1.
ICAO airport code
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The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating aerodromes around the world. ICAO codes are used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers. Flight information regions are identified by a unique ICAO-code. Code selections in North America were based on existing radio station identifiers, for example, radio stations in Canada were already starting with C, so it seemed logical to begin Canadian airport identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes and their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world was classified in a more planned top-down manner, thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe. The second letter was more specific, EGxx was the United Kingdom, EDxx was West Germany, ETxx was East Germany, LExx was Spain, LAxx was Albania, France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart EFxx was the unambiguously northern Finland. ICAO codes are separate and different from IATA codes, which are used for airline timetables, reservations. For example, the IATA code for Londons Heathrow Airport is LHR, in general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. Far more aerodromes have ICAO codes than IATA codes, and to add to the confusion IATA codes are assigned to railway stations. Unlike the IATA codes, the ICAO codes generally have a structure and are comprehensive. In general, the first letter is allocated by continent and represents a country or group of countries within that continent, the second letter generally represents a country within that region, and the remaining two are used to identify each airport. The exception to rule is larger countries that have single-letter country codes. In either case, ICAO codes generally provide geographical context unlike IATA codes, for example, if one knows that the ICAO code for Heathrow is EGLL, then one can deduce that the airport EGGP is somewhere in the UK. On the other hand, knowing that the IATA code for Heathrow is LHR does not enable one to deduce the location of the airport LHV with any greater certainty, there are a few exceptions to the regional structure of the ICAO code made for political or administrative reasons. Similarly Saint Pierre and Miquelon is controlled by France, and airports there are assigned LFxx as though they were in Europe, further, in region L, all available 2-letter prefixes have been exhausted and thus no additional countries can be added
2.
Steel Authority of India
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Steel Authority of India Limited is one of the largest state-owned steel making company based in New Delhi, India and one of the top steel makers in world. With an annual turnover of ₹43,337 crore and it is a public sector undertaking which trades publicly in the market is largely owned by Government of India and acts like an operating company. Incorporated on 24 January 1973, SAIL has 85,145 employees, with an annual production of 13.9 million metric tons, SAIL is the 24th largest steel producer in the world. The Hot Metal capacity of the Company will further increase and is expected to reach a level of 23.5 million tonnes per annum by the end of the Financial Year 2015-16, shri P. K Singh is the current Chairman of SAIL. SAIL operates and owns 5 integrated steel plants at Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro and Burnpur and 3 special steel plants at Salem, Durgapur and it also owns a Ferro Alloy plant at Chandrapur. SAIL is a public company, owned and operated by the Government of India. According to a recent survey, SAIL is one of Indias fastest growing Public Sector Units, besides, it has R&D centre for Iron & Steel, Centre for Engineering and Technology, Management Training Institute and SAIL Safety Organisation located at Ranchi capital of Jharkhand. SAIL traces its origin to the Hindustan Steel Limited which was set up on 19 January 1954, HSL was initially designed to manage only one plant that was coming up at Rourkela. For Bhilai and Durgapur Steel Plants, the work was done by the Iron. From April 1957, the supervision and control of two steel plants were also transferred to Hindustan Steel. The registered office was originally in New Delhi and it moved to Calcutta in July 1956, and ultimately to Ranchi in December 1959. A new steel company, Bokaro Steel Limited, was incorporated on 29 January 1964 to construct, the 1 MT phases of Bhilai and Rourkela Steel Plants were completed by the end of December 1961. The 1 MT phase of Durgapur Steel Plant was completed in January 1962 after commissioning of the Wheel, the crude steel production of HSL went up from 1.58 MT to 1.6 MT. The second phase of Bhilai Steel Plant was completed in September 1967 after commissioning of the Wire Rod Mill, IISCO was taken over as a subsidiary in 1978 and later merged in 2006. The Ministry of Steel and Mines drafted a statement to evolve a new model for managing industry. The policy statement was presented to the Parliament on 2 December 1972, on this basis the concept of creating a holding company to manage inputs and outputs under one umbrella was mooted. This led to the formation of Steel Authority of India Ltd, in 1978 SAIL was restructured as an operating company. And National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd and it manages the captive power plants at Rourkela, Durgapur and Bhilai with a combined capacity of 314 MW
3.
Rourkela
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Rourkela pronunciation is a planned city located in the northern part of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the third largest city in Odisha and it is situated about 340 kilometres north of state capital Bhubaneswar and is surrounded by a range of hills and encircled by rivers. The city is popularly known as Ispat Nagar and also as the Steel City of Odisha. It has one of the largest steel plants of the Steel Authority of India Limited known as Rourkela Steel Plant and it also has one of the National Institutes of Technology of the country. The city has selected as smart city in the third phase of smart city list on 20 September 2016. Among all the 27 city list Rourkela ranked 12th position on merit basic, Rourkela Day is celebrated on 3rd March every year. The name Rour-kela originates from the tribal language of Sadri which means Your Home. It comes under Sundergarh district of the Indian state of Odisha, the twin towns of Rourkela and Fertilizer Township as well as their developed periphery are located in areas that were once covered by dense forests. These forests were once favourite hunting ground for the kings in the past, according to the census report of 2011 Rourkela has a population of 483,038 and the urban metropolitan area population is 536,450. Then railway station of Rourkela was within the village of Mahulpali. Indias first public sector steel plant facility was established in Rourkela with the help of German businesses Krupp, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the town was the largest German colony outside Germany. Some merchants, started settling at Rourkela with business objective, around the village Rourkela, the erstwhile revenue village of Rourkela is now popularly known as old Rourkela. Company constructed the Howrah Nagpur railways, which ran through Rourkela, the habituated area around the railway station of Rourkela was declared as an urban town in the year 1931. The census report of 1931 reveals that the number of population was 493, by the time a primary school, an office of the forester, a sub-post office, a handful of liquor shops, tea shops and restaurants were found around the outlying area of the railway station. Gradually a train line was connected to Birmitrapur and Rourkela and it could avail a status of a junction allowing the settlement of railway employees. Soon another station at the village Panposh was found 10 km away, the population of Panposh by 1931 was 2,252 almost five times of Rourkela. There was a village called Durgapur in between Rourkela and Panposh stations, the construction of the sub-divisional court building was started in 1945 at the village Durgapur (Hence the nearby Hills also known as Durgapur Pahada, today it is known as Uditnagar. As a result, the two stations of Panposh and Rourkela came into recognisation
4.
Odisha
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Odisha (/ɒˈrɪsə, ɔː-, oʊ-/, is one of the 29 states of India, located in the eastern coast. It is surrounded by the states of West Bengal to the north-east, Jharkhand to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west and north-west, Odisha has 485 kilometres of coastline along the Bay of Bengal on its east, from Balasore to Malkangiri. It is the 9th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population and it is also the 3rd most populous state of India in terms of tribal population. Odia is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by 33.2 million according to the 2001 Census. The ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War, the modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April 1936, as a province in British India, and consisted predominantly of Odia-speaking regions. April 1 is celebrated as Odisha Day, the region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in Indias national anthem, Jana Gana Mana. Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c,1135, after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha, the term Odisha is derived from the ancient Prakrit word Odda Visaya as in the Tirumalai inscription of Rajendra Chola I, which is dated to 1025. Sarala Das, who translated the Mahabharata into the Odia language in the 15th century, calls the region Odra Rashtra, the inscriptions of Kapilendra Deva of the Gajapati Kingdom on the walls of temples in Puri call the region Odisha or Odisha Rajya. After a brief debate, the house, Lok Sabha, passed the bill. On 24 March 2011, Rajya Sabha, the house of Parliament, also passed the bill. Prehistoric Acheulian tools dating to Lower Paleolithic era have been discovered in places in the region. Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like Mahabharata, Vayu Purana, the Sabar people of Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata. Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions, Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody Kalinga War in 261 BCE, which was the eighth year of his reign. According to his own edicts, in that war about 100,000 people were killed,150,000 were captured, the resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism, by c.150 CE, emperor Kharavela, who was possibly a contemporary of Demetrius I of Bactria, conquered a major part of the Indian sub-continent. He also built the monastery atop the Udayagiri hill, subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Shashanka. It was also a part of Harshas empire, later, the kings of the Somavamsi dynasty began to unite the region
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
7.
Kolkata
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Kolkata /koʊlˈkɑːtɑː/ is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. In 2011, the city had a population of 4.5 million, while the population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. Recent estimates of Kolkata Metropolitan Areas economy have ranged from $60 to $150 billion making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai, in the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690, Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India company was enough to abolish Nizamat. Calcutta was the centre for the Indian independence movement, it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics, following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics, suffered several decades of economic stagnation. Many people from Kolkata—among them several Nobel laureates—have contributed to the arts, the sciences, Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods and freestyle intellectual exchanges. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football, there are several explanations about the etymology of this name, The term Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô, meaning Field of Kali. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra, alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila, or flat area. The name may have its origin in the words khal meaning canal, followed by kaṭa, according to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun and coir or kata, hence, it was called Kolikata. The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh,35 kilometres north of Kolkata, Kolkatas recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. The area occupied by the city encompassed three villages, Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a village, Sutanuti was a riverside weavers village. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor and these rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698. In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and his warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked, he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta. A force of Company soldiers and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year, declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1772. In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took control of the city
8.
Tata Steel
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Tata Steel Limited is an Indian multinational steel-making company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, and a subsidiary of the Tata Group. Its largest plant is located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, in 2007 Tata Steel acquired the UK-based steel maker Corus. It was ranked 486th in the 2014 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the worlds biggest corporations and it was the seventh most valuable Indian brand of 2013 as per Brand Finance. Tata Iron and Steel Company was founded by Jamshetji Tata and established by Dorabji Tata on 26 August 1907, by 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire. The company launched a modernization and expansion program in 1951. Later in 1958, the program was upgraded to 2 million metric tonnes per annum project, by 1970, the company employed around 40,000 people at Jamshedpur, with a further 20,000 in the neighbouring coal mines. In 1971 and 1979, there were attempts to nationalise the company. In 1990, it started expansion plan and established its subsidiary Tata Inc. in New York, the company changed its name from TISCO to Tata Steel in 2005. NatSteel in 2004, In August 2004, Tata Steel agreed to acquire the steel making operations of the Singapore-based NatSteel for $486.4 million in cash, NatSteel had ended 2003 with turnover of $1.4 billion and a profit before tax of $47 million. The steel businesses of NatSteel would be run by the company through a wholly owned subsidiary called Natsteel Asia Pte Ltd, the acquisition was completed in February 2005. At the time of acquisition, NatSteel had a capacity of about 2 million tonnes per annum of finished steel, Millennium Steel in 2005, Tata Steel acquired a majority stake in the Thailand-based steelmaker Millennium Steel for a total cost of $130 million. It paid US$73 million to Siam Cement for a 40% stake, for the year 2004, Millennium Steel had revenues of US$406 million and a profit after tax of US$29 million. Millennium Steel has now renamed to Tata Steel Thailand and is headquartered in Bangkok. On 31 March 2013, it held approx, 68% shares in the acquired company. Corus in 2007, On 20 October 2006, Tata Steel signed a deal with Anglo-Dutch company, on 19 November 2006, the Brazilian steel company Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional launched a counter offer for Corus at 475 pence per share, valuing it at £4.5 billion. On 11 December 2006, Tata preemptively upped its offer to 500 pence per share, the Corus board promptly recommended both the revised offers to its shareholders. On 31 January 2007, Tata Steel won their bid for Corus after offering 608 pence per share, in 2005, Corus employed around 47,300 people worldwide, including 24,000 in the UK. At the time of acquisition, Corus was four times larger than Tata Steel, Corus was the worlds 9th largest producer of Steel, whereas Tata Steel was at 56th position
9.
Dolomite
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Dolomite is an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate, ideally CaMg2. The term is used for a sedimentary carbonate rock composed mostly of the mineral dolomite. An alternative name used for the dolomitic rock type is dolostone. Most probably the mineral dolomite was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1768, nicolas-Théodore de Saussure first named the mineral in March 1792. The mineral dolomite crystallizes in the trigonal-rhombohedral system and it forms white, tan, gray, or pink crystals. Dolomite is a carbonate, having an alternating structural arrangement of calcium and magnesium ions. It does not rapidly dissolve or effervesce in dilute hydrochloric acid as calcite does, solid solution exists between dolomite, the iron-dominant ankerite and the manganese-dominant kutnohorite. Small amounts of iron in the give the crystals a yellow to brown tint. Manganese substitutes in the structure also up to three percent MnO. A high manganese content gives the crystals a rosy pink color, lead, zinc, and cobalt also substitute in the structure for magnesium. The mineral dolomite is closely related to huntite Mg3Ca4, because dolomite can be dissolved by slightly acidic water, areas of dolomite are important as aquifers and contribute to karst terrain formation. Modern dolomite formation has been found to occur under conditions in supersaturated saline lagoons along the Rio de Janeiro coast of Brazil, namely, Lagoa Vermelha. It is often thought that dolomite will develop only with the help of sulfate-reducing bacteria, however, low-temperature dolomite may occur in natural environments rich in organic matter and microbial cell surfaces. This occurs as a result of magnesium complexation by carboxyl groups associated with organic matter, vast deposits of dolomite are present in the geological record, but the mineral is relatively rare in modern environments. Reproducible, inorganic low-temperature syntheses of dolomite and magnesite were published for the first time in 1999, the general principle governing the course of this irreversible geochemical reaction has been coined breaking Ostwalds step rule. There is some evidence for an occurrence of dolomite. One example is that of the formation of dolomite in the bladder of a Dalmatian dog. In 2015, it was discovered that the direct crystallization of dolomite can occur from solution at temperatures between 60 and 220 °C
10.
Sundergarh district
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Sundergarh District also spelled Sundargarh District is a district in the northwestern part of Odisha state in eastern India. It is one of the 5th scheduled areas under constitution of India, the town of Sundergarh is the district headquarters. Sundergarh district forms the Northwestern part of Odisha state and is the Second largest district in the accounting for 6. 23% of the total area. Geographical Area of the district is 9712 km2, the district spreads from 21°36′N to 22°32′N and from 83°32′E to 85°22′E. On 1 January 1948, the states of Gangpur and Bonaigarh merged into the present district of Sundergarh. It is understood that, in ancient times, this district was under the rulers of different dynasties, however, divergent views are available regarding the origin of the ruling family. Bonaigarh was known as Bonai Mandala and was ruled by Mayura dynasty as a feudetory of Bhoumakara dynasty of Toshali, the present royal family of Gangpur belongs to the Parmar dynasty and Bonaigarh belongs to Kadamba dynasty. These ex-states were under the suzerainty of Sambalpur which formed part of the dominion of the Maratha Rajas of Nagpur and they were ceded to the British Government in 1803 by the Maratha Chief Raghuji Bhonsla of Nagpur under the treaty of Deogaon. But they were restored to him by special engagement in 1806 and they were finally ceded in 1826. In 1905, these two Odia princely states were transferred from the control of the Commissioner of Chhotanagpur to that of Odisha Division, the district is currently a part of the Red Corridor. According to the 2011 census Sundergarh district has a population of 2,080,664 and this gives it a ranking of 221st in India. The district has a density of 214 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 13. 66%, Sundargarh has a sex ratio of 971 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 74. 13%. The Tribals are a part of the population of this district. According to Census of India report, percentage of population of this district was 50.19 in the 2001 census. The malaria infection of this district is three times the national average, many children die due to apathy of government medical officials. Kisan tribe Kisan Tribe are the inhabitants of this district along with Oraon. They are farmers and food gatherers by profession and they are famous for their singing and dancing along with their hospitality
11.
Jamshedpur
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Jamshedpur is the most populous urban agglomeration in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Jamshedpur is the headquarters of the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and it is also the first planned industrial city of India. It is located on the Chota Nagpur plateau and is surrounded by the picturesque Dalma Hills, the city is bordered by the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai on the north and west parts of the city. Jamshedpur is home to worlds tenth largest steel manufacturing company, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur has been predicted as the 84th fastest growing city in the world for the timeframe 2006–2020 with average annual growth of 2. 59%. In 1919 Lord Chelmsford named the city, which was earlier a village called Sakchi, to Jamshedpur in honour of its founder, Jamsetji Tata, J. N. Tata had written to his son Dorabji Tata about his vision of a great city in the area. On Founders Day, the 225-acre Jubilee Park is decorated with brilliant lightwork for about a week. The city has several nicknames, including Industrial capital of Jharkhand, Steel City, at one time it was also known as Kalimati after the village near the Sakchi area. Sakchi was renamed to Jamshedpur in 1919, the only trace of the name is the main road through Sakchi area of Jamshedpur which is named Kalimati Road. At the end of 19th century, Jamsetji Tata met steelmakers in Pittsburgh to get the most advanced technology for his plant, at the turn of the twentieth century, Jamshetji Tata asked geologist Charles Page Perin to help him find the site to build Indias first steel plant. The search for a site rich in iron, coal, limestone, then Maharaja of Mayurbhanja and renowned geologist appointed in his court Shri Pramatha Nath Bose had been instrumental in setting up of the steel plant at Sakchi. Bose on request of the Maharaja of Mayurbhanja surveyed the Gorumahisani hills of Babanghati region of then Mayurbhanja state, P N Bose insisted Jamsetji Tata to choose Sakchi for his dream plant. The prospectors C. M. Weld, Dorabji Tata and Shapurji Saklatvala took nearly three years in a search across vast stretches of inhospitable terrain to find a location. One day they came across a village called Sakchi, on the densely forested stretches of the Chota Nagpur plateau, near the confluence of the Subarnarekha and it seemed to be the ideal choice and the place was selected. In 1908 the construction of the plant as well as the city officially began, the first steel ingot was rolled on 16 February 1912. It was a day in the history of industrial India. Jamsetjis plan for the city was clear and he envisioned far more than a mere row of workers hutments. He insisted upon building all the comforts and conveniences a city could provide, as a result, many areas in the city are well planned and there are public leisure places such as the Jubilee Park. While building the city, Jamsetji Tata had said, Be sure to lay wide streets planted with shady trees, every other of a quick growing variety
12.
Airports Authority of India
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The Airports Authority of India or AAI under the Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It provides Air traffic management services over Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas and it also manages a total of 125 Airports, including 18 International Airports,7 Customs Airports,78 Domestic Airports and 26 Civil enclaves at Military Airfields. AAI also has ground installations at all airports and 25 other locations to ensure safety of aircraft operations, AAI covers all major air-routes over Indian landmass via 29 Radar installations at 11 locations along with 700VOR/DVOR installations co-located with Distance Measuring Equipment. 52 runways are provided with Instrument landing system installations with Night Landing Facilities at most of these airports, performance Based Navigation procedures have already been implemented at Mumbai, Delhi and Ahmedabad Airports and are likely to be implemented at other Airports in a phased manner. AAI is implementing the GAGAN project in collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organisation. The navigation signals thus received from the GPS will be augmented to achieve the requirement of aircraft. First phase of technology demonstration system was completed in February 2008, AAI has four training establishments viz. The Civil Aviation Training College at Allahabad, National Institute of Aviation Management and Research at Delhi, an Aerodrome Visual Simulator has been provided at CATC and non-radar procedural ATC simulator equipment is being supplied to CATC Allahabad and Hyderabad Airport. AAI has a dedicated Flight Inspection Unit with a fleet of three aircraft fitted with flight inspection system to inspect Instrument Landing Systems up to Cat-III, VORs, DMEs, NDBs, VGSI and RADAR. AAI has entered into Joint Ventures at Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore, the organisations were merged in April 1995 by an Act of Parliament and was named as Airports Authority of India. This new organisation was to be responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country, design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of international and domestic airports and civil enclaves. Control and Management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the limits of the country. Construction, Modification and Management of passenger terminals, Development and Management of cargo terminals at international and domestic airports. Provision of passenger facilities and information system at the terminals at airports. Expansion and strengthening of operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons, provision of Communication and Navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar etc. Provision of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance which includes provision of DVOR / DME, ILS, ATCt radars, AAI is a full member of the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation. NIAMAR & CATC are members of ICAO TRAINER programme under which they share Standard Training Packages from a pool for imparting training on various subjects. Both CATC & NIAMAR have also contributed a number of STPs to the Central pool under ICAO TRAINER programme, the AAI was involved in a tussle with the Ministry of Civil Aviation over the issue of privatisation of its two most profitable airports at Delhi and Mumbai
13.
Vayudoot
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Vayudoot was a regional airline in India established on 20 January 1981 as a joint-venture between the two state-owned carriers, Indian Airlines and Air India. The airline was headquartered at New Delhis Safdarjung Airport, the airline was originally conceived to serve the Northeastern region of India where the surface transport facilities were inadequate and surface routes were circuitous. The regional hub for the Northeast Region was Calcutta and the built up operations to close to 30 destinations in this challenging area. Many of the saw the resumption civil flights and fixed-wing aircraft after a gap of many decades. The airline consistently lost money since its formation, in the late 1970s, the Government of India and its two airlines became aware of the increasing number of potential air travellers in many small towns around the nation. Hence all Vayudoot destinations were completely new, not covered by existing Indian Airlines services, Vayudoot began operations on January 26,1981, Indias Republic Day, in the remote north-east of the country, linking towns in states such as Assam, Manipur and Tripura. The weather caused poor visibility on account of heavy rains and low clouds and/or fog, many runways were unpaved or dirt strips and facilities at these airports were very limited. Its first aircraft were two F. 27s leased from Indian Airlines and linked 20 destinations, to keep costs low, Vayudoot did not serve in-flight meals and contracted out its ground handling services to local agents at all smaller destinations. Vayudoot supplied basic ground-handling equipment to the agents and trained their staff, Vayudoot started with retired flight crew of Indian Airlines to fly the HS-748 and F-27 aircraft. As Dornier Do 228 were bought / leased, new pilots were recruited, the same held for the core engineering team as well, which comprised almost all of ex-Indian Airlines engineers. Vayudoot became a company in February 1983, owned jointly by Indian Airlines. At this time, its load factors were less than 50 per cent, Vayudoots first Dornier 228 began service in 1985 on the Delhi-Raebareli-Lucknow route. A total of ten Do. 228s were ordered by Vayudoot, subsequently, the services of Vayudoot were extended to other regions, charting 100 stations in the country earning the sobriquet worlds fastest growing airline. Vayudoot quickly established hubs at Bombay, Delhi, Madras, sub-bases were, at some points of time, established at Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh and Guwahati in Assam. The lack of traffic to sustain operations on all these routes adversely affected the companys financial performance. After a review, the number of stations on the network was brought down to 48 on 31 March 1991. Vayudoot was then focused on consolidating its operations and rationalizing its fare structure rather than embark on large-scale expansion of its network and its operations were again primarily restricted to the Northeastern region and other inaccessible areas. Vayudoot also operated an Agro Aviation Division which was involved in aerial spraying operations, seeding, Vayudoots financial performance continued to deteriorate which finally led to the dissolution of the company and merger of its assets into Indian Airlines in 1993
14.
Ranchi
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Ranchi is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand, and now it is the most populous city of the state. The Jharkhand state was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving out the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur, the name Ranchi is derived from the previous name of the Oraon village at the same site, Archi. Archi derives from the Oraon word for bamboo grove or stave, according to legend, after an altercation with a spirit, a farmer beat the spirit with his bamboo stave. The spirit shouted archi, archi, archi and vanished, Archi became Rachi, which became Ranchi. One of the historically significant neighbourhoods of Rachi is Doranda, Doranda lies between the Hinoo & Harmoo Rivers, where the civil station, treasury and church established by the British Raj were destroyed by rebel forces during the Sepoy Mutiny. Ranchi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Ranchi is well known for being the hometown of former Indian cricket captain MS Dhoni, Ranchi lies at 23°22′N 85°20′E near to the Tropic of Cancer. Its municipal area is 175.12 km2, and its elevation is 651 m above sea level. Ranchi is located in the part of the Chota Nagpur plateau. Ranchi has a topography and its dense tropical forests a combination that produces a relatively moderate climate compared to the rest of the state. However, due to the deforestation, and development of the city. Although Ranchi has a subtropical climate, its location and the forests surrounding it combine to produce the unusually pleasant climate for which its known. Summer temperatures range from 20 °C to 42 degrees, winter temperatures from 0 °C to 25 degrees, december and January are the coolest months, with temperatures dipping to the freezing point in some areas. The annual rainfall is about 1430 mm, from June to September the rainfall is about 1,100 mm. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Cwa, as of 2011 India census, Ranchi municipal corporation has a population of 1,120,374, making it the 46th largest urban city in India. Males constitute 51. 3% of the population and females 48. 7%, Ranchi city has an average literacy rate of 87. 68%. The city witnessed a surge in population after the declaration of the new state of Jharkhand in 2000. Owing to the employment opportunities and opening of numerous regional and state level offices, banks, and FMCG companies
15.
Bhubaneswar
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Bhubaneswar, also spelt as Bhubaneshwar /ˌbʊbəˈneɪʃwər/, the capital of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the largest city in Odisha and is a centre of economic, along with the old town, the region of Bhubaneswar, historically was often depicted as Ekamra Kshetra. Although the modern city of Bhubaneswar was formally established only in 1948, with many 8th-12th century CE Hindu temples, which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a Temple City of India. With Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja, one of eastern Indias most visited destinations, Bhubaneswar replaced Cuttack as the capital on 19 August 1949,2 years after India gained its independence from Britain. The modern city was designed by the German architect Otto Königsberger in 1946, along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh, it was one of modern Indias first planned cities. Bhubaneswar and Cuttack are often referred to as the cities of Odisha. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.7 million in 2011, Bhubaneswar is categorised as a Tier-2 city. An emerging information technology and education hub, Bhubaneswar is one of the countrys fastest-developing cities, the foundation of the modern Bhubaneswar city was laid in 1948, although the areas in and around the city have a history going back to 1st century BCE or earlier. Dhauli, near Bhubaneswar is the site of the Kalinga War, one of the most complete edicts of the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, dating from between 272–236 BCE, remains carved in rock 8 kilometres to the southwest of the modern city. After the decline of the Mauryan empire, the area came under the rule of Mahameghavahana dynasty and his Hathigumpha inscription is located at the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar. The area was ruled by several dynasties, including Satavahanas, Guptas, Matharas. In 7th century, Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty established their kingdom in the area, after the Kesharis, the Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga area until 14th century CE. Their capital Kalinganagar was located in present-day Bhubaneswar district, after them, Mukunda Deva of the Bhoi dynasty – the last Hindu ruler of the area until the Marathas – developed several religious buildings in the area. Most of the temples in Bhubaneswar were built between 8th and 12th centuries, under Shaiva influence. The Ananta Vasudeva Temple is the old temple of Vishnu in the city. In 1568, the Karrani dynasty of Afghan origin gained control of the area, during their reign, most of the temples and other structures were destroyed or disfigured. In the 16th century, the area came under Mughal control, the Marathas, who succeeded the Mughals in mid-18th century, encouraged pilgrimage in the region. In 1803, the area came under British colonial rule, and was part of the Bengal Presidency, Bihar and Orissa Province, the capital of the British-ruled Orissa Province was Cuttack, which was vulnerabile to floods and suffered from space constraints
16.
Jharsuguda
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Jharsuguda is the district headquarters of Jharsuguda district of Odisha, India. It is the headquarters of Jharsuguda district. It is a hub, consisting mainly of metallurgical industries. Jharsuguda is well connected to all cities of India through the rail network. It is also the biggest junction in India and it is popularly known as the power house of Odisha due to a large number of thermal power plants located nearby. Jharsuguda is located at 21. 85°N84. 03°E /21.85,84.03 and it has an average elevation of 218 metres. Jharsuguda is located in Western Odisha, State highway 10 and National highway 200 pass through Jharsuguda. The Ib River flows along the Western side of Jharsuguda town, the area of the town is 70.47 km2, and has a population of 579,499. The town situated at 21. 82° north longitude and 84. 1° latitude, the highest temperature recorded in summer is 48.0 °C and it has an average rain fall of 1527 mm. Jharsuguda is a cosmopolitan city housing people from all the regions of India. Major festivals celebrated in the town are, Nuakhai, This is an important festival for the people of Western Odisha, families gather during this period and eat together. After that, the take the blessings of elders and dance with friends. Message-Always give the respect to the elders and take the blessing from him Bhai Jauntia, Rath Yatra, Rath Yatra is celebrated in the town & villages of the district. Durga Puja, Durga Puja has been celebrated in public pandals in the town for more than half a century, specially Durga pandel of Sarbahal Chowki para and Mangal Bazar and Puja by Sri Santimai Mukhrajee in Chowki Para is very devotional. Ganesh Puja, A 10-day public celebration of Ganesh Puja, diwali and Chhat, It is celebrated with great pomp and show. Kirtan, People pray to Krishna and Ram and this cosmopolitan town is fast emerging as the economic hub of Odisha, the state government has formed a master plan for the citys development. Jharsuguda has a unit of Ultratech Cement of the Aditya Birla Group at Dhutra, many small- and medium-scale steel units are being set up in the town vicinity, including Bhushan Power & Steel Limited, SMC Power Generation Ltd. TRL Krosaki Refractories Limited and Concast Steel & Power Ltd, a few large-scale units of Vedanta Alumina Ltd and Utkal Alumina International Ltd will be setting up units in the area. UltraTech Cement Limited has set up a 4.0 MTPA capacity Cement grinding Unit, sesa Sterlite Limited has set up a 0.5 million-tonne aluminium smelter and a 1.2 Million Tonne Smelter
17.
Simplifly Deccan
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Simplifly Deccan, formerly Air Deccan, was the first Indian low-cost carrier. Headquartered in Bangalore, it operated flights from seven base airports using a fleet of Airbus A320, ATR42. The airline appealed to middle class travellers with low fares and a route network. It also employed innovative methods to ensure the profitability of its business model. Nevertheless, Simplifly Deccan suffered high losses and merged with Kingfisher Airlines in April 2008, Kingfisher replaced the Deccan brand with Kingfisher Red in August 2008. Simplifly Deccan was founded as Air Deccan by G. R. Gopinath, Air Deccan became a wholly owned subsidiary of Deccan Aviation. The airline launched operations on 25 August 2003 with a flight from Bangalore to Hubli, at that time, its fleet consisted of two ATR 42-320 aircraft. In order to increase capacity on its routes, Air Deccan purchased two Airbus A320-200s and leased five in 2004. In December of that year, the purchased a additional 30 A320s in a US$1.8 billion order. It ordered 30 ATR 72-500s in February 2005, the airline underwent rapid growth, witnessing 30% growth in its passenger numbers in 2005–06. In 2006 it was the third largest airline in India with a 19% market share and it placed an order for 30 more Airbus A320s in December 2006. The airline experienced 42% growth in traffic in 2006–07, becoming the nations second largest carrier in 2007. As it grew, other low-cost carriers emerged in the Indian market, SpiceJet, GoAir, IndiGo, Air Deccan was the first low-cost carrier in India. Launched amid a booming Indian economy and a middle class. Tickets cost around 30% less than those of airlines and cost about the same as or less than first class rail tickets. Air Deccan focused on providing air service to underserved airports across the country, where competition was low, G. R. Gopinath claimed he wanted to make air travel accessible to every Indian. It is not the elite that I consider as my customers and it is the humble cleaning women of my office, the auto-rickshaw driver and other such people that we would like to cater to. We want them to dream that they too can fly, the airline operated a single cabin class, economy, allowing it to pack more seats into its aircraft
18.
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
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Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport is an international airport located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, serving the Kolkata metropolitan area. It is located approximately 17 km from the city center, the airport was earlier known as Dum Dum Airport before being renamed after Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement. Spread over an area of 2,460 acres, Kolkata airport is the largest hub for air traffic in the part of the country. And one of two airports operating in West Bengal, the other one being in Bagdogra. The airport handled over 14.6 million passengers in 2016 making it the fifth busiest airport in India in terms of traffic after Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore. The Airport is a centre for flights to Northeast India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China. In 2014 &2015, Kolkata Airport won the titles of Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific region by the Airport Council International, Kolkata airport traditionally served as a strategic stopover on the air route from Europe to Indochina and Australia. Many pioneering flights passed through the airport, including that of Amelia Earhart in 1937, the airport began as an open ground next to the Royal Artillery Armoury in Dum Dum. Sir Stanley Jackson, Governor of Bengal, opened the Bengal Flying Club at Calcutta aerodrome in February 1929, in 1930, the airfield was made fit for use throughout the year, and other airlines began to utilise the airport. Air Orient began scheduled stops as part of a Paris to Saigon route and this began a trend that drew many airlines to Calcutta airport. Calcutta played an important role in the Second World War, in 1942, the United States Army Air Forces 7th Bombardment Group flew B-24 Liberator bombers from the airport on combat missions over Burma. The airfield was used as an aerial port for the Air Transport Command. Passenger services grew after the Second World War, Calcutta became a destination for the world’s first jet-powered passenger aircraft, the de Havilland Comet, on a British Overseas Airways Corporation route to London. Furthermore, in 1964 Indian Airlines introduced the first Indian domestic jet service, due to the introduction of longer haul aircraft and the poor political climate of Calcutta during the 1960s, several airlines discontinued their service to the airport. The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War saw an increase of both refugees and disease in Calcutta, causing more airlines to cease services to the city. In 1975, the airport opened the first dedicated cargo terminal in India, in the early 1980s, plans emerged to connect the airport with the city center by tram. The proposed route went to the airport from Maniktala, via Vivekananda Road, Ultadanga, the line partly completed 1985, but further expansion to the airport was cancelled due to the financial downing of Calcutta Tramways Company. The extension proposal re-appeared in 1999, but was cancelled, the 1990s saw new growth for Calcutta airport, as the Indian aviation industry saw the arrival of new airlines such as Jet Airways and Air Sahara
19.
Biju Patnaik International Airport
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Biju Patnaik International Airport, also known as the Bhubaneswar Airport, is situated in the Indian city of Bhubaneswar, Odisha. It is the international airport in the state. It is named after the chief minister of Odisha, Biju Patnaik. As of 2013, Bhubaneswar Airport was ranked the 14th busiest airport in India by the Airports Authority of India registering a 22. 8% growth in traffic over the previous year, on 5 March 2013, a new terminal was inaugurated by Minister of Civil Aviation, Ajit Singh. This terminal caters to all domestic flights while the terminal has been refurbished to support impending international operations. The Government of India accorded international status to the airport on 30 October 2013, inaugurated in March 2013, Terminal 1 has a capacity of four million passengers per year and was built at a cost of Rs 145 crore. The new terminal has been developed by the AAI as part of the upgrade of thirty-five non-metro airports across the country. Apart from the Departure and Arrival Lounges, T1 terminal also has several lounges, including VIP Lounges, Pal Heights Spa Lounge, the Dakota Lounge. The terminal is environmentally friendly, built according to green building standards, with treatment plants. The internal walls of the terminal are decorated with motifs, designs, masks. The new terminal also has food kiosks, gift shops, bookstores, art galleries, the terminal was built by Lanco Infratech. Cargo Operations from Biju Patnaik International Airport airport resumed again on 27 January 2017 and this has opened up an avenue allowing state exporters to export goods faster to the Middle East, Far East and European destinations. Previously there were cargo operations from the airport between 1995 to 2003, Biju Patnaik Airport is situated around 3 kilometres south of the Bhubaneswar city center. It is still not connected properly to the city by public transport. The Bhubaneswar Railway Station is 2 –3 km from the airport, various cab services also provide service from the airport to different parts of the city. On 26 September 2014, Biju Patnaik International Airport, Bhubaneswar, was awarded the CSR Kalinga Safety Award at Odisha State Safety Conclave 2014, on a scale of 1 to 5, Biju Patnaik International Airport scored 4.5. On 22 December 2007, an Indian Air Force plane from the Surya Kiran team crash-landed on the runway of Biju Patnaik International Airport, one passenger caught fire while three others were safely evacuated. Airports in India List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic Biju Patnaik International Airport at Airports Authority of India Airport information for VEBS at World Aero Data, Data current as of October 2006
20.
International airport
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An international airport is an airport that offers customs and immigration facilities for passengers travelling between countries. International airports often also host domestic flights, some, such as Frankfurt Airport in Germany are very large, others such as Faaā International Airport in Tahiti, are quite small. Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid 20th century, detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of passengers and flights are among the most complex. In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services and it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In the United States, Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928, the precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the early days of international flights, there was limited infrastructure, four-engined land planes being unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, thus/therefore flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route, on-water landing areas were found in such as Surabaya. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the landing area. International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments, other international airports, such as Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate. Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious, an example is the planned New Mexico City international airport, intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity. Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density, because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges, each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic. International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines, many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers, an airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared, technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The International Air Transport Association, formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies, the International Civil Aviation Organization is a body of the United Nations succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate and this eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics
21.
Central India
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Central India consists of the states of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh
22.
Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport
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Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport is an airport serving Lucknow and Uttar Pradesh in India. It is situated in Amausi in the city of Lucknow, India and is named after Chaudhary Charan Singh and it is the 12th busiest airport in India and is also the second busiest and largest in North and Central India after IGI airport Delhi. It handled about 3.24 million passengers in 2015-16 exceeding its capacity of 2.5 million passengers per annum and it also handles over 100 flights per day. It was awarded as the second best airport in the world in category of 2-5 million passengers, the airport was constructed in 1986 to facilitate corporate and government officials. With an increasing number of passengers, AAI decided to upgrade the airport, on 17 July 2008, the Government of India officially renamed it Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport. It was granted international status in May 2012, Lucknow Airport, previously called Amausi International Airport is now renamed as Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport. A new terminal, equipped with latest technology, at Lucknows Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport is operative since June 2,2012 and it is being used both for arrivals and departures of domestic and international flights. The new terminal is a building which can accommodate around 650 passengers at a time. The airport consists of two terminals, domestic and international. AAI has also approved approximately 1200 crore rupees for a new integrated terminal, runway The airport has a single runway that is 2, 800m long. AAI has also planned for runway expansion at Lucknow airport. Terminal 1 The original terminal, built to complement Charbagh Railway Stations architecture, is now used for flights after the opening of Terminal 2. It has two arrival and three departing gates as well as two immigration counters, Terminal 2 The terminal was inaugurated by civil aviation minister Ajit Singh on 19 May 2012 before opening on 2 June 2012. With five boarding gates, Terminal 2 is used for domestic flights. Terminal 2 of Lucknow airport is dealing with huge passenger traffic year by year. The terminal will have aerobridges, escalators, lifts, integrated entry and exit systems, security access system, the construction is estimated to take about 57 months while survey, designing and approval survey, Project Investment Board clearance are likely to take another nine months. The nearest major station is Lucknow Charbagh railway station which is roughly 10 km from the airport campus. Airport is well connected with the cab service. CCS International Airport will be connected through Lucknow Metro by a station on the North-South Corridor Line. Metro connection will make ease for passengers. The airport was awarded AAIs Best Airport award in July 2013 along with Jodhpur Airport, Airports in India List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic Amausi Airport at Airports Authority of India web site Accident history for LKO at Aviation Safety Network
23.
East India
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East India is a region of India consisting of the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and also the union territory Andaman and Nicobar Islands. West Bengals capital Kolkata is the largest city of this region, the Kolkata Metropolitan Area is the countrys third largest. The state of West Bengal share some cultural and linguistic characteristics with Bangladesh, Odisha is the only state of India, which has a classical language Odia, a classical dance Odissi and a classical music Odissi music. Odia is the language in east India accorded the status of a Classical Language of India. Together with Bangladesh, West Bengal formed the region of Bengal before partition in 1947. The modern state of Odisha was known as Kalinga, Odra desha and it was ruled by indigenous rulers of the Mahameghavahana dynasty, Eastern Ganga dynasty and Gajapati Dynasty. The bulk of the lies on the east coast of India by the Bay of Bengal. Jharkhand, on the Chhota Nagpur plateau, is a hilly, Odisha is also a mineral rich state of India. It is connected to the Seven Sister States of Northeast India by the narrow Siliguri Corridor in the north east of West Bengal, in medieval India, it was incorporated into the Mughal, Maratha and then the British empire. After independence in 1947, the joined the Indian Union. Today, they continue to face problems of overpopulation, environmental degradation and pervasive corruption despite significant economic, after the Kalinga War the Maurya king Ashoka sent emissaries to spread Buddhism across Asia. The famous university of Nalanda was in Bihar, chinese travellers visited Buddhist and Hindu temples and libraries in the universities of Magadha Empire. The Emperor of Kalinga Mahameghavahana Aira Kharavela was one of the most powerful monarchs of ancient India, the Jain thirkhankar Mahaveer was born here and founded Jainism. Islamic invasions in the 13th century resulted in the collapse of Hindu kings and most Buddhists, especially in East Bengal, East India including Bihar and West Bengal was part of the Mughal Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. Odisha remained a powerful Hindu dynasty under the rule of Soma/Keshari Dynasty, Eastern Ganga Dynasty, the mighty Nalanda University existed at Nalanda which was destroyed by Bakhtiar Khilji during the 12th century and also defeated Sena Dynasty. Sher Shah Suri, who became king of India after defeating Humayun, with the arrival of the Europeans in the 17th century, outposts were established in Odisha Coast and Bengal. The European traders established their trade centres in the ports of Balasore, Pipili. The Portuguese were in Chittagong, Dutch in Chinsura, French in Pondicherry, in 1756, the British East India Company defeated the local Indian Muslim rulers in Plassey and established British Rule in the subcontinent
24.
Bagdogra Airport
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It is operated as a civil enclave at AFS Bagdogra of the Indian Air Force. The airport also has regular flights to Gangtok, the capital of Sikkim. The central government of India conferred customs airport status to the airport in 2002 with limited international operations, Air traffic at Bagdogra crossed 1 million for the first time growing at 43. 6% percent in 2014-15. This is one of the few airports in India with zero sales tax on aviation turbine fuel, the airbase is home to the IAF No.20 Wing, as also to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 FL fighter aircraft of the No.8 Squadron and a Helicopter Unit. Along with the airbase at Hasimara, Jalpaiguri district, it is responsible for air operations over a large area including North Bengal, Sikkim. The base caters to all air traffic for the Indian Armys XXXIII Corps based nearby in Sukna. The state government had handed over 14.5 acres of land to the Ministry of Civil Aviation for developing infrastructure for night landing in 2010, AAI also expanded the apron at the same time, enabling the parking of 5 Airbus A320 class aircraft simultaneously. The IAF, which maintains the ATC and runway, gave permission for night landings by civilian aircraft allowing flights past 6 pm in 2013, Civil Aerodrome Bagdogra Bagdogra Airport - India Airport Global Website
25.
Northeast India
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Northeast India is the eastern-most region of India. It comprises of the contiguous Seven Sister States, and the Himalayan state of Sikkim, the Siliguri Corridor in West Bengal, with a width of 21 to 40 kilometres, connects the North Eastern region with East India. The region shares more than 4,500 kilometres of border with China in the north, Myanmar in the east, Bangladesh in the southwest. The northeast India states are officially recognised under the North Eastern Council, the North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd was incorporated on 9 August 1995 and the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region was set up in September 2001. The earliest settlers were Austro-Asiatic speakers, followed by Tibeto-Burmese and lastly by Indo-Aryans, due to the bio- and crop diversity of the region, archaeological researchers believe that early settlers of Northeast India had domesticated several important plants. Writers believe that the 100 BC writings of Chinese explorer, Zhang Qian indicate a trade route via Northeast India. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mention a people called Sêsatai in the region, in the early historical period, Kamarupa straddled most of present-day Northeast India, besides Bhutan and Sylhet in Bangladesh. Xuanzang, a travelling Chinese Buddhist monk, visited Kamarupa in the 7th century and he described the people as short in stature and black-looking, whose speech differed a little from mid-India and who were of simple but violent disposition. He wrote that the people in Kamarupa knew of Sichuan, which lay to the kingdoms east beyond a treacherous mountain, for many of the tribal peoples, their primary identification is with subtribes and villages, which have distinct dialects and cultures. Many of the peoples in present-day Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland converted to Christianity under the influence of British missionaries, in the early 19th century, both the Ahom and the Manipur kingdoms fell to a Burmese invasion. The ensuing First Anglo-Burmese War resulted in the region coming under British control. In the colonial period, North East India was made a part of Bengal Province from 1839 to 1873, after Indian Independence from British Rule in 1947, the Northeastern region of British India consisted of Assam and the princely states of Manipur and Tripura. Subsequently, Nagaland in 1963, Meghalaya in 1972, Arunachal Pradesh in 1975, Manipur and Tripura remained as Union Territories of India between 1956 until 1972, when they attained fully-fledged statehood. Sikkim was integrated as the eighth North Eastern Council state in 2002, the city of Shillong served as the capital of the Assam province created during the British Rule. It remained as the capital of undivided Assam until formation of the state of Meghalaya in 1972, the capital of Assam was shifted to Dispur, a part of Guwahati, and Shillong was designated as the capital of Meghalaya. In 1944, the Japanese planned an attack on India. Traveling through Burma, its forces were stopped at Kohima and Imphal by British and this marked the furthest western expansion of the Japanese Empire, its defeat in this area presaged Allied victory. Arunachal Pradesh, a state in the Northeastern tip of India, is claimed by China as South Tibet, Sino-Indian relations degraded, resulting in the Sino-Indian War of 1962
26.
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport
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The airport is managed by Airports Authority of India and also serves as an Indian Air Force base. There are plans to expand the airport with two more aerobridges in the pipeline, a new hangar was also constructed to facilitate overnight parking of aircraft. The new terminal will be around 77,500 sq m and ready by 2020. It also provides international flight services to Bangkok and Paro, helicopter services are operated from Guwahati to Shillong, Tura, Naharlagun, Tawang by Pawan Hans. Airports in India List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport at Airports Authority of India website, Airport information for VEGT at World Aero Data. Data current as of October 2006, accident history for GAU at Aviation Safety Network
27.
Imphal International Airport
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Connecting flights to Rangoon, Mandalay, Naypyidaw, Myanmar, Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Thailand are in development. Imphal International Airport is under the control of Airports Authority of India. Situated at 2545 feet above sea level, the airport covers 1275 acres, the runway measures 2,746 metres in length. Imphal International Airport is equipped with modern passenger facilities including the facilities for night operation. A CAT-I ILS at runway 04 is also available to assist with aircraft landing, there are currently two departure gates and two arrival gates at the airport. International & Domestic Terminal-1 has 10 check-in counters, the Departure section can service up to 60000 travelers, while the arrival section services up to 35000 travelers. The airport is suitable for C type aircraft operations in all weather conditions, the presence of this airbase allowed allied forces to fly in men, equipment, and supplies. This provided a lifeline to the town, which was cut off by land. Allied aircraft also parachuted ammunition, rations, and drinking water to the encircled Indian combat units during the Battle of Imphal, the Japanese forces suffered heavy losses and were eventually driven back to Burma. Imphal International Airport is well connected by public and private bus services and these transport services connect the airport to the city center via the Imphal Churachandpur State Highway. On 16 August 1991, Indian Airlines Flight 257 crashed while descending into Imphal airport, all 69 passengers on board, including the crew members, were killed. This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http, media related to Imphal International Airport at Wikimedia Commons Imphal Airport at the Airports Authority of India
28.
North India
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North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indus-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, other states sometimes included are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat and West Bengal. North India has been the centre of the Mughal, Delhi Sultanate. The languages that have official status in one or more of the states and union territories located in North India are Hindi, Sanskrit, Urdu, Punjabi, Kashmiri/Koshur, Dogri, different authorities and sources define North India differently. Rajasthan is also included in North Central Culture Zone as well as West Cultural Zone, the Northern Zonal Council is one of the advisory councils, created in 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act to foster inter-state cooperation. It differs from the North Cultural Zone in its inclusion of Delhi, in contrast, the Geological Survey of India included Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in its Northern Region, but excluded Rajasthan and Chandigarh, with a regional headquarters in Lucknow. The Hindu newspaper puts Bihar as well as Uttar Pradesh and Delhi related articles on its North pages, however according to the Government of Bihar official page as well as Indian Zonal Coucil, it is considered to be an Eastern Indian state instead. North Indian states which are entirely above the Tropic of Cancer are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The term North Indian is sometimes used to people from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, often using the term bhaiya in a derogatory sense. In Punjab, people from the region are often referred to as Purabias. Some publications of the Government of Bihar place that state in the part of India. Within Uttar Pradesh itself, the divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the purabiyas often being clubbed with Biharis in the perception of the westerners. One demarcation between northern and southern nations has been the Vindhya mountain range, in centuries past this sometimes formed a border during periods of imperial expansion, such as the one ruled by the Gupta emperor Samudragupta. The Vindhyas also find mention in the narrative of Rishi Agastya as a dividing feature between North and South India, the Manusmṛti also describes the southern limit of Aryavarta as being defined by the Vindhya range. North India lies mainly on continental India, north of peninsular India, towards its north are the Himalayas which define the boundary between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau. To its west is the Thar desert, shared between North India and Pakistan and the Aravalli Range, beyond lies the state of Gujarat. The Vindhya mountains are, in some interpretations, taken to be the boundary of North India. The state of Madhya Pradesh has large areas under forest cover, as do Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, North India lies mainly in the north temperate zone of the Earth
29.
Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport
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It is located on the Amritsar-Ajnala Road, near the village of Raja Sansi. Besides Amritsar, the airport serves neighboring areas of Punjab, Western districts of Himachal Pradesh and Southern districts of Jammu, the new integrated terminal has doubled the capacity of the old terminal. There are 15 domestic and 7 international flights from this airport, the arrivals section of the old terminal was inaugurated in September 2005, and the departures section was made operational in March 2006. The new terminal building is a blend of modern and Indian designs, constructed in glass and steel with Indian style arches, for the quarter ending June 30,2016, the airport registered a 59. 6% growth of international passenger traffic. The integrated terminal building has four bridges, an annual capacity of 1.46 million passengers with a peak hour capacity of 1,200 passengers. The building has 30 check-in counters,4 X-ray scanners,26 immigration Counters,10 custom counters,12 security check booths, and 4 conveyor belts for arrivals. The apron has been extended to cater for parking of a total of 14 aircraft from the capacity of ten aircraft. The departure and arrival halls operate duty-free shops, the departure hall also accommodates foreign currency exchange service, a book store, restaurants and other shops for the convenience of departing passengers. The runway is going through repavement and upgrade of its strength that will be completed on April 30,2017 thereby resuming 24 x 7 operations. CAT III installation will be completed in Sep 2017, media related to Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport at Wikimedia Commons
30.
Chandigarh International Airport
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Chandigarh International Airport is a customs airport which serves the Union Territory Chandigarh and the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. The airport runway is located in the Union territory of Chandigarh while the new terminal is located on the south side of the runway in the village of Jhiurheri, Mohali. Chandigarh airport operated all its Civil and Commercial operations from Civil enclave of the Indian Air Force Station, Indian Airlines started operating flights from Chandigarh to Delhi in the 1970s. A new airport building was constructed in the Civil Enclave was opened on 14 April 2011 and this Air Terminal was declared a Customs Airport on 19 August 2011 making it eligible for international flights but no international flight ever operated from this terminal. In 2008, the Government of Punjab acquired 304.04 acres of land on the side of the existing runway in Jheurheri village at a cost of ₹452 crore to build the new international terminal. This new terminal was completed in 2015 at a cost of ₹939 crore, the Government of Punjab and the Government of Haryana each have 24. 5% stake and the Airports Authority of India holds the rest of 51% stake in the new terminal building. After numerous hearings at Punjab and Haryana High Court and a wait, IndiGo and Air India Express commenced flights to Dubai. The new terminal was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 11 September 2015 and this new eco-friendly terminal is one of its kind in India was built by Larsen and Toubro. The indoors of the airport laid with plants, brings a feeling of a botanical garden and it is located at the village of Jhiurheri in Punjab and became operational on 19 October 2015. The old domestic terminal will now be used for VIPs and flying club, construction of the new terminal included two link taxiways to the terminal and cargo complex. The terminal has 4 aero bridges apron for parking four in contact and 8 remote parking stands for aircraft, the departures are on the first floor and arrivals on the ground floor. The first phase terminal covering 53,000 sq metre has a capacity of 1,600 passengers at a time and this airport is not a greenfield airport but uses the runway of the present Indian air force base. There is one ATM located in the area, while there is WiFi or money exchange inside the airport. The airport facilities are operated by CHAIL but the airport does not have a website of its own. The present runway 11/29 has a length of 9,000 ft, the runway uses a CAT1 ILS system. Flights to this airport are limited to operate between sunrise and 10,00 pm Monday to Friday and sunrise to 8,00 pm on Saturday and Sunday, the short 9000 ft runway limits operations to narrow bodied aircraft that are limited of a 5000 km radius. The short runway also does not allow operation of wide bodied aircraft, the new terminal is located 14 km from Chandigarh City centre in Sector 17. Chandigarh Interstate Bus terminal located 10 km from airport in Sector 43 operates direct bus services to all cities in Punjab, Haryana
31.
Indira Gandhi International Airport
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Indira Gandhi International Airport serves as the primary civilian aviation hub for the National Capital Region of Delhi, India. The airport, spread over an area of 5,106 acres, is situated in Palam,15 km south-west of the New Delhi railway station and 16 km from New Delhi city centre. Named after Indira Gandhi, a former Prime Minister of India and it is busiest airport in the country in terms of cargo traffic in the recent year overtaking Mumbai during late 2015. With the commencement of operations at Terminal 3 in 2010, it became Indias and South Asias largest aviation hub, the planned expansion program will increase the airports capacity to handle 100 million passengers by 2030. The airport handled over 48 million passengers in the fiscal year 2015–16, in calendar year 2016, the airport was the 21st busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic and 10th busiest airport in Asia handling over 55 million passengers. The airport was operated by the Indian Air Force before its management was transferred to the Airports Authority of India, in May 2006, the management of the airport was passed over to Delhi International Airport Limited, a consortium led by the GMR Group. In September 2008, the airport inaugurated a 4,430 m runway, the Terminal 3 building, which commenced operations in 2010, has a capacity to handle 34 million passengers annually. Terminal 3 is the worlds 8th largest passenger terminal, the airport uses an advanced system called Airport Collaborative Decision Making to help keep takeoffs and landings timely and predictable. In 2010, IGIA was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, the airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International. Delhi Airport was awarded The Best Airport in Central Asia and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015, IGI also stood first in the new rankings for 2015 Airport Service Quality Awards. Safdarjung Airport was built in 1930 and was the airport for Delhi until 1962. Due to increasing passenger traffic at Safdarjung, civilian operations were moved to Palam Airport in 1962, Palam Airport had been built during World War II as RAF Station Palam and after the British left, it served as an Air Force Station for the Indian Air Force. Palam Airport had a capacity of around 1,300 passengers per hour. Owing to an increase in air traffic in the 1970s, a terminal with nearly four times the area of the old Palam terminal was constructed. With the inauguration of a new terminal, on 2 May 1986. On 2 May 2006, the management of Delhi and Mumbai airports were handed over to the private consortia, Delhi International Airport Limited is a consortium of the GMR Group, Fraport and Malaysia Airports, and the Airports Authority of India retains a 26% stake. Nine years later, in May 2015, Malaysia Airports chose it exit from DIAL venture, following this GMR Groups stake at DIAL increased to 64%. Earlier GMR indicated that it was interested in buying out the 10% stake of Fraport, the old domestic airport is known as Terminal 1 and handles domestic flights for all budget airlines
32.
Jaipur International Airport
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Jaipur International Airport is the primary airport serving Jaipur, the capital of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Jaipur International Airport has been declared as the Worlds Best Airport in the category of 2 to 5 million passengers per annum for 2015 according to Airports Council International and it is located in the southern suburb of Sanganer,13 km from Jaipur. The airport was granted the status of international airport on 29 December 2005, the civil apron can accommodate 14 aircraft the size of an Airbus A320 and the new terminal building can handle up to 1000 passengers at a time. The new domestic terminal building at the airport was inaugurated on 1 July 2009, the International Terminal building has peak hour passenger handling capacity of 500 passengers and annual handling capacity of 400,000. The entrance gate is made of sandstone and Dholpur stones along with Rajasthani paintings on the walls, runway expansion work at the airport started in February 2014 and was completed by July 2015 at an estimated cost of Rs.98 crore. The expansion allows the airport to accommodate wide-body aircraft, beginning from July 16,2012, Terminal 1 was closed to passenger traffic and was remodeled to handle solely cargo operations. The cargo terminal is adjacent to the old terminal building and has an area of approximately 700 square metres. The cargo facility is being provided by Rajasthan Small Scale Industries, on 18 February 1969, Douglas DC-3 VT-CJH of Indian Airlines crashed on take-off on a scheduled passenger flight. The aircraft was overloaded and take-off was either downwind or with a crosswind, all 30 people on board survived. On 9 August 1971, Vickers Viscount VT-DIX of Indian Airlines was damaged beyond repair when it overran the runway. The aircraft landed with a tailwind on a wet runway, on 5 January 2014, Flight AI-890 Airbus A320 VT-ESH of Air India from Imphal to Delhi via Guwahati was diverted to Jaipur airport due to heavy fog in Delhi. The rear tyre of the plane burst during landing, damaging the right wing, the plane received substantial damage and the aircraft was written off. All 173 passengers and 6 crew members survived, ASQ awards 2015 by Airports Council International Airports in India List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic Accident history for JAI at Aviation Safety Network
33.
Srinagar International Airport
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Srinagar International Airport or Sheikh-ul-Alam Airport is an international airport that serves Srinagar, the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is owned by the Indian Air Force, and the Airports Authority of India operates a civil enclave at the airport, although, designated an international airport in 2005, the Srinagar airport does not receive scheduled international flights as of November 2016 but has seen Hajj flights. It has a terminal and one asphalt runway. The airport has bus and taxi service to the city of Srinagar, originally, the Srinagar airport was used only by the Indian Air Force. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the received an airlift of Indian troops who prevented Pakistan from capturing the city of Srinagar. Although the airport was small and lacked landing aids, the airlift was carried out successfully on 27 October. In September 1965, the Srinagar airport was subjected to an air raid amid the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, in 1979, the Airports Authority of India established a civil enclave at the airport. The terminal was modified in February 1998 to be able to handle international Hajj flights, during the Kargil War in 1999, the airport was taken over completely by the Air Force, and civilian flights were prohibited from landing. In March 2005, the airport was granted status by the Indian government. An expanded terminal, able to both domestic and international flights, was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 by politician Sonia Gandhi. It was part of an expansion project that also included an increase in the number of parking stands from four to nine. The total cost of the project was ₹130 crore, fully provided by the Indian government, on the same day, Air India Express started once weekly flights to Dubai, the first regularly scheduled international flights from Srinagar. However, due to low demand from passengers, the flights were terminated in January 2010, the Srinagar airport has an integrated terminal, handling both domestic and international flights. It covers 19,700 square metres and can serve 950 passengers at a time,500 domestic and 450 international passengers, the terminal is designed to look like the Himalayas and has a sloping roof that facilitates snow removal. Amenities include a restaurant, a shop, ATMs, currency exchange, a chocolates shop. There is an asphalt runway, 13/31, with dimensions 3,685 by 46 metres. It has been equipped to handle instrument landing system approaches since February 2011, in 2015,2,155,597 passengers transited through the Srinagar airport. In addition, there were 15,122 aircraft movements, on 7 September 1965, amid the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, four fighter jets of the Pakistan Air Force attacked the Srinagar airport
34.
South India
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The region occupies 19. 31% of Indias land area. Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau, South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south. The geography of the region is diverse, with two ranges, the Western and Eastern Ghats, bordering the plateau heartland. The Godavari River, Krishna River, Kaveri, Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Coimbatore and Kochi are the largest urban areas. Majority of the people in South India speak one of the four major Dravidian languages, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam. During its history, a number of kingdoms ruled over parts of South India whose invasions across southern and southeastern Asia impacted the history. Major dynasties that were established in South India include the Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas, Pallavas, Satavahanas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, european countries entered India through Kerala and the region was colonised by Britain and other nations. HDI in the states is high and the economy has undergone growth at a faster rate than most northern states. Literacy rates in the states are higher than the national average with approximately 80% of the population capable of reading and writing. The fertility rate in South India is 1.9, the lowest of all regions in India, South India also known as Peninsular India has been known by several other names. Carnatic derived from Karnād or Karunād meaning high country has also associated with South India. Carbon dating on ash mounds associated with Neolithic cultures in South India date back to 8000 BCE, artefacts such as ground stone axes, and minor copper objects have been found in the region. Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE, iron technology spread through the region, however, the region was in the middle of a trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu linking the Mediterranean and East Asia. Trade with Phoenicians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Syrians, Jews, the region was part of the ancient Silk Road connecting the Asian continent in the East and the West. C. to 14th century A. D. The Vijayanagara Empire, founded in 14th century A. D. was the last Indian dynasty that ruled over the region. The Europeans arrived in the 15th century and by the middle of the 18th century, the French, the British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857. During the British colonial rule, the region was divided into the Madras Presidency, Hyderabad state, Mysore, Travancore, Kochi, Vizianagaram and a number of other minor princely states. After the independence of India in 1947, the region was organised into four states, Madras State, Mysore State, Hyderabad State and Travancore-Cochin
35.
Kempegowda International Airport
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Kempegowda International Airport is an international airport serving Bangalore, the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Spread over 4,000 acres, it is located about 40 kilometres north of the city near the village of Devanahalli and it is owned and operated by Bangalore International Airport Limited, a public–private consortium. The airport opened in May 2008 as an alternative to increased congestion at HAL Airport and it is named after Kempe Gowda I, the founder of Bangalore. As of 2016, Kempegowda Airport is the third busiest airport by traffic in the country, behind the airports in Delhi. It handled over 22.2 million passengers in 2016 with little less than 500 aircraft movements a day, the airport also handled about 314,060 tonnes of cargo. The airport consists of a runway and passenger terminal, which handles both domestic and international operations. A second runway and terminal are in the stages of planning. In addition, there is a village and three cargo terminals. The airport serves as a hub for AirAsia India, Air India Regional, Air Pegasus and it is also a focus city for IndiGo. The original airport serving Bangalore was HAL Airport, located 10 kilometres from the city centre, however, as Bangalore grew into the Silicon Valley of India and passenger traffic to the city rose, the airport was unable to cope. There was no room for expansion and the apron could only park six aircraft, in March 1991, former chairman of the National Airports Authority of India S. Ramanathan convened a panel to select the site for a new airport. The panel decided on Devanahalli, a village about 40 kilometres north of Bangalore, the State Government made a proposal to build the airport with private assistance, which the Union Government approved in 1994. In December 1995, a consortium consisting of Tata Group, Raytheon, in June 1998, however, the consortium announced it was pulling out of the project due to delays in government approval. These included disputes over the location of the airport and the fate of HAL Airport and it would be a public–private partnership, with AAI and KSIIDC having a 26% share and private companies having the remaining 74%. In January 2001, the State Government created the company Bangalore International Airport Limited as a special purpose entity, by November, the project had attracted Unique Zürich Airport, Siemens Project Ventures and Larsen & Toubro. Construction was expected to begin in October 2002, however, governmental delays persisted, the concession agreement between the State Government, the Union Government and BIAL was signed in July 2004. In it, BIAL required the closure of HAL Airport, construction finally commenced on 2 July 2005. The cost of the rose to ₹1,930 crore
36.
Chennai International Airport
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Chennai International Airport is an international airport serving the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and its metropolitan area. It is the fourth busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic after Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. In 2016, the airport handled 17.7 million passengers, the domestic and the international terminals are named after former chief ministers of Tamil Nadu K. Kamaraj and C. N. Annadurai respectively. It was the first airport in India to have international and domestic terminals located adjacent to each other, the airport serves as a hub for Air Costa, Air Carnival, Blue Dart Aviation, Jet Airways and SpiceJet. It also serves as a city for Air India, GoAir. The aviation history of the city began in 1910, when a city-based Corsican hotelier Giacomo DAngelis built an aircraft and tested it. Inspired by Louis Blériot, a Frenchman who was the first to fly across the English Channel in July 1909, DAngelis collaborated with Simpsons, the biplane was built entirely from DAngeliss own designs, fitted with a small horse-power engine. Samuel John Green, an engineer at Simpsons, helped with the manufacture. On 10 March 1910, DAngelis tested the aircraft in the suburb of Pallavaram, while demonstrating it to the public during the ticketed show, he even took a person from the crowd on the aircraft as his passenger. Immediately, he arranged a public viewing at the Island Grounds. One more test flight was conducted at the Island Grounds in 1914, when J W Madley and he flew it over the Red Hills reservoir to inspect works and shot a couple of aerial photographs of the reservoir from the aircraft. The aviators included Baron de Caters and Jules Tyck, on 15 February 1911, Tyck flew in a Blériot aeroplane in front of the public. The aircraft was wheeled out by eight men with Tyck seated inside the craft wearing an oilskin coat, the men held the plane till its engine revved up and then let go, and the craft darted forward about 20 yards before rising into the air. In the air, the made a straight flight only for about three-quarters of the length of the ground. Tyck flew again the day, this time reaching a height of 2,400 feet. Two days later, on 18 February, another demonstration was given by Baron de Caters, however, it was just an extension of London–Karachi flight of the Imperial Airways. In March 1930, a discussion initiated by pilot G Vlasto led to the founding of Madras Flying Club, the club had 71 founding members, of whom 14 were Indians. Flt Lt H N Hawker became the clubs first flight instructor, the clubs first Indian chief pilot instructor, Mohammed Ismail Khan, trained several pilots, some of whom were trained professionally or others simply for fun
37.
Coimbatore International Airport
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Coimbatore International Airport is the primary airport serving the city of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. It is located at Peelamedu, about 13 km from the center of the city, the airport is the second largest airport in terms of passenger traffic and cargo after Chennai International Airport In Tamil Nadu. About six domestic and two international airlines serve the airport, the airport commenced operations in 1940 as a civil aerodrome with Indian Airlines operating Fokker F27, Douglas DC-3 and later Hawker Siddeley HS748 aircraft. Beginning with services to Chennai and Bangalore, other destinations like Cochin, the airport was modernized with an extended runway to accommodate larger aircraft like the Boeing 737 and was reopened in 1987. The Sulur Air Force Base located further east of Coimbatore was temporarily used for civil aviation during this period, as of 2012, the airport is served by more than ten domestic and international carriers. The airport has one runway that is 9,760 feet in length extended from 8,500 ft to accommodate larger aircraft, in 2008, the airport was expanded at a cost of ₹780 million with aero bridges, parking bays and Instrument Landing System. In 2010, new domestic and international divisions were added to the existing common terminal. The airport has a management system with a capacity to accommodate nearly 300 cars. There are two hangars in the airport, one provides housing for the planes of Coimbatore Flying Club, construction of two additional parking bays and two new aerobridges are presently underway. The airport is located on Avinashi Road about 10 km from the bus station. Frequent bus services are available from Gandhipuram central bus station and also other auxiliary bus stations at Singanallur. The airport is 11 km from the railway station, Coimbatore Junction. Cab services, call taxis and auto rickshaws provide 24 hours commuting services to the airport. On 17 November 2007, an accident was averted when the wing of a SpiceJet Boeing 737, bound for New Delhi with 130 passengers. Sulur Air Force Base Airports in India Coimbatore airport website
38.
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
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Rajiv Gandhi International Airport is an international airport that serves Hyderabad, the largest city in the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Shamshabad, about 20 kilometres south of Hyderabad, the airport is operated by GMR Hyderabad International Airport Ltd, a public–private venture. It was opened in March 2008 to replace Begumpet Airport as the commercial airport for Hyderabad. It is named after Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India, the airport has one passenger terminal, a cargo terminal and two runways. There are also training facilities, a fuel farm, a solar power plant. As of 2015, RGIA is the sixth busiest airport by traffic in India. The Airport served 14.3 million passengers in 2016, the airport serves as a hub for Air India Regional, Blue Dart Aviation, SpiceJet, Lufthansa Cargo and TruJet, and as a focus city for IndiGo. The idea to construct a new airport for Hyderabad was first conceived around 1997 by the N. Chandrababu Naidu administration, the existing commercial airport, Begumpet Airport, was unable to handle rising passenger traffic. The State Government initially considered converting Hakimpet Air Force Station to civilian use, however, when the State proposed the construction of a new airport for the Air Force, the Ministry of Defence suggested the State consider sites south of Begumpet Airport. By October 1998, the State had narrowed down to three locations for the new airport, Bongloor, Nadergul and Shamshabad. Due to its convenient location near two highways and a line, Shamshabad was selected in December 1998. In November 2000, the State Government and the Airports Authority of India signed a memorandum of understanding on the airport project, the State and AAI together would hold a 26% stake in the project, while the remaining 74% would be allotted to private companies. Through a bidding process, a consortium consisting of GMR Group, in September 2003, the members of GHIAL signed a shareholders agreement, as well as an agreement for state subsidy of over ₹400 crore. A concession agreement between GHIAL and the Central Government was signed in December 2004, stipulating that no airport within a 150-kilometre radius of RGIA could be operated, thus, the closure of Begumpet Airport was required. Construction began on 16 March 2005 when Sonia Gandhi laid the foundation stone, two days prior, the Central Government had named the airport after former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, who had undergone pilot training in Hyderabad. The naming resulted in opposition from the Telugu Desam Party, however, the new airport has only one terminal. Roughly three years after the stone laying ceremony, the airport was inaugurated on 14 March 2008 amid protests. The Telugu Desam Party repeated its demand for the naming of the domestic terminal
39.
Cochin International Airport
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Cochin International Airport is an international airport situated in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is the busiest and largest airport in the state of Kerala, the airstrip was converted into a military airport by the Indian Navy during World War II. The Royal Navy chose it as a site for their headquarters in Southern India and as an air station cum landing craft. The military facility hosted naval fighter planes and was intended to thwart possible Japanese air raids, a small naval unit set up just two days before the outbreak of World War II. After Indian Independence, the Indian Navy operated the airport, though it permitted civilian aircraft to use the facility, the Gulf economic boom of the 1980s made it necessary to develop international transportation to Kochi in the interests of expatriates working in the Middle East. The resolution was rejected by the Navy for security reasons, however, the government of Indias Airport Authority of India did not have enough funds to commence a greenfield airport. This led to the formation of an idea of collecting funds from the public and individuals to construct an airport. The idea was put forward by Mr. V. J. Kurian, the original proposal for the airport outlined an estimated cost of ₹100 crore and an expected date of commission in 1997. Approval was granted in May 1993, a body called the Cochin International Airport Society, under the chairmanship of the chief minister of Kerala, was registered in July 1993 to execute the project. A total of 2,000 acres of land was acquired for the construction of the airport, approximately 2,300 landowners and 872 families were resettled under a rehabilitation package. Major electric lines and a canal had to be diverted. The facility was inaugurated by the then President of India, KR Narayanan on 25 May 1999. The operations from the old airport were moved to CIAL on 1 July 1999. The airport had 18,580 m2 of floor space at its inauguration, CIAL envisioned six phases of expansion over 20 years, the third phase of which was completed in 2009. The original airport terminal was small enough envisioned to handle just 100 passengers at a time, however, by 2001, the international passenger traffic were growing, making necessary to redevelop the terminal. Most of the expansion has occurred in the terminal, as it accounts for more than 78% of all traffic. In 2002 the original floor area had risen. As part of two of the expansion plans, an airline center complex of 7,500 m2 was constructed on the western side of the terminal to accommodate airline
40.
Calicut International Airport
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Calicut International Airport, also known as Karipur Airport, is an international airport serving the cities of Kozhikode and Malappuram in Kerala, India. It is located in Karipur, about 25 km from Malappuram and 28 km from Kozhikode, the airport serves as an operating base for Air India Express. It was the twelfth busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic. It is the third busiest airport in Kerala after Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram and it was given international airport status on 2 February 2006. The airport was inaugurated in April 1988, Calicut airport gained its sanction after a long period of struggle, which began in 1977, under the leadership of freedom fighter late K. P. In the 1990s, Gulf Malayalis played an important part in the development of the airport - they collected funds for the purpose and this led to the inception of, the Malabar International Airport Development Society, which helped raise funds for the airports development. Consequently, major developments of facilities, such as extension of runway from 6,000 feet to 9,000 feet to facilitate operation of big-bodied aircraft, were carried out, with loans from HUDCO. It received the status of an airport on February 2,2006. It holds the distinction of being the 12th busiest airport in India, runway Re carpeting completed and 24 hour operation started on 01/03/2017. A15,000 m2 international terminal has opened to passengers. Five conveyor belts have been installed at the arrival terminal, the approach to Calicut airport runway is surrounded with hills and valleys. The approach funnel area of the runway 28 is a 30 m to 70 m deep undulated valley up to a distance of 6,000 m, immediately following the tabletop runway of 2,860 m long. This terrain needs a special type of approach lighting system to enhance safety for aircraft operations both during night and poor visibility conditions. Airports Authority of India have provided runway lead-in lighting system for the first time in India at Calicut airport as per the recommendations of the DGCA. As a result, Emirates, Saudia and 2 Air India 747 flight operations had to move temporarily to Cochin International Airport during this time, AAI had earlier instructed all airports using widebody aircraft must have 240m of RESA on each direction vs Calicut airports 75m. The major hurdle in extending the runway is the delay in acquiring the land which require a total of 385 acres of land for extending the runway, the state government has been finding the task difficult as it requires evacuation of 1500 families living around the airport. As of June 10,2016, not much action has taken for land acquisition to help increase the runway length. On 17 January 1969, Douglas C-47A VT-DTH of Hindu Publications crashed on take-off, the aircraft was operating a cargo flight
41.
Madurai Airport
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Madurai Airport is a custom airport serving Madurai and its surrounding districts in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Madurai airfield was first used by the Royal Air Force in World War II in 1942, the first passenger flight was a Fokker Friendship aircraft on the Madras – Madurai – Trivandrum – Madurai – Madras route in 1956. It was identified as one of 35 non-metro airports for modernization, the airport was notified as customs airport. The notification, issued on 31 December 2011, came into effect from 1 January 2012, in a historic event, two chartered flights from Malaysia landed at the airport on 25 August 2012, making them the first international aircraft that landed in the temple city. The first commercial international flight started on 20 September 2012 by SpiceJet commencing its maiden service to Colombo, spicejet started its second international flight from Madurai to Dubai on 22 November 2013. The airport has two adjacent terminals, currently the integrated terminal is used for both international and domestic purposes. The Airports Authority of India is planning to convert the old terminal into a cargo complex, as the part of modernizing 35 non-metro airports, AAI constructed a state-of-art new integrated passenger terminal adjacent to the old terminal. The ₹1.29 billion new integrated terminal building was inaugurated on 12 September 2010. A total of 610 acres of land is under acquisition for the expansion of the runway to 12,500 ft to accommodate jet aircraft. This terminal with an area of 17,560 m2 can handle a capacity of 250 each on arrival. The airport parking area has the capacity to park 375 cars and 10 buses, the new terminal has two lounges, a VIP lounge managed by AAI and a Commercial Important Persons lounge managed by Tamil Nadu Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Considering the growing potential in Madurai Airport, AAI has decided to modify the old terminal into a full-fledged cargo complex. To start with, the Union finance ministry has issued customs notification dated May 28,2013 to handle cargo at the Madurai airport, works are going on a fast pace to start cargo lifting in the end of March 2014. A cold storage facility is also being established for perishable cargo which is expected to dominate the export from this region, international Cargo will start its operation from April 2017. The main runway is 2,285 m ×45 m with a PCN92 R/B/W/T,8 F/A/W/T fit for B737-800 series, ILS Cat-I is available for main runway 09/27. The master plan of the airport includes a complex along with two additional terminal buildings, expansion of runway and other facilities. The authority wants additional land for the same along with air control tower and other facilities to cater to the increasing passenger movement. AAI had asked around 610 acres of land in Madurai to take up runway extension work, the state government has promised that land will be acquired and handed over on time
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Mangaluru Airport
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Mangaluru Airport, also known as the Bajpe airport, is an international airport serving the coastal city of Mangalore, India. It is one of the only two International airports in Karnataka, the one being Kempegowda International Airport, Bangalore. Several daily flights connect Mangalore with most major cities in southern and western India as well as major cities in the Middle East. The airport, then the Bajpe Aerodrome, was opened on 25 December 1951 when then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru arrived on a DC-3 Dakota aircraft. As of 2014, Mangaluru Airport has one of highest year-over-year passenger growth rates in India, the airport is near Bajpe, around 13 km northeast of Mangalore city centre. It is on top of a hill, with two tabletop runways, only two other airports in India have tabletop runways – Kozhikode and Lengpui. The terminal was small and had basic facilities, it was renovated in the early 2000s. New seats were added, parking controls were introduced, and additional cafes were opened, the airport was initially used for limited domestic flights, mainly Mumbai and Bangalore. The operation of flights started in 2006 with Air India Express flying to Dubai. Mangaluru Airport was an airport for six years, from 3 October 2006 to 3 October 2012. Until 2005, the small 1,600 m runway meant the airport could only handle Boeing 737-400 size aircraft, the longer runway now handles slightly larger aircraft. On 10 January 2006 an Airbus A319 of Kingfisher Airlines was the first aircraft in that class to land on the new runway, on 28 September 2012 an Airbus A310 landed for the first time at Mangalore. It was a flight for the Hajj pilgrims to Mecca. Airport has seen double digit growth in traffic after introducing international flights. As of 2014, the airport had a growth of 21.51 per cent in passenger handling during 2013–14 and it has handled 1,255,000 passengers in 2013–14 against 1,032,000 in 2012–13. The airport is expected to handle 900,000 passengers in 2025, in 2011–12 the airport had a revenue of ₹42.64 crores and an operating profit of ₹87.6 million, up from ₹8.3 million in 2006–07. In 2012–13 the airport handled a landmark 1.02 million passengers with 11,940 aircraft movements, the revenue for the same period was Rs 506.6 million, and it recorded an operating profit of Rs 164.9 million during 2012–13. In 2013–14 it handled a 1.25 million passengers with revenues of Rs 638.9 million, the first runway,1,615 m long, was opened in 1951
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Veer Savarkar International Airport
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Veer Savarkar International Airport also known as Port Blair Airport, is a customs airport located 2 km south of Port Blair and is the main airport of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. It is named after Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and it operates as a civil enclave, sharing airside facilities with INS Utkrosh of the Indian Navy. The airport has a runway of 3,290 m in length, accommodating most narrow-body aircraft. Air Martino is the only 747 operator that runs services in, restricted Area Permits for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are available on entry. Except for the terminal operated by the Airports Authority of India. There is only one terminal with 2 gates and no aerobridges, buses are used to provide transportation from the terminal to the aircraft parked on the apron. In 2009, construction commenced to expand the apron. A new terminal building is under construction and is scheduled for commissioning by March 2018, the AAI had initially projected a requirement of 26 acres of land for construction of the new terminal building. Vir Savarkar Airport Airport information for VOPB at World Aero Data, Data current as of October 2006
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Tiruchirappalli International Airport
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Tiruchirappalli International Airport is an international airport serving Tiruchirapalli in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is located on National Highway 210, about 5 km south of the city center, the airport is the third largest in the state in passenger and cargo traffic after Chennai and Coimbatore. The airport is ISO9001,2008 quality certified and was declared an international airport on 4 October 2012, Air Ceylon began operations in the late 1940s while Indian started services in the 80s. The airlines operated flights from Trichy to Colombo through Jaffna and this was a Customs Airport until 4 October 2012, when it was given an International Airport status by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The Indra ATS Automation system was installed at Trichy in April 2012 to help air traffic control increase safety and security, the airport has two adjacent terminals. The integrated international terminal is used for international and domestic air traffic, the old terminal has been converted into an international cargo complex. The 4,000 m2 cargo complex was commissioned for operations on 21 November 2011, the new integrated passenger terminal built at cost of ₹80 crore was inaugurated on 21 February 2009 and started operations from 1 June 2009. The two-story terminal has an area of 11,777 m2. The terminal is designed to handle 470 passengers at a time, the old terminal was converted into an international cargo complex at a cost of Rupees 10 million. The 4,000 m2 cargo complex was commissioned for operations on 21 November 2011, the Central Board of Excise and Customs had earlier approved and notified the airport as an air cargo complex. The one-time holding capacity of the terminal is 250 metric tonnes The airport is the gateway for foreign export as there is no easy way for export from the central region of Tamil Nadu. On 11 October 2013, a five-metric ton capacity cold storage facility was inaugurated at the cargo section and this facility will be helpful during flight delay, flight cancellation, advance booking and holiday bookings of cargo. Trichy Airport initially had two intersecting runways, the shorter 1,456 m runway 15/33 with PCN 15F/B/W/T was closed and is now used as an alternative taxiway to the international apron. The current runway under use 09/27 is 2,480 m long with a PCN40 F/B/W/T and has turning pads at both ends, the asphalt runway has a CA-1 ILS and runway edge-lights. The other landing aids include a PAPI, HIRL, AFL, Tiruchirapalli Airport has been undergoing expansion since 2004. The runway was extended from 1,829 m to 2,480 m, apron expanded to hold 10 aircraft, fire station upgraded, a new taxiway and integrated passenger terminal were constructed. The proposed Phase 2 expansion on 210 hectares by AAI includes extending the runway to 3,810 m, construction of a air traffic control tower, additional building complex. The state government has agreed to provide free to AAI for the expansion
