1.
Maynardville, Tennessee
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Maynardville is a city that is the county seat of Union County, Tennessee, United States. Its population was 2,413 at the 2010 census, up from 1,782 at the 2000 census and it is included in the Knoxville, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area. Maynardville was the birthplace of country music singers Roy Acuff and Carl Smith, what is now Maynardville began in the early 19th century as a small community known as Liberty. When Union County was created in the 1850s, Liberty, being nearest the center of the county, was chosen as the county seat, the land for the courthouse square was donated by Marcus Monroe, a local minister. To defend the new county, its supporters retained the services of Horace Maynard, after Maynard successfully defended the new county in litigation proceedings, Liberty was renamed Maynardville in his honor. Union County was formally recognized in 1856, country music singer Roy Acuff was born in Maynardville in 1903. The Acuff family had been well-established in Union County since the mid-19th century, when Goodspeed published its History of Tennessee in 1887, the Union County section included a brief biography of Roys grandfather, Coram Acuff, who represented Union County in the state legislature. Other notable country musicians born in the Maynardville vicinity include Carl Smith, Chet Atkins, and Kenny Chesney, Maynardville is situated near the center of Raccoon Valley, a narrow valley stretching for roughly 15 miles between Copper Ridge on the south and Hinds Ridge on the north. Like most mountains in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, these two ridges are long and narrow, and often fractured into smaller hills and knobs, the Norris Lake impoundment of the Clinch River is located approximately 5 miles north of Maynardville. Maynardville is concentrated around a stretch of State Route 33, which connects the city to the suburbs of north Knoxville to the southwest, State Route 61 connects Maynardville with Luttrell to the south, and State Route 144 connects Maynardville with Plainview to the southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.4 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,782 people,683 households, the population density was 330.1 people per square mile. There were 769 housing units at a density of 142.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 37% White,0. 17% African American,0. 06% Native American,0. 11% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 34% of the population. 28. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.03. In the city, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,8. 0% from 18 to 24,32. 7% from 25 to 44,18. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $23,077, and the median income for a family was $30,398
2.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
3.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
4.
Gospel music
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Gospel music is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music varies according to culture. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, Gospel music usually has dominant vocals with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were repeated in a call and response fashion, most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella, the first published use of the term Gospel Song probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music, following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. Gospel blues is a form of gospel music. Southern gospel used all male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet make-up, progressive Southern gospel is an American music genre that has grown out of Southern gospel over the past couple of decades. Christian country music, sometimes referred to as gospel music, is a subgenre of gospel music with a country flair. It peaked in popularity in the mid-1990s, bluegrass gospel music is rooted in American mountain music. Celtic gospel music infuses gospel music with a Celtic flair, and is popular in countries such as Ireland. British black gospel refers to Gospel music of the African diaspora, some proponents of standard hymns generally dislike gospel music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, with distance, there is a greater acceptance of such gospel songs into official denominational hymnals. Gospel music in general is characterized by dominant vocals referencing lyrics of a Christian nature, subgenres include contemporary gospel, urban contemporary gospel, Southern gospel, and modern gospel music. Several forms of gospel music utilize choirs, use piano or Hammond organ, tambourines, drums, bass guitar and, increasingly, electric guitar. In comparison with hymns, which are generally of a statelier measure, several attempts have been made to describe the style of late 19th and early 20th century gospel songs in general
5.
Singer-songwriter
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Singer-songwriters are musicians who write, compose, and perform their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. The genre began with the folk-acoustic tradition, singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or piano. Singer-songwriter is used to define popular music artists who write and perform their own material, such an artist performs the roles of composer, lyricist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and often self-manager. Most records by artists have a similarly straightforward and spare sound that placed emphasis on the song itself. The term has also used to describe songwriters in the rock, folk, and pop music genres including Henry Russell, Aristide Bruant, Hank Williams. Song topics include political protest, as in the case of the Almanac Singers, Pete Seeger, the concept of a singer-songwriter can be traced to ancient bardic oral tradition, which has existed in various forms throughout the world. Poems would be performed as chant or song, sometimes accompanied by a harp or other similar instrument, after the invention of printing, songs would be written and performed by ballad sellers. Usually these would be versions of existing tunes and lyrics, which were constantly evolving and this developed into the singer-songwriting traditions of folk culture. The term singer-songwriter in North America can be traced back to singers who developed works in the blues and folk music style. Early to mid-20th century American singer-songwriters include Lead Belly, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, T-Bone Walker, Blind Willie McTell, Lightnin Hopkins, Son House, the tradition of writing topical songs was established by this group of musicians. This focus on social issues has greatly influenced the singer-songwriter genre, artists who had been primarily songwriters, notably Carole King, Townes Van Zandt, and Neil Diamond, also began releasing work as performers. In contrast to the approach of most prior country and folk music. The adjectives confessional and sensitive were often used singer-songwriter style, in the rock band era, members were not technically singer-songwriters as solo acts. However, many were singer-songwriters who created songs with band members. Many others like Eric Clapton found success as singer-songwriters in their later careers, there were hints of cross-pollination, but rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with different audiences. An early attempt at fusing elements of folk and rock was highlighted in the Animals House of the Rising Sun, dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer-songwriter. In the mid- to late 1960s, bands and singer-songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art/music scene. Lotti Golden, in her Atlantic debut album Motor-Cycle, chronicled her life in NYCs East Village in the late 60s counterculture, visiting subjects such as gender identity, kate Bush remained distinctive throughout with her idiosyncratic style
6.
Conqueror Records
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Conqueror Records was a United States-based record label, active from 1928 through 1942. The label was sold exclusively through Sears, Roebuck and Company, the record sleeves state that the proper playing speed for Conqueror Records is 80 rpm. Conqueror was originally owned by the Plaza Music Company, then part of the American Record Corporation family of labels. Most of the issues are of standard dance tunes and popular songs of the era, although there are recordings by Louis Armstrong. The audio fidelity of Conquerors is average for the era, pressed into somewhat below average shellac, embassy Records, Woolworths store brand record label Oriole Records, McCrorys store brand record label List of record labels
7.
Okeh Records
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Okeh Records was a record label founded by the Otto Heinemann Phonograph Corporation, a phonograph supplier established in 1916, which branched out into phonograph records in 1918. Since 1926, it has been a subsidiary of Columbia Records, today, Okeh is an imprint of Sony Masterworks, a specialty label of Columbia. Okeh was founded by Otto K. E. Heinemann, a German-American manager for the U. S. branch of German-owned Odeon Records, Heinemann formed the name of the record label from his initials, on early disc labels, the name is spelled OkeH. The first discs were vertical cut, in 1919, Okeh switched to the lateral-cut method of sound recording, more commony used for disc records. In that year the parent company was renamed the General Phonograph Corporation. The common 10-inch discs retailed for 75 cents each, the 12-inch discs for $1.25, the companys musical director was Fred Hager, who was also credited under the pseudonym Milo Rega. Okeh produced lines of recordings in German, Czech, Polish, Swedish, some were pressed from masters leased from European labels, others were recorded by Okeh in New York. In 1920, Ralph Peers recordings of the African-American blues singer Mamie Smith were a smash hit for Okeh. The company perceived the significant, little-tapped market for blues and jazz by African-American artists, in 1922, Okeh hired Clarence Williams as director of race recordings for Okehs New York studios, in addition to making recordings under his own name. Okeh then opened a studio in Chicago, the center of jazz in the 1920s. Many classic jazz performances by prominent artists as King Oliver, Lucille Bogan, Sidney Bechet, Hattie McDaniel, Louis Armstrong. As part of the Carl Lindstrom Company, Okeh recordings were distributed by other Lindstrom labels, King Oliver and Bennie Moten recorded for Okeh before moving on to other labels. The 8000 race series is highly prized by collectors, partly because Okeh recorded many blues, in 1926, Okeh was sold to Columbia Records. Columbia and its subsequent parent companies have controlled Okeh since then, the original Mamie Smith recording was in 1920, of Crazy Blues. General Phonograph Corp, Okehs manufacturer, used Smith’s success as the press to cultivate the new found market. Okeh had further prominence in the demographic, as African-American artists such as Sara Martin, Eva Taylor, Shelton Brooks, Esther Bigeou, Okeh started a special 8000 series devoted exclusively to race artists. The success of this series led Okeh to start recording where the music was being performed, the 8000 series, which began in 1921, lasted until late 1934, the final number being 8966. Okeh Records pioneered the practice of recording in 1922
8.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
9.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
10.
Hank Williams
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Hiram King Hank Williams, was an American singer-songwriter and musician. Born in Mount Olive, Butler County, Alabama, Williams moved to Georgiana, where he met Rufus Payne, Payne had a major influence on Williams later musical style, along with Roy Acuff and Ernest Tubb. During this time, Williams informally changed his name to Hank and he moved to Montgomery, where he began his music career in 1937, when producers at radio station WSFA hired him to perform and host a 15-minute program. He formed as backup the Drifting Cowboys band, which was managed by his mother, Williams eventually married Audrey Sheppard, who was his manager for nearly a decade. After recording Never Again and Honky Tonkin with Sterling Records, he signed a contract with MGM Records, in 1947 he released Move It on Over, which became a hit, and also joined the Louisiana Hayride radio program. One year later, he released a cover of Lovesick Blues, after an initial rejection, Williams joined the Grand Ole Opry. He was unable to read or notate music to any significant degree, among the hits he wrote were Your Cheatin Heart, Hey, Good Lookin, and Im So Lonesome I Could Cry. Several years of pain, alcoholism, and prescription drug abuse severely damaged Williams health. He divorced Sheppard and was dismissed by the Grand Ole Opry because of his unreliability, Williams died on New Years Day of 1953 at the age of 29, from heart failure exacerbated by pills and alcohol. Despite his short life, Williams had a influence on 20th-century popular music. The songs he wrote and recorded have been covered by artists and have been hits in various genres. He has been inducted into multiple halls of fame, such as the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Williams was born in Butler County, Alabama, the son of Jessie Lillybelle Lillie and his parents married on November 12,1916. Hank Williams was of English ancestry, Elonzo Williams worked as an engineer for the railroads of the W. T. Smith lumber company. He was drafted during World War I, serving from July 1918 until June 1919 and he was severely injured after falling from a truck, breaking his collarbone and suffering a severe blow to the head. After his return, the familys first child, Irene, was born on August 8,1922, another son of theirs died shortly after birth. Their third child, Hiram, was born on September 17,1923, in Mount Olive. Since Elonzo Williams was a Mason, and his wife was a member of Order of the Eastern Star the child was named after Hiram I of Tyre, as a child, he was nicknamed Harm by his family and Herky or Poots by his friends
11.
Grand Ole Opry
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The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country-music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee, which was founded on November 28,1925, by George D. Hay as a one-hour radio barn dance on WSM, currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment, it is the longest-running radio broadcast in US history, albeit not the longest-running one on a radio network. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio, the Oprys current primary slogan is The Show that Made Country Music Famous. Other slogans include Home of American Music and Country’s Most Famous Stage, in the 1930s the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours, and WSM, broadcasting by then with 50,000 watts, made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states. In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio, the Opry moved to a permanent home, the Ryman Auditorium, in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, the Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that its name is included on the city/county line signs on all major roadways. The signs read Music City|Metropolitan Nashville Davidson County|Home of the Grand Ole Opry, membership in the Opry remains one of country musics crowning achievements. Such country music legends as Hank Williams, Patsy Cline, Marty Robbins, Roy Acuff, since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman since 1999. Performances have been televised in addition to the radio programs. The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28,1925. On October 18,1925, management began a program featuring Dr. Humphrey Bate, on November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. Hay launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28,1925, judge Hay, however, liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with red hot fiddle playing. They were the band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them, in 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star. The phrase Grand Ole Opry was first uttered on the air on December 10,1927, at the time, Barn Dance followed the NBC Red Networks Music Appreciation Hour, a program of classical music and selections from grand opera presented by classical conductor Walter Damrosch. On that particular night, Damrosch had remarked that there is no place in the classics for realism, in response, Opry presenter George Hay said, Friends, the program which just came to a close was devoted to the classics. Doctor Damrosch told us there is no place in the classics for realism. However, from here on out for the three hours, we will present nothing but realism
12.
Roy Orbison
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Roy Kelton Orbison, nicknamed the Big O, was an American singer-songwriter and musician, known for his distinctive, impassioned voice, complex compositions and dark emotional ballads. The combination led many critics to describe his music as operatic, between 1960 and 1964,22 of his songs placed on the Billboard Top 40, including Only the Lonely, Crying, and Oh, Pretty Woman. Orbison grew up in Texas and began singing in a rockabilly and country and he was signed by Sun Records in 1956, but his greatest success came with Monument Records in the early 1960s. His career stagnated in the 1970s, but was revived by several versions of his songs. In 1988, he was a member of the Traveling Wilburys supergroup, along with George Harrison, Bob Dylan, Tom Petty and he recorded his last solo album, Mystery Girl, the same year but died of a heart attack shortly thereafter. While most male rock and roll performers in the 1950s and 1960s projected a defiant masculinity, many of Orbisons songs instead conveyed a quiet, almost desperate and his voice ranged from baritone to tenor, and music scholars have suggested that he had a three- or four-octave range. During performances, he was known for standing still and solitary, and for wearing black clothes and dark sunglasses, which lent an air of mystery to his persona. His honors include inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in the year. Rolling Stone placed him at number 37 on their list of the Greatest Artists of All Time, in 2002, Billboard magazine listed Orbison at number 74 in the Top 600 recording artists. Roy Kelton Orbison was born in Vernon, Texas, the son of Orbie Lee Orbison, an oil well driller and car mechanic, and Nadine Vesta Shults. Both of his parents were unemployed during the Great Depression and, searching for work, moved the family to Fort Worth, Texas and he attended Denver Avenue Elementary School until a polio scare prompted the family to return to Vernon. Later, they moved to Wink, Texas, Orbison later described life in Wink as football, oil fields, oil, grease and sand and expressed relief that he was able to leave the desolate town. All the Orbison children were afflicted with poor eyesight, Roy used thick corrective lenses from an early age and he was not confident about his appearance and began dyeing his nearly-white hair black when he was still young. He was quiet and self-effacing, remarkably polite and obliging — a product, biographer Alan Clayson wrote and he was readily available to sing, however, and often became the focus of attention when he did. He considered his voice memorable, if not great, on Roys sixth birthday, his father gave him a guitar. He later recalled that by the age of seven, I was finished, you know, for anything else and his major musical influence as a youth was country music. He was particularly moved by Lefty Frizzells singing, with its slurred syllables and he also enjoyed Hank Williams and Jimmie Rodgers. One of the first musicians he heard in person was Ernest Tubb, in West Texas, he was exposed to many forms of music, sepia, Tex-Mex, the orchestral arrangements of Mantovani and cajun
13.
The Everly Brothers
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The Everly Brothers were American country-influenced rock and roll singers, known for steel-string acoustic guitar and close harmony singing. Isaac Donald Don Everly and Phillip Phil Everly were elected to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986, Don was born in Brownie, Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, in 1937, and Phil two years later in Chicago, Illinois. Their parents were Isaac Milford Ike Everly, Jr. a guitar player, actor James Best, also from Muhlenberg County, was the son of Ikes sister. Margaret was 15 when she married Ike, who was 26, Ike worked in coal mines from age 14, but his father encouraged him to pursue his love of music. Ike and Margaret began singing together, the Everly brothers spent most of their childhood in Shenandoah, Iowa. They attended Longfellow Elementary School in Waterloo, Iowa, for a year, but then moved to Shenandoah in 1944, Ike Everly had a show on KMA and KFNF in Shenandoah in the mid-1940s, first with his wife and then with their sons. The brothers sang on the radio as Little Donnie and Baby Boy Phil, the family sang as the Everly Family. Ike, with guitarists Merle Travis, Mose Rager, and Kennedy Jones, was honored in 1992 by the construction of the Four Legends Fountain in Drakesboro, the family moved to Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1953, where the brothers attended West High School. In 1955, the moved to Madison, Tennessee, while the brothers moved to Nashville. Don had graduated high school in 1955, and Phil attended Peabody Demonstration School in Nashville. Both could now focus on recording, while in Knoxville, the brothers caught the attention of family friend Chet Atkins, manager of RCA Victors studio in Nashville. The brothers became a duo and moved to Nashville, despite affiliation with RCA, Atkins arranged for the Everly Brothers to record for Columbia Records in early 1956. Their Keep a-Lovin Me, which Don wrote and composed, flopped, Atkins introduced them to Wesley Rose, of Acuff-Rose music publishers. Rose told them he would get them a deal if they signed to Acuff-Rose as songwriters. They so signed in late 1956, and in 1957 Rose introduced them to Archie Bleyer, the Everlys signed and made a recording in February 1957. Bye Bye Love had been rejected by 30 other acts and their record reached No.2 on the pop charts, behind Elvis Presleys Teddy Bear, and No.1 on the country and No.5 on the R&B charts. The song, by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant, became the Everly Brotherss first million-seller. Working with the Bryants, they had hits in the United States and the United Kingdom, the biggest being Wake Up Little Susie, All I Have to Do Is Dream, Bird Dog, and Problems
14.
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
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Chartered in 1964, the museum has amassed one of the world’s most extensive musical collections. The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is one of the world’s largest and most active popular music research centers, through CMF, industry leaders raised money to build the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, which opened on April 1,1967. Located at the head of Music Row, the museum was erected on the site of a small Nashville city park, at this point, artifacts began to be displayed and a small library was begun in a loft above one of the museum’s galleries. At the outset, CMA staff had run the museum, but by 1972 the museum acquired its own small staff, which has steadily increased to over 150 full-time professionals. Building expansion took place in 1974,1977, and 1984 to store and display the museum’s growing collection of costumes, films, historic cars, musical instruments, and other artifacts. To become more accessible, in May 2001 the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum moved to a new,130,000 square feet facility in the heart of downtown Nashville’s arts and entertainment district. In 2014, the museum unveiled a $100 million expansion, doubling its size to 350,000 square feet of galleries, archival storage, education classrooms, retail stores, and special event space. The story is revealed through artifacts, photographs, and text panels, recorded sound, vintage video, sing Me Back Home is enhanced by numerous, rotating limited-engagement exhibits. In addition to the galleries, the museum has the 776-seat CMA Theater, the Taylor Swift Education Center, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum has developed multiple platforms to make its collection accessible to a wider audience. From weekly instrument demonstrations to its flagship songwriting program for schools, Words & Music, the Country Music Hall of Fame honor was created in 1961 by the Country Music Association, the first inductees were Hank Williams, Jimmie Rodgers, and Fred Rose. Roy Acuff, the first living artist to join the Hall of Fame, was elected in 1962, the most recent inductees are Jerry Reed, Don Schlitz and Alan Jackson. Over the Hall of Fame’s history, the number of new members inducted each year has varied from one to twelve, the election procedure is as follows, A small CMA nominating committee drafts slates of candidates from each category, categories have been defined variously over the years. Award recipients are determined through a two-stage balloting process, the first round of voting narrows each category to five candidates, the second round selects winners. The large select committee of electors that votes on Hall of Fame membership is composed of CMA members who have participated in the music industry for at least ten years. New Hall of Fame members receive special recognition in ceremonies at the Country Music Hall of Fame, today the plaques are displayed in a seventy-foot-high rotunda at the museum’s enlarged downtown Nashville facility. The museum’s archival and library storage, allows for the cultivation of the museum’s collection, hundreds of historic musical instruments, featuring Mother Maybelle Carter’s Gibson L-5, Earl Scruggs’s banjo, Bob Wills’ fiddle, and Bill Monroe’s mandolin. Oral histories, scrapbooks, correspondence, fan club newsletters, sheet music, periodicals, iconic Vehicles, Elvis Presley’s 1960 “Solid Gold” Cadillac limousine, Webb Pierce’s 1962 Pontiac Bonneville convertible, and Jerry Reed’s 1980 Pontiac Trans Am from Smokey and the Bandit II. When viewed from the air, the forms a massive bass clef
15.
Union County, Tennessee
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Union County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,109, Union County is included in the Knoxville, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area. Union County was formed in 1850 from portions of Grainger, Claiborne, Campbell, Anderson, there are at least two theories on the source of its name. The name may commemorate the union of sections of five counties, in the 1930s, the damming of the Clinch River by Norris Dam to form Norris Lake inundated a large part of the county, including the community of Loyston, and displaced many residents. The parks recreational facilities opened in May 1934, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 247 square miles, of which 224 square miles is land and 24 square miles is water. The county is situated in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, a characterized by long. Prominent ridges in Union County include Copper Ridge, Hinds Ridge, the southern end of Clinch Mountain forms part of the countys border with Grainger County to the east. The Clinch River, Union Countys primary stream, flows through the part of the county. This section of the river is part of Norris Lake, Big Ridge Dam, a small non-generating dam, impounds an inlet of Norris Lake, creating Big Ridge Lake at Big Ridge State Park. The Loyston Sea, one of the widest sections of Norris Lake, is located in Union County just north of the state park, the population density was 80 per square mile. There were 7,916 housing units at a density of 35 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 46% White,0. 10% Black or African American,0. 23% Native American,0. 16% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 17% from other races, and 0. 86% from two or more races. 0. 79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the family size was 2.99. 25. 70% of the population were under the age of 18,8. 90% from 18 to 24,31. 00% from 25 to 44,23. 60% from 45 to 64, the median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 98.80 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.60 males. The median household income was $27,335 and the family income was $31,843. Males had an income of $26,436 versus $18,665 for females
16.
Baptists
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Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons, Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, in accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christs atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of English dissenters under King James I. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies, in the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening contributed to Baptist growth in both New England and the South. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent, the largest Baptist denomination is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million. Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations and this view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal and it was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical truth had been discovered, during the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation, there also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Churchs direction, some chose to stay and they became known as Puritans and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction, historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christs College, Cambridge, reared in the Church of England, he became Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist, and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of great danger, Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others, in 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled The Character of the Beast, or The False Constitution of the Church. In it he expressed two propositions, first, infants are not to be baptized, and second, Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism. Hence, his conviction was that a church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith
17.
Harmonica
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There are many types of harmonica, including diatonic, chromatic, tremolo, octave, orchestral, and bass versions. A harmonica is played by using the mouth to direct air into or out of one or more holes along a mouthpiece, behind each hole is a chamber containing at least one reed. A harmonica reed is a flat elongated spring typically made of brass, stainless steel, or bronze, when the free end is made to vibrate by the players air, it alternately blocks and unblocks the airway to produce sound. Reeds are pre-tuned to individual pitches, tuning may involve changing a reeds length, the weight near its free end, or the stiffness near its fixed end. Longer, heavier and springier reeds produce deeper, lower sounds, an important technique in performance is bending, causing a drop in pitch by making embouchure adjustments. Such two-reed pitch changes actually involve sound production by the normally silent reed, the basic parts of the harmonica are the comb, reed plates and cover plates. The comb is the body of the instrument, which. The term comb may originate from the similarity between this part of a harmonica and a hair comb, Harmonica combs were traditionally made from wood but now are also made from plastic or metal. Some modern and experimental designs are complex in the way that they direct the air. There is dispute among players about whether comb material affects the tone of a harmonica, among those saying yes are those who are convinced by their ears. Few dispute, however, that comb surface smoothness and air-tightness when mated with the reedplates can greatly affect tone, the main advantage of a particular comb material over another one is its durability. In particular, a comb can absorb moisture from the players breath. This can cause the comb to expand slightly, making the instrument uncomfortable to play, various types of wood and treatments have been devised to reduce the degree of this problem. Much effort is devoted by serious players to restoring wood combs, some players used to soak wooden-combed harmonicas in water to cause a slight expansion, which they intended to make the seal between the comb, reed plates and covers more airtight. Modern wooden-combed harmonicas are less prone to swelling and contracting, players still dip harmonicas in water for the way it affects tone and ease of bending notes. The reed plate is a grouping of several reeds in a single housing, the reeds are usually made of brass, but steel, aluminium and plastic are occasionally used. Individual reeds are usually riveted to the plate, but they may also be welded or screwed in place. Reeds fixed on the side of the reed plate respond to blowing
18.
Jew's harp
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The tongue/reed is placed in the performers mouth and plucked with the finger to produce a note. Jews harps may be categorized as idioglot or heteroglot, the shape of the frame, by the number of tines, the frame is held firmly against the performers parted teeth or lips, using the jaw and mouth as a resonator, greatly increasing the volume of the instrument. The volume of the note can be varied by breathing in, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, The vibrations of the steel tongue produce a compound sound composed of a fundamental and its harmonics. By using the cavity of the mouth as a resonator, each harmonic in succession can be isolated and reinforced, the lower harmonics of the series cannot be obtained, owing to the limited capacity of the resonating cavity. The black notes on the show the scale which may be produced by using two harps, one tuned a fourth above the other. The player on the Jews harp, in order to isolate the harmonics and this instrument is considered to be one of the oldest musical instruments in the world, a musician apparently playing it can be seen in a Chinese drawing from the 4th century BC. Despite its common English name, and the sometimes used Jews trump and this instrument is native to Asia and used in all tribes of Turkic peoples in Asia, among whom it is variously referred to as a temir komuz, agiz komuzu, gubuz or doromb. When the tongue is made to vibrate, a buzzing is heard which imitates that of bees, wasps, several Jews harps of various sizes, a curious harmony is produced. The instrument is known in different cultures by many different names. The common English name Jews harp is considered controversial or potentially misleading. Since trances are facilitated by droning sounds, the Jews harp has been associated with magic and has been an instrument in shamanic rituals. The temir komuz is made of iron usually with a length of 100–200 mm, the range of the instrument varies with the size of the instrument, but generally hovers around an octave span. The Kyrgyz people are proficient on the temir komuz instrument and it is quite popular among children. There is a National Artist of Kyrgyz Republic who performs on the instrument, one time twenty Kirgiz girls played in a temir komuz ensemble on the stage of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. Temir komuz pieces were notated by Zataevich in two or three parts, apparently an octave drone is possible, or even an ostinato alternating the fifth step of a scale with an octave. There are many theories for the origin of the name Jews harp, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, this name appears earliest in Walter Raleighs Discouerie Guiana in 1596, spelled Iewes Harp. The jaw variant is attested at least as early as 1774 and 1809 and it has also been suggested that the name derives from the French Jeu-trompe meaning toy-trumpet. But theories that the name is a corruption of jaws or jeu are described by the OED as baseless, the OED says that, More or less satisfactory reasons may be conjectured, e. g
19.
Fountain City, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Fountain City is a neighborhood in northern Knoxville, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Although not a place, the populations of the two ZIP codes that serve Fountain City—37918 and 37912— were 36,815 and 18,695, respectively. At the time of its annexation by the city of Knoxville in 1962, Fountain City is located in the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley region, which is characterized by long, narrow ridges that run in a northeast-southwest direction. Along with Halls, adjacent communities include Powell, which is opposite Beaver Ridge to the west, Gibbs to the northeast, Beverly to the east, and Whittle Springs to the southeast. Fountain City is drained primarily by First Creek, which rises near the base of Blackoak Ridge and proceeds southward through downtown Knoxville, where it empties into the Tennessee River. The main road in Fountain City is Broadway, a section of U. S. Highway 441 that connects Fountain City to Halls to the north, Interstate 640 passes along Fountain Citys southern boundary, and Interstate 75 passes through the western part of the community. Other important roads include Merchants Drive/Cedar Lane, which connects Broadway to I-75, and Tazewell Pike, the forts exact location is unknown, but it was likely located in the vicinity of the modern Lynnhurst Cemetery, near the confluence of Adair Creek and First Creek. Adair and his wife are buried atop a hill overlooking the cemetery, the community that developed around Fort Adair, originally called Grassy Valley, eventually became known as Fountain Head. In the mid-1820s, a rider named E. F. Sevier helped establish the Fountain Head Methodist Church. Within a few years, the Fountain Head Campground had developed on adjacent to the meeting house. The campground was a place for religious revivals, some of which hosted as many as 2,000 people. Today, the old campground is home to Fountain City Park, the Fountain Head Campground property was sold to land developers in 1885, and the following year the three-story, fifty-room Fountain Head Hotel was completed, overlooking the campgrounds spring. With the completion of the hotel, the community began expanding, in 1890, a post office was established, and since the name Fountain Head had already been claimed by another town in Tennessee, the community settled on the name Fountain City. That same year, the heart-shaped Fountain City Lake was completed, the Dummy Line remained in operation until 1905, when it was replaced by a trolley. In 1893, Holbrook Normal College was established on adjacent to the Fountain Head Hotel. Knox County purchased the school in 1906 for the establishment of Central High School, in 1919, Hassie K. Gresham, a graduate of Holbrook, was named principal of Central High, making her the first female high school principal in the state of Tennessee. She served as Centrals principal until 1947, overseeing a nearly tenfold expansion of the size of the student body. When Central moved to its new location in 1971, the school that replaced it was named for her
20.
Knoxville, Tennessee
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Knoxville is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Knox County. The city had an population of 185,291 in 2015. Knoxville is the city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The KMSA is, in turn, the component of the Knoxville-Sevierville-La Follette Combined Statistical Area. First settled in 1786, Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee, the city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century. The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom, during the Civil War, the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue, and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies. Following the war, Knoxville grew rapidly as a wholesaling and manufacturing center. The citys economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed, Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee, whose sports teams, called the Volunteers or Vols, are extremely popular in the surrounding area. The first people to form settlements in what is now Knoxville arrived during the Woodland period. One of the oldest artificial structures in Knoxville is a burial mound constructed during the early Mississippian culture period, the earthwork mound is now surrounded by the University of Tennessee campus. By the 18th century, the Cherokee had become the dominant tribe in the East Tennessee region, although they were consistently at war with the Creek, the Cherokee people called the Knoxville area kuwandatalunyi, which means Mulberry Place. Most Cherokee habitation in the area was concentrated in the Overhill settlements along the Little Tennessee River, the first Euro-American traders and explorers were recorded as arriving in the Tennessee Valley in the late 17th century. There is significant evidence that Hernando de Soto visited Bussell Island in 1540, the end of the French and Indian War and confusion brought about by the American Revolution led to a drastic increase in Euro-American settlement west of the Appalachians. By the 1780s, Euro-American settlers were established in the Holston. The U. S. Congress ordered all illegal settlers out of the valley in 1785, as settlers continued to trickle into Cherokee lands, tensions between the settlers and the Cherokee rose steadily. In 1786, James White, a Revolutionary War officer, and his friend James Connor built Whites Fort near the mouth of First Creek, on land White had purchased three years earlier. In 1790, Whites son-in-law, Charles McClung—who had arrived from Pennsylvania the previous year—surveyed Whites holdings between First Creek and Second Creek for the establishment of a town, mcClung drew up 640. 5-acre lots. The waterfront was set aside for a town common, two lots were set aside for a church and graveyard
21.
Tennessee Smokies
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The Tennessee Smokies are a Minor League Baseball team based in the Knoxville, Tennessee, metropolitan area. The team, which plays in the Southern League, is the Double-A affiliate of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball as of the 2011 season, Smokies Park, the teams ballpark, is located in the suburb of Kodak, and seats up to 8,000 fans. Prior to 2005, the Smokies were the Double-A affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals, however, when the Cardinals purchased the El Paso Diablos, which had been the Arizona Diamondbacks Double-A affiliate, the Diamondbacks retained the Smokies as their new Double-A affiliate. On July 11,2014, The Chicago Cubs and Tennessee Smokies announced an extension to their Player Development Contract for the maximum term of four years. The agreement means the Smokies will be the Cubs Double-A affiliate through the 2018 season, the team was based in Knoxville and called the Knoxville Smokies for many years before moving to Kodak, TN and changing its name prior to the 2000 season. Knoxvilles first organized baseball franchise, the Appalachians, played in the original South Atlantic League in 1909. On July 22,1931, the Mobile Bears franchise of the A1 Southern Association moved to Knoxville, the transfer marked the end of Knoxvilles membership in the Southern Association. In 1946, the Smokies joined the Class B Tri-State League, but in July 1956, when the Montgomery Rebels of the Class A South Atlantic League needed a new home, they transferred to Knoxville. The Smokies manager that season, eventual Hall of Famer Earl Weaver, the Smokies were reclassified as Class AA with the rest of the Sally League in 1963, and were charter members of the Sallys successor, the Southern League, in 1964. Apart from a hiatus, they have continued in the Southern loop ever since. Knoxville returned in 1972 as the Knoxville White Sox or Knox Sox and they transferred their affiliation to the Toronto Blue Jays in 1980, a link that lasted until 1999. For the first 13 of those years, the team was known as the Knoxville Blue Jays. The historic Smokies moniker was reintroduced beginning in the 1993 season, from 1954 to 1999, Knoxville baseball teams played in Bill Meyer Stadium, formerly known as Knoxville Municipal Stadium, on Don Ridley Field. The stadium was named for Knoxville native son and former Pittsburgh Pirates manager Billy Meyer, Smokies Park experienced its largest crowd ever of 7,866 on July 24,2015, against the Chattanooga Lookouts. The Smokies won the game 8–4, which was also Toy Story Night, the previous attendance record was the June 19,2015 games when the Smokies won the night cap after losing a resumed game with the Mississippi Braves. 7,806 fans came to the park that night to see the games, in December 2008 Ryne Sandberg, Baseball Hall Of Fame former Chicago Cubs All-Star second baseman, was named the manager for the 2009 season. Sandberg led the Smokies to a second half Southern League North Division crown, the Smokies would eventually fall 3-games-to-1 to the Jacksonville Suns for the 2009 Southern League Championship. In June 2013, the ownership group sold the team to Randy Boyd
22.
History of the New York Giants (baseball)
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The San Francisco Giants existed in the New York metropolitan area from 1883–1957. Prior to the start of the 1958 season, the moved to San Francisco, California. During the clubs tenure in New York, it won five of the franchises eight World Series wins and 17 of its 24 National League pennants, for most of that time, the Giants played home games in the Polo Grounds in the Upper Manhattan region of New York City. The Giants had intense rivalries with their rivals, the New York Yankees. The New York-Brooklyn rivalry soon evolved into the Los Angeles-San Francisco rivalry, numerous inductees of the Baseball Hall of Fame played for the New York Giants, including John McGraw, Mel Ott, Bill Terry, Willie Mays, Monte Irvin, and Travis Jackson. The Giants began as the baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie, the Gothams, as the Giants were originally known, entered the National League in 1883, while their other club, the Metropolitans played in the American Association. Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans, louis Browns in an early incarnation of the World Series. They repeated as champions the year with a pennant and World Series victory over the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. It is said that one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Mutrie stormed into the dressing room and exclaimed. From then on, the club was known as the Giants, the Giants original home stadium, the Polo Grounds, also dates from this early era. It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to Fifth and Sixth Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets, the Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s, winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 &1889. But nearly all of the Giants stars jumped to the upstart Players League, whose New York franchise was named the Giants. The new team built a stadium next door to the Polo Grounds. With a decimated roster, the NL Giants finished a distant sixth, attendance took a nosedive, and the financial strain affected Days tobacco business as well. The Players League dissolved after the season, and Day sold a minority interest in his NL Giants to the defunct PL Giants principal backer, as a condition of the sale, Day had to fire Mutrie as manager. Although the Giants rebounded to third in 1891, Day was forced to sell a controlling interest to Talcott at the end of the season. Four years later, Talcott sold the Giants to Andrew Freedman, when Freedman offered Rusie only $2,500 for 1896, the disgruntled hurler sat out the entire season
23.
San Francisco Giants
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The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball franchise based in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams, and renamed three years later to the New York Giants, the team moved to San Francisco in 1958. The Giants compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League West division. As one of the longest-established and most successful baseball teams. The team was the first major team based in New York City. They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions – both NL records, the Giants eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and are tied for fourth overall. The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times –14 times in New York, six in San Francisco –, the Giants franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball. The Giants rivalry with the Dodgers is one of the longest-standing, the teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers, respectively, before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season. The Giants have won six pennants and three World Series championships since arriving in San Francisco and those three championships have come in 2010,2012, and most recently in 2014, having defeated the Kansas City Royals four games to three during the 2014 World Series. The Giants began as the baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie, the Gothams, as the Giants were originally known, entered the National League in 1883, while their other club, the Metropolitans played in the American Association. Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans, Louis Browns in a pre-modern-era World Series. They repeated as champions the year with a pennant and Championship victory over the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. It is said that one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Mutrie. From then on, the club was known as the Giants, the Giants original home stadium, the Polo Grounds, dates from this early era. It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to 5th and 6th Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets, the Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s, winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 and 1889. But nearly all of the Giants stars jumped to the upstart Players League, whose New York franchise was named the Giants. The new team built a stadium next door to the Polo Grounds
24.
Fiddlin' John Carson
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Fiddlin John Carson was an American old-time fiddler and an early-recorded country musician. Carson was born in Fannin County, Georgia, and grew up on a farm there and his father worked as a section foreman for the W&A Railroad Company. In his teens, Carson learned to play the fiddle, using an old Stradivari-copy violin brought from Ireland in the early 18th century, when he was eleven years old he used to roam the streets of Copperhill playing for tips. In his teens, he worked as a racehorse jockey, in 1911, Carsons family moved to Cabbagetown, Georgia and he and his children began working for the Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill. In these days, he wrote songs and he used to print copies. Some of the songs he wrote dealt with real-life drama like the murder ballad Mary Phagan, the convicted killer, Leo Frank, was lynched. On April 1,1913 Carson performed at the first annual Georgia Old-Time Fiddlers Convention, held at the Municipal Auditorium in Atlanta, but between 1914 and 1922 he was proclaimed Champion Fiddler of Georgia seven times. The governor of Tennessee, Robert L. Taylor, dubbed him Fiddlin John, in 1919, Carson began touring, mostly the areas north of Atlanta, with his newly formed band the Cronies. He became associated with politicians of Georgia, like Tom Watson, Herman Talmadge and Eugene Talmadge. In early June 1923, Polk C, brockman, an Atlanta furniture store owner, who had been instrumental in the distribution of records for Okeh, went to New York City to work out a new business deal with Okeh Records. Later, in New York, he was asked if he knew of any artist in Atlanta that could justify a trip to Georgia. Brockman promised to return with an answer, a few days later, he was watching a movie followed by a silent newsreel at the Palace Theater in Times Square. The newsreel contained footage of Fiddlin John Carson from an old time fiddlers contest in Virginia, brockman wrote in his notebook, Record Fiddlin John Carson. At his next meeting with Okeh Records Board, he persuaded Ralph Peer to go ahead, the recording was immediately sold out from the stage of the next Fiddlers convention on July 13,1923. Peer, realizing Carsons potential, immediately invited Carson to New York City for another recording session. His recordings of You Will Never Miss Your Mother Until She Is Gone, Fiddlin John Carson ceased recording temporarily in 1931 but resumed in 1934, now for the Victor label. Between 1923 and 1931, Carson recorded almost 150 songs, mostly together with the Virginia Reelers or his daughter Rosa Lee Carson and he wrote more than 150 songs in his life but only nine were ever copyrighted. Because Carson couldnt read sheet music he had his songs transferred to standard notation by the stepdaughter of preacher Andrew Jenkins, Carson was involved in several copyright issues with both Okeh Records and other musicians during his active career
25.
Gid Tanner
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James Gideon Gid Tanner was an American old time fiddler and one of the earliest stars of what would come to be known as country music. His band, the Skillet Lickers, was one of the most innovative and its most notable members were Clayton McMichen and the blind Riley Puckett. Gid Tanner was born at Thomas Bridge near Monroe, Georgia and he made a living as a chicken farmer for most of his life. He learned to play the fiddle at the age of 14, early on, he participated in several fiddle conventions together with his rival Fiddlin John Carson, what one of them did not win, the other would. Tanner reportedly had a repertoire of more than 2000 songs, Tanner and Puckett traveled to New York City in March 1924 to make the first of a series of duet recordings for Columbia Records. The first recording made with the Skillet Lickers was Hand Me Down My Walking Cane, recorded in Atlanta on April 17,1926 and it was released by Columbia on a 78rpm disc backed with “Watermelon On the Vine. The next eight years, the group recorded more than 100 songs, in 1934, Tanner and Puckett reformed the Skillet Lickers and had several releases on Bluebird Records. Tanner stopped making records in 1934, but continued performing into his seventies, many of the songs they recorded were traditional American fiddle tunes that still remain popular with bluegrass and country musicians to this day. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA and their comedy recordings, including A Corn Licker Still in Georgia and A Fiddler’s Convention in Georgia were equally popular. Gid Tanner & the Skillet Lickers were inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 1988, following his death in 1960, Tanners grandson and great-grandson continued performing as the Skillet Lickers. Phil Tanner, Gids grandson, hosts an open jam session on Friday nights in a chicken house on his fathers old farm in Dacula. Great-Grandson, Levi Lowrey, also continues in Gids footsteps as a music artist, songwriting for Zac Brown. Songwriter Bob Dylan wrote and performed a version of Gid Tanners Down on Tanners Farm, retitled and it can be heard in Martin Scorseses 2005 documentary on Dylan, No Direction Home. In various prewar lineups Tanner recorded singles on Columbia and affiliated labels, Bluebird, Victor, His Masters Voice, Regal, Regal Zonophone, Montgomery Ward, postwar, at least one Tanner 45 rpm reissue single is known on RCA Victor. 1 - County 506 The Skillet Lickers, Vol, liner Notes for the CD Old Time Fiddle Tunes and Songs from North Georgia Russell, Tony. Country Music Records, A Discography, 1921-1942 The New Georgia Encyclopedia Stars of Country Music, Southernmusic. net
26.
Medicine show
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Medicine shows were touring acts which peddled miracle cure patent medicines and other products between various entertainments. They developed from European mountebank shows and were common in the United States in the nineteenth century, especially in the Old West. They usually promoted miracle elixirs, which, it was claimed, had the ability to any disease, smooth wrinkles, remove stains. Most shows had their own patent medicine, entertainments often included a freak show, a flea circus, musical acts, magic tricks, jokes, or storytelling. Each show was run by a man posing as a doctor who drew the crowd with a monologue, the entertainers, such as acrobats, musclemen, magicians, dancers, ventriloquists, exotic performers, and trick shots, kept the audience engaged until the salesman sold his medicine. Mountebanks traveled through small towns and large cities, selling miraculous elixirs by offering small street shows, itinerant peddlers of dubious medicines appeared in the American colonies before 1772, when legislation prohibiting their activities was enacted. Increasingly elaborate performances were developed to appeal to a rural population. Over the course of the century, traveling mountebanks gave way to more polished medicine shows. At least 1,500 patent medicines were recorded by 1858 and these medicines seldom treated the specific symptoms of an illness, instead relying on stimulants or other drugs to produce a pleasurable effect. By 1900, the patent medicine industry was an $80 million business, Other forms of advertising included the use of memorable jingles, sensational testimonials, and scare tactics. Medicine shows combined various forms of entertainment with sales pitches from a self-proclaimed doctor who sold an astounding cure-all medicine or device. Shows played either outdoors from a wagon, platform or tent, admission was usually free or nominal. Pitchmen would make claims about their product’s efficacy, sometimes planting testimonials in the audience. The speakers goal was to create a need, or fear, alternating entertainment with sales pitches wore down the audiences resistance, until the crowd was saturated with a desire for the product. The show would continue to run as many days as possible, a show might remain in a given location between one night and six weeks, depending on how the troupe behaved itself. Medicine shows often brought entertainment to rural communities that might not have any sort of performances for years at a time. Whatever the quality of the advice, spectators got their moneys worth from the free entertainment. Some shows followed circuits covering the entire United States, though most shows focused on the rural midwest and south, hamlin’s Wizard Oil Company troupes travelled in specially designed wagons, with built-in organs and space for musical performers
27.
The House of the Rising Sun
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The House of the Rising Sun is a traditional folk song, sometimes called Rising Sun Blues. It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans, many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate. The most successful version, recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals, was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States. As a traditional song recorded by an electric rock band. Like many classic folk ballads, The House of the Rising Sun is of uncertain authorship, musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads, and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th century ballad The Unfortunate Rake. According to Alan Lomax, Rising Sun was used as the name of a house in two traditional English songs, and it was also a name for English pubs. Lomax proposed that the location of the house was relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers. House of Rising Sun was said to have known by miners in 1905. The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925, Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather, Enoch Ashley. Roy Acuff, a friend and apprentice of Ashleys, learned it from him. Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated, for example, Rising Sun Blues by Ivy Smith and The Risin Sun by Texas Alexander. The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax, who, on an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky, Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro, Kentucky, in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle. In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner, the 16-year-old daughter of a local miner and he called it The Rising Sun Blues. Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a sung by Daw Henson. In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country, Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner, in 1941, Woody Guthrie recorded a version. White learned the song from a hillbilly singer, who might have been Ashley. In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records, the song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s. Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958, which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009, frankie Laine recorded the song under the title New Orleans on his 1959 album Balladeer
28.
Slide guitar
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Slide guitar is a particular method or technique for playing the guitar. Instead of altering the pitch of the strings in the manner, an object called a slide is placed upon the string to vary its vibrating length. This slide can then be moved along the string without lifting, creating smooth transitions in pitch and allowing wide, Slide guitar is most often played, With the guitar in the normal position, using a slide on one of the fingers of the left hand. This same technique is used to play steel guitar and the Dobro resonator guitar used in Bluegrass music. The technique of using a slide on a string has been traced to one-stringed African instruments similar to a Diddley bow, the technique was made popular by African American blues artists. The first musician recorded using the style was Sylvester Weaver, who recorded two solo pieces Guitar Blues and Guitar Rag in 1923, Blues legend Muddy Waters was also very influential, particularly in developing the electric Chicago blues slide guitar from the acoustic Mississippi Delta slide guitar. Texas blues musician Johnny Winter developed his style through years of touring with Waters. Slide player Roy Rogers honed his skills by touring with blues artist John Lee Hooker. John Lees cousin Earl Hooker may have been the first to use wah-wah, the sound has since become commonplace in country and Hawaiian music. The Rolling Stones featured a guitar as early as their 1963 recording of the John Lennon/Paul McCartney song I Wanna Be Your Man. Guitarist Brian Jones played slide in a very blues-oriented style, Jones was also one of the first English guitarists to play slide and during the bands early years, he was considered one of the best slide guitarists in the music world. His successors Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood also displayed their own slide guitar skills while with the band, the album Let It Bleed features Keith Richards on slide guitar for the majority of the album, since the band were in-between guitarists during the making of the album. Rolling Stones vocalist Mick Jagger has also played guitar on occasion. Canned Heats Alan Wilson also helped bring slide guitar to music in the late 1960s. George Harrison experimented with slide guitar during the half of The Beatles career, first using the technique on an early outtake recording of Strawberry Fields Forever. The 1965 songs Drive My Car, and Run For Your Life have slide guitar, Harrison later used slide extensively in his solo career, on songs such as My Sweet Lord, Give Me Love, This Is Love, and Cheer Down. He played slide in the Traveling Wilburys as well as on The Beatles 1995 and 1996 reunion singles Free as a Bird, slides may be used on any guitar, but slides generally and steels in particular are often used on instruments specifically made to play in this manner. Often, the strings are raised a little higher off the fingerboard than they would be for conventional guitar playing—especially if the player isnt going to use the fingers for fretting
29.
WATE-TV
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WATE-TV is the ABC-affiliated television station for East Tennessee licensed to Knoxville. It broadcasts a high definition signal on UHF channel 26 from a transmitter on Sharps Ridge in North Knoxville. The station can also be seen on Charter channel 13 in SD and 713 in HD, as well as Comcast channel 13 in SD and 1006 in HD, Knology channel 901, and AT&T U-Verse channel 6. Owned by Nexstar Media Group, WATE has studios in the Greystone mansion on North Broadway/SR 33/SR 71/US441, channel 6 was East Tennessees first television station, signing on the air at 8 PM on October 1,1953 as WROL-TV. The race to be the first television station in the part of the state was won by WROL-TV when the 300-foot tower of WJHL-TV in Johnson City collapsed a few months earlier. That station would have been first to sign-on, but WROL claimed the title by only 25 days and its first studios were underneath the 800-foot self-supporting tower on Sharps Ridge which was one of the tallest man-made structures in Tennessee at the time. It was owned by insurance executive Paul Mountcastle and a small group of investors along with WROL-AM950. At the time, Mountcastle was chairman of the board of the Life and Casualty Insurance Company of Tennessee of Nashville, the stations were not considered to be co-owned. WROL-TV signed-on as a primary NBC affiliate because of WROL-AMs longtime affiliation with NBC Radio, although NBC held a firm grip on WROL, DuMont tried unsuccessfully several times to get a secondary affiliation with the station when it was not broadcasting NBC and ABC. Channel 6 opted to fill its schedule with local programming. DuMont was forced to join WTVK on a secondary basis, CBS also made many attempts to grab a primary affiliation with Knoxvilles only VHF station, but the owners of WROL held firm despite many financial incentives from the other networks especially CBS. The station changed its letters to WATE-TV in 1955 with the new call letters not really standing for anything. John Reese, the program director at the time stated those call letters were the next available at the FCC. In 1956, WATE dropped ABC when WBIR-TV signed-on and took the CBS affiliation from WTVK, at that time, Knoxville became one of the smallest TV markets in the country to have affiliates of all three networks. WROL-AM later changed its letters to WATE-AM to correspond with the television station. WATE-TV had a role in the failure of WBIR to have its second antenna tower on House Mountain in 1965 for better coverage. The station used an ingenious way to force its chief rival station to build a 1. WATE simply purchased all of the property on the top of House Mountain from the lot owners
30.
WNOX
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WNOX is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits music format. Licensed to the suburb of Karns, Tennessee, it serves the Knoxville and it first began broadcasting in 1988 under the call sign WCKS. The station is owned by E. W. Scripps Company. After being assigned the call letters WCKS on October 3,1988, on May 20,1994,93.1 FM changed to Star 93.1 FM with the call sign WWST. On that same date, sister station WSEV-FM switched call letters to WMYU as Oldies 102. On March 9,2001, the two stations swapped frequencies bringing WMYU to 93.1 FM while the WWST call letters were moved to 102.1 FM as Star 102.1 where they remain. WMYU most recently broadcast an 80s Oldies format until November 26,2008, on May 9,2013, WCYQ changed their call letters to WNOX, swapping calls with WNOX100.3 FM Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which took the WCYQ calls. On May 23,2013 WNOX split from its simulcast with country-formatted WCYQ100.3 FM Oak Ridge, Tennessee and changed their format to classic hits, the afternoon drive show is hosted by Frank Murphy, the stations assistant program director. The transaction is slated to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder, WNOX Official Website Query the FCCs FM station database for WNOX Radio-Locator information on WNOX Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for WNOX
31.
Wabash Cannonball
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The Wabash Cannonball is an American folk song about a fictional train, thought to have originated in the late nineteenth century. Its first documented appearance was on music published in 1882, titled The Great Rock Island Route. A rewritten version by William Kindt appeared in 1904 under the title Wabash Cannon Ball, the Carter Family made one of the first recordings of the song in 1929, though it was not released until 1932. Another popular version was recorded by Roy Acuff in 1936, the Acuff version is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million physical copies worldwide. It is a song of the Indiana State University Marching Sycamores. It is also associated with the Stephen F. Austin State University Lumberjack Marching Band, the Kansas State University Marching Band, and it was also used as the theme song by the USS Wabash. The song The Wabash Cannonball is part of the The Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and it is the oldest song on the list. Bing Crosby recorded the song for his album Bing Crosby Sings The Great Country Hits, the song increased in popularity during this time. There are many theories of the origin of The Wabash Cannonball, Utah Phillips states that hobos imagined a mythical train called the Wabash Cannonball which was a death coach that appeared at the death of a hobo to carry his soul to its reward. The song was created, with the lyrics and music telling the story of the train. Another theory states that the song is based on a tale in which Cal S. Bunyan, Paul Bunyans brother, constructed a railroad known as the Ireland, Jerusalem. After two months of service, the 700-car train was traveling so fast that it arrived at its destination an hour before its departure. Finally, the train took off so fast that it rushed in to outer space, when the hobos learned of this train, they called her the Wabash Cannonball and said that every station in America had heard her whistle. However, the train was named after the song, not the way around. A roller coaster at the now-defunct Opryland USA theme park was titled after the song as well and it was operated from 1975 to 1997. In 1998, after Oprylands closing, the double cork-screw coaster was relocated to Old Indiana Fun-n-Water Park, in 2003, it was moved into storage. The coaster specs, Length 1200 ft, Height 70 ft, Speed 50 mph, verse, I have rode the I. C. Limited, also the Royal Blue Across the Eastern countries on Elkhorn Number Two I have rode those highball trains from coast to coast thats all But I have found no equal to the Wabash Cannonball
32.
When Lulu's Gone
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Bang Bang Lulu is a traditional American song with many variations. It derives from older songs most commonly known as Bang Bang Rosie in Ireland, Bang Away Lulu in Appalachia, the form Bang Bang Lulu became widespread in the United States from its use as a cadence during the World Wars. The song uses the tune of Goodnight, Ladies, all versions concern a woman and her various lovers. The early forms were sometimes very directly crude, violent, or infanticidal, published versions probably drastically understate the songs popularity, particularly since the first mentions allude to 78 or 900 additional verses unfit for printing. Roy Acuff and his Crazy Tennesseans recorded When Lulus Gone under the pseudonym of the Bang Boys in 1936, another version—Lulu—was recorded by Oscar Brand on his 1958 Old Time Bawdy Sea Shanties. Verses from this song also developed into Roll in My Sweet Babys Arms, recorded by Bill Monroe and Flatt & Scruggs and they formed in 2005 and released the album Ska Wars. Bang Bang Lulu was a 1986 single by the German band Boney M and it was taken from their final album, the 1985 Eye Dance. The single failed to chart, and the group—having disbanded after their 10th anniversary—didnt promote it and it was originally intended for Liz Mitchell to sing, but she found the lyrics vulgar and refused to do it. Instead, Reggie Tsiboe did the vocals, backed by session singers Amy & Elaine Goff. Bang Bang Lulu -3,31 / Calendar Song -2,37 Bang Bang Lulu -3,58 / Calendar Song -2,37 / Chica da Silva -4,35 Miss Lucy had a baby. When Hector Lavoe wrote the Chechecole song, he was inspired by this song
33.
Great Smoky Mountains
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The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province, the range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the park was established in 1934, and, with over 9 million visits per year, it is the most-visited national park in the United States. The Great Smokies are part of an International Biosphere Reserve, the range is home to an estimated 187,000 acres of old growth forest, constituting the largest such stand east of the Mississippi River. The Great Smokies are also home to the densest black bear population in the Eastern United States, along with the Biosphere reserve, the Great Smokies have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park contains five districts and nine individual listings on the National Register of Historic Places. The name Smoky comes from the fog that often hangs over the range. This fog is caused by the vegetation exhaling volatile organic compounds, chemicals that have a vapor pressure. As a result of the 2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires, the Great Smoky Mountains have received media coverage. The Great Smoky Mountains stretch from the Pigeon River in the northeast to the Little Tennessee River to the southwest, the northwestern half of the range gives way to a series of elongate ridges known as the Foothills, the outermost of which include Chilhowee Mountain and English Mountain. The range is bounded on the south by the Tuckasegee River and to the southeast by Soco Creek. The Great Smokies comprise parts of Blount County, Sevier County, the sources of several rivers are located in the Smokies, including the Little Pigeon River, the Oconaluftee River, and Little River. Streams in the Smokies are part of the Tennessee River watershed and are thus entirely west of the Eastern Continental Divide. The largest stream wholly within the park is Abrams Creek, which rises in Cades Cove, other major streams include Hazel Creek and Eagle Creek in the southwest, Raven Fork near Oconaluftee, Cosby Creek near Cosby, and Roaring Fork near Gatlinburg. The Little Tennessee River passes through five impoundments along the southwestern boundary, namely Tellico Lake, Chilhowee Lake, Calderwood Lake, Cheoah Lake. The highest point in the Smokies is Clingmans Dome, which rises to an elevation of 6,643 feet, the mountain is the highest in Tennessee and the third highest in the Appalachian range. Clingmans Dome also has the ranges highest topographical prominence at 4,503 feet, Mount Le Conte is the tallest mountain in the range, rising 5,301 feet from its base in Gatlinburg to its 6, 593-foot summit. The Smokies rise prominently above the low terrain
34.
Dobro
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The word Dobro is, in popular usage, the generic term for a wood-bodied, single cone resonator guitar. It is also an American brand of guitar, currently owned by the Gibson Guitar Corporation. The Dobro was originally made by the Dopyera brothers when they formed the Dobro Manufacturing Company and their design, with a single inverted resonator, was introduced in competition to the patented Tricone and biscuit designs produced by the National String Instrument Corporation. The Dobro name appeared on other instruments, notably electric lap steel guitars and solid body electric guitars, Gibson Guitar Corporation acquired the Dobro trademark in 1994. Although the name Dobro is generically associated with the single-inverted-cone design, the name originated in 1928 when the Dopyera brothers, John and Emil, formed the Dobro Manufacturing Company. Dobro is both a contraction of Dopyera brothers and a word meaning goodness or goodwill in their native Slovak, an early company motto was Dobro means good in any language. The Dobro was the third resonator guitar design by John Dopyera, the inventor of the resonator guitar, unlike his earlier tricone design, the Dobro had a single resonator cone and it was inverted, with its concave surface facing up. The Dobro company described this as a bowl shaped resonator, the Dobro was louder than the tricone and cheaper to produce. In Dopyeras opinion, the cost of manufacture had priced the resonator guitar beyond the reach of many players and his failure to convince his fellow directors at the National String Instrument Corporation to produce a single-cone version was part of his motivation for leaving. Since National had applied for a patent on the single cone, in the following years both Dobro and National built a wide variety of metal- and wood-bodied single-cone guitars, while National also continued with the Tricone for a time. Both companies sourced many components from National director Adolph Rickenbacher, by 1934, the Dopyera brothers had gained control of both National and Dobro, and they merged the companies to form the National-Dobro Corporation. From the outset, wooden bodies had been sourced from existing guitar manufacturers, Dobro had granted Regal a license to manufacture resonator instruments. By 1937, it was the manufacturer, and the license was officially made exclusive. Regal continued to manufacture and sell resonator instruments under many names, including Regal, Dobro, Old Kraftsman, however, they ceased all resonator guitar production following the United States entry into World War II in 1941. Emil Dopyera manufactured Dobros from 1959 under the brand name Doperas Original before selling the company, Moseley merged it with his Mosrite guitar company and manufactured Dobros for a time. Meanwhile, in 1967, Rudy and Emil Dopyera formed the Original Musical Instrument Company to manufacture resonator guitars, however, in 1970, they again acquired the Dobro name—Mosrite having gone into temporary liquidation. The Gibson Guitar Corporation acquired OMI in 1993, along with the Dobro name and they renamed the company Original Acoustic Instruments and moved production to Nashville. Gibson now uses the name Dobro only for models with the design that the original Dobro Manufacturing Company used
35.
Bashful Brother Oswald
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Beecher Ray Kirby, better known as Bashful Brother Oswald, was an American country musician who popularized the use of the resonator guitar and Dobro. He played with Roy Acuffs Smoky Mountain Boys and was a member of the Grand Ole Opry. Though he released only a few recordings as a solo artist, he played as a musician on numerous records, including the Nitty Gritty Dirt Bands 1972 triple album. Beecher Ray Kirby was born in rural Sevier County, Tennessee in the Great Smoky Mountains and his father, G. W. Kirby, was an Appalachian folk musician who played fiddle and banjo. As a child, Kirby learned to play guitar and banjo, by his teens, he was playing for square dances. In the late 1920s, Kirby followed the path of many people from the Appalachian region and he went to Flint, Michigan and worked on the Buick assembly line. He lost his job, though, in the downturn of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Kirby then returned to music, playing at informal square dance parties held in the homes of other transplanted southerners and it was at one such party that Kirby met a Hawaiian guitarist named Rudy Waikiki. That was when I first heard someone play something like my style and he was a real Hawaiian boy, from over in the islands, and he was playing this way and I loved it. Id go to them parties just to him play, Kirby said. Then Id go home and get my guitar and try to do the same thing, I was just playing a straight guitar and I had to raise the strings up, put a nut under the strings. He visited the Chicago Worlds Fair in 1933, playing in clubs, some of the clubs he played in were owned by Al Capone. In a bid to find steady work, Kirby moved to Knoxville. Taking the stage name Pete Kirby, he played guitar with local bands, among them Roy Acuffs Crazy Tennesseans. Acuff joined the Grand Ole Opry in 1938, and Kirby joined the Opry with Acuffs band on New Years Day 1939. To fit his new persona, Kirby created the clownish Oswald character, wearing a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, tattered bib overalls, oversized work shoes and adopting a braying laugh. Featured on the broadcasts of the Opry, Oswald created a sensation playing his resonator guitar on such songs as Old Age Pension Check. The instrument, developed in the late 1920s, was relatively new
36.
Uncle Dave Macon
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Uncle Dave Macon, born David Harrison Macon—also known as The Dixie Dewdrop—was an American old-time banjo player, singer, songwriter, and comedian. Macons music is considered the bridge between 19th-century American folk and vaudeville music and the phonograph and radio-based music of the early 20th-century. Music historian Charles Wolfe wrote, If people call yodelling Jimmie Rodgers the father of country music, Macons polished stage presence and lively personality have made him one of the most enduring figures of early country music. Macon was born in Smartt Station, Tennessee, the son of Confederate Captain John Macon, in 1884, when David Macon was 13 years old, his family moved to Nashville, Tennessee to run the Old Broadway Hotel, which they had purchased. The hotel became a center for Macon and his musical interests. In 1885, he learned to play the banjo from a comedian called Joel Davidson. He attended Hume-Fogg High School in Nashville, tragedy struck the family in 1886 when Macons father was murdered outside the hotel. His widowed mother sold the hotel and the moved to Readyville, Tennessee. Macon began entertaining passengers at the rest stop, playing a banjo on a homemade stage, in 1889, Macon married Matilda Richardson and moved to a farm near Kittrell, Tennessee, where they in time raised six sons. Around 1900, Macon opened a line between Murfreesboro and Woodbury, Tennessee. It was called The Macon Midway Mule and Mitchell Wagon Transportation Company, often, when Macon was driving along with his mules, hauling freight and produce, he would entertain people by singing and playing the banjo at various stops along the way. In time, his sons became part of the company as they grew up, but the arrival of an automobile-based competitor threatened his mule company, and he was forced to close down in 1920. In 1923, during a performance for the Shriners in Nashville, Macon was seen by Marcus Loew of Loews Theatres, Macon accepted and went to Alabama. After the show he was approached by the manager of Loews Theatres in Birmingham, Macons salary was several hundred dollars a week. This led to offers from other theaters in the Loews Vaudeville circuit, at age fifty, Macon found himself a successful entertainer. A rival vaudeville circuit, the Keith-Albee-Orpheum Corporation, tried to hire him away from the Loews circuit, in 1923 Macon began a tour of the south-eastern United States, joined by fiddler Sid Harkreader and five other acts. By now, the Sterchi Brothers Furniture Company, distributors of Vocalion Records, had noticed Macon, on July 8,1924, Macon and Harkreader made their first recordings for Vocalion in New York City. The session which extended over several days and eighteen songs were recorded, in 1925, Macon and Harkreader added Dancing Bob Bradford, a buck dancer to their act, Their tours on the Loews circuit now included comedy, buck-dancing and old time music
37.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
38.
Singing cowboy
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A singing cowboy was a subtype of the archetypal cowboy hero of early Western films, popularized by many of the B-movies of the 1930s and 1940s. The typical singing cowboys were white-hat-wearing, clean-shaven heroes with the habit of showing their emotions in song. Around the campfire, the original cowboys sang of life on the trail all the challenges, hardships. Singing in the style, these entertainers have served to preserve the cowboy as a unique American hero. The image of the cowboy was established in 1925 when Carl T. Sprague of Texas recorded the first cowboy song. White became the first representative of the genre to perform on a nationally broadcast radio show, Singing Cowboys, both old and new, are popularized on community radio KPOV-FM, with the Calling All Cowboys western music program, and streamed on the internet. Ken Maynard was the screens first singing cowboy and he first appeared in silent motion pictures in 1923 and in addition to acting also did stunt work. His horsemanship and rugged good looks made Maynard a cowboy star and he recorded two songs with Columbia Records before making his first film with a musical soundtrack. He sang two songs in Sons of the Saddle, ken Maynards horse was named Tarzan. In 1930 Bob Steele began a series of singing cowboy films for Tiffany Pictures though he stopped singing in films. Early in his career, 27-year-old John Wayne appeared as Singin Sandy Saunders in Riders of Destiny, because Wayne could not sing, his filmed songs were dubbed by the son of director Robert N. Bradbury, making the obligatory personal appearances a continuous embarrassment for the young actor. Wayne also emphasized authenticity in his westerns and knew that real cowboys did not routinely sing on the way to a gunfight or wear Singin Sandys elaborate costumes. While other western actors, such as Wayne and Clint Eastwood, only dabbled in singing roles, the most famous of them was Gene Autry, and the moniker the singing cowboy usually refers to him in particular. When Wayne declined further singing cowboy roles, Republic looked for a replacement, Autry was chosen because he was the one candidate who could both sing and ride a horse. The choice was so successful that, at the time of his death in 1998, Autry first rose to popularity as a singer, but his acting career started off quickly with the 1935 film serial The Phantom Empire, and he became a prolific star. Autrys early popularity, both for his radio and film performances, quickly paved the way for a multitude of imitators, Autry, and later Roy Rogers, appeared in contemporary western settings rather than the 19th century wild west era. This allowed the stars to appear in modern clothing alongside motorcars, airplanes, in The Phantom Empire, Autry spends time singing on the radio at his Radio Ranch as well as battling an ancient civilisation with a race of robots who live beneath the earth. Autry was also the first sound motion picture cowboy star to use his own name as the character in a film
