1.
Public transport
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Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports
2.
Rotterdam
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Rotterdam is a city in the Netherlands, located in South Holland, within the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt river delta at the North Sea. Its history goes back to 1270 when a dam was constructed in the Rotte river by people settled around it for safety, in 1340 Rotterdam was granted city rights by the Count of Holland and slowly grew into a major logistic and economic centre. Nowadays it is home to Europes largest port and has a population of 633,471, ranking second in the Netherlands, just behind Amsterdam. The Greater Rijnmond area is home to approximately 1.4 million people, Rotterdam is part of the yet larger Randstad conurbation with a total population of 7,100,000. The city of Rotterdam is known for the Erasmus University, riverside setting, lively cultural life, the near-complete destruction of Rotterdams city centre during World War II has resulted in a varied architectural landscape including sky-scrapers, which are an uncommon sight in other Dutch cities. Rotterdam is home to some world-famous architecture from renowned architects like Rem Koolhaas, Piet Blom, Ben van Berkel and others. Recently Rotterdam was listed eighth in The Rough Guide Top 10 Cities to Visit, the port of Rotterdam is the largest cargo port in Europe and the 10th largest in the world. Rotterdams logistic success is based on its location on the North Sea. The rivers Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt give waterway access into the heart of Western Europe, the extensive distribution system including rail, roads, and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nickname Gateway to Europe, and, conversely, Gateway to the World in Europe. The settlement at the end of the fen stream Rotte dates from at least 900 CE. A dam on the Rotte or Rotterdam was built in the 1260s and was located at the present-day Hoogstraat, on 7 July 1340, Count Willem IV of Holland granted city rights to Rotterdam, which then had approximately 2,000 inhabitants. The port of Rotterdam grew slowly but steadily into a port of importance, becoming the seat of one of the six chambers of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the greatest spurt of growth, both in port activity and population, followed the completion of the Nieuwe Waterweg in 1872. The city and harbor started to expand on the bank of the river. The Witte Huis or White House skyscraper, inspired by American office buildings and built in 1898 in the French Château-style, is evidence of Rotterdams rapid growth, when completed, it was the tallest office building in Europe, with a height of 45 m. During World War I the city was the worlds largest spy centre because of Dutch neutrality, many spies who were arrested and executed in Britain were led by German secret agents operating from Rotterdam. MI6 had its main European office on de Boompjes, from there the British coordinated espionage in Germany and occupied Belgium. In WWI an average of 25,000 Belgian refugees lived in the city, as well as hundreds of German deserters, during World War II, the German army invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. Adolf Hitler had hoped to conquer the country in just one day, the Dutch army was finally forced to capitulate on 15 May 1940, following Hitlers bombing of Rotterdam on 14 May and threatening to bomb other Dutch cities
3.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
4.
Government of Rotterdam
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The Government of Rotterdam is the government of the municipality and city of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Results of the elections of 2002,2006,2010, and 2014, The coalition mayor and aldermen for the period 2006-2010 was formed by a coalition of the parties PvdA, CDA, VVD, the college was sworn in on May 18,2006. The college since its inauguration in 2006 had a number of cycles, VVD alderman Roelf de Boer retreated from his position in 2007. In 2008, GreenLeft alderman Orhan Kaya was replaced by Rik Grashoff, in April 2009 VVD left the coalition, though it retained a slim majority of 23 of the 45 seats. The two VVD aldermen Jeannette Baljeu and Mark Harbers were replaced by CDA and PvdA aldermen and this left the CDA with three council seats and three aldermen, a remarkable situation. In July 2009 CDA alderman Leonard Geluk joined the coalition but he stepped down prematurely, the city board of mayor and aldermen was formed by four parties, PvdA, VVD, D66, and CDA. Aldermen were, Jeannette Baljeu, Hugo de Jonge, Hamit Karakus, Jantine Kriens, Antoinette Laan, the city board of mayor and aldermen is formed by three parties, Leefbaar Rotterdam, D66, and CDA. Aldermen are, Joost Eerdmans, Hugo de Jonge, Pex Langenberg, Ronald Schneider, Maarten Struijvenberg, the mayor of Rotterdam is the head of the city council. The current mayor is Ahmed Aboutaleb, the submunicipalities were responsible for many activities that previously had been run by the central city. The idea was to bring the government closer to the people, all submunicipalities had their own deelgemeenteraad, direct elected by the boroughs inhabitants. The district councils enjoyed far-reaching autonomous decisionmaking powers in many policy areas, only affairs pertaining the whole city such as major infrastructural projects remained within the jurisdiction of by the central municipal council. In 2014, the submunicipalities were abolished by law, but Rotterdam maintained its boroughs, the district councils were replaced with smaller, but still directly elected gebiedscommissies. The area committees no longer have autonomous powers, but instead act primarily as advisory and participatory bodies for the municipal council. The city of Rotterdam was especially strong growth since 1850, initially they tried to accommodate the population within existing municipal boundaries, but this soon proved inadequate. Therefore, sequentially neighboring municipalities annexed or she had to cede territory to Rotterdam, an overview of these annexations and reclassifications,1816 municipality Cool annexed. 1870 won territory of the municipalities Charlois, IJsselmonde and Katendrecht* serving ports and urban expansion on the current Kop van Zuid
5.
Bus
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A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
6.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
7.
Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
8.
Light rail
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Light rail, light rail transit or fast tram is urban public transport using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way. A few light rail networks tend to have closer to rapid transit or even commuter rail. Other light rail networks are tram-like in nature and partially operate on streets, Light rail systems are found throughout the world, on all inhabited continents. They have been popular in recent years due to their lower capital costs. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the U. S, Urban Mass Transportation Administration to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany the term Stadtbahn was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, however, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead. Light in this context is used in the sense of intended for light loads and fast movement, the infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system. The Transportation Research Board defined light rail in 1977 as a mode of urban transportation utilizing predominantly reserved, electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT provides a range of passenger capabilities and performance characteristics at moderate costs. Light rail is a generic international English phrase for these types of rail systems, the use of the generic term light rail avoids some serious incompatibilities between British and American English. The word trolley is used as a synonym for streetcar in the United States. A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its trams except Blackpool after World War II, when these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it light rail to differentiate it from their existing streetcars since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Conventional rail technologies including high-speed, freight, commuter/regional, and metro/subway/elevated urban transit systems are considered heavy rail, people movers and personal rapid transit are even lighter, at least in terms of capacity. Monorail is a technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role. Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail, a system described as light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called light rail are in very similar to rapid transit, in recent years. Some light rail systems, such as Sprinter, bear little similarity to urban rail, in the United States, light rail has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit, tram-like systems are often less expensive than metro-like systems by a factor of two or more
9.
Municipalities in the Netherlands
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There are 388 regular municipalities and 3 public bodies, also referred to as special municipalities, in the Netherlands. Municipalities are the administrative division in the Netherlands and are subdivisions of their respective provinces. Their duties are delegated to them by the government and they are ruled by a municipal council that is elected every four years. Municipal mergers have reduced the number of municipalities by two-thirds since the first official boundaries were created in the mid 19th century. Municipalities themselves are subdivided into districts and neighbourhoods for administrative. These municipalities come in a range of sizes, Westervoort is the smallest at 7.84 km2. Schiermonnikoog is both the least populous municipality and has the lowest population density with 938 inhabitants for a density of 21/km2, Amsterdam has the highest population with 810,909 residents, whereas The Hague is most densely populated with a density of 6, 131/km2. As a second level administrative division municipalities are the tier of public administration in the Netherlands after the central government. The Netherlands is a unitary state, which means that the central government is supreme. The different levels do, however, make work agreements, which give municipalities a certain degree of independence in their policy decisions. Municipalities are responsible for a variety of public services, which include land-use planning, public housing, management and maintenance of local roads, waste management. After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010 three special municipalities were formed and these municipalities function the same as regular municipalities and are grouped together as the Caribbean Netherlands and are not part of a province. The municipalities are governed by both a board of mayor and aldermen and a municipal council, the municipal council, which is titled island council in the special municipalities, is elected every four years. The number of members in the ranges from nine members for the smallest municipalities to forty-five members for the largest. It is the highest administrative body in the municipality and controls public policy, the mayor is appointed for six years at a time by the crown and the alderman are elected by the municipal council, typically after each municipal election. The mayor is responsible for order and is the first in command during emergencies. The exact portfolio for each person differs between each municipality, official municipal boundaries were first drawn up in 1832 in the Netherlands after a cadastre was formed. The Municipalities Act of 1851, written by prime minister Thorbecke, throughout the years, less populous municipalities have been merged
10.
National tariff system (Netherlands)
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The national tariff system is a ticketing and zoning scheme for local public transport in the Netherlands. It was designed as a scheme but is being phased out. With the abolition of the strippenkaart on 3 November 2011, only the sterabonnement remains organized under the tariff system. The system does not apply to Dutch Railways, which have their own pricing regime, in addition, it no longer applies in the Amsterdam and Rotterdam regions. Passengers either validated the ticket themselves in a machine, or got it stamped by the driver or conductor, the number of strips to be cancelled was always the number of zones travelled plus one, up to a maximum of 20 strips. The stamped ticket was valid for an hour for two to four strips, up to three and a half hours for 17 to 20 strips, Strippenkaart tickets were available in denominations of two, three, eight,15 and 45 strips. Reduced tariff tickets were available in 15 strip versions. An 8-strip ticket could be used as a ticket in The Hague. Strippenkaart prices Strippenkaarten were sold by tobacconists, supermarkets, tourist offices, only the smaller denomination tickets were available on board, hence the small difference in price between 8 and 15 strip tickets, to encourage pre-purchasing which speeds up boarding times. The strippenkaart ceased to be valid on 3 November 2011, the Sterabonnement is the season ticket of Dutch local public transport. It is similar to the Strippenkaart in that it is zone dependent, the Sterabonnement is slightly different from the Strippenkaart as each tickets validity is dependent on its star value. The table below summarises the Sterabonnements validity and this ticket, however, is not sold by Connexxion, but is nevertheless valid on the companys services. Nl. Wikipedia page about the Strippenkaart nl. Wikipedia page about the OV-Chipkaart Information about the Strippenkaart system GVB. nl page explaining the Sterabonnement system
11.
OV-chipkaart
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The OV-chipkaart is a contactless smart card system used for all public transport in the Netherlands. First introduced in the Rotterdam metro in April 2005, it has subsequently been rolled out to other areas and it fully replaced the national strippenkaart system for buses, trams and metros in 2011 and the paper ticket system for rail travel in July 2014. The OV-chipkaart is available in form and reusable versions. It is operated through a joint venture named Trans Link Systems, the OV-chipkaart system was first implemented in the Rotterdam Metro in April 2005. The Amsterdam Metro followed suit in 2006 by accepting the card as a method of payment. All trams and buses in Rotterdam accepted the OV-chipkaart from June 2007 onwards, traditional paper tickets and the OV-chipkaart were used concurrently in the Amsterdam and Rotterdam metropolitan areas until mid 2010, when the OV-chipkaart became the only valid fare system. Paper-based, single-use tickets and the national strippenkaart system were subsequently phased out throughout the country on an area-by-area basis, the strippenkaart system was formally abandoned in November 2011. Within the national system, the principal rail operator Nederlandse Spoorwegen started implementing the OV-chipkaart for rail journeys in October 2009. Traditional paper tickets were finally abandoned in July 2014 for both NS and regional rail operators, on the island of Texel, originally the OV-Chipcard was used but replaced in December 2014 with a pay-per-ride ticketing system. One checks in at the beginning of ones journey and checks out at the end of the journey by holding the card in front of an OV-chipkaart card reader, card readers are placed at the station entrance or on board of the vehicle. A successful check-in is usually signaled with a light and a short beep, while check-out also gives a green light. When changing between most forms of transport, the user must check out when leaving the first vehicle, when transferring between trains from the same operator, checking out and in is not necessary. But this is exceptional, for example, failing to check out then in again at a change of tram will cause you to pay the whole rather than the actual fare for your journey. When travelling on credit, a deposit is deducted from the credit balance upon checking in. The amount of the deposit is generally €4 for bus, tram, for train journeys, the minimum deposit is €20, although with some discount plans loaded on the card, the deposit is only €10. Upon checking out, the deposit is refunded to the card with the price of the journey deducted. The journey price consists of a fare and a fare-per-kilometer. The basic fare is calculated once per journey, which means that only the per-kilometer fare is calculated after transferring to another vehicle
12.
Trams in Rotterdam
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The Rotterdam tramway network is a key element of the overall public transport arrangements in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Opened in 1879, the currently has nine regular tramlines. It has been operated since 1927 by Rotterdamse Elektrische Tram, the tram network is the citys more extensive public transport system, while the rapid transit Rotterdam Metro is the more utilized system. The RET has had two tramway companies, the RTM and the RETM, respectively. The RTM was founded in 1878 to operate the first horse-drawn tramway in Rotterdam, from then until 1904, the RTM ran both horse trams and steam trams in and around the city, which was then much smaller than today. Apart from the RTM, there were two other, smaller, companies operating tramway networks in and around Rotterdam in the late nineteenth, in 1882, the Schielandsche Tramweg-Maatschappij opened a horse tramway of 1,067 mm gauge from the Hofplein via Schiekade and Bergweg to Hillegersberg. Two decades later, in 1902, the Schiedamsche Tramweg-Maatschappij opened a horse-drawn tramway in Schiedam from the station via Koemarkt to the Hoofdplein and this tramway had a gauge of 1,000 mm. A new form of transport, the electric tram, arrived in Rotterdam in 1904. On 18 September 1905, the RETM began operating the first electric line in Rotterdam. The current to power the line was supplied from a temporary generator, on 15 October 1906, the municipality started to supply electricity from the new power station, and the 21-year operating concession began. By the end of year, there were already five electric tram lines operating. In 1907 and 1908, more lines entered service, to bring the total to nine lines, the maximum extent of Rotterdams tramway network was 25 lines, and this was reached in 1930. The livery of the RETM trams was dark blue, and was later changed to cream. From the 1930s, it was yellow ochre, after 27 March 1907, the horse tramline to Overschie was the only remaining non-electric line of the RETM. Although the horse trams to Hillegersberg and Schiedam were still operating, on 31 December 1917, the Schiedam horsecar line was closed and not replaced. In 1919, the line to Hillegersberg was taken over by the RETM. In 1922 and 1923, the RETM converted this line to a standard gauge tramway, and in 1924 and 1925. Finally, in 1928, the Overshie line was closed and replaced by a bus line, during this period, the RTM continued to operate trams to and from the islands of South Holland and Zeeland
13.
Alstom Citadis
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The Citadis is a family of low-floor trams and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. An evolution of Alstoms earlier TFS vehicle, most Citadis trams are made in Alstoms factories in La Rochelle, Reichshoffen and Valenciennes, France, and in Barcelona, Spain, also, Gaziantep bought second-hand TFSs from Rouen. The Citadis family includes both partial and fully low-floor trams and LRVs, in versions with three, five, seven, and nine sections, own Russian name according unifying system of rolling stock classification, 71-801. This train type can be built as a dual-voltage or electro-diesel vehicle with various configurations.5 to 5 km, a total of 31 sets have been ordered by the SNCF at an average cost of €3.2 million per train set. Like most trams, Citadis vehicles are powered by overhead electric wires collected by a pantograph. On the networks in France and in Sydney, the switch to conventional overhead wires in outer areas. Another option is to use batteries to store electrical power. The Citadis trams in Nice operate off a set of nickel metallic hydride batteries in two open spaces where overhead wires would be an eyesore
14.
Rotterdam Noord railway station
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Rotterdam Noord is a railway station in the city of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, located on the Utrecht–Rotterdam railway. It sits at the border between the two Rotterdam municipalities Noord and Hillegersberg-Schiebroek, in 1899, the railway station Hillegersberg was opened on the new connecting line between the railway from Rotterdam Delftsche Poort to Leiden, and the railway from Rotterdam Maasstation to Utrecht. In 1953 the railway from Rotterdam to Utrecht was rerouted to the new Rotterdam Centraal railway station through Hillegersberg, a new station building was constructed, and the station was renamed Rotterdam Noord. Rotterdam Noord is designed by architect Sybold van Ravesteyn who has designed the stations Rotterdam Centraal, Eindhoven. The station was opened on 4 October 1953, the platform that leads to Utrecht is connected to a building, where there used to be an NS office that sold tickets. When this office disappeared and the tickets could only be bought at a ticket machine, since a few years back the building is used for an art-exposition. Rotterdam Noord is a station for local trains, the following services currently call at Rotterdam Noord. At Night, Rotterdam Noord is connected by the Bob bus, Bob is a drink or drive campaign. NS website Dutch Public Transport journey planner
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Rotterdam Centraal station
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Rotterdam Centraal is the main railway station of the city Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The station received an average of 110,000 passengers daily in 2007, the current station building, located at Station Square, was officially opened in March 2014. Delftse Poort station was damaged by bombing in the Rotterdam Blitz. The new Centraal station was rebuilt just westwards of the site and its original building was designed by architect Sybold van Ravesteyn and was completed on 13 March 1957, officially opening on 21 May. Maas station had closed in 1953 and trains from Utrecht were diverted to Centraal station via the new Rotterdam Noord station, however, the Hofpleinlijn continued to bypass the station. Hofplein station was closed in 2010 after the Hofpleinlijn was redirected through a tunnel. On 9 February 1968 Princess Beatrix opened the first metro line in the Netherlands at Centraal station, the line connected the station to the south of Rotterdam and is now known as Line D. The first subway station had a platform with two tracks. On 28 September 2009, a new and more spacious underground station opened next to the old one. The new station has two platforms with three tracks. The mainline station nowadays has seven platforms with thirteen platform tracks. There are three tracks without platform, in 2007, it was used by approximately 110,000 passengers a day. The 1957 station building was closed in 2007 and demolished the next year - making it the first major railway station in the Netherlands to be taken down to make way for a new one. The new station was completed and opened in 2014, furthermore, the existing station, especially the passenger tunnel, also became too small to handle the growing number of passengers. Traveller numbers were projected to be 320,000 per day in 2025, to cope with this increase, a new station was necessary. On 16 May 2006 Mayor Ivo Opstelten revealed a work of Onno Poiesz consisting of the word EXIT, the final closure of the outdated station took place on September 2,2007, in the presence of Mayor Opstelten, to allow for the demolition of the station. Between 16 January 2008 and the end of March 2008 the station was completely demolished, passengers then, for years, had to use amenities housed in a temporary shelter, a smurf-blue building complex on Conrad Street on the northeast corner of the Groothandelsgebouw. The bicycle tunnel served as a passenger tunnel
16.
Stadion Woudestein
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Stadion Woudestein is a multi-use stadium in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the stadium of Excelsior Rotterdam. The stadium is able to hold 4,500 people and was built in 1902, the Stadium has a stand named after Robin Van Persie. As of 2017, it is by far the smallest stadium in the Eredivisie
17.
Erasmus University Rotterdam
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Erasmus University Rotterdam is a public university located in Rotterdam, Netherlands, the city that also houses the largest port in Europe. The university is named after Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, a 15th-century humanist, the university has seven faculties and focuses on four areas. In 2013, Erasmus University Rotterdam was ranked top ten business schools in Europe by Financial Times. In 2015, Erasmus University Rotterdam is ranked by Times Higher Education as 20th in Europe and 72nd in the world, with its social sciences as 40th, and clinical health as 35th in the world. Erasmus University concentrates on issues of management, organisation and policy in the public and private sectors on the one hand, as well as on the field of sickness, Erasmus University Rotterdam has existed in its present form since 1973. Its history, however, dates back to 1913, the year in which the Netherlands School of Commerce was founded through private initiative with broad support from the Rotterdam business community. The statutory recognition of higher education in commerce and economics as an academic discipline resulted in 1939 in a change of name, the NHH became the NEH or Netherlands School of Economics. The growing complexity of society led in the 1960s to the arrival of the faculties of Law and Social Sciences, followed in later decades by Philosophy, History and Arts, and Business Administration. Together with the Sophia Childrens Hospital and the Daniel den Hoed Clinic, it forms the University Hospital Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam has bundled its education and research in four areas. This domain includes the Erasmus MC, the Institute of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus MC is the new name for the university medical centre in Rotterdam, which is a merger of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and the University Hospital Rotterdam. The biomedical cluster plays a role in the field of genomics and bioinformatics. The Forensic Molecular Biology department works together with the Netherlands Forensic Institute, major long-term genetic epidemiological studies among the elderly and children are Erasmus Rotterdam Health for the Elderly and Generation R respectively. The institute of Health Policy and Management forms a bridge between medicine and the sciences on the one hand and social sciences on the other. The institute for Medical Technology Assessment conducts health economic research in collaboration with both the Erasmus MC and the institute of Health Policy and Management and this area includes the Erasmus School of Economics and the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University. Its economics programmes and management programmes attract students and postgraduates from all over the world, the research schools Erasmus Institute for Management and the Tinbergen Institute attract PhD students, research fellows, PostDocs and visiting professors of repute from all corners of the world. The research focuses on the organisation of business and society and this area has ground in common not only with economics and management, but also with medicine and health sciences. As one of four concentrations of Erasmus University, culture is defined broadly with focus on the areas of media, cultural economics, primary research is on society and the arts, including cultural policy, media, and social identity in modern society. Faculty has particular strengths in research, and the students tend to graduate with strong research skills for academic and field placement
18.
Erasmus MC
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With 1320 beds it is the second largest hospital of the Netherlands, only 19 beds behind UMC Groningen. The hospital has three locations, Erasmus MC - the main location, Erasmus MC - Sophia, the pediatric hospital, closely connected to the main location by a raised glass hallway. Erasmus MC - Daniel den Hoed, specialized in oncologic care, special units include, Neurosurgery Cardiothoracic surgery Neonatal and pediatric surgery and intensive care Pediatric oncology Level I trauma center Erasmus MC is located next to the Museumpark. The Erasmus MC ranks #1 of the top European institution in clinical medicine, Complete Genomics signed a contract to produce genetic sequence for 250 Erasmus Medical Center samples. In September 2012 the Beijing Genomics Institute purchased Complete Genomics for $117M, the United States Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States cleared the purchase by December 2012. The head of bioinformatics, Dr. Peter J, after sequencing the MERS DNA, EMC claimed ownership of the samples. EMC now requires scientists hoping to work on the MERS problem to sign agreements with Erasmus
19.
De Kuip
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Stadion Feijenoord, more commonly known by its nickname De Kuip, is a stadium in Rotterdam, Netherlands that was completed in 1937. The name is derived from the area Feijenoord in Rotterdam, the stadiums original capacity was 64,000. In 1949 it was expanded to 69,000, and in 1994 it was renovated again for a capacity of 51,117. In 1999, a significant amount of restoration and interior work took place at the prior to its use as a venue in the Euro 2000 tournament. Contemporary examples were Highbury, where the West and East stands had been built as a double deck. In fact, de Kuip acted as an example for many of the greatest stadia we know today, the stadium was co-financed by the billionaire Daniël George van Beuningen, who made his fortune in World War I, exporting coal from Germany to Britain through neutral Netherlands. In World War II, the stadium was torn down for scrap by German occupiers. After the war the stadiums capacity was expanded and stadium lights were added, on 29 October 1991 De Kuip was named as being one of Rotterdams monuments. In 1994 the stadium was renovated to its present form, It became an all seater. An extra building was constructed for use by Feyenoord, it also houses a restaurant. As of January 2007, the stadium can be found in 3D format on Google Earth, next to De Kuip and Feyenoords training ground there is another, but smaller sports arena, the Topsportcentrum Rotterdam. This arena hosts events in sports and in various levels of competition. Some examples of sports that can be seen in the topsportcentrum are judo, De Kuip is currently the home stadium of football club Feyenoord, one of the traditional top teams in the Netherlands. It has also long been one of the grounds of the Dutch national team, having hosted over 150 international matches. In 1963 De Kuip staged the final of the UEFA Cup Winners Cup, in 2000, the Feijenoord stadium hosted the final of Euro 2000, played in the Netherlands and Belgium, where France defeated Italy 2–1 in extra time. The stadium has hosted concerts since 1978, among the first performers at De Kuip were Andy Ha, Bob Dylan and Eric Clapton. David Bowie held his dress rehearsals and subsequently opened his 1987 Glass Spider Tour at the stadium, michael Jackson performed at the stadium 5 times,3 during the Bad World Tour and 2 during the Dangerous World Tour, performing to a combined crowd of 270,000. Fewer concerts have been held at this venue since the opening of Amsterdam ArenA in 1996, pink Floyd held a few concerts there as well
20.
Schiedam
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Schiedam is a city and municipality in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. It is part of the Rotterdam metropolitan area, the city is located west of Rotterdam, east of Vlaardingen, and south of Delft. In the south it is connected with the village of Pernis by the Beneluxtunnel and this was the towns main industry during the early Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th century, a dark period to which it owed its former nickname Zwart Nazareth or Black Nazareth. Furthermore, the city is known for Saint Lidwina, one of the most famous Dutch saints, in 1247, Lady Adelaide of Holland married John I, Count of Hainaut. As dowry she received him the eastern part of the dam together with the adjacent polder. The dam attracted many trade activities because goods for and from the hinterland had to be transhipped, a small town developed swiftly around the dam and its activities. In the year 1275 Schiedam received city rights from Lady Adelaide, this in her capacity as sister of William II and she ordered the building of a castle near the Schie, which is known till today as the Castle Mathenesse. Remnants of a donjon, which were part of the castle, are still visible today in the centre of Schiedam. As a young settlement Schiedam soon got competition from surrounding towns and cities, in 1340, Rotterdam and Delft also were allowed to establish a connection between the Schie and the Meuse. From the 15th century on the city flourished as a place of pilgrimage on the devotion around Saint Lidwina, the city gained subsequently significance by fishing for herring. In 1428 a great city fire swept through Schiedam, thereby destroying large parts of the wooden city. The 18th century was Schiedams Golden Age, when the gin industry flourished, the standstill drink imports from France made the emergence of the Schiedamse distillery possible. From dozens of distilleries Schiedam jenever was exported throughout the world, the gin industry gave the city its nickname Black Nazareth. This industry is now largely gone, in one of the former factories at the Lange Haven the National Jenever Museum is established. On 10 August 1856 the first major accident in the Netherlands happened near the Schiedam railway station. On 4 May 1976 the Schiedam train disaster took place near the station which caused 24 deaths. At the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century, in 1941, the ancient municipalities Kethel en Spaland were merged with Schiedam which made large expansions of the city possible with residential areas in the north. At the end of the 20th century the shipbuilding industry largely disappeared, the city of Schiedam is located in the Dutch province of South Holland
21.
Vlaardingen
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Vlaardingen is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands. It is located on the bank of the Nieuwe Maas river at the confluence with the Oude Maas. The municipality administers an area of 26.69 km2, of which 23.64 km2 is land, the city is divided into a northern and a southern part by the A20 motorway. On the east the city is separated from Schiedam by the A4 motorway, other places nearby are Maassluis to the west, Schipluiden and Delft to the north, Schiedam and Rotterdam to the east and Spijkenisse in the south-west, on the other side of the Nieuwe Maas. The A20 connects Rotterdam to Hoek van Holland, the Beneluxtunnel connects the A20 to the A15. The centre of the town is on the west side of the old harbour, the area around Vlaardingen was already settled by about 2900 to 2600 BC. In 1990, a skeleton dated at about 1300 BC was dug up in the periphery of Vlaardingen, some human nuclear DNA was identified, in 726 or 727 the area is again mentioned as In Pagio Marsum, where a little church was established, around which Vlaardingen formed. The church is mentioned on a list of churches Willibrord, the Apostle to the Frisians, in 1018 Vlaardingen was a stronghold of Dirk III, who levied an illegal toll on ships on the Meuse river. An army sent by German Emperor Henry II in order to stop this practice was defeated by Dirk III in the Battle of Vlaardingen, in 1047, his successor Dirk IV repelled another such attack. The flood disaster of December 21,1163, ended the growth of Vlaardingen, the Counts of Holland moved away and its development stagnated. It is known that in 1273 Vlaardingen was granted city rights by Floris V, older city rights are possible, but not provable. In 1574, during the Eighty Years War of Dutch independence, Vlaardingen later became a shipbuilding area and a significant harbour for the herring fishing industry. The fishing boats ceased to use Vlaardingen in the years after World War II, because of the industrialization in and close to Vlaardingen, the city suffered from heavy air pollution and sometimes sick making smog during the 1970s. One day, a school had to be closed because of the smog. Many environmental groups arose in and around Vlaardingen and the it was seen as one of the most dirty cities of the country, there are still some ship repair business in Eastern Vlaardingen beside the Nieuwe Maas River. The Vulcaanhaven was for years the largest privately owned artificial harbour in the world. The last major herring factory, Warmelo & Van Der Drift, left Vlaardingen in the middle of 2012 to relocate to Katwijk aan Zee, there are still some ferry terminals. Historical buildings in the include the Grote Kerk, the Waag next to the church and the old town hall, all on the Markt, the former marketplace, the Visbank at the harbour
22.
Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel
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The Sparta Stadion, nicknamed Het Kasteel is a football stadium in Rotterdam, Netherlands. It is the ground of Sparta Rotterdam. It has a capacity of 11,026, the stadium is located in the neighbourhood of Spangen, where it was built in 1916 as Stadion Spangen based on a plan of the architects J. H. de Roos and W. F. The name Het Kasteel is derived from the building with two small towers which backs onto the south-facing tribune of the stadium, which looks similar to a castle. This building is the only remain of the original design. The castle building, which is located along the length of the pitch, was originally positioned behind one of the goals. A famous incident took place at het Kasteel in November 1970, however, the stuffed bird has been on display in the museum at Feyenoords De Kuip stadion and not in Spartas museum much to the annoyance of some prominent Sparta supporters. For the 1928 Summer Olympics in neighboring Amsterdam, the venue hosted two football games, the first was on 5 June when host nation Netherlands defeated Belgium 3-1 while the second was three days later when the Dutch team tied Chile 2-2. During the renovation, the pitch was turned 90 degrees, at the same time, it was renamed ENECO-stadion, after its main sponsor. That name was replaced by the present Het Kasteel, which had already been the popular nickname for the stadium ever since it was built. The Castle was bought in November 2004 by businessman Hans van Heelsbergen, van Heelsbergen opened in this building a Sparta museum. The Tonny van Ede stand is on the side of the ground and stands along the length of the pitch. The most expensive tickets are to be found here and it houses the changing rooms as well as the corporate boxes, the ticket office and the boardroom. The players tunnel runs from the centre of this stand onto the pitch between the two dugouts, the stand was named after one of Spartas most famous sons, Tonny van Ede, in 2010. The lowest priced tickets for fans are to be found in the Denis Neville Stand. This is at the east end of the ground one of the goals. It houses the more vocal supporters of the club and is usually the first stand to sell-out, the stand was named in honour of one of Spartas most successful managers, Denis Neville. Opposite the Denis Neville Stand, the Bok de Korver Stand is assigned as the family stand, formerly known as the West Stand, it was named after Sparta legend Bok de Korver
23.
Mercedes-Benz Citaro
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The Mercedes-Benz Citaro is a single-decker bus / articulated bus manufactured by Mercedes-Benz/EvoBus. It was introduced in 1997 and replaced the Mercedes-Benz O405/O405N series, manufactured in Mannheim, Ligny-en-Barrois and Sámano, it is available as a rigid bus with two or three axles and as an articulated bus with three or four axles. The standard urban model is available in a number of versions, however, all models are available with either version. Other customizations include the number and type of doors as well as the internal layout, in 2005, EvoBus launched an updated version of the Citaro to coincide with the introduction of Euro IV-compliant engines. Production of the old model ceased by autumn 2006, the Citaro LE and Citaro LE Ü models, which were introduced at the same time, were never produced to the old design. In May 2011, the second generation Citaro, internally known as the C2, was launched, from 2012 the C2 could also be equipped with Euro VI engines. The C2 versions of the Citaro LE models were the last to be presented, as a one-off, German operators üstra of Hanover and LVB of Leipzig took delivery of a batch of Citaros bodied to a special design by James Irvine for Expo 2000. Leipzigs vehicles were lent to Hanover for the duration of the exhibition, all other Citaros bodied by Mercedes-Benz were to standard designs, however a number of chassis were bodied by independent manufacturers, most notably Hess of Switzerland. However, the Citaro has more recently only been sold as a complete product, in 2007 the workshops of the Szeged bus operator SZKT converted a regular Citaro to a trolleybus. As of April 2010, five buses are already serving as a trolley. In 2009, the Centre of Ambulance Services in Dubai took delivery of three Citaros, which had modified to become the worlds largest ambulances. In 2010, the French city Rennes ordered a version of the Citaro, the Citaro M. 15 vehicles were built over the chassis of the Setra S416NF, even though the usual Citaro models are powered by diesel or natural gas, there is also a hydrogen fuel cell-powered version, designated Citaro BZ or O530BZ. The battery pack is charged by regenerative braking. The manufacturer anticipates fuel consumption 20% lower than conventional diesel Citaros, arriva, FirstGroup, Go-Ahead Group, Stagecoach Group and Yourbus have all operated Citaros. Articulated Citaros were operated by Transport for London operators East London, First London, London Central, London General, London United, Quality Line, in 2003 and 2004, four buses caught fire, although there were no casualties involved. One was burnt on its delivery journey, Mercedes-Benz did address the problem, though the buses were withdrawn for some time that saw the brief return of the just-retired AEC Routemasters. Unfortunately, these buses were said to have marred the reputation of articulated buses in the United Kingdom, the last articulated buses in London were withdrawn in December 2011
24.
Eendrachtsplein metro station
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Eendrachtsplein is an underground subway station in the center of Rotterdam. It is part of the Rotterdam Metro lines A, B, the station is named after Eendracht Square. It was opened on May 10,1982, the station is located near several cultural hotspots, of which photos and location information are displayed on information panels on the station walls. Many party-goers head to this station, particularly on Friday and Saturday evenings, to dwell around famous cafés, bars and venues in neighboring Nieuwe Binnenweg, Oude Binnenweg, the station is between Dijkzigt and Beurs on the East-West Line, nowadays lines A, B, and C
25.
Meijersplein RandstadRail station
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Meijersplein is a RandstadRail station located in Schiebroek, a neighborhood of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Construction of Meijersplein station began in January 2008, the station was built to replace Wilgenplas station, located approximately 500 meters north. In May 2010, construction of Meijersplein station completed and Wilgenplas was closed down on May 12 of that year, on May 17, Meijersplein was opened and it is now being served by metro trains of line E. The station has an Airport Shuttle service to and from Rotterdam The Hague Airport
26.
Rotterdam The Hague Airport
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Rotterdam The Hague Airport, located 3 NM north northwest of Rotterdam, is the Netherlands third largest airport. It serves the city of Rotterdam as well as The Hague, the airport handled over 1.5 million passengers in 2013 and features scheduled flights to European metropolitan and leisure destinations. It is also used extensively by general aviation and there are several flying clubs, after World War II, the Dutch government decided that a second national airport was needed in addition to Schiphol. Rotterdam had had an airport before the war - Waalhaven airport - but it was damaged in the bombing of Rotterdam. Reconstruction of the airport was not a proposition, so a new location was found in the Zestienhoven polder. Construction of the began in August 1955 and the airport was officially opened in October 1956. Several large international airlines, such as Swissair, Lufthansa and Air France, were operating from Rotterdam. However, in the 1970s plans were made to close or move the airport to make room for houses. The route with the longest continual service, to London Heathrow and this marked the end of KLMs involvement with the airport. However, in December 2012, British Airways began a service to Rotterdam from Heathrow, in October 2014 British Airways announced they would suspend the route again in March 2015. The name of the airport was changed from Zestienhoven to Rotterdam Airport, there is also a fair amount of business aviation. With the closure of nearby Ypenburg Airport in 1992 and Valkenburg Naval Air Base in 2006 Rotterdam The Hague airport is now the only remaining airport in the area for those types of flights. The airport is served by bus line 33, which runs between Rotterdam central station, the airport, and further to Meijersplein station, at Meijersplein, you can transfer to metro line E, with frequent service to Den Haag Centraal, Rotterdam Centraal and Rotterdam city center. The airport also lies next to the busy A13/E19 motorway, which makes it easily accessible via car
27.
Melanchthonweg RandstadRail station
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Melanchthonweg is a RandstadRail station located in Rotterdam-Schiebroek, the Netherlands. The RandstadRail station opened on 10 September 2006 for the RET Erasmuslijn metro service and it was built to replace the old Rotterdam Kleiweg railway station, which was located 300 meters south of the new Melanchthonweg station and was served by trains on the Hofpleinlijn. The station features 2 platforms, that are the height as the train doors. Due to a made by the municipality, the street where the station is located is called Melanchtonweg. The name of the RandstadRail station does feature this second h, in 2006 and 2007 the service was operated as a shuttle Rotterdam Hofplein - Nootdorp. Since 17 August 2010, the station is no longer Hofplein. On this date, the tunnel connecting the line to Rotterdam Centraal was opened
28.
Hillegersberg
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Hillegersberg is a neighborhood of Rotterdam, Netherlands. It was founded as a village in the Middle Ages, Hillegersberg remained a separate municipality until 1941, when it was amalgamated into Rotterdam. in 1979 it became part of the sub-municipality of Hillegersberg-Schiebroek. This sub-municipality was replaced by the Gebied with the name at the elections of March 2014. It has now a commission representing the inhabitants of the area. Hillegersberg is considered to be one of the wealthiest sub-municipalities of Rotterdam and this is based on the amount of expensive houses and luxury clothing stores in the village center. Many older houses suffer from problems with their foundations, so called paalrot, the Japanese School of Rotterdam, a Japanese international day school, is located in this neighbourhood. The Saturday school rents from the day school and has done so since 2003, janwillem van de Wetering spent his childhood in Hillegersberg
29.
Ommoord
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Ommoord is a neighbourhood in the borough Prins Alexander, part of the municipality of Rotterdam, South Holland, the Netherlands. Ommoord is surrounded by the neighbourhoods Zevenkamp, Het Lage Land and it has around 25.000 inhabitants across 12.500 households. The river Rotte flows through the north of Ommoord, two buslines extend into Ommoord,34 en 35. The Calandlijn line of the Rotterdam subway extends into Ommoord and has 4 stations in it, Graskruid Romeynshof Binnenhof Hesseplaats List of links about Ommoord
30.
Kralingse Zoom metro station
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Kralingse Zoom is a subway station on lines A, B, and C of the Rotterdam Metro, in the Kralingen neighbourhood of eastern Rotterdam. The station is located just west of the A16 motorway on the east side of Kralingse Zoom, at Kralingse Zoom station, transfer is available to several bus lines, as well as to the ParkShuttle, a people mover to a nearby business district. Kralingse Zoom is a station and is located just to the east of the metro tunnel in which the trains cross the city center. The station has two platforms, each with two tracks running alongside them. For most of the day, only the two tracks are used. Media related to Kralingse Zoom at Wikimedia Commons
31.
Crooswijk
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Crooswijk is a neighborhood of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Crooswijk lies between the districts Kralingen, Oude Noorden and Centrum, crooswijk was once known for its Marines barracks. Many streets bear witness to a history of the Marine Corps, Tamboerstraat, Pijperstraat, Schuttersveld. Crooswijk also has an industrial past, jamin, Heineken Brewery and many abattoirs were established there. These industries have given way to housing, on the Crooswijksesingel is only the monumental building of Heineken still standing. Crooswijk is one of the original neighborhoods of Rotterdam and the district is strongly associated with the real Rotterdammer. Crooswijkers sought and seek their recreation at the nearby Kralingse bos, crooswijk has become a borough together with Kralingen. With around 52,000 inhabitants Kralingen-Crooswijk is a medium district
32.
Delft University of Technology
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Delft University of Technology, also known as TU Delft, is the largest and oldest Dutch public technological university, located in Delft, Netherlands. With eight faculties and numerous research institutes, it hosts over 19,000 students, more than 3,300 scientists, and more than 2,200 support and management staff. The university was established on 8 January 1842 by King William II of the Netherlands as a Royal Academy, Dutch Nobel laureates Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, and Simon van der Meer have been associated with TU Delft. TU Delft is a member of several university federations including the IDEA League, CESAER, UNITECH, one of the purposes of the academy was to educate civil servants for the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. The first director of the academy was Antoine Lipkens, constructor of the first Dutch optical telegraph, Royal Academy had its first building located at Oude Delft 95 in Delft. On 23 May 1863 an Act was passed imposing regulations on technical education in the Netherlands, on 20 June 1864, Royal Academy in Delft was disbanded by a Royal Decree, giving a way to a Polytechnic School of Delft. The newly formed school educated engineers of various fields and architects, yet another Act, passed on 22 May 1905, changed the name of the school to Technical College of Delft, emphasizing the academic quality of the education. Polytechnic was granted university rights and was allowed to award academic degrees, the number of students reached 450 around that time. The official opening of the new school was attended by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands on 10 July 1905, First dean of the newly established College was ir. J. Kraus, hydraulic engineer. In 1905, the first doctoral degree was awarded, from 1924 until the construction of the new campus in 1966 the ceremonies were held in the Saint Hippolytus Chapel. Corporate rights were granted to the College on 7 June 1956, most of the university buildings during that time were located within Delft city centre, with some of the buildings set on the side of the river Schie, in the Wippolder district. Student organizations grew together with the university, the first to be established on 22 March 1848 is the Delftsch Studenten Corps housed in the distinctive Sociëteit Phoenix on the Phoenixstraat. This was followed by the Delftsche Studenten Bond|de Delftsche Studenten Bond, in 1917 Proof Garden for Technical Plantation was established by Gerrit van Iterson, which today is known as Botanical Garden of TU Delft. In that period a first female professor, Toos Korvezee, was appointed, after the end of World War II, TU Delft increased its rapid academic expansion. Studium Generale was established at all universities in the Netherlands, including TU Delft, to promote a free and accessible knowledge related to culture, technology, society and science. Because of the number of students, in 1974 the first Reception Week for First Year Students was established. Since 2006 all buildings of the university are located outside of the city center of Delft. Relatively new building of Material Sciences department was sold, later demolished in 2007 to give place for a newly built building of the Haagse Hogeschool, closer cooperation between TU Delft and Dutch universities of applied sciences resulted in physical transition of some of the institutes from outside to Delft
33.
Diergaarde Blijdorp
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Diergaarde Blijdorp is a zoo in the northwestern part of Rotterdam, one of the oldest zoos in the Netherlands. In 2007 it celebrated its 150th anniversary, diergaarde Blijdorp is a member of the Dutch Zoo Federation and the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. The Rotterdam Zoo moved to its new location in the Blijdorp district prior to the bombing of Rotterdam in World War II, which destroyed most of the city centre. The original zoo had been damaged in a bombing two days prior to the Blitz but it had not been touched by the main bombardment on May 10,1940. Some streetnames, such as Diergaardesingel, still recall the old zoo, Blijdorp was rebuilt slightly to the north, where it opened to the public in its current location on December 7,1940. The new zoo was designed by Dutch architect Sybold van Ravesteyn, in 2001, Blijdorp became almost twice as large when it opened a new western part, which includes the aquarium Oceanium. In 2007, the zoo was declared a rijksmonument, in May 2007 the zoo appeared in the news when Bokito, Blijdorps silverback gorilla, escaped from his enclosure and seriously injured a female visitor. In October 2010, the city of Rotterdam decided to reduce its funding of Blijdorp from nearly 4.5 to about 0.8 million Euro until 2015. The zoo and its supporters protested the decision, claiming it is if the zoo can continue to operate with the reduced budget. Blijdorp also houses a garden and manages both the Dutch National Bromelia Collection and the Dutch National Primula Collection. The Oceanium is an aquarium that opened in the zoo in 2001, the Oceanium lies in the expansion area of the zoo, which includes a new entrance and parking area, and was the biggest project to date for the zoo. The area around the Oceanium is home to projects depicting the Americas, the first edition of the jubilee year 2007 included articles on the history of the zoo to celebrate its 150th anniversary. Official website Dutch Zoo Federation Zoo Magazine
34.
Sacred
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Objects are often considered sacred if used for spiritual purposes, such as the worship or service of gods. The property is often ascribed to objects, or places, the word sacred descends from the Latin wikt, sacer, that is consecrated, or dedicated to the gods or anything in their power, and to sacerdos and sanctum, set apart. Although there are similarities between the sacred and holy and they are sometimes used interchangeably, there are subtle differences. Holiness is generally the term used in relation to persons and relationship, while sacredness is used in relation to objects, places, thus a saint may be considered as holy, but he is not viewed as sacred. However, there are things that are holy and sacred such as the holy bible. The Scottish hale is the most complete form of this Old English root. The word holy in its modern form appears in Wycliffes Bible of 1382, in non-specialist contexts, the term holy is used in a more general way, to refer to someone or something that is associated with a divine power, such as water used for baptism. While both words denote something or someone set apart to the worship of God and therefore worthy of respect and in some cases veneration, Holiness originates in God and is communicated to things, places, times, and persons engaged in His Service. Thus holiness or sanctity is the outcome of sanctification, that Divine act by which God freely justifies a person, hierology is the study of sacred literature or lore. Mircea Eliade outlines that religion should not be interpreted only as belief in deities and he analyses the dialectic of the sacred. The sacred is presented in relation to the profane, the relation between the sacred and the profane is not of opposition, but of complementarity, as the profane is viewed as a hierophany. In Durkheims theory, the sacred represented the interests of the group, especially unity, the profane, on the other hand, involved mundane individual concerns. Durkheim explicitly stated that the dichotomy sacred/profane was not equivalent to good/evil, the sacred could be good or evil, and the profane could be either as well. In Theravada Buddhism one finds the designation of noble person or ariyapuggala, the Buddha described four grades of such person depending on their level of purity. This purity is measured by which of the ten fetters and klesha have been purified and integrated from the mindstream and these persons are called Sotāpanna, Sakadagami, Anāgāmi and Arahant. Catholicism has inherited much of the Jewish vision of the world in terms of holiness, the calendar gives shape to Catholic practice, which tends to focus on the Eucharist, in which the Real Presence of Christ is manifested. Holy days, celebrating events of the life of Christ and the lives of Catholic saints officially recognized as holy, are celebrated throughout the year, in extension of this focus on the Sacrament as holy, many objects in Catholicism are also considered holy. They are called sacramentals and are blessed by a priest
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Feijenoord district
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Feijenoord is a district in Rotterdam and is located south of the Nieuwe Maas. As of 1 January 2004 there were 72,320 citizens and it is not the home of the citys main football club, Feyenoord, which is situated in the neighbouring township of IJsselmonde. The district gained significance in the 19th century as a centre of shipbuilding, principally at the Fijenoord yard
