1.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
2.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
3.
New wave music
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New wave is a genre of rock music popular from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. New wave moved away from smooth blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop music that incorporated electronic and experimental music, mod, initially new wave was similar to punk rock, before becoming a distinct genre. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synth-pop, college rock, common characteristics of new wave music include the use of synthesizers and electronic productions, the importance of styling and the arts, as well as diversity. In the mid-1980s, differences between new wave and other genres began to blur. New wave has enjoyed resurgences since the 1990s, after a rising nostalgia for several new wave-influenced artists, subsequently, the genre influenced other genres. During the 2000s, a number of acts explored new wave and post-punk influences, such as the Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand and these acts were sometimes labeled new wave of new wave. The catch-all nature of new music has been a source of much confusion. The 1985 discography Whos New Wave in Music listed artists in over 130 separate categories, the New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock calls the term virtually meaningless, while AllMusic mentions stylistic diversity. New wave first emerged as a genre in the early 1970s, used by critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh to classify such New York-based groups as the Velvet Underground. It gained currency beginning in 1976 when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin Glue and newsagent music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976 Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLarens term new wave to designate music by bands not exactly punk, the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray in his comments about the Boomtown Rats. For a period of time in 1976 and 1977, the new wave. By the end of 1977, new wave had replaced punk as the definition for new music in the UK. As radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, like the filmmakers of the French new wave movement, its new artists were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most U. S. writers exclusively used the new wave for British punk acts. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, in the U. S. the first new wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television at his club in March 1974, said, furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, New wave is much more closely tied to punk and came and went more quickly in the United Kingdom than in the United States
4.
Neofolk
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Neofolk is a form of folk music-inspired experimental music that emerged from post-industrial music circles. The genre encompasses an assortment of themes. Neofolk musicians often have ties to other such as neoclassical and martial industrial. Anglo-American folk music with sounds and themes to neofolk existed as far back as the 1960s. Folk musicians such as Vulcans Hammer, Changes, Leonard Cohen, also the later explorations of Velvet Undergrounds band members, specifically those of Lou Reed, have been called a major influence to what later became neofolk. A majority of artists within the neofolk genre focus on archaic, cultural, local traditions and indigenous beliefs tend to be portrayed heavily as well as esoteric and historical topics. Various forms of neopaganism and occultism play a part in the themes touched upon by many modern, runic alphabets, heathen European sites and other means of expressing an interest in the ancient and ancestral occurs often in neofolk music. Aesthetically, references to this subject occur within band names, album artwork, clothing and this has led to some forefathers of the genre and current artists within the genre attributing it to being an aspect of a broader neopagan revival. As a descriptor, apocalyptic folk predates neofolk and was used by David Tibet to describe the music of his band Current 93 during a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Initially, Tibet did not intend to imply connection with the music genre, rather. Tibet and Current 93 did dabble in covers of traditional English folk song, other vague terms sometimes used to describe artists of this genre include dark folk and pagan folk. These terms are umbrella terms that describe various other forms of unrelated music. Martial industrial or military pop is a genre that shares a lot in common with neofolk, anton Shekhovtsov, Apoliteic music, Neo-Folk, Martial Industrial and metapolitical fascism, Patterns of Prejudice, Vol.43, No. Peter Webb, Exploring the Networked Worlds of Popular Music, Milieu Cultures, andreas Diesel und Dieter Gerten, Looking for Europe - Neofolk und Hintergründe, ISBN 3-936878-02-1
5.
Strawberry Switchblade
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The punk movement expanded rapidly in the United Kingdom in 1976. Bryson studied for four years at the Glasgow School of Art where she achieved a BA honours degree in mixed media, as friends, McDowall and Bryson socialised in Glasgow pubs, catching many local bands at the time. One of these bands was Orange Juice, fronted by Edwyn Collins, members of New Pop and Orange Juice had recorded a live version of Felicity as a flexi-disc and intended to release it. A fanzine, to be titled Strawberry Switchblade after a James Kirk song, was planned to promote the flexi-disc, the Felicity flexi-disc was eventually released in conjunction with the debut Orange Juice single, Falling and Laughing. McDowall was later given the name by James Kirk, the band’s very first incarnation, an all-female 4 piece, recorded one demo at Glasgow’s Hellfire Club and played a handful of gigs. Friends Janice Goodlett and Carole McGowan completed the line up on bass, Strawberry Switchblade played at a John Peel gig in Scotland, and he invited them to record a session for his BBC Radio 1 show in October 1982. They also recorded a session for David Jensens Radio 1 show three days later, on both sessions the band were augmented by James Kirk from Orange Juice on bass and Shahid Sarwar from The Recognitions on drums. The sessions were heard by Bill Drummond and David Balfe, respectively manager and keyboard player with the recently defunct The Teardrop Explodes and it was featured at number 47 in John Peels 1983 Festive 50. Trees and Flowers was written by Bryson about her medical condition agoraphobia, Drummond signed the band to Warner Music Group subsidiary Korova in 1983. They got a backing band with whom they toured and began recording an album with producer Robin Millar. However, at the record companys behest, they reverted to the duo of Bryson and McDowall and for production duties they hired David Motion, in late 1984 their second single, Since Yesterday, was released. Having been given a large marketing push over the period, it became a UK top ten hit in early 1985, peaking at number 5. Their cover version of Sunday Morning was released as a track on the 12 of Since Yesterday. It was not included on any of the Strawberry Switchblade albums, the tracks opening fanfare came from Sibeliuss Symphony No.5. In March 1985 they released their single, Let Her Go. Their fifth single, a cover of Dolly Partons Jolene, was issued in September 1985 in the UK. Although their commercial success had waned in the UK they remained popular in Japan, the second of these only featured McDowall as by this time the partnership had irreparably fractured. By early 1986, the group had disbanded, platinum Records released a career retrospective of the band, made up of sixteen different tracks from various recordings on one compact disc
6.
Death in June
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Death in June are a neofolk group led by English folk musician Douglas Pearce, better known as Douglas P. Douglas P. now lives in Australia, Douglas P. s influence was instrumental in sparking neofolk, of which his music has subsequently become a part. Pearce formed Death in June in 1981 in England, along with Patrick Leagas, Pearce and Wakeford had been members of the political punk band Crisis, which formed in 1977. Crisis had gained a following in the UK punk subculture. Crisis performed at rallies for The Right to Work, Rock Against Racism, Death in June soon left the reticent punk scene behind and began to infuse their sound with electronics and martial style drumming, combined with a Joy Division-influenced post-punk sound. Their lyrics maintained much of the poetry and political urgency of the early Crisis recordings, Tracks such as the early single sides Holy Water and State Laughter demonstrated an ongoing fascination with political systems. Further on, Douglas P. would abandon any overt interest in politics in favor of an esoteric approach to his work. LP introduced a dance sound to Death in June accompanied by other tracks with the previously introduced folk elements. Douglas P. Patrick Leagas abruptly left the group in April 1985 after a tour of Italy, resulting in many cancelled shows in the UK, Leagas, who began calling himself Patrick O-Kill, later formed Sixth Comm. Thereafter, Death in June has consisted solely of the work of Douglas P. during this period, Pearce collaborated with many artists who also had material distributed through the company in various ways. David Tibet formed Current 93 in 1982, after being introduced to Douglas P. by Alan McGee of Creation Records at the Living Room Club, London in 1983, Tibet eventually began working with Death in June. Familiar with the Runic alphabet, Douglas P. introduced them to Tibet, Tibet similarly had been long interested in magic and religion and implemented these concepts in his early recordings with Current 93. Douglas P. introduced an influence to Current 93/David Tibet. LP and its remix version titled 93 Dead Sunwheels, as well as the albums The World That Summer, Brown Book and he continued his work with Death in June, ending their collaborations with a contribution to the LP, Rose Clouds of Holocaust before their eventual split. Experimental musician Boyd Rice was a friend of the group and had documented one of their earliest performances back in 1982 and he was later invited to contribute a spoken word piece to The Wall of Sacrifice LP. Douglas P. also made a small appearance acting alongside Boyd Rice in the film Pearls Before Swine directed by Richard Wolstencroft, Les Joyaux De La Princesse collaborated with Douglas P. on the Östenbräun double cassette release. Douglas P. sent LJDLP source material, which LJDLP would remix, Douglas P. would later appear live with Les Joyaux De La Princesse for a joint show in 2001. Douglas P. having recently moved to Australia, came back into contact with John Murphy of Knifeladder, Murphy began playing live percussion with Death in June during tours from 1996 onwards
7.
Current 93
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Current 93 is an eclectic British experimental music group, working since the early 1980s in folk-based musical forms. The band was founded in 1982 by David Tibet, Tibet has been the only constant in the group, though Steven Stapleton has appeared on nearly every Current 93 release. Michael Cashmore has also been a constant contributor since Thunder Perfect Mind. Douglas P. of Death in June has played on well over a dozen Current 93 releases, will Oldham, Ben Chasny, Rose McDowall, Hank Williams III, among others. Current 93 have released over twenty albums and many singles as well, much of Current 93s early work was similar to late 1970s and early 1980s industrial music, abrasive tape loops, droning synthesizer noises and Tibets distorted, excoriating vocals. The later to present-day period of Current 93s recordings increasingly reflect Tibets interest in Christian mysticism, Tibet has stated that he identifies himself as a Christian. R. Jamess various ghost stories, The Cloud of Unknowing, Count Eric Stenbock, black Ships Ate The Sky on Brainwaves 1986 Aleister Crowley – The Hastings Archives/The World As Power LP1988 The Venerable Chi. med Rig. dzin Lama, Rinpoche – Tantric rNying. David Tibet – C93 interview extensive interview with David Tibet from the Judas Kiss site, conducted in 2006 Current 93 discography at MusicBrainz
8.
Scottish people
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The Scottish people, or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century, and are thought to have been ethnolinguistically Celts. Later, the neighbouring Cumbrian Britons, who spoke a Celtic language, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons. In modern usage, Scottish people or Scots is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, the Latin word Scotti, originally the word referred specifically to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also used for Scottish people. John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and he states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century. People of Scottish descent live in countries other than Scotland. Scottish emigrants took with them their Scottish languages and culture, large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world, Scotland has seen migration and settlement of many peoples at different periods in its history. The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons have their origin myths. The Venerable Bede tells of the Scotti coming from Spain via Ireland, Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th century, while the Norse invaded and colonized parts of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was emigration from France, England. Some famous Scottish family names, including bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the south-west of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle and their language, south-east of the Firth of Forth, then in Lothian and the Borders, a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking, from 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders and the Inglis-speaking Lowlanders
9.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
10.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
11.
Trio (music)
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In music, a trio is a method of instrumentation or vocalization by three different sounds or voices to make a melodious music or song. In general, trio denotes a group of three instruments or voices. The term is used to describe a composition for such a group. The most common types of compositions are the piano trio—piano, violin and cello—and the string trio—violin, viola. In vocal music, the term terzet is sometimes preferred to trio, from the 17th century onward the word trio is used to describe a contrasting second or middle dance appearing between two statements of a principal dance, such as a minuet or bourée. This second dance was called a trio from the 17th-century practice of scoring it for three instruments, for example two oboes and bassoon. Later examples continued to be referred to as trios, even when they involved a number of parts. In the 18th century, the trio was also used to describe any instrumental composition for three unaccompanied musical strands, regardless of the number of instruments actually involved. Trios for a keyboard instrument are found in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, for example his organ trios, BWV 525–30. Trio also occurs in the name for the musical form trio sonata, a trio sonata is written for two solo melodic instruments and basso continuo, making three parts in all, hence the name trio sonata. However, because the basso continuo is usually made up of at least two instruments, performances of trio sonatas typically involve at least four musicians, in rock music, bands most typically have four to five members, but there are also many three-person bands. Notable examples of trios following this pattern include Rush, The Police, Motörhead, however, there are other variations, for example Emerson, Lake & Palmer, where the guitar is replaced by a keyboard. Jimi Hendrix, although often remembered as a soloist, often performed as part of a trio, the Bee Gees were a popular trio during the Disco music era. A trio may also rely on a combination of instrumentation and vocal harmonization, crosby, Stills, & Nash began as a trio noted for their vocal congruence. Some trios rely entirely on the skills of the performers working in front of pre-recorded instrumental tracks. These include groups like Destinys Child and TLC, the New Grove Dictionary of Opera,4 vols. ISBN9780935859928, ISBN9780333485521, ISBN9780333734322, ISBN9781561592289, the Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth edition. Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell
12.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
13.
Coil (band)
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Coil were an English cross-genre, experimental music group formed in 1982 by John Balance—later credited as Jhonn Balance—and his life partner and collaborator Peter Christopherson, aka Sleazy. The duo worked together on a series of releases before Balance chose the name Coil, today, Coil remains one of the most influential and best-known industrial music groups. The groups first official release as Coil was a 198412 album titled How to Destroy Angels released on the Belgian Les Disques du Crépuscules sublabel LAYLAH Antirecords. In 1985, the group working on a series of soundtracks, among them music for the first Hellraiser movie based on the novel The Hellbound Heart by their acquaintance at that time. The groups first live performance in 16 years occurred in 1999, following the death of John Balance on 13 November 2004, Christopherson announced via their official record label website Threshold House that Coil as an entity had ceased to exist. Coil was formed in 1982 and became a concern in 1984. Balance and Christopherson began working with John Gosling on the project Zos Kia, which resulted in four live performances, following the underground hit How to Destroy Angels, Coil left L. A. Y. L. A. H. Antirecords for Some Bizzare Records and produced Scatology, released in 1984 as their first full-length studio album, the album was largely based on the sound of industrial music as well as the Post-punk movement. While songs such as Restless Day, Panic and Tainted Love are representative of a mainstream style, the single Panic/Tainted Love became the first AIDS benefit music release, as the profits from sales of the single were donated to the Terrence Higgins Trust. The Tainted Love music video, directed by Christopherson, is in the permanent collection of The Museum of Modern Art in New York, Horse Rotorvator followed in 1986 as the next full-length release. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse killed their horses and use their jawbones to make this huge earth-moving machine, the artwork features a photograph of the location of a notorious IRA bombing, in which a bomb was detonated on a military orchestra pavilion. Horse Rotorvator was in part influenced by the AIDS related deaths of some of their friends. Furthermore, the song Ostia, is about the death of Pier Paolo Pasolini, as well as what Balance described as the number one suicide spot in the world. After the release of Horse Rotorvator, Coil left Some Bizzare Records, the 13-track Unnatural History compilation was then released on Threshold House in 1990. The first three songs on the album were first released as one half of the Nightmare Culture mini-album, loves Secret Domain followed in 1991 as the next proper Coil album, although a few minor releases had been produced since Horse Rotorvator. LSD represents a progression in Coils style and became a template for what would be representative of newer waves of post-industrial music, blended with their own style of acid house. Although the album was upbeat, it was not intended as a dance record, as Christopherson explained I wouldnt say its a party atmosphere. Windowpane and a Jack Dangers remix of The Snow were released as singles, the video for Windowpane was shot in the Golden Triangle, where, Balance claimed, the original Thai and Burmese drug barons used to exchange opium for gold bars with the CIA
14.
Megas
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For more information see Icelandic language. Magnús Þór Jónsson, also known by his mononym Megas, is a rock and roll singer, songwriter, and writer who is well known in his native country of Iceland. Being an admirer of Elvis Presley, Megas welcomed the arrival of rock & roll to Iceland by 1956, while he was young, he studied piano and showed skill at painting. He wrote outrageous short stories for the papers and in 1968 he also published the sheet music and lyrics to 14 songs. At the beginning of the seventies, his works were not accessible as Megas only performed them to his friends of the left-wing circles. This work caused controversy and his music was banned by the Icelandic national radio, in 1973, as Megas found it difficult to release further albums, he published his verses and music in 3 books. When his original lyrics were performed with the rock band Judas in 1975. Several of those songs lampooned the Icelandic cultural legacy, including his two albums, Millilending and Fram og aftur blindgötuna, which were much heavier than the first one. He focused on topics that all of Icelandic society’s taboos with references made to classical literature. His work polarized the audience, splitting them into a hostile minority and his songs remarkable poetry and use of Icelandic language proved a novel way to boost Icelandic rock and roll. In 1977, Megas released Á bleikum náttkjólum with the accompaniment of Spilverk þjóðanna and this album was voted the best Icelandic album ever made, and with a variety of music styles, it features what many critics considered the first Icelandic punk song. By the end of the seventies, Megas was perceived as a provocateur and he then released a children’s song album and a double live album and withdrew from the Icelandic music and started working as a dock worker and graduated from arts school. By 1983 reappeared in the Icelandic music scene by collaborating with other bands, towards 1985 joined KUKL in a new project was named MEGAKUKL and toured all over Iceland recording around 20 songs which still remain as unpublished material. After seven years of absence, his career was resumed in 1986 with the release of Í góðri trú. In 1990 Megas released Hættuleg hljómsveit & glæpakvendið Stella, and started a new music with KUKL members called Hættuleg hljómsveit. Megas has remained one of the most important Icelandic artists, considered the father of Icelandic rock and acclaimed for his prolific and, sometimes controversial works, his complete discography up to 1990 was reissued in 2002, remastered and with bonus tracks. More recently, he joined Súkkat to create a new project called Megasukk and released Hús Datt, Megas is mentioned in the song Iceland by The Fall which appeared on Hex Enduction Hour. The song was recorded in Hljóðriti studio in Iceland in 1981, and they tell us the story of Megas, who ridiculed the sacred Sagas of the land, wrote scathing, surreal lyrics, got heavily into booze and drugs, was barred from radio and shunned by society
15.
Nurse with Wound
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Nurse with Wound is the main recording name for British musician Steven Stapleton. Nurse with Wound was originally a band, formed in 1978 by Stapleton, John Fothergill, the band has performed in many genres such as avant-garde, experimental, industrial, noise, dark ambient, and drone. Their early recordings, all quickly, were heavily influenced by free improvisation and krautrock and were generally considered industrial music. By 1981, only Stapleton was left from the original trio, there are now over 40 full length NWW titles. Musique concrète may be the most prominent touchstone due to Stapletons frequent and this aesthetic is fully represented in the artwork on the album covers, virtually all of which are created by Stapleton, mostly under the pseudonym Babs Santini. App and most regularly David Tibet of Current 93, for some time, NWW was a core duo of Stapleton and Colin Potter, the latter having first worked with NWW on 1992s Thunder Perfect Mind when it was recorded at Potters ICR studio. Potter has appeared on almost every NWW release since, in 2009, a CD titled Ød Lot was released which contained solo recordings by Stapleton, Potter, Waldron and Andrew Liles. John Fothergill helped found the band when it started, after parting company he went on to spend many years at the BBC childrens unit accounting for programs such as Raven / In the Night Garden. In 2005, Nurse with Wound returned to performance after a 21-year absence. Stapleton, Potter, Waldron, Rogerson and Andrew Liles played three concerts at the Narrenturm in Vienna, where they performed improvisations on the album Salt Marie Celeste and these concerts were not billed as NWW appearances. The first official NWW appearances since 1984 were at the Great American Music Hall in San Francisco in June 2006, in December of the same year, the group played at the All Tomorrows Parties festival organized by Thurston Moore. Stapleton continues to indicate that his long-promised hip-hop album featuring 5 or 6 female rap artists is forthcoming, a collaborative work with krautrock legend Faust was released on CD in 2007 as Disconnected with a vinyl edition carrying additional mixes following in 2008. Nurse recently joined Faust for the encores during the concert at St. John in Hackney, a NWW album entitled Huffin Rag Blues, primarily a collaboration with British sound artist Andrew Liles, was issued in 2008 with a companion mini-LP entitled The Bacteria Magnet. A remix of Sunn O)))s ØØ Void entitled The Iron Soul of Nothing was given a release with an expanded reissue of the out-of-print studio album The Man with the Woman Face following. An album of new material entitled The Surveillance Lounge was then released as a CD with a limited triple CD called The Memory Surface, a CD of new material entitled Space Music will be released on 17 November 2009. The Vinyl album and CD have been released through Dirter, the follow-up to last years Rupture sees Steven Stapleton and Graham Bowers exploring the inner reaches of the psyche. The thematic work, Parade was released on the interdisciplinary arts group/record label Red Wharf, the third collaboration, ExcitoToxicity was released July 2014, and the fourth, Mutation released March 2015 all through Red Wharf and distributed by Cargo. All records released on United Dairies, except where indicated. A. Y. L. A. H, antirecords The Sylvie and Babs Hi-Fi Companion, L. A. Y. L. A. H
16.
Psychic TV
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Psychic TV or PTV, is an English experimental video art and music group, formed by performance artist Genesis P-Orridge and video director Peter Christopherson after the break-up of Throbbing Gristle. Psychic TV is signed to Some Bizzare Label working along with Alex Fergusson, musician, the band began publishing a monthly series of 23 live albums in 1986, but stopped without explanation after only 17. The tenth, a picture disk most commonly referred to as Album 10, the band subsequently earned an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records for most records released in one year. Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth, was formed as an organisation at the time as the band. T. O. P. Y. was intended to be an order and the philosophical wing of Psychic TV. Psychic TV released early albums of acid house music in as fake compilations, such as Jack The Tab, after breaking up in 1999, Psychic TV reformed as PTV3 with a new line-up in 2003. Since Genesis P-Orridge primarily wrote the lyrics instead of the music and this accounts for the changing musical nature of PTV. Thus the history of Psychic TV can be broken up into the periods of the main songwriter that was working them at the time. Psychic TV was formed with the membership of Genesis P-Orridge. Peter Christopherson got involved in 1982 and claimed that the TV component of the name was intended to focus on the elements of the outfit. P-Orridge once claimed that Psychic TV is a group who does music unlike a music group which makes music videos. Similarities can be seen in the artwork for Alternative TV and early Psychic TV releases, john Balance – foreshadowing the pairs later work as Coil. Marc Almond also contributed his vocals and this led to an intended series of 23 live show recordings being released, which dominated most of Psychic TVs output until 1988. In the event only 17 were released, towards the end of this period Fergusson/P-Orridge completed their third proper studio album Allegory and Self, Thee Starlit Mire. It was at point that P-Orridge became interested in acid house. Alex Fergusson left and was replaced with techno artist Fred Giannelli, the idea behind this was to release compilations of these imaginary artists, creating a sense that a healthy acid house scene existed in the UK. From 88–90 PTV was very stable as a unit and did more gigs. A long tour of the USA and UK in 1988, Europe in 1989, in 1990, Psychic TV released the song I. C
17.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
18.
Psychedelia
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Psychedelia is a name given to the subculture of people, originating in the 1960s, who often use psychedelic drugs such as LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. The term is used to describe a style of psychedelic artwork. Psychedelic art and music typically try to recreate or reflect the experience of altered consciousness, the term psychedelic is derived from the Ancient Greek words psychē and dēloun, translating to soul-revealing. Psychedelic states may be elicited by various techniques, such as meditation, sensory stimulation or deprivation, when these psychoactive substances are used for religious, shamanic, or spiritual purposes, they are termed entheogens. The term was first coined as a noun in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. Seeking a name for the experience induced by LSD, Osmond contacted Aldous Huxley, Huxley coined the term phanerothyme, from the Greek terms for manifest and spirit. This mongrel spelling of the word psychedelic was loathed by American ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, but championed by Timothy Leary, who thought it sounded better. In the same period Lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, or acid, began to be used in the US and UK as an experimental treatment, initially promoted as a potential cure for mental illness. There had long been a culture of use among jazz and blues musicians, and use of drugs had begun to grow among folk and rock musicians. By the mid-1960s, the psychedelic life-style had already developed in California, and this was particularly true in San Francisco, due in part to the first major underground LSD factory, established there by Owsley Stanley. Leary was a proponent of the use of psychedelics, as was Aldous Huxley. However, both advanced widely different opinions on the use of psychedelics by state and civil society. Leary promulgated the idea of such substances as a panacea, while Huxley suggested that only the cultural and intellectual elite should partake of entheogens systematically, in the mid-1960s the use of psychedelic drugs became widespread in modern Western culture, particularly in the United States and Britain. The movement is credited to Michael Hollingshead who arrived in America from London in 1965 and he was sent to the U. S. by other members of the psychedelic movement to get their ideas exposure. Resurgences of the style are common in the modern era, in science, hallucinogen remains the standard term. Advances in printing and photographic technology in the 1960s saw the traditional lithography printing techniques rapidly superseded by the printing system. Many artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s attempted to illustrate the psychedelic experience in paintings, drawings, illustrations, in the modern era, computer graphics may be used to produce psychedelic effects for artwork. The counterculture music scene frequently used psychedelic designs on posters during the Summer of Love, many of these works are now regarded as classics of the poster genre, and original items by these artists command high prices on the collector market today
19.
Cover version
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A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
20.
Mute Records
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Mute Records is a British record label owned and founded in 1978 by Daniel Miller. It featured several prominent musical acts on its roster such as Depeche Mode, Erasure, Fad Gadget, Goldfrapp, Grinderman, Inspiral Carpets, Moby, New Order, Nitzer Ebb, Wire, Yeasayer, and Yazoo. During 1978, Daniel Miller began recording music using synthesisers under the name The Normal and he recorded the tracks T. V. O. D. and Warm Leatherette, and distributed them through Rough Trade Shops under the label name Mute Records. The label was formed initially just to release the one single, T. V. O. D. /Warm Leatherette became a cult hit ensuring the future of the label. Warm Leatherette was later covered by Grace Jones and Chicks on Speed, after meeting Robert Rental, Miller began recording and playing live as Robert Rental & The Normal. In 1979 the band went on tour supporting the punk band Stiff Little Fingers, in 1980, Miller released the single, Kebab-Träume, by the German band Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft, who had recently moved to London. The bands 1980 album, Die Kleinen und die Bösen, was the first album released by the new label, the album had the catalogue prefix STUMM, a play on the record labels name, meaning mute in German. This prefix would continue to be used through most of the labels album catalogue, also in 1980, Miller recorded and released the cover single, Memphis Tennessee, under the name Silicon Teens. The band was Miller’s realisation of a dream Mute Records group, in mid-1980, Mute Records released the Silicon Teens album, titled Music For Parties. Around this time the artist Fad Gadget had begun recording new demos and this was released as a single in 1980, followed by the next single Rickys Hand and the album Fireside Favourites recorded at Blackwing Studios. September 1980 saw the release of the double-holed, multi-speed 7 single by Non & Smegma, Boyd Rice went on to release several more recordings with Mute Records. After touring with Daniel Miller as Robert Rental & The Normal, Robert Rental released his only Mute Records single, Double Heart, a rare, remaining trace of this late electronic music pioneer. Miller approached Depeche Mode in 1980, after seeing them perform in London, wanting them to record a single for his label and their loyalty to Mute was reciprocated by the label’s rapid expansion to cope with their success. In defiance of the recording labels predictions of failure, Depeche Mode became a successful charting band worldwide. The bands consistency was unbroken even by the departure of principal songwriter Vince Clarke, Martin Gore took over the main songwriting role, opening the band up to different influences and sustaining their creativity as a band. Mute continued to other experimental artists, such as NON, releasing an album of Boyd Rices pre-NON recordings. 1982 began with the release of the 12-inch single, Rise, by Boyd Rice, Fad Gadget released his third album for the label, titled Under the Flag, influenced by the current Falklands War and the feeling of being British in the most unseemly of times. The album spawned the singles For Whom the Bells Toll and Life on the Line, Mute Records big commercial success of 1982 was the band Yazoo, the duo of Vince Clarke and Alison Moyet
21.
Folk rock
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It has also been influential in those parts of the world with close cultural connections to Britain and gave rise to the genre of folk punk. By the 1980s the genre was in decline in popularity. When English bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s defined themselves as electric folk they were making a distinction with the existing folk rock. Folk rock was what they had already been producing, American or American style singer-songwriter material played on instruments, as undertaken by Bob Dylan. They drew the distinction because they were focusing on indigenous songs, the result of this hybridisation was an exchange of specific features drawn from Traditional music and Rock music. For example, electric folk groups, while using traditional material as their source for lyrics and tunes. In the same year, The Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, the Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the Californian band The Byrds, who began playing folk-influenced material and Bob Dylan compositions with rock instrumentation. The Byrds recording of Dylans Mr Tambourine Man was released in April 1965 and reached #1 on the U. S. and UK singles charts, setting off the mid-1960s folk rock movement. The Beatles late 1965 album, Rubber Soul, contained a number of songs clearly influenced by the American folk rock boom, such as Nowhere Man and If I Needed Someone. Folk rock became an important genre among emerging English bands, particularly those in the London club scene towards the end of the 1960s. Like the American revival, it was often overtly left wing in its politics, most important among their responses were the foundation of folk clubs in major towns, starting with London where MacColl began the Ballads and Blues Club in 1953. These clubs were usually urban in location, but the songs sung in them often hearkened back to a rural pre-industrial past, in many ways this was the adoption of abandoned popular music by the middle classes. This meant that there were, by the later 1960s, a group of performers with musical skill and knowledge of a variety of traditional songs. The result was an interpretation of the song A Sailors Life. The rapid expansion of electric folk that followed in the wake of Liege, five Hand Reel a band formed out of the remnants of Spencers Feat proved to be one of the more successful and influential folk rock bands. Releasing 4 albums with Topic/RCA records they were popular in Europe. He then quit that and eventually formed the Albion Country Band, later the Albion Band, a much smaller group of English bands were formed in emulation of existing electric rock bands. Fiddlers Dram were often dismissed as one hit wonders for their single Day Trip to Bangor, most of their career, from that point until they disbanded in 1979, was one of declining profile and sales
22.
Extended play
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An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
23.
World Serpent Distribution
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World Serpent Distribution was a British record label and music distribution house formed in the 1990s by David Gibson, Alan Trench and Alison Webster. Douglas Pearce of Death In June coined the name in 1991. Following a long period of rumours, Boyd Rice left World Serpent Distribution and he was followed shortly thereafter by Douglas Pearce, Richard Leviathan and Albin Martinek. Subsequently, fewer and fewer releases began to be distributed by World Serpent, in October 2002, a claim filed by Pearce in 2000 was successfully settled out of court, resulting in Pearce receiving unpaid royalties from the Court Funds Office. Pearce also gave back his shares in the company he had helped form, founder Alan Trench left World Serpent Distribution at the end of 2003. It was confirmed in August 2004 that World Serpent Distribution was no longer operating and had gone bankrupt, many artists distributed through World Serpent, such as Chris and Cosey, had not been informed by the company and may still be owed past dues
24.
Melodica
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The melodica, also known as the pianica, blow-organ, key harmonica, or melodyhorn, is a free-reed instrument similar to the pump organ and harmonica. It has a keyboard on top, and is played by blowing air through a mouthpiece that fits into a hole in the side of the instrument. Pressing a key opens a hole, allowing air to flow through a reed, the keyboard is usually two or three octaves long. Melodicas are small, light, and portable and they are popular in music education, especially in Asia. The modern form of the instrument was invented by Hohner in the 1950s, brazilian multi-instrumentalist Hermeto Pascoal developed a technique consisting of singing while playing the melodica, resulting in a wide tonal and harmonic palette. It is associated with Jamaican dub and reggae musician Augustus Pablo who popularized it in the 1970s, Melodicas are classified primarily by the range of the instrument. Melodicas with different ranges have different shapes. Soprano and alto melodicas are higher-pitched and thinner sounding than tenors, some are designed to be played with both hands at once, the left hand plays the black keys, and the right hand plays the white keys. Others are played like the tenor melodica, tenor melodicas are a lower-pitched type of melodica. The left hand holds a handle on the bottom, and the hand plays the keyboard. Tenor melodicas can be played with two hands by inserting a tube into the hole and placing the melodica on a flat surface. Bass melodicas also exist, but are less common than other tenor, alto, although the majority of melodicas are made of plastic, some are made primarily of wood. The Sound Electra corporation makes the MyLodica, a wooden melodica designed. to produce a richer sound than that of its plastic relatives. The Victoria Accordion company in Castelfidardo, Italy, produces a range of wooden melodicas and accordinas that they market under the name Vibrandoneon, the melodica is known by various names, often at the whim of the manufacturer. Melodion, Triola, Melodika, Melodia, Pianica, Melodihorn and this can lead to some confusion, as many people will use different names as a blanket term to describe all of these instruments. The melodica may colloquially be referred to as a hooter and this was the source of the name for Philadelphia band, The Hooters. Melodica can be played with two hands employing an air tube, to blow air, a foot pump can also be used. Melodicas are unusual because unlike most conventional woodwind instruments, they use of a piano keyboard rather than a specialized fingering system using holes and/or buttons
25.
Washburn Guitars
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Washburn Guitars is an American manufacturer and importer of guitars, mandolins, and other string instruments. The original company was established in 1883 in Chicago, Illinois, the modern Washburn is a division of US Music Corp. in turn now owned by JAM Industries USA. Lyon & Healy began in 1864 as a partnership of businessman George W. Lyon and Patrick J. Healy, acting as the Chicago, Illinois, outlet for Boston sheet music publisher Oliver Ditson, by 1865, the company had expanded into reed organs and some small instruments. Lyon & Healy achieved independence by 1880, and around 1888 the company launched fully into fretted and plucked instruments under the Washburn brand, tracing the history of any particular instrument of this period presents many obstacles. As well, they built instruments for other retailers and distributors under various house brands, in 1912, Washburn introduced the Lakeside Jumbo guitar, which some condider the first dreadnought-sized guitar. It bridged the gap between smaller-bodied parlor guitars of the late 19th and early 20th century and modern-day dreadnought and jumbo acoustic guitars, George Lyon retired from the company in 1889. Patrick Healy then led the company into a period of expansion, beginning with a larger new factory and improved mass-production techniques. Their 1892 catalog claimed to manufacture 100,000 instruments annually, by the 1920s, Lyon & Healy faced growing competition from other instrument manufacturers as well as from the rise of other forms of entertainment, particularly film and the gramophone. Tonk Brothers turned to manufacturer J. R. Stewart Company to purchase and operate the massive factory, some of the Stewart assets were acquired by the Regal Musical Instrument Company, which had purchased the Regal brand name in 1908 from Lyon & Healy. Regal was chosen to reopen the Washburn factory, though the Washburn brand was preserved, it never regained its preeminence, and by the early 1940s had declined to nothing. There is no connection between the original Washburn brand and the modern Washburn International. In the early 1960s, retail store the Chicago Guitar Gallery hired Rudolf Rudy Schlacher, a few years later, Schlacher opened The Sound Post to focus on guitars. He soon realized the potential for lower-cost quality instruments. Tom Beckmen and his wife Judy Fink Beckmen in 1972 left careers as music salesman and teacher to launch a music business in Los Angeles. With assistance from Ikutaro Kakehashi, Schlacher was able to find instrument factories in Japan that could meet the desired standards, fretted Industries acquired other lines as well, such as Oscar Schmidt autoharps. Schlacher bought out Johnstone in 1987, and changed the name to Washburn International. A stateside manufacturing operation was opened in 1991 for higher-end, short-run and that year, a Chicago Tribune article confidently places Washburn among the top three guitar manufacturers in the world, behind only Fender and Gibson. On December 15,2002, Washburn International announced that it had completed acquisition of U. S, Music Corporation, and would be rolling its assets into that company in a reverse merger
26.
Twelve-string guitar
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The twelve-string guitar is a steel-string guitar with twelve strings in six courses, which produces a richer, more ringing tone than a standard six-string guitar. Typically, the strings of the four courses are tuned in octaves. The gap between the strings within each dual-string course is narrow, and the strings of each course are fretted and plucked as a single unit, the neck is wider, to accommodate the extra strings, and is similar to the width of a classical guitar neck. The sound, particularly on acoustical instruments, is fuller and more resonant than six-string instruments. Structurally, twelve-string guitars, especially those built before 1970, differ from six-string guitars in the following ways, the added tension of the six additional strings necessitates heavier-duty reinforcement of the neck. The body is reinforced, and built with a stronger structure. The fretting scale is generally shorter to reduce the overall string tension, Twelve-string guitars are made in both acoustic and electric forms. However, it is the type that is most common. The result to the ear is a sound that seems to shimmer, pete Seeger described the distinctive sound of the 12-string guitar as the clanging of bells. The effect is more apparent when listening to notes that sustain for longer periods of time, at the very end of the nineteenth century, the Archtop mandolin was one of the first instruments with courses of doubled strings designed in the United States. The 19th and early 20th century twelve-strings were regarded as novelty instruments, the twelve-string guitar has since occupied roles in certain varieties of folk, rock, jazz, and popular music. Initially, it was used for accompaniment, owing to the greater difficulty of picking or executing string bends on the twelve-string guitars double-strung courses. In the later 20th century, however, a number of players devoted themselves to producing solo performances on the twelve-string guitar, the strings are placed in courses of two strings each that are usually played together. The two strings in each of the four courses are normally tuned an octave apart, while each pair of strings in the top two courses are tuned in unison. Another common variant is to tune the octave string in the course two octaves above the lower string, rather than one. Some players, either in search of distinctive tone or for ease of playing, for example, removing the higher octave from the three bass courses simplifies playing running bass lines, but keeps the extra treble strings for the full strums. Some manufacturers have produced nine-string instruments based on this setup, in either the lower three courses are undoubled, or the upper three courses are undoubled. The extra tension placed on the instrument by the strings is high
27.
Fender Coronado
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The Fender Coronado is a double-cutaway thin-line hollow-body electric guitar, announced in 1965, it is manufactured by Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. The aesthetic design embodied in the Coronado represents a departure from previous Fender instruments, three versions of the Coronado guitar were produced from 1966 through 1972. The Fender Coronado I, discontinued in 1970, was the single pickup design. The Coronado II had a bridge pickup. The Coronado XII, released in 1967, was a version of the guitar. The Coronado was a true hollow-bodied electric guitar, like the Gibson ES-330 and Epiphone Casino and this is in contrast to guitars such as the Gibson ES-335, which, although appearing similar, were constructed with a solid central block running lengthways through the archtop body. The body of the instrument was finished in a nitrocellulose lacquer. A number of Coronado II and Coronado XII guitars were offered in a special Wildwood finish and this involved specially prepared, heavily-grained beechwood, a chemical dye was injected into the growing trees, years prior to harvesting, which stained the grain pattern of the wood. Only one Blonde Coronado is known to exist, it is in a collection in California. The Coronado also featured relatively thin C-shaped bolt-on maple neck, topped with a fingerboard. Tremolo tailpieces were also available at extra cost for 1966 until cease of the Coronados production, the wiring harness used in the Fender Coronado line was manufactured by Rowe Industries of Toledo, Ohio and delivered as a completely pre-assembled set. The Coronados all came in cases made by the Victoria Luggage Co, rossmeisls Fender-creations were also used by Elvis in a separate film Clambake where the Fender Wildwood is seen in two scenes. An image of a Coronado is seen upon the Chills compilation album Heavenly Pop Hit, despite the expensive construction of the instrument, the Coronado achieved little success. It has however gained a significant following after release for its resonance and bright. The song Coronado II by Polaris is named after the instrument, all 6 String Guitar,12 String Guitar and 4 String Bass. Coronado I one neck pickup, one volume and one tone control, available in either Cherry Red, Sunburst, or any DuPont custom finish. Coronado II two pickups—neck and bridge positions—two volume and two tone controls, as well as a selector switch. Only one Blonde Coronado is known to exist, it is in a collection in California
28.
Pump organ
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The pump organ, reed organ, harmonium, or melodeon is a type of free-reed organ that generates sound as air flows past a vibrating piece of thin metal in a frame. The piece of metal is called a reed, the finer instruments have a unique tone, and the cabinets of those intended for churches and affluent homes were often excellent pieces of furniture. Several million free-reed organs and melodeons were made in the USA, during this time Estey Organ and Mason & Hamlin were popular manufacturers. The harmoniums design incorporates free reeds and derives from the earlier regal, a harmonium-like instrument was exhibited by Gabriel Joseph Grenié in 1810. He called it an orgue expressif, because his instrument was capable of greater expression, alexandre Debain improved Greniés instrument and gave it the name harmonium when he patented his version in 1840. There was concurrent development of similar instruments, beginning in 1885, the firm of Mason & Hamlin, of Boston made their instruments with the suction bellows, and this method of construction soon superseded all others in America. Harmoniums reached the height of their popularity in the West in the late 19th, an added attraction of the harmonium in tropical regions was that the instrument held its tune regardless of heat and humidity, unlike the piano. This export market was lucrative for manufacturers to produce harmoniums with cases impregnated with chemicals to prevent woodworm. At the peak of the instruments Western popularity around 1900, a variety of styles of harmoniums were being produced. These ranged from simple models with plain cases and only four or five stops, up to large instruments with ornate cases, up to a dozen stops, expensive harmoniums were often built to resemble pipe organs, with ranks of fake pipes attached to the top of the instrument. Small numbers of harmoniums were built with two manuals, some were even built with pedal keyboards, which required the use of an assistant to run the bellows or, for some of the later models, an electrical pump. The invention of the organ in the mid-1930s spelled the end of the harmoniums success in the West. By this time, harmoniums had reached high levels of complexity, not only through the need to provide instruments with a greater tonal range. The last mass-producer of harmoniums in North America was the Estey company, which ceased manufacture in the mid-1950s, as the existing stock of instruments aged and spare parts became hard to find, more and more were either scrapped or sold. It was not uncommon for harmoniums to be modernised by having electric blowers fitted, the majority of Western harmoniums today are in the hands of enthusiasts, though the instrument remains popular in South Asia. Modern electronic keyboards can emulate the sound of the pump organ, the acoustical effects described below are a result of the free-reed mechanism. Therefore, they are identical for the Western and Indian harmoniums. And as its vibrators also admit of a delicate and durable tuning and this arrangement was difficult to play on
29.
Wikimedia Commons
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Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, the repository contains over 38 million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000, the project was proposed by Erik Möller in March 2004 and launched on September 7,2004. The expression educational is to be according to its broad meaning of providing knowledge. Wikimedia Commons itself does not allow fair use or uploads under non-free licenses, for this reason, Wikimedia Commons always hosts freely licensed media and deletes copyright violations. The default language for Commons is English, but registered users can customize their interface to use any other user interface translations. Many content pages, in particular policy pages and portals, have also translated into various languages. Files on Wikimedia Commons are categorized using MediaWikis category system, in addition, they are often collected on individual topical gallery pages. While the project was proposed to also contain free text files. In 2012, BuzzFeed described Wikimedia Commons as littered with dicks, in 2010, Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger reported Wikimedia Commons to the FBI for hosting sexualized images of children known as lolicon. Wales responded to the backlash from the Commons community by voluntarily relinquishing some site privileges, over time, additional functionality has been developed to interface Wikimedia Commons with the other Wikimedia projects. Specialized uploading tools and scripts such as Commonist have been created to simplify the process of uploading large numbers of files. In order to free content photos uploaded to Flickr, users can participate in a defunct collaborative external review process. The site has three mechanisms for recognizing quality works, one is known as Featured pictures, where works are nominated and other community members vote to accept or reject the nomination. This process began in November 2004, another process known as Quality images began in June 2006, and has a simpler nomination process comparable to Featured pictures. Quality images only accepts works created by Wikimedia users, whereas Featured pictures additionally accepts nominations of works by third parties such as NASA, the three mentioned processes select a slight part from the total number of files. However, Commons collects files of all quality levels, from the most professional level across simple documental, files with specific defects can be tagged for improvement and warning or even proposed for deletion but there exists no process of systematic rating of all files. The site held its inaugural Picture of the Year competition, for 2006, all images that were made a Featured picture during 2006 were eligible, and voted on by eligible Wikimedia users during two rounds of voting
30.
All Media Network
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AllGame was a commercial database of information about arcade games, video games and console manufacturers. The AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com, All Media Network includes of the original founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. The AllGame section of the site was shut down on December 12,2014, AllMusic AllMovie SideReel All Media Network MobyGames, another online database of video games and developers
31.
John Balance
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He was responsible for vocals, lyrics, chants, synthetics and various esoteric sound-making instruments and devices. Outside of Coil he collaborated with Nurse with Wound, Death in June, Psychic TV, Current 93, Chris & Cosey, Thighpaulsandra and his early work and wide-ranging collaborations made him one of the most influential figures in the industrial, experimental minimalist and neofolk music scenes. Balance first recorded using the alias Merderwerkers, the Merderwerkers track, Blue Funk, was included on the Sterile Records cassette compilation Standard Response. Balance also published a zine, Stabmental, and released a track, A Thin Veil of Blood. A Thin Veil of Blood was included on the cassette compilation Deleted Funtime – Various Tunes for Various Loons, Balance then joined up with Peter Christopherson and Boyd Rice to record Nightmare Culture under the moniker The Sickness of Snakes. Balance subsequently joined Psychic TV and performed alongside Christopherson, however in 1984, Balance, a short collaboration with Zos Kia produced the split tape Transparent. Credit for the album was shared, and marked Coils first release, the original Coil / Zos Kia tape, Transparent, was released as a His-Storical CD reissue in 1997. Dreams Less Sweet Just Drifting Berlin Atonal Vol.2 N. Y, scum Thee City ov Tokyo/Thee City ov New York Mein-Goett-In-Gen Merderwerkers, Blue Funk on Sterile Records compilation Standard Response. Stabmental, A Thin Veil of Blood on compilation Deleted Funtime - Various Tunes for Various Loons, Sickness of Snakes, Nightmare Culture Rosa Mundi, The Snow Man on compilations The Final Solstice, The Final Solstice II and split album Grief. Balance died on 13 November 2004, after falling from a balcony at his home. Peter Christopherson announced Balances death on the Threshold House website, Balances memorial service was held near Bristol on 23 November, and was attended by approximately 100 people. November 2014 saw the publication of a volume of his art called Bright Lights and Cats with no Mouths by Edition Timeless
32.
Peter Christopherson
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Peter Martin Christopherson was a musician, video director, commercial artist, designer and photographer, and former member of British design agency Hipgnosis. He was one of the members of the Industrial Records band Throbbing Gristle. After the disbandment of Throbbing Gristle, he participated in the formation of Psychic TV along with Genesis P-Orridge, Christopherson participated in the reunification of Throbbing Gristle and, after his relocation to Thailand in 2005, composed an album for his solo endeavour The Threshold HouseBoys Choir. Christopherson died in his sleep on 25 November 2010, Christopherson was born on 27 February 1955 in Leeds, UK. His father, Derman Christopherson, was a professor of engineering who became master of Magdalene College, Cambridge prior to receiving a knighthood. Following school, Christopherson studied computer programming, theatre design and video at the State University of New York at Buffalo in New York, Christopherson was a founding member of Throbbing Gristle, who are credited with creating the industrial music genre before disbanding in 1981. Throbbing Gristle members Chris Carter and Cosey Fanni Tutti formed their own group, while Christopherson, Balance met Christopherson as a Throbbing Gristle fan and the two became intimate partners. Christopherson worked on the first two Psychic TV albums, Force the Hand of Chance and Dreams Less Sweet, joined by Balance on the latter, the two performed live several times with Psychic TV prior to forming their own project Coil. Strictly a recording project, Coil consisted of Christopherson and Balance, while Steven E. Thrower occasionally played bass guitar, Balance was the lyricist and also played Chapman Stick and some keyboards. In 1987, Christopherson explained the sound of Coil, A ‘big movie theater’ ambience, we’ve always liked movies about Turkish prisons and Roman galleys. Most contemporary music draws its imagery from the past 30 years, but there’s a whole wealth of imagery from earlier times that’s fascinating to draw from. Over two decades, Coil released a myriad of recordings, in addition to contributing to the work of other artists and they recorded parts of the album The New Backwards at Nothing Studios in New Orleans, US, owned by musician Trent Reznor at the time. In the liner notes of the 2008 CD release, Christopherson wrote, Thanks to everyone there, despite Christophersons long and extensive history as a musical artist, he only released two tracks under the name Peter Christopherson. In 2005, following the death of Balance, Christopherson relocated from England to Bangkok, Thailand and he also released the final Coil CDs—The Remote Viewer, Black Antlers. And The Ambulance Died in His Arms and The New Backwards—on the bands own Threshold House label. Throbbing Gristle also reformed for a few concerts in 2005 and announced a new album called Part Two, the group announced several additional concerts in 2007 for the promotion of the album. In 2007 Christopherson released the album of The Threshold HouseBoys Choir. The album, Form Grows Rampant, consists of five parts or songs, One tour promoter who organized a Threshold HouseBoys Choir concert described it as easily the most shocking thing I have ever experienced. In 2008 Christopherson and Ivan Pavlov started a new project called Soisong, the band officially premiered in Tokyo on 9 March 2008 and later performed several shows in Europe, having self-released their debut EP
33.
Thighpaulsandra
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Thighpaulsandra is a Welsh experimental musician and multi-instrumentalist known mostly for performing on synthesizers and keyboards. As Tim Lewis, he began his working with Julian Cope. A collaboration with Cope in 1993 followed, as the experimental duo Queen Elizabeth and this project completed just the two albums, Queen Elizabeth and Elizabeth Vagina, each containing extremely long spacey tracks of between 20–47 minutes in duration. In 1997, former Cope guitarist Mike Mooney invited Lewis to fill for the departing Kate Radley on a Spiritualized tour, in 1999 he also became a member of the experimental band Coil. He has subsequently released solo albums. Beginning his career in the early 1980s with the metal band Temper Temper, Lewis next became the house engineer. Living in S. Wales, Lewis was at first unable to capitalise on his influences, such as krautrock. Eventually, his work with Julian Cope provided the right atmosphere, Thighpaulsandra can be heard on the records Live at the Albert Hall, Let It Come Down, Amazing Grace and Songs in A&E. He also joined Coil the next year and performed on albums as Astral Disaster, Musick to Play in the Dark Vol.1. During the same period, Thighpaulsandra also worked on The Waterboys album A Rock in the Weary Land, the artwork for his Double Vulgar album caused some controversy with several printers not willing to reproduce the controversial imagery. Double Vulgar II was delayed, possibly for the reason, along with the passing of friend. His first three solo releases came out via the Coil label, Eskaton, London based Austrian photographer Ruth Bayer took the front cover image for I, Thighpaulsandra. Bayer was the photographer for many of the first London Coil shows. In September 2013 he joined Wire on their UK and European tours playing keyboards, after a hiatus from solo work, Thighpaulsandra released The Golden Communion in 2015. Some Head EP – I, Thighpaulsandra – The Michel Publicity Window E. P, – Double Vulgar – Rape Scene – Double Vulgar II – Chamber Music – The Lepore Extrusion – The Clisto E. P. – The Golden Communion – Compilation appearances Heaven Lies About Us in Our Infancy on Brain in the Wire Christs Teeth on. 1 Musick to Play in the Dark Vol.2 Coil Presents Time Machines Queens of the Circulating Library Constant Shallowness Leads to Evil Live One Live Two Live Four Megalithomania
34.
Scatology (album)
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Scatology is the debut longplay by British experimental band Coil, first released in 1984. Scatology was released in three different formats with two different covers, for the original LP release, the black sun design that was first put on was pasted over by a postcard with a swirling and descending staircase known as the Anal Staircase. The second edition had the Sexual Architecture postcard pasted on random covers with uncovered ones revealing the black sun design. The CD edition featured a cover with the title of the album, -4,24 Godhead=Deathead -5,16 Cathedral in Flames -4,39 Tainted Love -5,53 The version of Spoiler is not the same as the 12 release. Ubu Noir Panic At the Heart of it All Tenderness of Wolves The Spoiler Clap Restless Day Aqua Regis Solar Lodge The S. W. B. P, track 2 is in a greatly extended early version, including a minute-long organ introduction and several verses. Track 9 is an instrumental demo, tracks 3 and 11 are early vocal demos, the former became Godhead<=> Deathead, while the latter was re-recorded, the original becoming, in instrumental form, The Wheal. Looking for Europe, Neofolk und Hintergründe, Scatology at Discogs Scatology at Brainwashed. com
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