heavily-defended mountain from the Germans and it soon becomes clear that their white commanding officer is using the colonial troops as cannon fodder to identify artillery targets. The African troops eventually succeed, but the result in high casualties among the colonial troops. When asked by a French war correspondent about his thoughts on the losses, the troops of the 7th ATR are transported to France to participate in Operation Dragoon to liberate the south of France. While aboard ship, a white cook refuses to give tomatoes to black soldiers, Abdelkader calls for equality but the mutiny is averted when Martinez and the company Captain assures everyone will be treated the same. On arrival at Marseille, the troops are greeted as heroes. Messaoud, meets and courts Irène, a French woman, When his regiment leaves, he promises to write and she says shell wait for him and they will marry. However, due to French censorship of mail between Arab men and white French women, Irène never learns Messaouds fate, Saïd becomes Martinezs orderly, for which the other soldiers call him wench. Eventually, he snaps and holds a knife to Messaouds throat, Abdelkader calms the situation, but Saïd makes it clear that in this segregated world the French authorities will not give their African soldiers anything. The colonial troops discover that while they are not allowed breaks, eventually, the troops are told they are going home, but its a ruse, instead, they are billeted behind the lines and given a ballet performance. Bored and disillusioned, most leave the tent and hold a meeting outside decrying the injustice, Martinez challenges the group, led by Abdelkader, and a fight starts. Early the next morning, French MPs bring Messaoud to a stockade where Abdelkader is also being held. Messaoud says he was arrested for trying to go back to Marseille, the white officer promises that Abdelkader and the other African soldiers will get the rewards and recognition that success in this operation demands
6.
2006 Cannes Film Festival
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The 2006 Cannes Film Festival ran from 17 May 2006 to 28 May 2006. Twenty films from countries were in competition for the Palme dOr. The President of the Official Jury was Wong Kar-wai, the first Chinese director to preside over the jury, english director Ken Loach won Palme dOr, with his movie The Wind That Shakes the Barley. Other winners were Pedro Almodóvar and Alejandro González Iñárritu and this also marked the first time in three years that no American film, actor, actress, or filmmaker won any awards in Cannes. The festival opened with the screening of The Da Vinci Code. Journalists gave the film a cool reception at its first press screening, transylvania by Tony Gatlif closed the festival. Paris, je taime opened the Un Certain Regard section of the festival, Wong Kar-wai, President Helena Bonham Carter Monica Bellucci Samuel L
7.
Beur
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Beur is a colloquial term to designate European-born people whose parents or grandparents are immigrants from North Africa. The equivalent term for a female beur is a beurette, the term rebeu is neither applicable to females nor does it have a female version. The word beur was coined using backslang by reversing the syllables of the word arabe, for example, arabe becomes a-ra-beu then beu-ra-a and beur by contraction. Since the late 1990s, a lot of people have used the twice-verlanised term rebeu as a synonym. This term is now the dominant term used by the younger generations, the word beurette, the female version of beur is created by adding the -ette female suffix in French. In French many slang words are created by reversing the word in terms of spelling. Because of French grammar rules, the new word is completely different than reversing the word phonetically. The word beurgeois is derived from a combination of the words beur, the term is slightly familiar and not advised in formal speech with respect to etiquette though it will be used in the media. The term beur is used to refer to all the Arabs from either Maghreb or Mashreq areas of the Arab world born in France, there is a big difference between a French Moroccan and a beur, for instance. The term can apply to people of any race or religion, such as Arabs, Berbers, since 1992, the BEUR. FM radio station has broadcast nationwide. It specializes in North African Arab music and other genres discussion, Arabs in France Arabs in Europe Demographics of France Islam in France Arab diaspora Neuilly sa mère. Nora Barsali, François Freland and Anne-Marie Vincent, Générations Beurs, Éditions Autrement 2003 Philippe Bernard, La crème des beurs. Seuil 2004 Hafid Gafaïti, Cultures transnationales de France, l’Harmattan 2001 On Beur Literature, Alec G. Hargreaves, La littérature beur, Un guide bio-bibliographique. CELFAN Edition Monographs, New Orleans 1992 Alec G. Hargreaves, Voices from the North African Immigrant Community in France, immigration and Identity in Beur Fiction. Berg, New York/ Oxford 1991/1997 Michel Laronde, Autour du roman beur, l’Harmattan 1993 Laura Reeck, Writerly Identities in Beur Fiction and Beyond. Lexington Books 2011 La Beurgeoisie The French website for successful Beurs
8.
Napoleon
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Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleons political and cultural legacy has ensured his status as one of the most celebrated and he was born Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica to a relatively modest family from the minor nobility. When the Revolution broke out in 1789, Napoleon was serving as an officer in the French army. Seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution, he rose through the ranks of the military. The Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed a revolt against the government from royalist insurgents, in 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He engineered a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic and his ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and in 1804 he became the first Emperor of the French. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805, in 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon quickly defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then marched the Grand Army deep into Eastern Europe, France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. Tilsit signified the high watermark of the French Empire, hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, Napoleon invaded Iberia and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support, the Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, and ended in victory for the Allies. The Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia, unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade, the Russians routinely violated the Continental System and enticed Napoleon into another war. The French launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the collapse of the Grand Army, the destruction of Russian cities, in 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, the Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba near Rome and the Bourbons were restored to power, however, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June, the British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died six years later at the age of 51
