1.
Rourkela
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Rourkela pronunciation is a planned city located in the northern part of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the third largest city in Odisha and it is situated about 340 kilometres north of state capital Bhubaneswar and is surrounded by a range of hills and encircled by rivers. The city is popularly known as Ispat Nagar and also as the Steel City of Odisha. It has one of the largest steel plants of the Steel Authority of India Limited known as Rourkela Steel Plant and it also has one of the National Institutes of Technology of the country. The city has selected as smart city in the third phase of smart city list on 20 September 2016. Among all the 27 city list Rourkela ranked 12th position on merit basic, Rourkela Day is celebrated on 3rd March every year. The name Rour-kela originates from the tribal language of Sadri which means Your Home. It comes under Sundergarh district of the Indian state of Odisha, the twin towns of Rourkela and Fertilizer Township as well as their developed periphery are located in areas that were once covered by dense forests. These forests were once favourite hunting ground for the kings in the past, according to the census report of 2011 Rourkela has a population of 483,038 and the urban metropolitan area population is 536,450. Then railway station of Rourkela was within the village of Mahulpali. Indias first public sector steel plant facility was established in Rourkela with the help of German businesses Krupp, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the town was the largest German colony outside Germany. Some merchants, started settling at Rourkela with business objective, around the village Rourkela, the erstwhile revenue village of Rourkela is now popularly known as old Rourkela. Company constructed the Howrah Nagpur railways, which ran through Rourkela, the habituated area around the railway station of Rourkela was declared as an urban town in the year 1931. The census report of 1931 reveals that the number of population was 493, by the time a primary school, an office of the forester, a sub-post office, a handful of liquor shops, tea shops and restaurants were found around the outlying area of the railway station. Gradually a train line was connected to Birmitrapur and Rourkela and it could avail a status of a junction allowing the settlement of railway employees. Soon another station at the village Panposh was found 10 km away, the population of Panposh by 1931 was 2,252 almost five times of Rourkela. There was a village called Durgapur in between Rourkela and Panposh stations, the construction of the sub-divisional court building was started in 1945 at the village Durgapur (Hence the nearby Hills also known as Durgapur Pahada, today it is known as Uditnagar. As a result, the two stations of Panposh and Rourkela came into recognisation
2.
Odisha
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Odisha (/ɒˈrɪsə, ɔː-, oʊ-/, is one of the 29 states of India, located in the eastern coast. It is surrounded by the states of West Bengal to the north-east, Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and north-west, Odisha has 485 kilometres of coastline along the Bay of Bengal on its east, from Balasore to Malkangiri. It is the 9th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population and it is also the 3rd most populous state of India in terms of tribal population. Odia is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by 33.2 million according to the 2001 Census. The ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War, the modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April 1936, as a province in British India, and consisted predominantly of Odia-speaking regions. April 1 is celebrated as Odisha Day, the region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in Indias national anthem, Jana Gana Mana. Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c,1135, after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha, the term Odisha is derived from the ancient Prakrit word Odda Visaya as in the Tirumalai inscription of Rajendra Chola I, which is dated to 1025. Sarala Das, who translated the Mahabharata into the Odia language in the 15th century, calls the region Odra Rashtra, the inscriptions of Kapilendra Deva of the Gajapati Kingdom on the walls of temples in Puri call the region Odisha or Odisha Rajya. After a brief debate, the house, Lok Sabha, passed the bill. On 24 March 2011, Rajya Sabha, the house of Parliament, also passed the bill. Prehistoric Acheulian tools dating to Lower Paleolithic era have been discovered in places in the region. Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like Mahabharata, Vayu Purana, the Sabar people of Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata. Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions, Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody Kalinga War in 261 BCE, which was the eighth year of his reign. According to his own edicts, in that war about 100,000 people were killed,150,000 were captured, the resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism, by c.150 CE, emperor Kharavela, who was possibly a contemporary of Demetrius I of Bactria, conquered a major part of the Indian sub-continent. He also built the monastery atop the Udayagiri hill, subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Shashanka. It was also a part of Harshas empire, later, the kings of the Somavamsi dynasty began to unite the region
3.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
4.
Kolkata
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Kolkata /koʊlˈkɑːtɑː/ is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. In 2011, the city had a population of 4.5 million, while the population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. Recent estimates of Kolkata Metropolitan Areas economy have ranged from $60 to $150 billion making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai, in the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690, Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India company was enough to abolish Nizamat. Calcutta was the centre for the Indian independence movement, it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics, following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics, suffered several decades of economic stagnation. Many people from Kolkata—among them several Nobel laureates—have contributed to the arts, the sciences, Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods and freestyle intellectual exchanges. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football, there are several explanations about the etymology of this name, The term Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô, meaning Field of Kali. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra, alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila, or flat area. The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning canal, followed by kaṭa, according to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata, hence, it was called Kolikata. The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh,35 kilometres north of Kolkata, Kolkatas recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. The area occupied by the city encompassed three villages, Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a village, Sutanuti was a riverside weavers village. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor and these rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698. In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and his warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked, he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta. A force of Company soldiers and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year, declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1772. In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took control of the city
5.
Jamshedpur
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Jamshedpur is the most populous urban agglomeration in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Jamshedpur is the headquarters of the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and it is also the first planned industrial city of India. It is located on the Chota Nagpur plateau and is surrounded by the picturesque Dalma Hills, the city is bordered by the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai on the north and west parts of the city. Jamshedpur is home to worlds tenth largest steel manufacturing company, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur has been predicted as the 84th fastest growing city in the world for the timeframe 2006–2020 with average annual growth of 2. 59%. In 1919 Lord Chelmsford named the city, which was earlier a village called Sakchi, to Jamshedpur in honour of its founder, Jamsetji Tata, J. N. Tata had written to his son Dorabji Tata about his vision of a great city in the area. On Founders Day, the 225-acre Jubilee Park is decorated with brilliant lightwork for about a week. The city has several nicknames, including Industrial capital of Jharkhand, Steel City, at one time it was also known as Kalimati after the village near the Sakchi area. Sakchi was renamed to Jamshedpur in 1919, the only trace of the name is the main road through Sakchi area of Jamshedpur which is named Kalimati Road. At the end of 19th century, Jamsetji Tata met steelmakers in Pittsburgh to get the most advanced technology for his plant, at the turn of the twentieth century, Jamshetji Tata asked geologist Charles Page Perin to help him find the site to build Indias first steel plant. The search for a site rich in iron, coal, limestone, then Maharaja of Mayurbhanja and renowned geologist appointed in his court Shri Pramatha Nath Bose had been instrumental in setting up of the steel plant at Sakchi. Bose on request of the Maharaja of Mayurbhanja surveyed the Gorumahisani hills of Babanghati region of then Mayurbhanja state, P N Bose insisted Jamsetji Tata to choose Sakchi for his dream plant. The prospectors C. M. Weld, Dorabji Tata and Shapurji Saklatvala took nearly three years in a search across vast stretches of inhospitable terrain to find a location. One day they came across a village called Sakchi, on the densely forested stretches of the Chota Nagpur plateau, near the confluence of the Subarnarekha and it seemed to be the ideal choice and the place was selected. In 1908 the construction of the plant as well as the city officially began, the first steel ingot was rolled on 16 February 1912. It was a day in the history of industrial India. Jamsetjis plan for the city was clear and he envisioned far more than a mere row of workers hutments. He insisted upon building all the comforts and conveniences a city could provide, as a result, many areas in the city are well planned and there are public leisure places such as the Jubilee Park. While building the city, Jamsetji Tata had said, Be sure to lay wide streets planted with shady trees, every other of a quick growing variety
6.
Vayudoot
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Vayudoot was a regional airline in India established on 20 January 1981 as a joint-venture between the two state-owned carriers, Indian Airlines and Air India. The airline was headquartered at New Delhis Safdarjung Airport, the airline was originally conceived to serve the Northeastern region of India where the surface transport facilities were inadequate and surface routes were circuitous. The regional hub for the Northeast Region was Calcutta and the built up operations to close to 30 destinations in this challenging area. Many of the saw the resumption civil flights and fixed-wing aircraft after a gap of many decades. The airline consistently lost money since its formation, in the late 1970s, the Government of India and its two airlines became aware of the increasing number of potential air travellers in many small towns around the nation. Hence all Vayudoot destinations were completely new, not covered by existing Indian Airlines services, Vayudoot began operations on January 26,1981, Indias Republic Day, in the remote north-east of the country, linking towns in states such as Assam, Manipur and Tripura. The weather caused poor visibility on account of heavy rains and low clouds and/or fog, many runways were unpaved or dirt strips and facilities at these airports were very limited. Its first aircraft were two F. 27s leased from Indian Airlines and linked 20 destinations, to keep costs low, Vayudoot did not serve in-flight meals and contracted out its ground handling services to local agents at all smaller destinations. Vayudoot supplied basic ground-handling equipment to the agents and trained their staff, Vayudoot started with retired flight crew of Indian Airlines to fly the HS-748 and F-27 aircraft. As Dornier Do 228 were bought / leased, new pilots were recruited, the same held for the core engineering team as well, which comprised almost all of ex-Indian Airlines engineers. Vayudoot became a company in February 1983, owned jointly by Indian Airlines. At this time, its load factors were less than 50 per cent, Vayudoots first Dornier 228 began service in 1985 on the Delhi-Raebareli-Lucknow route. A total of ten Do. 228s were ordered by Vayudoot, subsequently, the services of Vayudoot were extended to other regions, charting 100 stations in the country earning the sobriquet worlds fastest growing airline. Vayudoot quickly established hubs at Bombay, Delhi, Madras, sub-bases were, at some points of time, established at Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh and Guwahati in Assam. The lack of traffic to sustain operations on all these routes adversely affected the companys financial performance. After a review, the number of stations on the network was brought down to 48 on 31 March 1991. Vayudoot was then focused on consolidating its operations and rationalizing its fare structure rather than embark on large-scale expansion of its network and its operations were again primarily restricted to the Northeastern region and other inaccessible areas. Vayudoot also operated an Agro Aviation Division which was involved in aerial spraying operations, seeding, Vayudoots financial performance continued to deteriorate which finally led to the dissolution of the company and merger of its assets into Indian Airlines in 1993
7.
Ranchi
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Ranchi is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand, and now it is the most populous city of the state. The Jharkhand state was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving out the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur, the name Ranchi is derived from the previous name of the Oraon village at the same site, Archi. Archi derives from the Oraon word for bamboo grove or stave, according to legend, after an altercation with a spirit, a farmer beat the spirit with his bamboo stave. The spirit shouted archi, archi, archi and vanished, Archi became Rachi, which became Ranchi. One of the historically significant neighbourhoods of Rachi is Doranda, Doranda lies between the Hinoo & Harmoo Rivers, where the civil station, treasury and church established by the British Raj were destroyed by rebel forces during the Sepoy Mutiny. Ranchi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Ranchi is well known for being the hometown of former Indian cricket captain MS Dhoni, Ranchi lies at 23°22′N 85°20′E near to the Tropic of Cancer. Its municipal area is 175.12 km2, and its elevation is 651 m above sea level. Ranchi is located in the part of the Chota Nagpur plateau. Ranchi has a topography and its dense tropical forests a combination that produces a relatively moderate climate compared to the rest of the state. However, due to the deforestation, and development of the city. Although Ranchi has a subtropical climate, its location and the forests surrounding it combine to produce the unusually pleasant climate for which its known. Summer temperatures range from 20 °C to 42 degrees, winter temperatures from 0 °C to 25 degrees, december and January are the coolest months, with temperatures dipping to the freezing point in some areas. The annual rainfall is about 1430 mm, from June to September the rainfall is about 1,100 mm. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Cwa, as of 2011 India census, Ranchi municipal corporation has a population of 1,120,374, making it the 46th largest urban city in India. Males constitute 51. 3% of the population and females 48. 7%, Ranchi city has an average literacy rate of 87. 68%. The city witnessed a surge in population after the declaration of the new state of Jharkhand in 2000. Owing to the employment opportunities and opening of numerous regional and state level offices, banks, and FMCG companies
8.
Bhubaneswar
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Bhubaneswar, also spelt as Bhubaneshwar /ˌbʊbəˈneɪʃwər/, the capital of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the largest city in Odisha and is a centre of economic, along with the old town, the region of Bhubaneswar, historically was often depicted as Ekamra Kshetra. Although the modern city of Bhubaneswar was formally established only in 1948, with many 8th-12th century CE Hindu temples, which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a Temple City of India. With Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja, one of eastern Indias most visited destinations, Bhubaneswar replaced Cuttack as the capital on 19 August 1949,2 years after India gained its independence from Britain. The modern city was designed by the German architect Otto Königsberger in 1946, along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh, it was one of modern Indias first planned cities. Bhubaneswar and Cuttack are often referred to as the cities of Odisha. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.7 million in 2011, Bhubaneswar is categorised as a Tier-2 city. An emerging information technology and education hub, Bhubaneswar is one of the countrys fastest-developing cities, the foundation of the modern Bhubaneswar city was laid in 1948, although the areas in and around the city have a history going back to 1st century BCE or earlier. Dhauli, near Bhubaneswar is the site of the Kalinga War, one of the most complete edicts of the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, dating from between 272–236 BCE, remains carved in rock 8 kilometres to the southwest of the modern city. After the decline of the Mauryan empire, the area came under the rule of Mahameghavahana dynasty and his Hathigumpha inscription is located at the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar. The area was ruled by several dynasties, including Satavahanas, Guptas, Matharas. In 7th century, Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty established their kingdom in the area, after the Kesharis, the Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga area until 14th century CE. Their capital Kalinganagar was located in present-day Bhubaneswar district, after them, Mukunda Deva of the Bhoi dynasty – the last Hindu ruler of the area until the Marathas – developed several religious buildings in the area. Most of the temples in Bhubaneswar were built between 8th and 12th centuries, under Shaiva influence. The Ananta Vasudeva Temple is the old temple of Vishnu in the city. In 1568, the Karrani dynasty of Afghan origin gained control of the area, during their reign, most of the temples and other structures were destroyed or disfigured. In the 16th century, the area came under Mughal control, the Marathas, who succeeded the Mughals in mid-18th century, encouraged pilgrimage in the region. In 1803, the area came under British colonial rule, and was part of the Bengal Presidency, Bihar and Orissa Province, the capital of the British-ruled Orissa Province was Cuttack, which was vulnerabile to floods and suffered from space constraints
9.
Simplifly Deccan
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Simplifly Deccan, formerly Air Deccan, was the first Indian low-cost carrier. Headquartered in Bangalore, it operated flights from seven base airports using a fleet of Airbus A320, ATR42. The airline appealed to middle class travellers with low fares and a route network. It also employed innovative methods to ensure the profitability of its business model. Nevertheless, Simplifly Deccan suffered high losses and merged with Kingfisher Airlines in April 2008, Kingfisher replaced the Deccan brand with Kingfisher Red in August 2008. Simplifly Deccan was founded as Air Deccan by G. R. Gopinath, Air Deccan became a wholly owned subsidiary of Deccan Aviation. The airline launched operations on 25 August 2003 with a flight from Bangalore to Hubli, at that time, its fleet consisted of two ATR 42-320 aircraft. In order to increase capacity on its routes, Air Deccan purchased two Airbus A320-200s and leased five in 2004. In December of that year, the purchased a additional 30 A320s in a US$1.8 billion order. It ordered 30 ATR 72-500s in February 2005, the airline underwent rapid growth, witnessing 30% growth in its passenger numbers in 2005–06. In 2006 it was the third largest airline in India with a 19% market share and it placed an order for 30 more Airbus A320s in December 2006. The airline experienced 42% growth in traffic in 2006–07, becoming the nations second largest carrier in 2007. As it grew, other low-cost carriers emerged in the Indian market, SpiceJet, GoAir, IndiGo, Air Deccan was the first low-cost carrier in India. Launched amid a booming Indian economy and a middle class. Tickets cost around 30% less than those of airlines and cost about the same as or less than first class rail tickets. Air Deccan focused on providing air service to underserved airports across the country, where competition was low, G. R. Gopinath claimed he wanted to make air travel accessible to every Indian. It is not the elite that I consider as my customers and it is the humble cleaning women of my office, the auto-rickshaw driver and other such people that we would like to cater to. We want them to dream that they too can fly, the airline operated a single cabin class, economy, allowing it to pack more seats into its aircraft
10.
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
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Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport is an international airport located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, serving the Kolkata metropolitan area. It is located approximately 17 km from the city center, the airport was earlier known as Dum Dum Airport before being renamed after Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement. Spread over an area of 2,460 acres, Kolkata airport is the largest hub for air traffic in the part of the country. And one of two airports operating in West Bengal, the other one being in Bagdogra. The airport handled over 14.6 million passengers in 2016 making it the fifth busiest airport in India in terms of traffic after Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore. The Airport is a centre for flights to Northeast India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China. In 2014 &2015, Kolkata Airport won the titles of Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific region by the Airport Council International, Kolkata airport traditionally served as a strategic stopover on the air route from Europe to Indochina and Australia. Many pioneering flights passed through the airport, including that of Amelia Earhart in 1937, the airport began as an open ground next to the Royal Artillery Armoury in Dum Dum. Sir Stanley Jackson, Governor of Bengal, opened the Bengal Flying Club at Calcutta aerodrome in February 1929, in 1930, the airfield was made fit for use throughout the year, and other airlines began to utilise the airport. Air Orient began scheduled stops as part of a Paris to Saigon route and this began a trend that drew many airlines to Calcutta airport. Calcutta played an important role in the Second World War, in 1942, the United States Army Air Forces 7th Bombardment Group flew B-24 Liberator bombers from the airport on combat missions over Burma. The airfield was used as an aerial port for the Air Transport Command. Passenger services grew after the Second World War, Calcutta became a destination for the world’s first jet-powered passenger aircraft, the de Havilland Comet, on a British Overseas Airways Corporation route to London. Furthermore, in 1964 Indian Airlines introduced the first Indian domestic jet service, due to the introduction of longer haul aircraft and the poor political climate of Calcutta during the 1960s, several airlines discontinued their service to the airport. The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War saw an increase of both refugees and disease in Calcutta, causing more airlines to cease services to the city. In 1975, the airport opened the first dedicated cargo terminal in India, in the early 1980s, plans emerged to connect the airport with the city center by tram. The proposed route went to the airport from Maniktala, via Vivekananda Road, Ultadanga, the line partly completed 1985, but further expansion to the airport was cancelled due to the financial downing of Calcutta Tramways Company. The extension proposal re-appeared in 1999, but was cancelled, the 1990s saw new growth for Calcutta airport, as the Indian aviation industry saw the arrival of new airlines such as Jet Airways and Air Sahara
11.
International airport
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An international airport is an airport that offers customs and immigration facilities for passengers travelling between countries. International airports often also host domestic flights, some, such as Frankfurt Airport in Germany are very large, others such as Faaā International Airport in Tahiti, are quite small. Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid 20th century, detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of passengers and flights are among the most complex. In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services and it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In the United States, Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928, the precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the early days of international flights, there was limited infrastructure, four-engined land planes being unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, thus/therefore flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route, on-water landing areas were found in such as Surabaya. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the landing area. International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments, other international airports, such as Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate. Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious, an example is the planned New Mexico City international airport, intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity. Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density, because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges, each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic. International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines, many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers, an airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared, technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The International Air Transport Association, formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies, the International Civil Aviation Organization is a body of the United Nations succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate and this eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics
12.
Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport
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Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport is an airport serving Lucknow and Uttar Pradesh in India. It is situated in Amausi in the city of Lucknow, India and is named after Chaudhary Charan Singh and it is the 12th busiest airport in India and is also the second busiest and largest in North and Central India after IGI airport Delhi. It handled about 3.24 million passengers in 2015-16 exceeding its capacity of 2.5 million passengers per annum and it also handles over 100 flights per day. It was awarded as the second best airport in the world in category of 2-5 million passengers, the airport was constructed in 1986 to facilitate corporate and government officials. With an increasing number of passengers, AAI decided to upgrade the airport, on 17 July 2008, the Government of India officially renamed it Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport. It was granted international status in May 2012, Lucknow Airport, previously called Amausi International Airport is now renamed as Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport. A new terminal, equipped with latest technology, at Lucknows Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport is operative since June 2,2012 and it is being used both for arrivals and departures of domestic and international flights. The new terminal is a building which can accommodate around 650 passengers at a time. The airport consists of two terminals, domestic and international. AAI has also approved approximately 1200 crore rupees for a new integrated terminal, runway The airport has a single runway that is 2, 800m long. AAI has also planned for runway expansion at Lucknow airport. Terminal 1 The original terminal, built to complement Charbagh Railway Stations architecture, is now used for flights after the opening of Terminal 2. It has two arrival and three departing gates as well as two immigration counters, Terminal 2 The terminal was inaugurated by civil aviation minister Ajit Singh on 19 May 2012 before opening on 2 June 2012. With five boarding gates, Terminal 2 is used for domestic flights. Terminal 2 of Lucknow airport is dealing with huge passenger traffic year by year. The terminal will have aerobridges, escalators, lifts, integrated entry and exit systems, security access system, the construction is estimated to take about 57 months while survey, designing and approval survey, Project Investment Board clearance are likely to take another nine months. The nearest major station is Lucknow Charbagh railway station which is roughly 10 km from the airport campus. Airport is well connected with the cab service. CCS International Airport will be connected through Lucknow Metro by a station on the North-South Corridor Line. Metro connection will make ease for passengers. The airport was awarded AAIs Best Airport award in July 2013 along with Jodhpur Airport, Airports in India List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic Amausi Airport at Airports Authority of India web site Accident history for LKO at Aviation Safety Network
