1.
Compact (cosmetics)
–
A compact is a cosmetic product. It is usually a round metal case and contains two or more of the following, a mirror, pressed or loose face powder with a gauze sifter. From 1896, Plainsville, Massachusetts-based handbag manufacturer Whiting & Davis created lidded compartments in its bags where powder rouge, in 1908, Sears catalogue advertised a silver-plated case with mirror and powder puff and described it as small enough to fit in a pocketbook. In the US, manufacturers such as Evans and Elgin American produced metal compacts with either finger chains or longer tango chains, designed to be displayed rather than fitted in a handbag, they required more ornate designs and many from this era are examples of sleek Art Deco styling. As make-up became more mainstream and women were increasingly active outside the home, the company developed self-opening inner lids in 1948 – designed to protect the powder and prevent damage to fingernails – and by the 1960s it was exporting to agents worldwide. By the 1930s, compacts were regularly updated to match the fashion trends and gimmicks such as watches. These began to be heavily advertised from the 1950s
2.
Amratian culture
–
The Amratian culture was a culture of prehistoric Upper Egypt. It lasted approximately from 4000 to 3500 BC, the Amratian culture is named after the archaeological site of el-Amra, located around 120 km south of Badari in Upper Egypt. El-Amra was the first site where this group was found without being mingled with the later Gerzeh culture. However, this period is attested at the Nagada site. The Amratian falls between S. D.30 and 39 in Flinders Petries sequence dating system, trade between the Amratian culture bearers in Upper Egypt and populations of Lower Egypt is attested during this time through new excavated objects. A stone vase from the north has been found at el-Amra, and copper, obsidian and an extremely small amount of gold were both definitively imported from Nubia during this time. Trade with the oases also was likely, new innovations such as adobe buildings, for which the Gerzeh culture is well-known, also begin to appear during this time, attesting to cultural continuity. However, they did not reach nearly the widespread use that they were known for in later times, additionally, oval and theriomorphic cosmetic palettes appear to be used in this period. However, the workmanship was very rudimentary and the relief artwork for which they were later known is not yet present. 5.9 kiloyear event Prehistoric Egypt Naqada culture Gerzeh culture Naqada III
3.
French language
–
French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
4.
Red
–
Red is the color at the longer-wavelengths end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange, at the opposite end from violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometers, light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwave is called infrared. Red is one of the secondary colors, resulting from the combination of yellow. Traditionally, it was viewed as a primary colour, along with yellow and blue, in the RYB color space and traditional color wheel formerly used by painters. Reds can vary in shade from light pink to very dark maroon or burgundy. Red is the color of cyan. In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars, the color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the population has red hair, the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin. Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, modern surveys in the United States and Europe show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love and joy. In China, India and many other Asian countries it is the color of symbolizing happiness, since the 19th century, red has also been associated with socialism and communism. The word red is derived from the Old English rēad, the word can be further traced to the Proto-Germanic rauthaz and the Proto-Indo European root rewdʰ-. In Sanskrit, the word means red or blood. In the Akkadian language of Ancient Mesopotamia and in the modern Inuit language of Inuit, the words for colored in Latin and Spanish both also mean red. In Portuguese the word for red is vermelho, which comes from Latin vermiculus, in the Russian language, the word for red, Кра́сный, comes from the same old Slavic root as the words for beautiful—красивый and excellent—прекрасный. Thus Red Square in Moscow, named long before the Russian Revolution, in heraldry, the word gules is used for red. Red can vary in hue from orange-red to violet-red, and for each hue there is a variety of shades and tints. Red hematite powder was found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing
5.
Cosmetics
–
Cosmetics, also known as make-up, are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body. Many cosmetics are designed for use of applying to the face and they are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, and some being synthetics. Common cosmetics include lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, rouge, skin cleansers and skin lotions, shampoo, hairstyling products, perfume and this broad definition includes any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category, Egyptian women and men also used makeup. They were very fond of eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colors including blue, red, Ancient Sumerian men and women were possibly the first to invent and wear lipstick, about 5,000 years ago. They crushed gemstones and used them to decorate their faces, mainly on the lips, also around 3000 BC to 1500 BC, women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied red tinted lipstick to their lips for face decoration. Ancient Egyptians extracted red dye from fucus-algin,0. 01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales. Six thousand year old relics of the hollowed out tombs of the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs are discovered, according to one source, early major developments include, Kohl used by ancient Egypt as a protective of the eye kohl Castor oil used by ancient Egypt as a protective balm. Skin creams made of beeswax, olive oil, and rose water, vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century. The Ancient Greeks also used cosmetics as the Ancient Romans did, Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9,30, where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described. One of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines is the fungus Tremella fuciformis, used as a beauty product by women in China, the fungus reportedly increases moisture retention in the skin and prevents senile degradation of micro-blood vessels in the skin, reducing wrinkles and smoothing fine lines. Cosmetic use was frowned upon at many points in Western history, for example, in the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared make-up improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors. During the sixteenth century, the attributes of the women who used make-up created a demand for the product among the upper class. As of 2016, the worlds largest cosmetics company is LOréal, the market was developed in the US during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II, during the 18th century, there was a high number of incidences of lead-poisoning because of the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder. This led to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, attacked tooth enamel, heavy use was known to lead to death. Concealer is commonly used by men, Cosmetics brands release products especially tailored for men, and men are increasingly using them. Cosmetics are intended to be applied externally, a subset of cosmetics is called make-up, refers primarily to products containing color pigments that are intended to alter the users appearance
6.
Cheekbone
–
In the human skull, the zygomatic bone is a paired bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the wall and floor of the orbit. It presents a malar and a surface, four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal. Near the center of surface is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve. The orbital surface forms the part and some of the inferior part of the bony orbit. The zygomatic nerve passes through the foramen on this surface. The lateral palpebral ligament attaches to a small protuberance called the orbital tubercle, each zygomatic bone is diamond-shaped and composed of three processes with similarly named associated bony articulations, frontal, temporal, and maxillary. Each process of the bone forms important structures of the skull. The orbital surface of the process of the zygomatic bone forms a part of the infraorbital rim. The antero-superior or orbital border is smooth, concave, and forms a part of the circumference of the orbit. The postero-inferior or zygomatic border affords attachment by its edge to the Masseter. The zygomatic articulates with four bones, the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, mall describes it as being ossified from one center which appears just beneath and to the lateral side of the orbit. After birth, the bone is sometimes divided by a suture into an upper larger. In some quadrumana the zygomatic bone consisted of two parts, an orbital and a malar, high cheekbones are pronounced zygomatic arches, causing the upper part of the cheeks to jut out and form a line cut into the sides of the face. High cheekbones, forming a face shape, are very common in fashion models and are considered a beauty trait in both males and females. The term zygomatic derives from the Greek Ζυγόμα zygoma meaning yoke, the zygomatic bone is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term may also refer to the zygomatic arch. The zygomatic is homologous to the bone of other tetrapods. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the bone is referred to as the jugal bone
7.
Ancient Egypt
–
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations to arise independently, Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer. In the aftermath of Alexander the Greats death, one of his generals, Ptolemy Soter and this Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture, the predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world and its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history, nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late Paleolithic period, the climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry. In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates, foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians, and this is also the period when many animals were first domesticated. The largest of these cultures in upper Egypt was the Badari, which probably originated in the Western Desert, it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools. The Badari was followed by the Amratian and Gerzeh cultures, which brought a number of technological improvements, as early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes. In Naqada II times, early evidence exists of contact with the Near East, particularly Canaan, establishing a power center at Hierakonpolis, and later at Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile. They also traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the desert to the west. Royal Nubian burials at Qustul produced artifacts bearing the oldest-known examples of Egyptian dynastic symbols, such as the crown of Egypt. They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience, which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines. During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols that eventually were developed into a system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language. The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia, the third-century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of pharaohs from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today
8.
Lipstick
–
Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that apply color, texture, and protection to the lips. Many colors and types of lipstick exist, as with most other types of makeup, lipstick is typically, but not exclusively, worn by women. Some lipsticks are also lip balms, to add color and hydration, ancient Americas oldest manual from the 13th century The Grolier Codex shows two Mayan woman wearing lipstick. Ancient Sumerian men and women were possibly the first to invent and wear lipstick and they crushed gemstones and used them to decorate their faces, mainly on the lips and around the eyes. Also Egyptians like Cleopatra crushed bugs to create a colour of red on their lips, also around 3000 BC to 1500 BC, women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied red tinted lipstick to their lips for face decoration. Ancient Egyptians wore lipstick to show social status rather than gender and they extracted the red dye from fucus-algin,0. 01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, but this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales. In Australia, Aboriginal girls would paint their mouths red with ocher for puberty rituals, lip colouring started to gain some popularity in 16th-century England. During the time of Queen Elizabeth I bright red lips and a white face became fashionable. At that time, lipstick was made from a blend of beeswax, only upper class women and male actors wore makeup. It was considered brazen and uncouth to wear makeup, in the 1850s, reports were being published warning women of the dangers of using lead and vermilion in cosmetics applied to the face. By the end of the 19th century, Guerlain, a French cosmetic company, the first commercial lipstick had been invented in 1884, by perfumers in Paris, France. It was covered in paper and made from deer tallow, castor oil. Prior to this, lipstick had been created at home, complete acceptance of the undisguised use of cosmetics in England appears to have arrived for the fashionable Londoner at least by 1921. In the 19th century, lipstick was colored with carmine dye, Carmine dye was extracted from cochineal, scale insects native to Mexico and Central America which live on cactus plants. Cochineal insects produce carminic acid to deter predation by other insects, carminic acid, which forms 17% to 24% of the weight of the dried insects, can be extracted from the insects body and eggs. Mixed with aluminum or calcium salts it makes carmine dye and this lipstick did not come in a tube, it was applied with a brush. Carmine dye was expensive and the look of carmine colored lipstick was considered unnatural and theatrical, only actors and actresses could get away with wearing lipstick
9.
Regency era
–
The Regency in Great Britain was a period when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and his son ruled as his proxy as Prince Regent. On the death of George III in 1820, the Prince Regent became George IV, the term Regency can refer to various stretches of time, some are longer period than the decade of the formal Regency which lasted from 1811–1820. The Regency era ended in 1837 when Queen Victoria succeeded William IV, the Regency is noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture. This era encompassed a time of social, political. War was waged with Napoleon and on other fronts, affecting commerce both at home and internationally as well as politics, despite the bloodshed and warfare the Regency was also a period of great refinement and cultural achievement, shaping and altering the societal structure of Britain as a whole. One of the greatest patrons of the arts and architecture was the Prince Regent himself, upper class society flourished in a sort of mini-Renaissance of culture and refinement. Naturally, this required dipping into the treasury and the Regent, in many ways there was a dark side to the beauty and fashion in England at this time. In the dingier, less affluent areas of London, thievery, womanising, gambling, the existence of rookeries, the population boom—the population increased from just under a million in 1801 to one and a quarter million by 1820—created a wild, roiling, volatile, and vibrant scene. The formation of the Regency after the retirement of George III saw the end of a pious and reserved society. This change was influenced by the Regent himself, who was entirely removed from the machinations of politics. Driving these changes was not only money and rebellious pampered youth, in 1814 The Times adopted steam printing. By this method it could now print 1,100 sheets every hour, not 200 as before—a fivefold increase in production capability,1811 George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales began his nine-year tenure as regent and became known as The Prince Regent. This sub-period of the Georgian era began the formal Regency, the Duke of Wellington held off the French at Fuentes dOnoro and Albuhera in the Peninsular War. The Prince Regent held a fete at 9,00 p. m, june 19,1811, at Carlton House in celebration of his assumption of the Regency. 1812 Spencer Perceval assassinated in the House of Commons, final shipment of the Elgin Marbles arrived in England. Sarah Siddons retired from the stage, shipping and territory disputes started the War of 1812 between the United Kingdom and the United States. The British were victorious over French armies at the Battle of Salamanca), charles John Huffam Dickens English writer and social critic of the Victorian era was born on 7 February 18121813 Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen was published. William Hedleys Puffing Billy, a steam locomotive, ran on smooth rails
10.
Victorian era
–
The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
11.
Pinch (action)
–
By extension, that which is taken in the grip is referred to as a pinch. When the fingers are used to perform a pinch, the action consists of the thumb. The closer to the thumb the other finger is located, the stronger the pinch, the term pinch often refers to the action being taken on the skin. Pinching the skin can result in pinch marks, a condition. Pinching has the following uses in health care and medicine, The skin is often pinched prior to giving an injection in order to get the needle in the desired location, in neurology, pinching can be used to determine pain sensitivity for a certain area of skin. Can be used to determine resiliency in the skin of an aged person, when the skin is pinched, the amount of time the pinch remains visible following the pinch is an indicator. When skin has been damaged by the sun, pinching can be used to determine the amount of damage, examining the appearance with varying amounts of time following the pinch can be used to determine the amount of damage. In determining dehydration, pinching the skin can serve as a test, the speed at which the pinch turns back can help determine the level of dehydration. The slower it goes back, the severe the dehydration. These measurements are converted to a body fat percentage by an equation. Pinching is used as part of the diagnosis of schleroderma, in schleroderma patients, the skin between the fingers becomes too difficult to pinch. In veterinary medicine, small amounts of skin is pinched in order to perform grafting. A pinch can refer to the taking of an amount of a powdery substance. In cooking, a pinch refers to an amount of an ingredient, such as salt or a spice. Small amounts of drugs are sometimes referred to as a pinch
12.
Ancient Greece
–
Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th-9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and this was followed by the period of Classical Greece, an era that began with the Greco-Persian Wars, lasting from the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Due to the conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a influence on ancient Rome. For this reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture and is considered the cradle of Western civilization. Classical Antiquity in the Mediterranean region is considered to have begun in the 8th century BC. Classical Antiquity in Greece is preceded by the Greek Dark Ages and this period is succeeded, around the 8th century BC, by the Orientalizing Period during which a strong influence of Syro-Hittite, Jewish, Assyrian, Phoenician and Egyptian cultures becomes apparent. The end of the Dark Ages is also dated to 776 BC. The Archaic period gives way to the Classical period around 500 BC, Ancient Periods Astronomical year numbering Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details The history of Greece during Classical Antiquity may be subdivided into five major periods. The earliest of these is the Archaic period, in which artists made larger free-standing sculptures in stiff, the Archaic period is often taken to end with the overthrow of the last tyrant of Athens and the start of Athenian Democracy in 508 BC. It was followed by the Classical period, characterized by a style which was considered by observers to be exemplary, i. e. classical, as shown in the Parthenon. This period saw the Greco-Persian Wars and the Rise of Macedon, following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period, during which Greek culture and power expanded into the Near and Middle East. This period begins with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman conquest, Herodotus is widely known as the father of history, his Histories are eponymous of the entire field. Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato, most of these authors were either Athenian or pro-Athenian, which is why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than those of many other cities. Their scope is limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, ignoring economic. In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization, literacy had been lost and Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, modifying it to create the Greek alphabet. The Lelantine War is the earliest documented war of the ancient Greek period and it was fought between the important poleis of Chalcis and Eretria over the fertile Lelantine plain of Euboea. Both cities seem to have suffered a decline as result of the long war, a mercantile class arose in the first half of the 7th century BC, shown by the introduction of coinage in about 680 BC
13.
Morus (plant)
–
Morus, a genus of flowering plants in the family Moraceae, comprises 10–16 species of deciduous trees commonly known as mulberries, growing wild and under cultivation in many temperate world regions. The closely related genus Broussonetia is also known as mulberry, notably the paper mulberry. Mulberries are fast-growing when young, but soon become slow-growing and rarely exceed 10–15 metres tall, the leaves are alternately arranged, simple and often lobed and serrated on the margin. Lobes are more common on juvenile shoots than on mature trees, the trees can be monoecious or dioecious. The mulberry fruit is a fruit, approximately 2 to 3 cm long. Immature fruits are white, green, or pale yellow, in most species the fruits turn pink and then red while ripening, then dark purple or black, and have a sweet flavor when fully ripe. The fruits of the white-fruited cultivar are white when ripe, the fruit of this cultivar is also sweet, the taxonomy of Morus is complex and disputed. Morus classification is further complicated by widespread hybridisation, wherein the hybrids are fertile. Jams and sherbets are often made from the fruit in this region, black mulberry was imported to Britain in the 17th century in the hope that it would be useful in the cultivation of silkworms. It was much used in medicine, especially in the treatment of ringworm. Mulberries are also widespread in Greece, particularly in the Peloponnese, mulberries can be grown from seed, and this is often advised as seedling-grown trees are generally of better shape and health, but they are most often planted from large cuttings which root readily. The mulberry plants which are allowed to grow tall with a height of 5–6 feet from ground level. Usually, the plantation is raised and in formation with a spacing of 6 feet ×6 feet, or 8 feet ×8 feet, as plant to plant. The plants are usually pruned once a year during the season to a height of 5–6 feet. The leaves are harvested three or four times a year by a leaf-picking method under rain-fed or semiarid conditions, depending on the monsoon, the tree branches pruned during the fall season are cut and used to make durable baskets supporting agriculture and animal husbandry. Some North American cities have banned the planting of mulberries because of the amounts of pollen they produce. In actuality, only the male mulberry trees produce pollen, this light-weight pollen can be inhaled deeply into the lungs, conversely, female mulberry trees produce all-female flowers, which draw pollen and dust from the air. Because of this feature, all-female mulberry trees have an OPALS allergy scale rating of just 1
14.
Beetroot
–
The beetroot is the taproot portion of the beet plant, usually known in North America as the beet, also table beet, garden beet, red beet, or golden beet. It is one of several of the varieties of Beta vulgaris grown for their edible taproots. These varieties have been classified as B. vulgaris subsp, other than as a food, beets have use as a food colouring and as a medicinal plant. Many beet products are made from other Beta vulgaris varieties, particularly sugar beet, usually the deep purple roots of beetroot are eaten boiled, roasted or raw, and either alone or combined with any salad vegetable. A large proportion of the production is processed into boiled and sterilized beets or into pickles. In Eastern Europe, beet soup, such as borscht, is a popular dish, in Indian cuisine, chopped, cooked, spiced beet is a common side dish. Yellow-coloured beetroots are grown on a small scale for home consumption. The green, leafy portion of the beet is also edible, the young leaves can be added raw to salads, whilst the adult leaves are most commonly served boiled or steamed, in which case they have a taste and texture similar to spinach. Those greens selected should be from bulbs that are unmarked, instead of those with overly limp leaves or wrinkled skins, the domestication of beets can be traced to the emergence of an allele which enables biennial harvesting of leaves and taproot. Pickled beets are a food in many countries. A traditional Pennsylvania Dutch dish is pickled beet egg, hard-boiled eggs are refrigerated in the liquid left over from pickling beets and allowed to marinate until the eggs turn a deep pink-red colour. The same in Serbia where the popular cvekla is used as salad, seasoned with salt and vinegar. As an addition to horseradish it is used to produce the red variety of chrain. Popular in Australian hamburgers, a slice of pickled beetroot is combined with other condiments on a beef patty to make an Aussie burger, when beet juice is used, it is most stable in foods with a low water content, such as frozen novelties and fruit fillings. Beetroot can also be used to make wine, food shortages in Europe following World War I caused great hardships, including cases of mangelwurzel disease, as relief workers called it. It was symptomatic of eating only beets, the chemical adipic acid rarely occurs in nature, but happens to occur naturally in beetroot. From the Middle Ages, beetroot was used as a treatment for a variety of conditions, especially relating to digestion. Bartolomeo Platina recommended taking beetroot with garlic to nullify the effects of garlic-breath, during the middle of the 19th century wine often was coloured with beetroot juice
15.
Strawberry
–
The garden strawberry is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria. It is cultivated worldwide for its fruit, the fruit is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in quantities, either fresh or in such prepared foods as preserves, fruit juice, pies, ice creams, milkshakes. Artificial strawberry flavorings and aromas are also used in many products like lip gloss, candy, hand sanitizers, perfume. Cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa have replaced, in production, the woodland strawberry. Technically, the strawberry is an accessory fruit, meaning that the fleshy part is derived not from the plants ovaries. Each apparent seed on the outside of the fruit is one of the ovaries of the flower. The first garden strawberry was grown in Brittany, France during the late 18th century, prior to this, wild strawberries and cultivated selections from wild strawberry species were the common source of the fruit. The strawberry fruit was mentioned in ancient Roman literature in reference to its medicinal use, the French began taking the strawberry from the forest to their gardens for harvest in the 14th century. Charles V, Frances king from 1364 to 1380, had 1,200 strawberry plants in his royal garden, in the early 15th century western European monks were using the wild strawberry in their illuminated manuscripts. The strawberry is found in Italian, Flemish, and German art, the entire strawberry plant was used to treat depressive illnesses. By the 16th century references of cultivation of the strawberry became more common, people began using it for its supposed medicinal properties and botanists began naming the different species. In England the demand for regular strawberry farming had increased by the mid-16th century, the combination of strawberries and cream was created by Thomas Wolsey in the court of King Henry VIII. Instructions for growing and harvesting strawberries showed up in writing in 1578, by the end of the 16th century three European species had been cited, F. vesca, F. moschata, and F. viridis. The garden strawberry was transplanted from the forests and then the plants would be propagated asexually by cutting off the runners, two subspecies of F. vesca were identified, F. sylvestris alba and F. sylvestris semperflorens. The introduction of F. virginiana from Eastern North America to Europe in the 17th century is an important part of history because this gave rise to the modern strawberry. The new species gradually spread through the continent and did not become completely appreciated until the end of the 18th century, when a French excursion journeyed to Chile in 1712, it introduced the strawberry plant with female flowers that resulted in the common strawberry that we have today. The Mapuche and Huilliche Indians of Chile cultivated the female strawberry species until 1551 when the Spanish came to conquer the land, in 1765, a European explorer recorded the cultivation of F. chiloensis, the Chilean strawberry
16.
Amaranthus cruentus
–
Amaranthus cruentus is a flowering plant species that yields the nutritious staple amaranth grain. It is one of three Amaranthus species cultivated as a source, the other two being Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus caudatus. In Maharashtra, it is called as shravani maath or rajgira, Amaranthus cruentus is a tall annual herb topped with clusters of dark pink flowers. The plant can grow up to 2 m in height, and it is believed to have originated from Amaranthus hybridus, with which it shares many morphological features. The plant is green in color, but a purple variant was once grown for use in Inca rituals. This species was in use as a source in North America. The seeds are eaten as a cereal grain and they are black in the wild plant, and white in the domesticated form. They are ground into flour, popped like popcorn, cooked into a porridge, the leaves can be cooked like spinach, and the seeds can be germinated into nutritious sprouts. While A. cruentus is no longer a staple food in North and Central America, it is still grown and it is an important crop for subsistence farmers in Africa. In Maharashtra, during month of Shravan, a vegetable with just grated coconut is served during festivals. The stem is used in curry made with vaal hyacinth bean, among the Zuni people, the feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. The crushed leaves and blossoms are also moistened and rubbed on cheeks as rouge, USDA profile Amaranthus cruentus Edible plants info page Jepson Manual treatment Taxonomic, Scientific, and Distribution Information Van Wyk, Ben-Erik
17.
Talcum
–
Talc is a clay mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2Mg34 or Mg3Si4O102. In loose form, it, along with starch, was one of the most widely used substances known as baby powder It occurs as foliated to fibrous masses. It has a perfect cleavage, and the folia are not elastic. Mohs scale of hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison. As such, talc can easily be scratched by a fingernail, talc has a specific gravity of 2. 5–2.8, a clear or dusty luster, and is translucent to opaque. Talc is not soluble in water, but is soluble in dilute mineral acids. Its color ranges from white to grey or green and it has a greasy feel. Soapstone is a rock composed predominantly of talc. The word talc derives from Medieval Latin talcus, which in turn originates from Arabic, طلق ṭalq which in turn was derived from Persian, in the ancient times, the word was used for various related minerals, including talc, mica, and selenite. Talc is a mineral that results from the metamorphism of magnesian minerals such as serpentine, pyroxene, amphibole. This is known as talc carbonation or steatization and produces a suite of known as talc carbonates. This is typically associated with high-pressure, low-temperature minerals such as phengite, garnet, such rocks are typically white, friable, and fibrous, and are known as whiteschist. Talc is a trioctahedral layered mineral, its structure is similar to pyrophyllite, talc is a common metamorphic mineral in metamorphic belts that contain ultramafic rocks, such as soapstone, and within whiteschist and blueschist metamorphic terranes. Talc carbonate ultramafics are typical of areas of the Archaean cratons. Talc-carbonate ultramafics are also known from the Lachlan Fold Belt, eastern Australia, from Brazil, the Guiana Shield, and from the belts of Turkey, Oman. Notable economic talc occurrences include the Mount Seabrook talc mine, Western Australia, the France-based Luzenac Group is the worlds largest supplier of mined talc. Its largest talc mine at Trimouns near Luzenac in southern France produces 400,000 tonnes of talc per year, talc is used in many industries, including paper making, plastic, paint and coatings, rubber, food, electric cable, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and ceramics. A coarse grayish-green high-talc rock is soapstone or steatite, used for stoves, sinks, electrical switchboards, crayons, soap and it is often used for surfaces of laboratory table tops and electrical switchboards because of its resistance to heat, electricity and acids
18.
Safflower
–
Safflower is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds, plants are 30 to 150 cm tall with globular flower heads having yellow, orange, or red flowers. Each branch will usually have one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head. Safflower is native to arid environments having seasonal rain and it grows a deep taproot which enables it to thrive in such environments. Safflower is one of humanitys oldest crops, chemical analysis of ancient Egyptian textiles dated to the Twelfth Dynasty identified dyes made from safflower, and garlands made from safflowers were found in the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun. John Chadwick reports that the Greek name for safflower κάρθαμος occurs many times in Linear B tablets, the explanation is that there are two parts of the plant which can be used, the pale seeds and the red florets. In 2013, global production of seeds was 718,161 tonnes. Other significant producers were India, the United States, Mexico, traditionally, the crop was grown for its seeds, and used for coloring and flavoring foods, in medicines, and making red and yellow dyes, especially before cheaper aniline dyes became available. For the last fifty years or so, the plant has been cultivated mainly for the oil extracted from its seeds. Safflower seed oil is flavorless and colorless, and nutritionally similar to sunflower oil and it is used mainly in cosmetics and as a cooking oil, in salad dressing, and for the production of margarine. There are two types of safflower that produce different kinds of oil, one high in monounsaturated fatty acid, currently the predominant edible oil market is for the former, which is lower in saturated fats than olive oil. The latter is used in painting in the place of linseed oil, particularly with white paints, one human study compared high-linoleic safflower oil with conjugated linoleic acid, showing that body fat decreased and adiponectin levels increased in obese women consuming safflower oil. In the same study, a meta-analysis of linoleic acid used in clinical trials showed no evidence of cardiovascular benefit. Safflower flowers are used in cooking as a cheaper substitute for saffron. In coloring textiles, dried flowers are used as a natural dye source for the orange-red pigment Carthamin. Carthamin is also known, in the dye industry, as Carthamus Red or Natural Red 26. Chinese herbology Conjugated linoleic acid Safflower Princess Tsheringma Complementary and Alternative Healing University Ahmed M. Zahran, M. F. Omran, S. Z. Mansour, effectiveness of Carthamus tinctorius L. in the Restitution of Lipid Composition in Irradiated Rats
19.
Carmine
–
Carmine, also called cochineal, cochineal extract, crimson lake or carmine lake, natural red 4, C. I. 75470, or E120, is a pigment of a bright-red color obtained from the salt of carminic acid. The pigment is produced from some scale insects such as the cochineal scale, the English word carmine is derived from the French word carmin, from Medieval Latin carminium, from Arabic qirmiz, which itself derives from Middle Persian carmir. The Persian term carmir might come from Sanskrit krimiga, from krmi The term may also be influenced in Latin by minium, purity of color is ensured by the absence of iron. Stannous chloride, citric acid, borax, or gelatin may be added to regulate the formation of the precipitate. For shades of purple, lime is added to the alum, thus, Carmine may be prepared from cochineal, by boiling dried insects in water to extract the carminic acid and then treating the clear solution with alum. Other common substances such as cream of tartar, stannous chloride, or potassium hydrogen oxalate can also be used to effect the precipitation, use of these chemicals causes the coloring and animal matters present in the liquid to be precipitated to give a lake pigment. Aluminum from the alum gives the traditional color to carminic acid precipitates. This color is degraded by the presence of iron salts, addition of lime can give carminic acid lakes a purple cast. Other methods for the production of dye are in use, in which egg white, fish glue. The quality of carmine is affected by the temperature and the degree of illumination during its preparation and it also differs according to the amount of alumina present in it. It is sometimes adulterated with cinnabar, starch and other materials, from these, good carmine should crumble readily between the fingers when dry. Carmine can be used as an agent in histology, as a Bests carmine to stain glycogen, mucicarmine to stain acidic mucopolysaccharides. In these applications, it is applied together with a mordant, Carmine was used in dyeing textiles and in painting since antiquity. It is not very stable in oil paint, and its use ceased after new, jacopo Tintoretto used carmine in several of his paintings, including Portrait of Vincenzo Morosini and Christ Washing the Feet of the Disciples. Carmine is used as a dye in many different products such as juices, ice cream, yogurt, and candy. Although principally a red dye, it is found in foods that are shades of red, pink. As a food dye it has known to cause severe allergic reactions
20.
Ammonia solution
–
Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonical liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH3 and it is sometimes thought of as a solution of ammonium hydroxide. Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests an alkali with composition, it is impossible to isolate samples of NH4OH. The ions NH4+ and OH− do not account for a significant fraction of the amount of ammonia except in extremely dilute solutions. In aqueous solution, ammonia deprotonates a small fraction of the water to ammonium and hydroxide according to the following equilibrium. In a 1M ammonia solution, about 1. 42% of the ammonia is converted to ammonium, the base ionization constant is Kb = / =1. 8×10−5 Like other gases, ammonia exhibits decreasing solubility in solvent liquids as the temperature of the solvent increases. Ammonia solutions decrease in density as the concentration of dissolved ammonia increases, at 15.6 °C, the density of a saturated solution is 0.88 g/ml and contains 35% ammonia by mass,308 g/l w/v, and has a molarity of approximately 18 mol L−1. At higher temperatures, the molarity of the solution decreases. When solutions that are saturated at cold temperatures are sealed in containers and subsequently warmed, unsealing such containers can lead to a burst of ammonia gas. In extreme cases, the containers could rupture, from a chemists perspective, one should be aware that the concentration of a near-saturated solution in an open container drops continually as the container is handled in a warmer environment. Thus, old samples of ammonia solution will deviate from 18 M, household ammonia is dilute ammonia, which is also an ingredient of numerous other cleaning agents, including many window cleaning formulas. In addition to use as an ingredient in cleansers with other cleansing ingredients, ammonia in water is sold as a cleaning agent by itself. It may be plain, lemon-scented, or pine-scented. Commonly available ammonia with soap added is known as Cloudy ammonia, in industry, aqueous ammonia can be used as a precursor to some alkyl amines, although anhydrous ammonia is usually preferred. Hexamethylenetetramine forms readily from aqueous ammonia and formaldehyde, ethylenediamine forms from 1, 2-dichloroethane and aqueous ammonia. In furniture-making, ammonia solution was used to darken or stain wood containing tannic acid. After being sealed inside a container with the wood, fumes from the solution react with the acid and iron salts naturally found in wood, creating a rich. This was commonly used during the arts and crafts movement in furniture- a furniture style which was constructed of oak
21.
Rose water
–
Rose water is a flavoured water made by steeping rose petals in water. It is the portion of the distillate of rose petals. It is used to food, as a component in some cosmetic and medical preparations. Rose syrup is made from water, with sugar added. In Iran, India and other countries in the Indian Subcontinent, Gulab, refers to, the cultivation of various fragrant flowers for obtaining perfumes including rose water may date back to Sassanid Persia. Locally it was known as golāb in Middle Persian, and as zoulápin in Byzantine Greek and this allowed for more efficient and lucrative trade. Since ancient times, roses have been used medicinally, nutritionally, the ancient Greeks, Romans and Phoenicians considered large public rose gardens to be as important as croplands such as orchards and wheat fields. Rose water is a by-product of this process, rose water has a very distinctive flavour and is used heavily in Persian and Middle Eastern cuisine—especially in sweets such as nougat, gumdrops, and baklava. For example, rose water is used to some types of Turkish delight their distinctive flavours. The Cypriot version of mahaleb uses rosewater and it is also a key ingredient in sweet lassi, a drink made from yogurt, sugar and various fruit juices, and is also used to make jallab. In Malaysia and Singapore, sweet red-tinted rose water is mixed with milk, marzipan has long been flavoured with rose water. Marzipan originated in the Middle East and arrived in Western Europe by the Middle Ages, rose water was also used to make Waverly Jumbles. American and European bakers enjoyed the floral flavouring of rose water in their baking until the 19th century when vanilla flavouring became popular, in parts of the Middle East, rose water is commonly added to lemonade or milk. It is often added to water to mask unpleasant odours and flavours found in tap water, in many parts of Mexico, rose water is an essential ingredient for rose petal raspado, a rose petal-flavored shave ice. In the historic English county of Yorkshire rosewater has long used as a flavouring for one of that regions best loved dishes. In medieval Europe, rosewater was used to wash hands at a table during feasts. Rose water is a component of perfume. A rose water ointment is used as an emollient
22.
Rose oil
–
Rose oil is the essential oil extracted from the petals of various types of rose. Even with their price and the advent of organic synthesis. The key flavor compounds that contribute to the scent of rose oil, however, are beta-damascenone, beta-damascone, beta-ionone. Beta-damascenone presence and quantity is considered as the marker for the quality of rose oil, even though these compounds exist in less than 1% quantity of rose oil, they make up for slightly more than 90% of the odor content due to their low odor detection thresholds. Due to the production process and the low content of oil in the rose blooms. Harvesting of flowers is done by hand in the morning before sunrise, there are three main methods of extracting the oil from the plant material, Steam distillation, which produces an oil called rose otto or attar of roses. Solvent extraction, which results in an oil called rose absolute, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, yielding an essential oil that may be marketed as either an absolute or as a CO2 extract. In the process of distillation, large stills, traditionally of copper, are filled with roses, the still is fired for 60–105 minutes. The vaporized water and rose oil exit the still and enter a condensing apparatus and are collected in a flask. This distillation yields a very concentrated oil, direct oil, which makes up about 20% of the final product, the two oils are combined and make the final rose otto. Rose otto is mobile in room temperature and is usually clear and it will form white crystals at normal room temperature which disappear when the oil is gently warmed. It will tend to become more viscous at lower temperatures due to crystallization of some of its components. The essence has a strong odor, but is pleasant when diluted and used for perfume. Attar of roses was made in India, Persia, Syria. The Rose Valley in Bulgaria, near the town of Kazanlak, is among the producers of attar of roses in the world. In India, Kannauj is an important city of fabrication of rose attar, Grasse is an important city of fabrication of rose fragance. Due to the heat required for distillation, some of the compounds extracted from the rose undergo denaturing or chemical breakdown, as such, rose otto does not smell very similar to fresh roses. The hydrosol portion of the distillate is known as rosewater and this inexpensive by-product is used widely as a food flavoring as well as in skin care
23.
Cold cream
–
Cold cream is an emulsion of water and certain fats, usually including beeswax and various scent agents, designed to smooth skin and remove makeup. The emulsion is of a water in oil type unlike the oil in water emulsion of vanishing cream. The name cold cream derives from the feeling that the cream leaves on the skin. Variations of the product have been used for nearly 2000 years, Cold cream is mainly used for skin treatment, due to its moisturizing properties. It can also be used to remove makeup and as shaving cream, the invention of cold cream is credited to Galen, a physician in second century Greece. In perfumery there are kinds of cold cream, distinguished by their odour, such as that of camphor, almond, violet, roses. In France, this substance is known as cérat de Galien. An 1814 poem credited to Dr. Cold cream now replaces the olive oil with mineral oil or other oils, which are cheaper and slower to spoil, as well as alcohol, glycerin, and lanolin. Beginning in the 1970s, jojoba oil became a common ingredient, another common ingredient in modern cold cream is borax, which is also responsible for the whiteness of cold cream. Widely sold brands of cream in the United States include Ponds
24.
JSTOR
–
JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
25.
Zuni
–
The Zuni are federally recognized Native American Pueblo peoples. Most live in the Pueblo of Zuni on the Zuni River, Zuni is 55 km south of Gallup, New Mexico. In addition to the reservation, the tribe owns trust lands in Catron County, New Mexico and Apache County, in 2000,10,228 people were enrolled in the Zuni tribe. Archaeology suggests that the Zuni have been farmers in their present location for 3,000 to 4,000 years, the village of the great kiva near the contemporary Zuni Pueblo was built in the 11th century CE. The Zuni region, however, was only sparsely populated by small agricultural settlements until the 12th century when the population. In the 14th century, the Zuni inhabited a dozen pueblos between 180 and 1,400 rooms in size, all of these pueblos, except Zuni, were abandoned by 1400, and over the next 200 years, nine large new pueblos were constructed. These were the seven cities of Cibola sought by early Spanish explorers, by 1650, there were only six Zuni villages. In 1539, Moorish slave Estevanico led a party of Fray Marcos de Nizas Spanish expedition. The Zuni killed him as a spy and this was Spains first contact with any of the Pueblo peoples. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled through Zuni Pueblo, the Spaniards built a mission at Hawikuh in 1629. The Zunis tried to expel the missionaries in 1632, but the Spanish built another mission in Halona in 1643, before the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, the Zuni lived in six different villages. After the revolt, until 1692, they took refuge in a position atop Dowa Yalanne, a steep mesa 5 km southeast of the present Pueblo of Zuni, Dowa means corn. After the establishment of peace and the return of the Spanish, the Zunis were self-sufficient during the mid-19th century, but faced raiding by the Apaches, Navajos, and Plains Indians. Their reservation was officially recognized by the United States federal government in 1877, gradually the Zuni farmed less and turned to sheep and cattle herding as a means of economic development. Frank Hamilton Cushing, an anthropologist associated with the Smithsonian Institution, a controversy during the early 2000s was associated with Zuni opposition to the development of a coal mine near the Zuni Salt Lake, a site considered sacred by the Zuni and under Zuni control. The mine would have extracted water from the aquifer below the lake, the plan died in 2003 after several lawsuits. The Zuni traditionally speak the Zuni language, a language isolate that has no relationship to any other Native American language. Linguists believe that the Zuni have maintained the integrity of their language for at least 7,000 years, the Zuni have, however, share a number of words from Keresan, Hopi, and Pima pertaining to religion and religious observances
26.
A Defence of Cosmetics
–
A Defence of Cosmetics is an essay by caricaturist and parodist Max Beerbohm and published in the first edition of The Yellow Book in April 1894. Aged 21 when the essay was published, it established his reputation and it later appeared in his first book, The Works of Max Beerbohm as The Pervasion of Rouge. A Peep into the Past was possibly withheld because of the impending Wilde scandal, when it was published, A Defence of Cosmetics was singled out for vilification as decadent, and subsequent issues of The Yellow Book containing his work were condemned by the establishment. Beerbohm contended that the use of make-up by women, and some men, was becoming the norm in the 1890s, and his essay claimed that most women are not as young as they are painted. Artifice, sweetest exile, is come into her kingdom and this, I conceive, is done for purely social reasons. The essay, a defence of Decadence, created a sensation when it appeared in 1894. Delighted with the essay, William Rothenstein wrote to Beerbohm. all my friends chuckled over your dear cosmetics as they read & reread them, oscar, solitary exception, was moved to a torrent of tears, so strong was his emotion. Wilde, appreciating Beerbohms wise but ironic manner, commented that The gods bestowed on Max the gift of perpetual old age, turning the pages of A Defence of Cosmetics A Defence of Cosmetics on Victorian Web Mocking the Victorian Sages, Beerbohms A Defence of Cosmetics
27.
Max Beerbohm
–
Sir Henry Maximilian Max Beerbohm was an English essayist, parodist, and caricaturist. He first became known in the 1890s as a dandy and a humorist and he was the drama critic for the Saturday Review from 1898 until 1910, when he relocated to Rapallo, Italy. In his later years he was popular for his radio broadcasts. Among his best-known works is his novel, Zuleika Dobson. His caricatures, drawn usually in pen or pencil with muted watercolour tinting, are in public collections. His mother was Eliza Draper Beerbohm, the sister of Juliuss late first wife and his was a well-to-do London family. He was also close to four half-siblings, one of whom, other older half-siblings were the author and explorer Julius Beerbohm and the author Constance Beerbohm. His nieces were Viola, Felicity and Iris Tree, from 1881 to 1885 Max – he was always called simply Max and it is thus that he signed his drawings – attended the day school of a Mr Wilkinson in Orme Square. Mr Wilkinson, Beerbohm later said, gave me my love of Latin, mrs Wilkinson taught drawing to the students, the only lessons Beerbohm ever had in the subject. Beerbohm was educated at Charterhouse School and Merton College, Oxford from 1890 and it was at school that he began writing. While at Oxford Beerbohm became acquainted with Oscar Wilde and his circle through his half-brother, in 1893 he met William Rothenstein, who introduced him to Aubrey Beardsley and other members of the literary and artistic circle connected with The Bodley Head. Though he was an unenthusiastic student academically, Beerbohm became a figure in Oxford social circles. He also began submitting articles and caricatures to London publications, which were met enthusiastically, in March 1893 he submitted an article on Oscar Wilde to the Anglo-American Times under the pen name An American. Later in 1893 his essay The Incomparable Beauty of Modern Dress was published in the Oxford journal The Spirit Lamp by its editor, Lord Alfred Douglas. By 1894, having developed his personality as a dandy and humorist and his A Defence of Cosmetics appeared in the first edition of The Yellow Book in 1894, his friend Aubrey Beardsley being art editor at the time. At this time Oscar Wilde said of him The gods have bestowed on Max the gift of perpetual old age, in 1895 Beerbohm went to the United States for several months as secretary to his half-brother Herbert Beerbohm Trees theatrical company. He was fired when he spent far too many hours polishing the business correspondence, there he became engaged to Grace Conover, an American actress in the company, a relationship that lasted several years. On his return to England Beerbohm published his first book, The Works of Max Beerbohm and his first piece of fiction, The Happy Hypocrite, was published in volume XI of The Yellow Book in October 1896
28.
BB cream
–
BB cream stands for blemish balm, blemish base, beblesh balm, and in Western markets, beauty balm. Compared to a cream which would be just a cream with a very light tint. On top of that, it provides a sunblock. The CC cream came later on and describes a Color Correction cream, a CC cream has all the benefits of a BB cream but with the specific feature of homogenizing the coloration of the skin, by correcting the complexion concerns such as redness or dullness. What became BB cream was originally formulated in the 1960s in Germany by dermatologist Dr. Christine Schrammek to protect her patients skin after facial peels, BB creams come in a variety of different formulations. Because Korean companies focused initially on the Korean and East Asian markets, instead of offering multiple shades for different skin colors, most formulae are designed to oxidize to match the users skin tone. The skin-whitening properties of the cream as sold in the Asian market are an important element in its popularity, the coverage is often mineral-based, and is intended to both cover and treat blemishes such as acne, sun spots and age spots. It also has anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammatory and soothing effects, several contain hyaluronic acid and Vitamin C. BB creams make up 13 percent of the market in South Korea. Some Korean brands also offer BB creams for men, notable Korean brands include Etude House, Missha, Nature Republic, Skin Food, Sulhwasoo, and The Face Shop. Early arrivals included Boscia, Clinique, Dior, Estée Lauder, Garnier, Marcelle, Maybelline, Revlon, lab Series makes a BB cream for men. Certain BB creams have been tailored for Western markets, Estée Lauder, BB creams advertised as cruelty-free include Smashbox and The Body Shop. As of May 2013, Amore Pacific, which has as its subsidiaries Etude House and Laneige, has ended animal testing on all ingredients, products certified as cruelty-free may still contain animal products and may not be suitable for vegans. Miracle creams we can believe in, Hull Daily Mail, March 31,2012, beauty for dark skin, the BB cream debate, The Guardian, March 15,2013. Learn your BB CCs, Global Times, March 24,2013,10 Best BB Creams, Vogue, January 17,2013. The BB cream is here to stay, The Times of India, beautys all in one, The balm that claims to be a moisturiser, sun block, primer AND foundation, but does it work. The Daily Mail, June 14,2011, for it being introduced to South Korea and Japan in the 1980s, see Macleans, January 11,2012. For the rest, see Koh Young-aah, perfect your look in Korea, The Korea Herald/Naver News, September 2,2009
29.
Botulinum toxin
–
Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction, infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism. The toxin is used commercially in medicine, cosmetics. Botulinum is the most acutely lethal toxin known, with an estimated median lethal dose of 1. 3–2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration requires a warning stating that when locally administered the toxin may spread from the injection site to other areas of the body. The warning was the result of associated with its uses. There are seven types of toxin, named type A–G. Type A and B are capable of causing disease in humans, types C–G are less common, types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals. Botulinum toxin types A and B are used in medicine to treat muscle spasms. The commercial form is marketed under the brand name Botox, among others, botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of problems. Similarly, botulinum toxin is used to relax clenching of muscles, including those of the oesophagus, jaw, lower urinary tract and bladder and it may also be used for improper eye alignment. In cosmetic applications, botulinum toxin is considered safe and effective for reduction of facial wrinkles, injection of botulinum toxin into the muscles under facial wrinkles causes relaxation of those muscles, resulting in the smoothing of the overlying skin. Smoothing of wrinkles is usually three days after treatment and is maximally visible two weeks following injection. The treated muscles gradually regain function, and generally return to their former appearance three to four months after treatment, muscles can be treated repeatedly to maintain the smoothed appearance. Botulinum toxin is used to treat disorders of hyperactive nerves including excessive sweating, neuropathic pain. In addition to uses, botulinum toxin is being evaluated for use in treating chronic pain. While botulinum toxin is considered safe in a clinical setting. Most commonly, botulinum toxin can be injected into the muscle group or spread from the injection site
30.
Concealer
–
A concealer or colour corrector is a type of cosmetic that is used to mask dark circles, age spots, large pores, and other small blemishes visible on the skin. It is similar to foundation, but thicker and used to hide different pigments by blending the imperfection into the skin tone. It is normally applied after primer, after foundation and used on the face, both concealer and foundation are typically used to make skin appear more uniform in color, and make a clean base for all the other cosmetics. These two types of cosmetics differ in that concealers tend to be heavily pigmented, though they are available in a wide range of opacity. It also comes in different forms from liquid to solid, also, foundation is usually applied to larger areas. The first commercially available concealer was Max Factors Erace, launched in 1954, concealer can be used alone or with foundations. Camouflage makeup is a much heavier pigmented form of concealer and it is used to cover serious skin discolorations such as birthmarks, scars and vitiligo. An example of a modern camouflage makeup is Colortration, which is a liquid cover makeup, concealer is available in a variety of shades, from lightest to deepest. When picking a concealer, people tend to one or two shades lighter than their skin tone to better hide their blemishes and dark circles under the eye. Some colors are intended to look like a skin tone. Concealers with yellow undertones are used to hide dark circles, green and blue can counteract red patches on the skin, such as those caused by pimples, broken veins, or rosacea. A purple-tinted concealer can make sallow complexions look brighter, colored concealers such as these are usually applied sparingly beneath a concealer or foundation that matches the wearers skin tone. Skin-toned concealers are not only the most common type, but are often sufficient on their own at hiding or blurring imperfections, baking, a make-up technique http, //bestconcealerreview. com/ http, //beauty. about. com/od/concealers/qt/concealershade. htm http, //www. quinceanerasmagazine. com/articles/what-is-concealer-used-for
31.
Cotton pad
–
Cotton pads are pads made of cotton which are used for medical or cosmetic purposes. For medical purposes, cotton pads are used to stop or prevent bleeding from minor punctures such as injections or venipuncture and they may be secured in place with tape. Cotton pads are used in the application and the removal of makeup. Cotton pads are soft enough that they can be used to clean babies, Cotton balls have much of the same applications as cotton pads, and can be used interchangeably. Despite their name, most modern cotton balls and pads are not made out of cotton at all but are made out of cheaper, bleached synthetic fibers such as polyester. The specific phobia of cotton balls has been reported, buts its prevalence is unknown, use of cotton for sanitary purposes likely dates back to its domestication. There is evidence that toilet paper, made in part of cotton and/or other plant fibers such as hemp, was used at least as early as 589 AD in China, Cotton balls have been used for applying gold leaf since at least as far back as 1801. An artists manual from that year using a squirrels tail. In 1891 The Laredo Times ran a story about women who put cotton balls in their cheeks to make themselves appear less thin, an 1898 patent by Jerome B. Dillon for a new type of bandage used an antiseptic. In 1937, Joseph A. Voss invented a machine which unraveled rolls of cotton and cut them at a fixed interval into cotton pads, starting the widespread consumption of cotton balls and pads. Companies producing cotton balls took out ads in newspapers as early as 1948 to promote their uses to the public, in 1965, it was reported in the Opelousas Daily World that the sanitary cotton industry in the United States was worth US$60 million. In 1986, Johnson & Johnson, a manufacturer of cotton balls, by 2013 however, most consumer cotton balls and pads outside of specifically labeled 100% Cotton organic brands contained mostly polyester and only nominal amounts of cotton. The change could be due to increases of sales of cheaper store brands, in 1999, only 50. 1% of sold cotton balls were store branded, the top three cotton ball brands in the United States are Swisspers, Swiss Beauty, and Cotton Cloud
32.
Facial
–
A facial is a family of skin care treatments for the face, including steam, exfoliation, extraction, creams, lotions, facial masks, peels, and massage. They are normally performed in beauty salons, but are also a spa treatment. They are used for skin health as well as for specific skin conditions. Types of facials include European facial, LED light therapy facials, some masks are designed to dry or solidify on the face, almost like plaster, others just remain wet. The perceived effects of a facial mask treatment include revitalizing, healing, or refreshing, masks are removed by either rinsing the face with water, wiping off with a damp cloth, or peeling off of the face. Duration for wearing a mask varies with the type of mask, the time can range from a few minutes to overnight. Those with sensitive skin are advised to first test out the mask on a portion of the skin, in order to check for any irritations. Some facial masks are not suited to frequent use, a glycolic mask can only be used once a month without the risk of burning the skin. Masks can be anywhere from drugstores to department stores, and can vary in consistency. Non-setting facial masks include warm oil and paraffin wax masks and these different forms are made to suit different skin types, and different skincare goals or needs. Clay and mud masks suit oily and some combination skin types, while cream-based masks tend to suit dry and sensitive skin types
33.
Foundation (cosmetics)
–
Foundation is a skin coloured makeup applied to the face to create an even, uniform colour to the complexion, to cover flaws and, sometimes, to change the natural skintone. Some foundations also function as a moisturizer, sunscreen, astringent or base layer for more complex cosmetics, foundation applied to the body is generally referred to as body painting. The use of cosmetics to enhance complexion reaches back into antiquity, “Face painting” is mentioned in the Old Testament. In 200 B. C. ancient Greek women applied white lead powder and it was considered fashionable for Greek women to have a pale complexion. Roman women also favoured a pale complexion, wealthy Romans favoured white lead paste, which could lead to disfigurements and death. Men also wore makeup to lighten their skin tone and they used white lead powder, chalk, and creams to lighten their skin tone. The cream was made from fat, starch, and tin oxide. The fat was rendered from animal carcasses and heated to remove the color, tin oxide was made out of heating tin metal in open air. The animal fat provided a smooth texture, while the tin oxide provided color to the cream, in the 6th century, women would often bleed themselves to achieve a pale complexion. During the Italian Renaissance, many women applied water–soluble lead paint to their faces, throughout the 17th century and the Elizabethan era, women wore ceruse, a lethal mixture of vinegar and white lead. They also applied egg whites to their faces to create a shiny complexion, many men and women died from wearing lead-based make-up. In the 18th century, Louis XV made it fashionable for men to wear lead-based makeup, theatrical actors wore heavy white base. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Victorian women wore little or no makeup, queen Victoria abhorred make-up and deemed that it was only appropriate for prostitutes and loose women to wear it. It was only acceptable for actors or actresses to wear make-up, in the late 19th century, women would apply a whitening mixture made out of zinc oxide, mercury, lead, nitrate of silver, and acids. Some women stayed out of the sun, ate chalk, in the Edwardian era, women wore base and did not bleach their skin as much as they did in previous centuries. Modern foundation can trace its roots to Carl Baudin of the Leipziger Stadt theatre in Germany and he is the inventor of greasepaint. He wanted to conceal the joint between his wig and forehead, so he developed a flesh-coloured paste made of zinc, ochre and this formulation was so popular with other actors that Baudin began producing it commercially, and, as such, gave birth to the first theatrical makeup. This would be the standard for theatrical make-up until 1914, when makeup artist Max Factor created Flexible Greasepaint that was more reflective under the lighting on movie sets
34.
Moisturizer
–
Moisturizers or emollients are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the skin softer and more pliable. They increase the skins hydration by reducing evaporation, naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, as well as artificial or natural oils, humectants, emollients, lubricants, etc. may be part of the composition of commercial skin moisturizers. They usually are available as products for cosmetic and therapeutic uses. Moisturizers prevent and treat dry skin, protect sensitive skin, improve skin tone and texture, moisturizers can be used to prevent the skin from becoming too dry or oily, such as with light, non-greasy water-based moisturizers. Such moisturizers often contain lightweight oils, such as alcohol, or silicone-derived ingredients. For treating skin dryness, the most appropriate moisturizers are heavier, oil-based moisturizers that contain ingredients such as antioxidants, for very dry, cracked skin, petrolatum-based products are preferable, as they are longer-lasting than creams and are more effective in preventing water evaporation. For oily skin, moisturizers can still be useful after activities causing skin dryness, such as skin care products. For oily skin, water-based moisturizers that are specifically non-comedogenic are preferable, appropriate moisturizers to keep aging skin soft and well hydrated are oil-based ones that contain petrolatum as the base, along with antioxidants or alpha hydroxy acids against wrinkles. In eczema it is generally best to match thicker ointments to the driest, flakiest skin, light emollients such as aqueous cream may not have any effect on severely dry skin. Some common emollients for the relief of eczema include Oilatum, Balneum, Medi Oil, Diprobase, bath oils, sebexol, Epaderm ointment, Exederm and Eucerin lotion or cream may also be helpful with itching. Lotions or creams may be applied directly to the skin after bathing to lock in moisture, moisturizing gloves can be worn while sleeping. Generally, twice-daily applications of emollients work best, while creams are easy to apply, they are quickly absorbed into the skin, and therefore need frequent reapplication. Ointments, with water content, stay on the skin for longer and need fewer applications. Recently, ceramides, which are the major constituent of the stratum corneum, have been used in the treatment of eczema. They are often one of the ingredients of modern moisturizers and these lipids were also successfully produced synthetically in the laboratory. Emollients are best applied immediately after bathing when the skin is well hydrated, three methods are used to moisturize skin, Occlusives, These work by forming a thin film on the surface of the skin to prevent loss of moisture. Humectants, These attract water vapor from the air to moisturize the skin, restoration of deficient materials, These are more complex and try to restore natural moisturizing factors on the skin, such as amino-lipids. Four popular moisturizers were tested, providing the same result and it is not yet known if the same applies to humans
35.
Permanent makeup
–
It is also used to restore or enhance the breasts areola, such as after breast surgery. Permanent makeup dates back at least to the start of the 20th century, of injecting vegetable dyes under the top layer of the skin. Permanent makeup results in enhanced features of the face—definition is rendered to eyebrows, eyes, results can imitate topically applied cosmetics or can be quite unnoticeable, depending upon the design, color value and amount of pigment used. At first, permanent makeup results may look darker and this is due to colour remaining in the outermost epidermal layers of skin at the start. Colour softens within a few days during the process as the upper layers of epidermis slough and are replaced by new epidermal cells. The best possible colour results can perform for many years or may begin to fade over time, the amount of time required for this, depends per person. While permanent makeup pigment remains in the dermis its beauty-span may be influenced by several possible factors and these can be environmental, procedural and/or individual factors. The amount and colour of pigment deposit at the level can affect the length of time that permanent makeup looks its best. Very natural-looking applications are likely to require a touch-up before more dramatic ones for this reason, individual influences include lifestyles that find an individual in the sun regularly such as with gardening or swimming. Skin tones are a factor in colour value changes over time, there are cases of undesired results. The four most common complaints are too dark, wrong colour, uneven, a skilled, experienced, permanent makeup professional is able to adjust the colour and evenness of permanent makeup results in most cases. A design that is too large presents a challenge, however. Costly pigment lightening techniques and/or removal may be the only solutions, as with tattoos, permanent makeup can be difficult to remove. Common techniques used for this are laser resurfacing, dermabrasion, camouflaging—adding a new pigment which counteracts the tattoo color and attempts to emulate normal skin color is considered a poor choice by professionals. Removal is more painful and laborious than the tattooing itself, as with tattoos, permanent makeup may have complications, such as allergies to the pigments, formation of scars, granulomas and keloids, skin cracking, peeling, blistering and local infection. The use of unsterilized tattooing instruments may infect the patient with serious diseases such as HIV, removal problems may also ensue, due to patient dissatisfaction or regret, and they may be particularly difficult to remove in places such as eyelids and lips without leaving permanent sequelae. Compliance with standard precautions and a code of safe practice should be insisted upon by a person considering undergoing a cosmetic tattoo procedure. The causes of a change of colour after cosmetic tattooing are both complex and varied and this client had her eyebrows and top eyeliner permanently tattooed
36.
Face powder
–
Face powder is a cosmetic powder applied to the face to set a foundation after application. It can also be reapplied throughout the day to minimize shininess caused by oily skin, there is translucent sheer powder, and there is pigmented powder. Certain types of pigmented facial powders are meant be worn alone with no base foundation, powder tones the face and gives an even appearance. Besides toning the face, some powders with sunscreen can also reduce damage from sunlight. It comes packaged either as a compact or as loose powder and it can be applied with a sponge, brush, or powder puff. Uniform distribution over the face is achieved more easily when a powder is applied. Because of the variation among human skin tones, there is a corresponding variety of colors of face powder. There are also types of powder. A common powder used in beauty products is talc, which is absorbent and it can also be applied generously to the higher points of the face to brighten, colour correct and highlight, through a technique termed baking. This technique also helps to increase the coverage of the make-up whilst helping the makeup stay in place for longer, face powder should be carefully chosen to match the skin tone in order to show the best results
37.
Skin whitening
–
Skin whitening is the practice of using substances, mixtures, or physical treatments to lighten skin color. Skin whitening treatments work by reducing the content of melanin of the skin, many agents have been shown to be effective in skin whitening, some have beneficial side effects, some are a significant risk to health. Specific zones of abnormally high such as lentigo spots, moles. In cases of vitiligo, unaffected skin may be lightened to achieve a uniform appearance. Thus, the development and discovery of melanogenesis inhibitors illustrates many of the used in drug design. Some of the most potent competitive reversible tyrosinase inhibitors are synthetic compounds with a potency hundreds of times that of kojic acid, for a review of mechanism of action of skin whitening agents, see Chang or Ebanks, Wickett, Boissy. Melanin is the substance responsible for the color of the skin. Melanin is class of dark polymers generated by the body through the process of melanogenesis, the variation of skin color among individuals is mostly because of variation of the content of melanin in the skin. Skin with little or no melanin is almost white, other factors influence skin color in a lesser degree, including the amount of blood in blood vessels, skin thickness and content of carotenoids in skin. Melanin in synthesized in melanosomes which are produced in melanocytes. Melanocytes are cells dedicated to this function that are present in the skin, hair follicles, the synthesis of melanin involves a chain of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions and non-enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The main precursor to melanin is L-tyrosine, L-tyrosine is taken by the melanocytes from the intercellular medium, then transported to the melanosomes. L-tyrosine is also synthesized within the melanocytes from L-phenylalanine by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.1164 Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes, most of the melanin of skin is found in keratinocytes. Additionally, melanocytes interact with keratinocytes through chemical signaling, see § Preventing the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes. Skin whitening agents work by reducing the presence of melanin in the skin, to accomplish this, there are several possible mechanism of actions, Inhibition of the activity of tyrosinase, The catalytic action of tyrosinase is inhibited by the skin whitening agent. Inhibition of the expression or activation of tyrosinase, The antimelanogenic agent causes that less tyrosinase is generated or that tyrosinase is not activated to its functional form, scavenging of the intermediate products of melanin synthesis. Preventing the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes, many tyrosinase inhibitors have been discovered or developed. Very many inhibitors of tyrosinase are known, most are of the reversible type, for a review of tyrosinase inhibitors see Chang
38.
Sindoor
–
Sindoor or sindooram is a traditional vermilion red or orange-red colored cosmetic powder from India, usually worn by married women along the parting of their hair. Use of sindoor denotes that a woman is married in Hindu communities, the main component of traditional sindooram is usually turmeric. Commercial sindoor contains synthetic dyes and chemicals some of which not manufactured to proper standards may contain mercury, Sindoor is traditionally applied at the beginning or completely along the parting-line of a woman’s hair or as a dot on the forehead or bottu in Telugu. Sindoor is the mark of a woman in Hinduism. Single women wear the dot in different colors but do not apply sindoor in their parting of the hairline, widows do not wear sindoor, signifying that their husband is no longer alive. The sindoor is first applied to the woman by her husband on the day of her wedding, after this, she applies it herself every day. A similar coloring ritual is known as pasupu kumkuma, named after another name for sindoor, the wiping off of the sindoor is very significant for a widow. There are many associated with this practice. The most common is when a mother-in-law or older sister-in-law wipes off the sindoor when a woman becomes a widow, the widow will break her bangles and remove her bottu as well, and many will also remove their nose ring and toe rings. The parting of hair is symbolic of a river of red blood full of life, when the sindoor is removed then the river becomes barren, dry and empty. This custom is prevalent in areas and is followed by all castes. The red sindoor is significant for the woman as she is full of colour. When she becomes a widow she adopts plain white dress and removes all colour from her including the bright red sindoor. Methods and styles of applying the sindoor vary from personal choice to regional customs, many new brides will fill the whole hair line with sindoor, while other married women may just apply a red spot at the end of the hair line and forehead. Recently, a shape on the forehead pointing towards the nose. Female figurines excavated at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan seem to imply application of sindoor to the partition of womens hair in Harappa culture, according to the legends, Radha the consort of Lord Krishna turned the kumkum into a flame-like design on her forehead. In the famous epic Mahabharata, Draupadi the wife of the Pandavas wipes off her sindoor in disgust, use of sindoor is frequently mentioned in the puranas Lalitha Sahasranama and Soundarya Lahari. Adi Shankaracharya writes in Soundarya Lahari, Jain women apply the sindoor, Jain nuns are forbidden to apply this to their hair line or foreheads
39.
Venetian ceruse
–
Venetian Ceruse, also known as Spirits of Saturn, was a 16th-century cosmetic used as a skin whitener. It was in demand and considered the best available at that time. The cosmetics use of lead as a pigment caused lead poisoning, damaging the skin. Usage over an extended period could cause death, elizabeth I of England is popularly imagined to have been a notable user, although critics Anna Riehl and Kate Maltby have argued that little historical evidence exists to support this claim. Ceruse was what killed the Countess of Coventry, aged 27, Ceruse caused blemishes, which she applied more makeup on, which in turn caused more blemishes. Eventually she died of lead poisoning
40.
Lip balm
–
Lip balm or lip salve is a wax-like substance applied topically to the lips of the mouth to moisturize and relieve chapped or dry lips, angular cheilitis, stomatitis, or cold sores. Lip balm often contains beeswax or carnauba wax, camphor, cetyl alcohol, lanolin, paraffin, some varieties contain dyes, flavor, fragrance, phenol, salicylic acid, and sunscreens. The primary purpose of lip balm is to provide a layer on the lip surface to seal moisture in lips. Dry air, cold temperatures, and wind all have an effect on skin by drawing moisture away from the body. Lips are particularly vulnerable because the skin is so thin, lip balm can be applied where a finger is used to apply it to the lips, or in a lipstick-style tube from which it can be applied directly. Lip balm was first marketed in the 1880s by Charles Browne Fleet, child observed that, Those who are troubled with cracked lips have found this remedy successful when others have failed. It is one of those sorts of cures, which are likely to be laughed at. Lip balm manufacturers sometimes state in their FAQs that there is nothing addictive in their products or that all ingredients are listed and approved by the FDA. Snopes found the claim there are substances in Carmex that are irritants necessitating reapplication, such as ground glass
41.
Lip gloss
–
Lip gloss is a product used primarily to give lips a glossy lustre, and sometimes to add a subtle color. It is distributed as a liquid or a solid or lipstick. The product is available in ranges of opacity from translucent to solid, and can have various frosted, glittery, glossy, like lipstick, lip gloss comes in a variety of forms and may be applied in different ways. It can be contained in a cylinder and applied with a rounded or sloped applicator wand or with a built in lip brush. It can come in a small, soft, squeezable plastic tube designed to be passed over the lips or applied with a fingertip or lip brush, solid or semisolid glosses come in boxes or tubes and sometimes blur the distinction between lip gloss and lip balm. Basic lip gloss, adds basic shine to your lips without color, colored lip gloss, adds a combination of color and shine. Glittery lip gloss, can be with or without color, but has a glitter base, new types of plumping lip gloss contain ingredients that make the lips appear softer and plumper. These are a cheap, easy, and usually harmless alternative if compared to collagen, Restylane, Juvederm and they are not as effective, however because the effects are temporary. Lip gloss is used when a person wants to have some color on their lips. Lip gloss is often used as an introduction to makeup. It is often used by preteen and young girls who want to wear some makeup. Lip gloss is also common for women who dont like to wear makeup but have to attend a formal occasion. Lip gloss can be applied on top of lipstick to increase the gloss of a color, or to add depth as in the case of glitter gloss, like lipstick, lip gloss is a mixture of waxes, oils, and pigments. However, lip gloss contains less pigments, and those used are often pale in color or diluted, furthermore, the free-flowing nature of the product requires less wax. The principal components are lanolin, which feels good on the due to its moisturizing qualities and imparts gloss. Lip gloss was invented by Max Factor in 1930 and he wanted to create a lip product that would make lips shiny and glossy for films. Factor created makeup for the movie industry and he developed makeup specifically for actresses starring in black and white films. Women were inspired by movie actresses to embrace this makeup trend and this led to the popularity of lip gloss
42.
Lip liner
–
Lip liner, also known as lip pencil, is a cosmetic product. It is intended to fill uneven areas on the edges of the lips before applying Prost lipstick. It is also used to outline the lips, keeping lipstick inside the lip area and preventing it from bleeding, therefore creating a bigger contrast and making the lips stand out more. Alternatively, lip liner can be used to fill in the entire lip before the application of lipstick and in some cases, the product is usually sold in a retractable tube or pencil form which can be sharpened. Lip liner is usually available in the range of colors as lipsticks, e. g. reds, pinks, browns, plums. Lip liner also comes in invisible, for giving the illusion of smooth lips without adding or affecting color, like lipstick, lip liner is composed of waxes, oils, and pigments. Compared to lipstick, lip liners are firmer in consistency and deeply pigmented, for these reasons, lip liners have less oils and more waxes and pigments than a lipsticks. A popular wax is Japan wax, designer brands such as Chanel, Dior, and Marc Jacobs produce their own lip liners. Other brands include but are not limited to Urban Decay, Clinique, Lip gloss Lip plumper Lip stain lip remover
Categories