1.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
2.
Guernsey
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Guernsey is a jurisdiction within the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a Crown dependency. The jurisdiction is not part of the United Kingdom, however, defence and most foreign relations are handled by the British Government. Taken together with the jurisdictions of Alderney and Sark it forms the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The two Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey together form the geographical grouping known as the Channel Islands, the name Guernsey, as well as that of neighbouring Jersey, is of Old Norse origin. The second element of word, -ey, is the Old Norse for island, while the original root, guern, is of uncertain origin. Around 6000 BC, rising seas created the English Channel and separated the Norman promontories that became the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey from continental Europe, neolithic farmers then settled on its coast and built the dolmens and menhirs found in the islands today. During their migration to Brittany, Britons occupied the Lenur islands including Sarnia or Lisia and Angia, travelling from the Kingdom of Gwent, Saint Sampson, later the abbot of Dol in Brittany, is credited with the introduction of Christianity to Guernsey. In 933 AD, the Cotentin Peninsula including Avranchin which included the islands, were placed by the French King Ranulf under the control of William I, the island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy. During the Middle Ages, the island was a haven for pirates that would use the technique to ground ships close to her waters. This intensified during the Hundred Years War, when, starting in 1339, the Guernsey Militia was operational in 1337 and would help defend the island for a further 600 years. In 1372, the island was invaded by Aragonese mercenaries under the command of Owain Lawgoch, Owain and his dark-haired mercenaries were later absorbed into Guernsey legend as invading fairies from across the sea. In the mid-16th century, the island was influenced by Calvinist reformers from Normandy, during the Marian persecutions, three women, the Guernsey Martyrs, were burned at the stake for their Protestant beliefs. During the English Civil War, Guernsey sided with the Parliamentarians, the allegiance was not total, however, there were a few Royalist uprisings in the southwest of the island, while Castle Cornet was occupied by the Governor, Sir Peter Osborne, and Royalist troops. In December 1651, with honours of war, Castle Cornet surrendered. By the beginning of the 18th century, Guernseys residents were starting to settle in North America, the threat of invasion by Napoleon prompted many defensive structures to be built at the end of that century. The 19th century saw an increase in the prosperity of the island, due to its success in the global maritime trade. During the First World War, about 3,000 island men served in the British Expeditionary Force, of these, about 1,000 served in the Royal Guernsey Light Infantry regiment formed from the Royal Guernsey Militia in 1916. For most of the Second World War, the Channel Islands were occupied by German troops, before the occupation, 80% of Guernsey children had been evacuated to England to live with relatives or strangers during the war
3.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
4.
A Moon for the Misbegotten
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A Moon for the Misbegotten is a play by Eugene ONeill. The play is a sequel to ONeills Long Days Journey into Night, the play premiered on Broadway in 1957 and has had four Broadway revivals, plus a West End engagement. Hogans landlord and drinking companion, a cynical alcoholic haunted by the death of his mother, the play begins with Mike, the last of Hogans three sons, leaving the farm. As a joke during one of their bouts, Tyrone threatens to sell his land to his hated neighbor, T. Steadman Harder. Hogan creates a scheme in which Josie will get Tyrone drunk, seduce him, Josie and Tyrone court in the moonlight. The scheme falls through when Josie finds out that Tyrone isnt going to sell the land to Harder after all. Tyrone tells Josie the story of how, after his mother died, he traveled back East on the train, Tyrone leaves for New York to handle his mothers estate, apparently to die soon of complications from alcoholism. As in Journey, the Tyrone character is based on Eugene ONeills older brother, Jamie ONeill. A Moon for the Misbegotten was produced by the Theatre Guild, which had produced many of ONeills, plays including Strange Interlude in 1928, The Iceman Cometh in 1946, and this play, because ONeill was unhappy with progress in rehearsals. Demanded out-of-town tryouts in a series of Midwestern cities, the play had its world premiere at the Hartman Theatre in Columbus, Ohio in 1947. The play has been produced five times on Broadway, the original production opened on May 2,1957 at the now-demolished Bijou Theatre, where it ran for 68 performances. Directed by Carmen Capalbo, the cast included Cyril Cusack, Franchot Tone, scenic design was by William Pitkin, Lighting Design by Lee Watson, and Costume Design by Ruth Morley. Wendy Hiller was nominated for the Tony Award, Actress in a Play, the play was presented Off-Broadway by Circle in the Square Theatre, opening on June 12,1968. Directed by Theodore Mann, the cast featured Salome Jens as Josie, Mitchell Ryan as James Tyrone, Jr. Garry Mitchell as T. Stedman Harder, brydon as Phil and Jack Kehoe as Mike. Both production casts included Colleen Dewhurst who won a Tony Award, Jason Robards, the cast again resurrected their roles in a Quintero-directed production for television, broadcast by ABC on May 27,1975. One of their affiliates in the state of Florida pre-empted the film controversially because it contained adult language, after nineteen previews, the second revival, directed by David Leveaux, opened on May 1,1984 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 40 performances. The cast included Ian Bannen, Jerome Kilty, and Kate Nelligan and this production was nominated for the Tony Award for, Actress in a Play, Director of a Play, Lighting Design, and Revival. After fifteen previews, the revival, directed by Daniel Sullivan, opened on March 19,2000 at the Walter Kerr Theatre
5.
Karen Dotrice
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Karen Dotrice is a British actress, known primarily for her role as Jane Banks in Walt Disneys feature film adaptation of the Mary Poppins book series. Dotrice was born in Guernsey to two accomplished stage actors and she appeared in five television programmes between 1972 and 1978, when she made her only feature film as an adult. Her life as an actress concluded with a run as Desdemona in the 1981 pre-Broadway production of Othello. She was named a Disney Legend in 2004, born into a theatre family, Dotrice is the daughter of Kay and Roy Dotrice, two Shakespearean actors who met and married while performing in repertory productions in England. Her father also was born in the Channel Islands and she has two sisters, Michele and Yvette, both of whom are actresses. Her godfather was actor Charles Laughton, who was married to Elsa Lanchester, Dotrice was a toddler when her father joined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in 1957. By age four, she was ready to perform, making her début in an RSC production of The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertolt Brecht, there, a Disney scout saw Dotrice and brought her to Burbank, California, to meet Walt Disney. At age eight, Dotrice was hired in 1963 to appear in The Three Lives of Thomasina as a girl whose relationship with her father is mended by the reappearance of her cat. While Dotrice was in California, her father stayed in England—where he was portraying King Lear—and Walt Disney personally took care of her family, Dotrice took quickly to Disney as a father figure, calling him Uncle Walt. She said the admiration was mutual, I think he really liked English kids and he was tickled pink by the accent and the etiquette. And when I was being very English and polite, he would look proudly at this little charge who had good manners. Film historian Leonard Maltin said Dotrice won over everyone with her performance in The Three Lives of Thomasina, instead, they hire a nanny who takes Jane and Michael on magical adventures designed to teach them—and their parents—about the importance of family. Poppins was Disneys biggest commercial success at the time and won five Academy Awards, Dotrice and Garber were praised for their natural screen presence, critic Bosley Crowther wrote, the kids. Are just as they should be, while author Brian Sibley said, Dotrice and Garber paired up a third time in The Gnome-Mobile as the grandchildren of a rich lumber mogul who stumble across a gnome forest and help to stop the gnomes from dying off. Starring Walter Brennan in a role, The Gnome-Mobile failed to perform on a par with Poppins at the box office. After The Gnome-Mobile, the no longer kept in contact with each other. I wished I had picked up the phone over the years, I wished I had treated him more like a brother, in another interview she recalled, was how he looked—an imp, and I loved being his shadow. I cant imagine making movies would have half as much fun without him
6.
Tony Award
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The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
7.
Drama Desk Award
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Broadway productions were excluded until the 1968–69 award season. The awards are considered a significant American theatre distinction and they debuted the presentations of the Vernon Rice Awards. The name honors the New York Post critic Vernon Rice, who had pioneered Off-Broadway coverage in the New York press, the name was changed for the 1963–1964 awards season to the Drama Desk Awards. In 1974, the Drama Desk became incorporated as a not-for-profit organization, in 1975, the Drama announcement of winners included the nominees as well. The Drama Desk has more than 100 members, including critics, reporters and editors who cover New York theater. Membership consists of two categories, Active membership and Participating Membership, all of the Drama Desk officers and Nominating Committee members perform their various services for the organization on a voluntary basis. The Nominating Committee generally meets twice a month to discuss the many eligible shows members are responsible for seeing and they then nominate the productions on which the entire membership will vote. What sets the organization apart is that the awards are voted on by people only without any vested interests in the results. Previous winners include Bernadette Peters, Dustin Hoffman, Al Pacino, over the last 36 years, the Drama Desk Awards have contributed to the ongoing success of major stars, playwrights and designers, while also identifying newcomers. The Drama Desk was the first New York theater organization to give awards to talents such as Edward Albee, Wendy Wasserstein, plays like Driving Miss Daisy, Other Peoples Money, Steel Magnolias, and The Boys in the Band built momentum with the help of Drama Desk wins. In 2010 William Wolf was announced as the President of Drama Desk, the current managing executive producer of the Drama Desk Awards is Gretchen Shugart, and the president of the Drama Desk is Charles Wright. David Barbour is chairperson of the nominating committee, in keeping with its original mission, the organization sponsors guest panel luncheons with theater professionals. Panels address topics of current interest, covering the season on Broadway, Off-Broadway, and Off-Off-Broadway, with the aim of prompting informative and stimulating discussion
8.
British Academy Television Awards
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The British Academy Television Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. They have been awarded annually since 1955 and it is the British equivalent to the Emmy Awards in the United States. The first ever Awards, given in 1955, consisted of six categories, until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors. From 1958 onwards, after the Guild had merged with the British Film Academy, in 1976, this became the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. The Television Awards are usually presented in April, with a ceremony for the Television Craft Awards on a different date. The Craft Awards are presented for more technical areas of the industry, such as effects, production design. Individual performances, such as actors, can either be entered by the performers themselves or by the broadcasters. The programmes being entered must have been broadcast on or between March and February of the year to be eligible for the years awards. Entry is free, and entry forms are available between November and January each year. After all the entries have been received, they are voted for online by all members of the Academy. The programmes and performances attracting the most votes, usually four in each category, are shortlisted as the nominees for each award. The winner is chosen from the four nominees by a jury of nine academy members for each award. These Awards are suggested by the Television Committee and awarded by the Academys Council and they are not necessarily always given every year, but as and when appropriate. The Awards ceremony is broadcast on British television, usually the day after it has taken place, between 1998 and 2006, it was alternated between ITV and BBC One. But since 2007, it has been broadcast by BBC One, in 1991, a controversial selection was made in the Best Drama Serial category, when Prime Suspect beat G. B. H. to win the award. Following the ceremony, four of the seven voting members of the signed a public statement declaring that they had voted for G. B. H. to win. B. H. Price claimed that the papers could not be recounted as they had subsequently been destroyed. No blame was attached to Shubik by the four judges
9.
Amadeus (film)
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Amadeus is a 1984 American period drama film directed by Miloš Forman, adapted by Peter Shaffer from his stage play Amadeus. The story, set in Vienna, Austria, during the half of the 18th century, is a fictionalized biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozarts music is heard extensively in the soundtrack of the movie, the film was nominated for 53 awards and received 40, which included eight Academy Awards, four BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globes, and a Directors Guild of America award. As of 2016, it is the most recent film to have more than one nomination in the Academy Award for Best Actor category, in 1998, the American Film Institute ranked Amadeus 53rd on its 100 Years. The story begins in 1823 as the elderly Antonio Salieri attempts suicide by slitting his throat while loudly begging forgiveness for having killed Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1791. Placed in an asylum for the act, Salieri is visited by Father Vogler. Salieri is initially sullen and uninterested, but eventually warms to the priest, Salieri goes on telling his tale through the night, and into the next day. He reminisces about his youth, particularly about his devotion to God and he pledged to God to remain celibate as a sacrifice if he could somehow devote his life to music, and perceived his fathers subsequent death as divine intervention to make this possible. Years later, Salieri is part of the 18th-century cultural elite in Vienna and he is respected, financially well-off, and has been appointed court composer for Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II. He is content, and believes his successes are God’s rewards for his piety, the famous child prodigy Mozart arrives in Vienna, and Salieri goes to a performance hoping to meet him, convinced that Mozarts genius must be a gift from God. Salieri secretly observes Mozart, and is shocked to discover that rather than the paragon of virtue that he has imagined, Mozart is in fact boorish, irreverent, and lewd. Later, when Mozart meets the Emperor, Salieri presents Mozart with a March of Welcome, Salieri reels at the notion of God speaking through the childish, petulant Mozart, nevertheless, he regards his music as miraculous. He believes that God, through Mozarts genius, is cruelly laughing at Salieris own musical mediocrity, Mozart becomes more desperate as the familys expenses increase and his commissions decrease. When Salieri learns of Mozarts financial straits, he sees his chance to avenge himself, Salieri hatches a complex plot to gain ultimate victory over Mozart and God. Mozart begins to write the piece, the Requiem in D minor, unaware of the identity of his mysterious patron. Only Salieri and God would know the truth—that Mozart wrote his own mass. Mozarts financial situation due to his spendthrift lifestyle. After a violent argument, Constanze leaves him and takes their son with her and his health worsens, and he collapses during a performance of The Magic Flute
10.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical era. Born in Salzburg, he showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood, already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. At 17, Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court, while visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He chose to stay in the capital, where he achieved fame, during his final years in Vienna, he composed many of his best-known symphonies, concertos, and operas, and portions of the Requiem, which was largely unfinished at the time of his death. The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized. He was survived by his wife Constanze and two sons and he composed more than 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers, Ludwig van Beethoven composed his own early works in the shadow of Mozart, and Joseph Haydn wrote, posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria, née Pertl and this was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastic principality in what is now Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the youngest of seven children, five of whom died in infancy and his elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart, nicknamed Nannerl. Mozart was baptized the day after his birth, at St. Ruperts Cathedral in Salzburg, the baptismal record gives his name in Latinized form, as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He generally called himself Wolfgang Amadè Mozart as an adult, Leopold Mozart, a native of Augsburg, Germany, was a minor composer and an experienced teacher. In 1743, he was appointed as fourth violinist in the establishment of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian. Four years later, he married Anna Maria in Salzburg, Leopold became the orchestras deputy Kapellmeister in 1763. During the year of his sons birth, Leopold published a textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule. When Nannerl was 7, she began lessons with her father. Years later, after her brothers death, she reminisced, He often spent much time at the clavier, picking out thirds, which he was ever striking, and his pleasure showed that it sounded good. In the fourth year of his age his father, for a game as it were, began to teach him a few minuets and he could play it faultlessly and with the greatest delicacy, and keeping exactly in time. At the age of five, he was composing little pieces
11.
Leopold Mozart
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Johann Georg Leopold Mozart was a German composer, conductor, teacher, and violinist. Mozart is best known today as the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and he was born in Augsburg, son of Johann Georg Mozart, a bookbinder, and his second wife Anna Maria Sulzer. From an early age he sang as a choirboy and he attended a local Jesuit school, the St. Salvator Gymnasium, where he studied logic, science, theology, graduating magna cum laude in 1735. He then moved on to an advanced school, the St. Salvator Lyceum. While a student in Augsburg, he appeared in student theatrical productions as an actor and singer and he also developed an interest, which he retained, in microscopes and telescopes. Although his parents had planned a career for Leopold as a Catholic priest, an old school friend told Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1777, Ah he was a great fellow. My father thought the world of him, and how he hoodwinked the clerics about becoming a priest. He withdrew from the St. Salvator Lyceum after less than a year, following a years delay, he moved to Salzburg to resume his education, enrolling in November 1737 at the Benedictine University to study philosophy and jurisprudence. At the time Salzburg was the capital of an independent state within the Holy Roman Empire, except for periods of travel, Leopold spent the rest of his life there. Leopold received the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in 1738, however, in September 1739 he was expelled from the university for poor attendance, having hardly attended Natural Science more than once or twice. In 1740, he began his career as a musician, becoming violinist and valet to one of the universitys canons, Johann Baptist, Count of Thurn-Valsassina. This was also the year of his first musical publication, the six Trio Sonatas and these were titled Sonate sei da chiesa e da camera, Leopold did the work of copper engraving himself. He continued to compose, producing a series of German Passion cantatas, in 1747 he married Anna Maria Pertl, who bore him seven children, although only two of them survived past infancy, Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In 1743 Leopold Mozart was appointed to a position in the establishment of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian. His duties included composition and the teaching of violin to the choirboys of the Salzburg cathedral and he was promoted to second violinist in 1758 and in 1763 to deputy Kapellmeister. He rose no further, others were promoted over him to the head position of Kapellmeister. The question of whether Leopold was successful as a composer is debated, the Grove Dictionary says that as of 1756, Mozart was already well-known. His works circulated widely in German-speaking Europe, however, biographer Maynard Solomon asserts that he failed to make his mark as a composer, and Alfred Einstein judged him to be an undistinguished composer
12.
George R. R. Martin
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George Raymond Richard Martin, often referred to as GRRM, is an American novelist and short-story writer in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres, screenwriter, and television producer. He is best known for his international bestselling series of fantasy novels, A Song of Ice and Fire. Martin serves as the series producer, and also scripted four episodes of the series. In 2005, Lev Grossman of Time called Martin the American Tolkien, and the later named him one of the 2011 Time 100. George Raymond Martin was born on September 20,1948, in Bayonne, New Jersey and he has two younger sisters, Darleen and Janet. His father was of half Italian descent, while his mother was of half Irish ancestry and he also has French, English, Welsh and German roots. The family first lived in a house on Broadway, belonging to Martins great-grandmother, in 1953, they moved to a federal housing project near the Bayonne docks. The young Martin began writing and selling monster stories for pennies to other neighborhood children, dramatic readings included. He also wrote stories about a mythical kingdom populated by his pet turtles, Martin attended Mary Jane Donohoe School and then later Marist High School. While there he became an avid fan, developing a strong interest in the superheroes being published by Marvel Comics. A letter Martin wrote to the editor of Fantastic Four was printed in issue No,20, it was the first of many sent, e. g. FF #32, #34, and others. In 1965, Martin won comic fandoms Alley Award for Best fan fiction for his superhero story Powerman vs. In 1970, Martin earned a B. S. in Journalism from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, graduating cum laude, he went on to complete his M. S. in Journalism in 1971. An expert chess player, he also directed chess tournaments for the Continental Chess Association from 1973 to 1976, in the mid-1970s, Martin met English professor George Guthridge from Dubuque, Iowa, at a science fiction convention in Milwaukee. Martin persuaded Guthridge not only to give speculative fiction a second look, in turn, Guthridge helped Martin find a job at Clarke University. Martin wasnt making money to stay alive, from writing. From 1976 to 1978, Martin was an English and journalism instructor at Clarke, while he enjoyed teaching, the sudden death of friend and fellow author Tom Reamy in late 1977 made Martin reevaluate his own life, and he eventually decided to try to become a full-time writer. He resigned from his job, and being tired of the winters in Dubuque
13.
A Song of Ice and Fire
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A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. He began the first volume of the series, A Game of Thrones, Martin, who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy, has published five out of a planned seven volumes. The fifth and most recent volume of the published in 2011, A Dance with Dragons. He is still writing the novel, The Winds of Winter. A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos, the point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine, in the first novel, to thirty-one by the fifth. Martins inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon, a Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion, as well as its realism. An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader, within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire, questions concerning loyalty, pride, human sexuality, piety, and the morality of violence frequently arise. As of April 2015, the books have more than 60 million copies worldwide and. The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases, among the many derived works are several prequel novellas, a TV series, a comic book adaptation, and several card, board, and video games. A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a world in which seasons last for years. The principal story chronicles the struggle for the Iron Throne between the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones. Roberts heir apparent, the 13-year old Joffrey, is proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother. When Lord Eddard Ned Stark, King Roberts Hand, discovers that Joffrey, in response, Roberts brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne. The so-called War of the Five Kings is in progress by the middle of the second book. The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros, the Walls sentinels, the Sworn Brotherhood of the Nights Watch, also protect the realm from the incursions of the Wildlings or Free Folk, who are humans living north of the Wall. The Nights Watch story is primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow. Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age, in the third volume, A Storm of Swords, the Nights Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings. The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen, daughter of the last Targaryen king of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros, Daenerys story takes place on the continent of Essos, which is located directly east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea
14.
Royal Air Force
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The Royal Air Force is the United Kingdoms aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. The RAF describe its mission statement as, an agile, adaptable and capable Air Force that, person for person, is second to none, and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission. The mission statement is supported by the RAFs definition of air power, Air power is defined as the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events. Today the Royal Air Force maintains a fleet of various types of aircraft. The majority of the RAFs rotary-wing aircraft form part of the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command in support of ground forces, most of the RAFs aircraft and personnel are based in the UK, with many others serving on operations or at long-established overseas bases. It was founded on 1 April 1918, with headquarters located in the former Hotel Cecil, during the First World War, by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps, at that time it was the largest air force in the world. The RAFs naval aviation branch, the Fleet Air Arm, was founded in 1924, the RAF developed the doctrine of strategic bombing which led to the construction of long-range bombers and became its main bombing strategy in the Second World War. The RAF underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War, under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan of December 1939, the air forces of British Commonwealth countries trained and formed Article XV squadrons for service with RAF formations. Many individual personnel from countries, and exiles from occupied Europe. By the end of the war the Royal Canadian Air Force had contributed more than 30 squadrons to serve in RAF formations, additionally, the Royal Australian Air Force represented around nine percent of all RAF personnel who served in the European and Mediterranean theatres. In the Battle of Britain in 1940, the RAF defended the skies over Britain against the numerically superior German Luftwaffe, the largest RAF effort during the war was the strategic bombing campaign against Germany by Bomber Command. Following victory in the Second World War, the RAF underwent significant re-organisation, during the early stages of the Cold War, one of the first major operations undertaken by the Royal Air Force was in 1948 and the Berlin Airlift, codenamed Operation Plainfire. Before Britain developed its own nuclear weapons the RAF was provided with American nuclear weapons under Project E and these were initially armed with nuclear gravity bombs, later being equipped with the Blue Steel missile. Following the development of the Royal Navys Polaris submarines, the nuclear deterrent passed to the navys submarines on 30 June 1969. With the introduction of Polaris, the RAFs strategic nuclear role was reduced to a tactical one and this tactical role was continued by the V bombers into the 1980s and until 1998 by Tornado GR1s. For much of the Cold War the primary role of the RAF was the defence of Western Europe against potential attack by the Soviet Union, with many squadrons based in West Germany. With the decline of the British Empire, global operations were scaled back, despite this, the RAF fought in many battles in the Cold War period
15.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
16.
Prisoner of war
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A prisoner of war is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the prisoner of war dates to 1660. The first Roman gladiators were prisoners of war and were named according to their ethnic roots such as Samnite, Thracian, typically, little distinction was made between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although women and children were more likely to be spared. Sometimes, the purpose of a battle, if not a war, was to capture women, a known as raptio. Typically women had no rights, and were legally as chattel. For this he was eventually canonized, during Childerics siege and blockade of Paris in 464, the nun Geneviève pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, Clovis I liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so, many French prisoners of war were killed during the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. In the later Middle Ages, a number of religious wars aimed to not only defeat, in Christian Europe, the extermination of heretics was considered desirable. Examples include the 13th century Albigensian Crusade and the Northern Crusades, likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during the Crusades against the Muslims in the 11th and 12th centuries. Noblemen could hope to be ransomed, their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the status of the captive. In feudal Japan there was no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, in Termez, on the Oxus, all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain. The Aztecs were constantly at war with neighbouring tribes and groups, for the re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, between 10,000 and 80,400 persons were sacrificed. During the early Muslim conquests, Muslims routinely captured large number of prisoners, aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or enslaved. Christians who were captured during the Crusades, were either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom. The freeing of prisoners was highly recommended as a charitable act, there also evolved the right of parole, French for discourse, in which a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations, if he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who held him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity. Early historical narratives of captured colonial Europeans, including perspectives of literate women captured by the peoples of North America. The writings of Mary Rowlandson, captured in the fighting of King Philips War, are an example
17.
Patricia Hayes
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Patricia Lawlor Pat Hayes, OBE was an English BAFTA Television Award winning character actress. Hayes was born in Streatham, London, as a child, Hayes attended the Sacred Heart School in Wandsworth. She played the part of Henry Bones in the BBC Childrens Hour radio programme Norman, Hayes was cast in supporting roles for films including The Bargee, The NeverEnding Story, A Fish Called Wanda and was also featured as Fin Raziel in the Ron Howard film Willow. Her most substantial television appearance was in the role of Edna. She provided the voice for comedy puppet performances for television. In April 1975, Hayes was interviewed by Roy Plomley for Desert Island Discs, a sizeable, yet incomplete, extract is available to listen to and download via the programmes website on the BBC. In 1985, she starred in the role of the TV play Mrs. Cappers Birthday. She was the mother of British actor Richard OCallaghan by her marriage to the late Valentine Brooke and she was formerly the head of the Catholic Stage Guild, which her son, Richard, now chairs. She was awarded the OBE in 1988, Patricia Hayes died in September,1998 in Surrey but she appeared posthumously in the 2002 film Crime and Punishment which had been filmed in 1993, but delayed due to a legal case. Patricia Hayes at the Internet Movie Database Patricia Hayes at the British Film Institutes Screenonline
18.
Patrick Garland
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Patrick Ewart Garland was a British director, writer, and actor. Garland was educated at St Marys College, Southampton, and St Edmund Hall, where he studied English and was Literary Editor of Isis, President of the Oxford University Poetry Society and President of the Oxford University Dramatic Society. His poetry had appeared in John Lehmanns The London Magazine and the annual PEN anthology during his teens and he was photographed in Oxford at 23 by Lord Snowdon and later. His maternal grandfather was an artist and editor of Connoisseur Magazine and his appearances as an actor included An Age of Kings, where he played Prince John in Henry IV, Part 2 and Clarence in Richard III, among others. Garland started Poetry International in 1963 with Ted Hughes and Charles Osborne and he was a director and producer for the BBCs Music and Arts Department, and worked on its Monitor series. In 1964, he directed the Monitor film, Down Cemetery Road and his work with the BBC arts department also included interviews with Noël Coward, Stevie Smith, and Marcel Marceau. His television film of The Snow Goose won a Golden Globe for Best Movie made for TV, meanwhile, his career in the theatre had begun to develop. He also raised money to build and open the second auditorium. He was the director to have had four plays running in the West End of London at the same time. In 1978 Patrick directed Under the Greenwood Tree at Salisbury Playhouse and this production transferred to the Vaudeville Theatre in the Strand London West End in the spring of 1979. In 1980, Garland was responsible for the York Mystery Plays and he directed the revival of My Fair Lady on Broadway in the early 1980s with Rex Harrison and Don Giovanni and in Japan, Handels opera Ottone. He also directed Eileen Atkins in his own adaptation of Virginia Woolfs book A Room of Ones Own. In 2000, he directed Simon Callow in The Mystery of Charles Dickens by Peter Ackroyd, followed by a tour that culminated in Australia and Broadway and he also worked with Alan Bennett again, directing Patricia Routledge in the second Talking Heads and Bennett himself in Telling Tales. He directed Fanfare for Elizabeth at Covent Garden on Queen Elizabeth IIs 60th Birthday,1989 he directed the Thanksgiving Service in Westminster Abbey for Lord Olivier. In 1998 Garland devised A Christmas Glory for the 300th anniversary of St Pauls Cathedral and he has also devised and presented several performances for the Charleston Festival. Garland had been working on his memoirs as well as a book about Corsica, both remained unfinished at the time of his death. It was announced that his memoirs will be completed by Simon Callow, Garland was married to the actress Alexandra Bastedo from 1980. The wedding took place at Chichester Cathedral and he was awarded Honorary D Litt at the University of Southampton 1994 and an Honorary Fellow of St Edmund Hall, Oxford in 1997
19.
Hampstead Theatre
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Hampstead Theatre is a theatre in Swiss Cottage in the London Borough of Camden. It specialises in commissioning and producing new writing, supporting and developing the work of new writers, edward Hall has been the artistic director since 2010. The original theatre was created in 1959 in Moreland Hall, a church school hall in Holly Bush Vale. In 1962 the company moved to a cabin in Swiss Cottage where it remained for nearly 40 years, before, in 2003. The main auditorium seats 325 people, the studio theatre, Hampstead Downstairs, seats up to 100 people and was turned into a laboratory for new writing in 2010
20.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
21.
Criterion Theatre
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The Criterion Theatre is a West End theatre at Piccadilly Circus in the City of Westminster, and is a Grade II* listed building. It has a capacity of 588. In 1870, the caterers Spiers and Pond began development of the site of the White Bear, the inn was located on sloping ground stretching between Jermyn Street and Piccadilly Circus, known as Regent Circus. A competition was held for the design of a concert hall complex and he was commissioned to design a large restaurant, dining rooms, ballroom, and galleried concert hall in the basement. The frontage, which was the façade of the restaurant, showed a French Renaissance influence using Portland stone, after the building work began, it was decided to change the concert hall into a theatre. The composers names, which line the tiled staircases, were retained, the redesign placed the large Criterion Restaurant and dining rooms above the theatre, with a ballroom on the top floor. When Spiers and Pond applied for a licence to operate, the authorities were unhappy because the theatre was underground and lit by gas, creating the risk of toxic fumes. The Metropolitan Board of Works had to vote twice before the licence was issued. It was not until October 1881, at the Savoy, that the first theatre was lit electrically, the building was completed in 1873 with the interior decoration carried out by Simpson and Son. The first production opened on 21 March 1874 under the management of Henry J. Byron & EP Hingston, the programme consisted of An American Lady written and performed by Byron and a piece by W. S. Gilbert, with music by Alfred Cellier, entitled Topsyturveydom. The event apparently did not make much of an impression on Gilbert. In a 1903 letter to Thomas Edgar Pemberton, author of the book on The Criterion, Gilbert wrote, I am sorry to say that in my mind is an absolute blank to the opening of The Criterion. If you happen to have a copy of it and could lend it to me for a few hours it might suggest some reminiscences, haste to the Wedding was a flop, but it introduced the 18-year-old George Grossmith, Jr. the composers son, to the London stage. The younger Grossmith would go on to become a star in Edwardian musical comedies. Charles Wyndham became the manager and lessee in 1875, and under his management the Criterion became one of the light comedy houses in London. The first production under the manager was The Great Divorce Case, when Wyndham left in 1899 to open his own theatre, The Wyndhams Theatre he remained the lessee bringing in various managements and their companies. In March 1883 the theatre closed for alterations demanded by the Metropolitan Board of Works, the pumping of fresh air into the ten-year-old auditorium, some thirty feet below street level, was deemed unsatisfactory. The new direct access ventilation shaft meant cutting off a portion of the adjoining Criterion Restaurant
22.
West End of London
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Use of the term began in the early 19th century to describe fashionable areas to the west of Charing Cross. The West End covers much of the boroughs of Westminster and Camden, while the City of London, or the Square Mile, is the main business and financial district in London, the West End is the main commercial and entertainment centre of the city. It is one of the most expensive locations in the world in which to rent office space and it was also close to the royal seat of power at Westminster, and is largely contained within the City of Westminster. Developed in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, it was built as a series of palaces, expensive town houses, fashionable shops. The areas closest to the City around Holborn, Seven Dials, as the West End is a term used colloquially by Londoners and is not an official geographical or municipal definition, its exact constituent parts are up for debate. The Edgware Road to the north-west and the Victoria Embankment to the south-east were also covered by the document but were treated as adjacent areas to the West End. According to Ed Glinerts West End Chronicles the districts falling within the West End are Mayfair, Soho, Covent Garden, Fitzrovia, one of the local government wards within the City of Westminster is called West End. This covers a area that defined by Glinert, Mayfair, Soho. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 10,575, the New West End Company is a business improvement district and runs services including street cleaning and security on Oxford Street, Regent Street and Bond Street. NWEC also runs the Red Caps service, the West End is laid out with many notable public squares and circuses, the latter being the original name for roundabouts in London. London West End Things to do General overview of what to do in the West End
23.
Mayfair Theatre
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The Mayfair Theatre is a cinema located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is Ottawas oldest active theatre, operating since 1932. It operates as an independent repertory cinema, the theatres programming includes independent, second-run and classic films. It is noted for its features and for frequent screenings of cult films such as The Rocky Horror Picture Show. The Mayfair is a surviving atmospheric cinema of the Spanish Revival form, interior features include four faux-balconies, two of which feature clay-tile canopies. Other significant features include stained-glass windows, an arch, a painted ceiling, decorative plastering. The Mayfair has retained the theatre clock used since its inception, fred Robertson, a retailer from Almonte, was the Mayfairs original owner. The Mayfair opened on 5 December 1932 with its showings of The Blue Danube, adult admission prices were 15 cents for matinees,25 cents for evening performances, with each child admitted for ten and 15 cents respectively. After The Blue Danube completed a run, the Mayfair presented its first double bill with Bring Em Back Alive. At the outset, the sound system was supplied by Northern Electric while Montreal-based Canadian Theatre Supply provided the projection. For the first half century of its existence, the cinema remained under Robertson family ownership, the theatre later operated as a second-run cinema for numerous years. In the late 1970s the Mayfair concentrated on films, a phase which lasted less than two years. In October 1981, the Mayfair adopted a format and in the following month Keith Davidson became theatre manager. The Mayfair became known for its double features which were introduced in June 1982 for five days each week. The Mayfairs ownership then consisted of investors, most of whom were Ottawa-based. The Mayfair cancelled a planned showing of Videodrome in April 1983 when police threatened the theatre with obscenity charges, in 1986, major renovations resulted in new concession stand and box office spaces, while 492 wider seats replaced the original set of approximately 600 seats. In 1988, the Mayfairs regular admission price was $5, or $3.50 for those with theatre memberships which were available for $5 per year, during that time, membership numbered more than 5000. Double features became available on all days as of 1 April 1990 as the Chinese-language films were discontinued, sunday afternoon double features were also introduced at that time
24.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
25.
Rosemary Harris
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Rosemary Ann Harris is an English actress best known for her role as Aunt May in the Sam Raimi Spider-Man trilogy. She is a 1986 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee, Harris began her stage career in 1948, before making her Broadway debut in 1952. For her New York stage work she is a four-time Drama Desk Award winner and nine-time Tony Award nominee, on television, she won an Emmy Award for the 1974 TV serial Notorious Woman, and a Golden Globe for the 1978 miniseries Holocaust. For the 1994 film Tom & Viv, she received a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award nomination and she is the mother of actress Jennifer Ehle. Harris was born in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, the daughter of Enid Maude Frances, one of her grandmothers, born into a family of boyars in Muntenia, was Romanian. Her father was in the Royal Air Force and as a result and she attended convent schools, and later studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from 1951 to 1952. Early in her career, she gained experience in English repertory theatre. In 1948, she acted in Kiss and Tell at Eastbourne with Tilsa Page and John Clark and later with Anthony Cundells company at Penzance and she went from Penzance to train at RADA. She first appeared in New York in 1951 in Moss Harts Climate of Eden, but RB Marriott, in The Stage, found OToole to be a magnificent Prince and Rosemary Harris the most real and touching Ophelia. And Harold Hobson, in The Sunday Times, was overcome and she met Ellis Rabb who had plans to start his own producing company on Broadway. By 1959, the Association of Producing Artist was established, and she, in 1964, she was Ophelia to Peter OTooles Hamlet in the inaugural production of the Royal National Theatre of Great Britain. Returning to New York, she worked further with the APA, and then was cast as Eleanor of Aquitaine in The Lion in Winter, Rabb directed her one last time as Natasha in War and Peace in 1967, the same year they agreed to divorce. A little while later, Harris married the American writer John Ehle and they settled in Winston-Salem, North Carolina where their daughter, Jennifer, was born in 1969. Jennifer Ehle followed in her mothers footsteps by becoming a film, television. In 1974, Harris starred in the BBC TV serial Notorious Woman, for this role, she won the 1976 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - TV Drama for the 1978 NBC miniseries Holocaust and she received a Best Supporting Actress Oscar nomination for the 1994 film Tom & Viv. Harris and her daughter Ehle, played the young and elderly incarnations, respectively, of the character in István Szabós 1999 film Sunshine. They had previously played the young and old Calypso in the 1992 Channel 4 adaptation of The Camomile Lawn by Mary Wesley, Harris appeared in the rotating cast of the Off-Broadway staged reading of Wit & Wisdom
26.
Hay Fever (play)
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Hay Fever is a comic play written by Noël Coward in 1924 and first produced in 1925 with Marie Tempest as the first Judith Bliss. The self-centred behaviour of the hosts finally drives their guests to flee while the Blisses are so engaged in a row that they do not notice their guests furtive departure. Some writers have seen elements of Mrs Astley Cooper and her set in the characters of the Bliss family, Coward said that the actress Laurette Taylor was the main model. In 1921, Coward first visited New York City, hoping that American producers would embrace his plays, during that summer, he befriended the playwright Hartley Manners and his wife, the eccentric actress Laurette Taylor. Their over-the-top theatrical lifestyle later inspired him in writing Hay Fever, Coward wrote the play in three days in 1924, intending the lead role of Judith Bliss for the actress Marie Tempest, whom I revered and adored. Though she found it amusing, she thought it not substantial enough for a whole evening, Hay Fever opened at the Ambassadors Theatre on 8 June 1925 and transferred to the larger Criterion Theatre on 7 September 1925 and ran for 337 performances. Coward remembered in 1964 that the notices were amiable and well-disposed although far from effusive and it was noted, as indeed it has been today, that the play had no plot and that there were few if any witty lines. It opened the year at the Maxine Elliott Theatre in New York. A Saturday afternoon in June Sorel and Simon Bliss, a brother and sister, exchange artistic, Judith, their mother, displays the absent-minded theatricality of a retired star actress, and David, their father, a novelist, is concentrating on finishing his latest book. Each of the four members of the Bliss family, without consulting the others, has invited a guest for the weekend, Judith announces that she has decided to return to the stage in one of her old hits, Loves Whirlwind. She and Sorel and Simon amuse themselves acting out a passage from the play beginning. Yes, and a game that must be played to the finish and they are interrupted by the ringing of the doorbell. Clara, Judiths former dresser and now her housekeeper, opens the door to the first of the four guests, Sandy Tyrell, the next arrival is the vampish Myra Arundel, whom Simon has invited. The other two arrive together, Richard Greatham, a diplomat, and Jackie Coryton, a brainless. Conversation is stilted and eventually grinds to a halt, the scene ends in total and awkward silence. After dinner that night The family insists that everyone should join in a parlour game, the Blisses are in their element, but the guests flounder and the game breaks up. Simon and Jackie exit to the garden, Sorel drags Sandy into the library, left alone with Richard, Judith flirts with him, and when he chastely kisses her she theatrically over-reacts as though they were conducting a serious affair. She nonplusses Richard by talking of breaking the news to David and she in turn is nonplussed to discover Sandy and Sorel kissing in the library
27.
Irving Berlin
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Irving Berlin was an American composer and lyricist, widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history. His music forms a part of the Great American Songbook. Born in Imperial Russia, Berlin arrived in the United States at the age of five. He published his first song, Marie from Sunny Italy, in 1907, receiving 33 cents for the publishing rights and he also was an owner of the Music Box Theatre on Broadway. Alexanders Ragtime Band sparked a dance craze in places as far away as Berlins native Russia. In doing so, said Walter Cronkite, at Berlins 100th birthday tribute, he helped write the story of country, capturing the best of who we are. He wrote hundreds of songs, many becoming major hits, which him a legend before he turned thirty. During his 60-year career he wrote an estimated 1,500 songs, including the scores for 19 Broadway shows and 18 Hollywood films, with his songs nominated eight times for Academy Awards. Many songs became popular themes and anthems, including Easter Parade, White Christmas, Happy Holiday, This Is the Army, Mr. Jones, and Theres No Business Like Show Business. His Broadway musical and 1942 film, This is the Army, Celine Dion recorded it as a tribute, making it no.1 on the charts after the September 11 attacks in 2001. In 2015, pianist and composer Hershey Felder began touring nationwide as a show, portraying Berlin. Composer George Gershwin called him the greatest songwriter that has ever lived, Berlin was born on May 11,1888, in Tolochin, Russian Empire. He was one of eight children of Moses and Lena Lipkin Beilin and his father, a cantor in a synagogue, uprooted the family to America, as did many other Jewish families in the late 19th century. In 1893 they settled in New York City, as of the 1900 census, the name Beilin had changed to Baline. By daylight the house was in ashes, as an adult, Berlin said he was unaware of being raised in abject poverty since he knew no other life. Tsar Alexander III of Russia and then Tsar Nicholas II, his son, had revived with utmost brutality the anti-Jewish pogroms, which created the spontaneous mass exodus to America. When they reached Ellis Island, Israel was put in a pen with his brother and his Yiddish-speaking family eventually settled on Cherry Street, a windowless cold-water basement flat in the Theater District of the Lower East Side. His father, unable to find work as a cantor in New York, took a job at a kosher meat market and gave Hebrew lessons on the side
28.
White Christmas (song)
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White Christmas is a 1942 Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. According to the Guinness World Records, the version sung by Bing Crosby is the single of all time. Other versions of the song, along with Crosbys, have sold over 150 million copies, accounts vary as to when and where Berlin wrote the song. He often stayed up all night writing—he told his secretary, Grab your pen, I just wrote the best song Ive ever written—heck, I just wrote the best song that anybodys ever written. At first, Crosby did not see anything special about the song and he just said I dont think we have any problems with that one, Irving. The song initially performed poorly and was overshadowed by Holiday Inns first hit song, Be Careful, by the end of October 1942, White Christmas topped the Your Hit Parade chart. It remained in position until well into the new year. A few weeks after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, Crosby introduced “White Christmas” on a Christmas Day broadcast, the Armed Forces Network was flooded with requests for the song. The recording is noted for Crosbys whistling during the second chorus, in 1942 alone, Crosbys recording spent eleven weeks on top of the Billboard charts. The original version hit number one on the Harlem Hit Parade for three weeks, Crosbys first-ever appearance on the black-oriented chart. Re-released by Decca, the returned to the No.1 spot during the holiday seasons of 1945 and 1946. The recording became a perennial, reappearing annually on the pop chart twenty separate times before Billboard magazine created a distinct Christmas chart for seasonal releases. In Holiday Inn, the won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1942. In the film, Crosby sings White Christmas as a duet with actress Marjorie Reynolds and this now-familiar scene was not the moviemakers initial plan. In the script as originally conceived, Reynolds, not Crosby, the song would feature in another Crosby film, the 1954 musical White Christmas, which became the highest-grossing film of 1954. The version most often heard today on radio during the Christmas season is the 1947 re-recording, the 1942 master was damaged due to frequent use. Crosby re-recorded the track on March 19,1947, accompanied again by the Trotter Orchestra, the re-recording is recognizable by the addition of flutes and celesta in the beginning. Although Crosby dismissed his role in the success, saying later that a jackdaw with a cleft palate could have sung it successfully
29.
The Lowry
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The Lowry is a theatre and gallery complex situated on Pier 8 at Salford Quays, in Salford, Greater Manchester, England. It is named after the early 20th century painter L. S. Lowry, the complex was officially opened on 12 October 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II. The initial proposals were for two theatres and an art gallery on a prominent site on Pier 8, between 1990 and 1991 a competition was launched and architects James Stirling Michael Wilford Associates was selected. After the death of James Stirling in June 1992 Michael Wilford continued the project, the city council bid for Millennium and other British and European funds and private sector finance to progress the project. Funding was secured in 1996 and The Lowry Trust became responsible for the project which comprised The Lowry Centre, the plaza, a footbridge, the National Lottery provided over £21 million of funding towards its construction. The project was completed in 1999 at a cost of £106 million, the Lowry name was adopted in honour of the local artist, L. S. Lowry. The complex is close to the Imperial War Museum North and the Old Trafford football stadium and it is served by the MediaCityUK stop on the Metrolink tram network. In 2010 and 2011 it was Greater Manchesters most visited tourist attraction, a sting operation by the Salford Star in 2006 attempted to demonstrate intolerance towards unaccompanied teenagers in hoodies entering the complex. The complex was designed by Michael Wilford with structural engineer Buro Happold, groundbreaking took place on 19 June 1997. The Lowry is built on a site at the end of Pier 8 and has a triangular plan. A promenade encircling the building provides views of the Manchester Ship Canal, MediaCityUK, the foyer faces the public plaza, where there is a large aerofoil canopy at the entrance clad with perforated steel and illuminated from inside at night. Much of the building is clad in steel and glass. The Lowry was described as not quite Salfords Guggenheim and it is ultimately too small and too well behaved. Although there are obvious shared aims, a reference to the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, the Lowry footbridge spanning the ship canal was designed and project managed by Parkman, with design support from Carlos Fernandez Casado. It is a bridge with a clear span of 100 metres. The bridge span is an arch and the towers are constructed in tubular steelwork to provide an open aspect to view the lifting counterweight. In November 2015, the Lowry opened a new bar and restaurant, called Pier 8, after a 12 week closure on the original bar and restaurant. The new space cost £3m to develop and is part of an ongoing £5m investment programme to improve facilities, the new features include a zinc topped curving bar with room to seat 150 people for casual dining
30.
City of Salford
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The City of Salford is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. The city has a population of 218,000, and is administered from the Salford Civic Centre in Swinton, the current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and cover an amalgamation of five former local government districts. It is bounded on the south east by the River Irwell, which forms its boundary with the city of Manchester and by the Manchester Ship Canal to the south, the metropolitan boroughs of Wigan, Bolton and Bury lie to the west, northwest and north respectively. Some parts of the city, which lies directly west of Manchester, are highly industrialised and densely populated and this is because the western half of the city stretches across an ancient peat bog known as Chat Moss. Salford has a history of human activity stretching back to the Neolithic age, there are over 250 listed buildings in the city, including Salford Cathedral, and three Scheduled Ancient Monuments. With the Industrial Revolution, Salford and its neighbours grew along with its textile industry, the former County Borough of Salford was granted city status in 1926. The city and its industries experienced decline throughout much of the 20th century, since the 1990s, parts of Salford have undergone regeneration, especially Salford Quays, home of BBC North and Granada Television, and the area around the University of Salford. Salford Red Devils are a rugby league club in Super League. Although the metropolitan borough of the City of Salford was a 20th-century creation, Neolithic flint arrow-heads and tools, and evidence of Bronze Age activity has been discovered in Salford. In 1142, a cell and priory dedicated to St. Leonard was established in Kersal, Salford became a free borough in about 1230, when it was granted a charter as a free borough by the Earl Ranulph of Chester. The cell in Kersal was sold in 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, a 16th-century manor house, called Kersal Cell, was built on the site of the priory. In the English Civil War between King Charles I and parliament, Salford was Royalist, during the Industrial Revolution, Salford grew as a result of the textile industry. Although Salford experienced an increase in population, it was overshadowed by the dominance of Manchester, on 15 September 1830, Eccles was site of the worlds first railway accident. Although Huskisson was taken to Eccles for treatment he died of his injuries, in 1894, the Manchester Ship Canal was opened, running from the River Mersey to Salford Quays, when it was complete it was the largest navigation canal in the world. Along the route of the canal, it was necessary to create an aqueduct carrying the Bridgewater Canal over the Ship Canal, the Barton Swing Aqueduct, designed by Sir Edward Leader Williams, is 100 metres long and weighs 1,450 metric tons. At the start of the 20th century, Salford began to due to competition from outside the UK. A survey in 1931 concluded that parts of Salford were amongst the worst slums in the country, Salford was granted city status in 1926. During World War II, Salford Docks were regularly bombed, in the decades following the Second World War there was a significant economic and population decline in Salford
31.
Charles Dickens
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Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
32.
Dickens of London
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Dickens of London is a 1976 television miniseries from Yorkshire Television based on the life of English novelist Charles Dickens. Both Dickens and his father John were played by British actor Roy Dotrice, the series was written by Wolf Mankowitz and Marc Miller. In the United States, the series was shown in 1977, the series of 13 episodes of 60 minutes was directed by Michael Ferguson and Marc Miller, who was also the series producer, with David Cunliffe as executive producer. Mankowitzs book, Dickens of London, published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson in 1976, was based on the research he made while writing the screenplay. Mary Hogarth is the one of the three Hogarth daughters and is portrayed as the one person with whom Dickens seems to have been able to share his work. She dies suddenly aged seventeen and Dickens wears her ring on his finger for the rest of his life. Georgina Hogarth, the youngest of the three Hogarth daughters, comes to live with the couple to run the household, at the request of her oldest sister Catherine Dickens. The real-life relationship Dickens developed with the young actress Ellen Ternan is not mentioned in the series, nor is Dickens separation from his wife, Catherine, in 1858. The series instead is mainly concerned with the influence upon Dickens of his improvident father, John Dickens, who was a Naval clerk and he is portrayed as an alcoholic and it is suggested that this was the source of the familys financial difficulties. The script includes passages from Dickens own works, woven skilfully into the dialogue spoken by the series characters, Charles Dickens as a young man Lois Baxter. Charles Dickens as a boy Paul Nelson, bob Fagin, a friend of Charles as a boy Graham Faulkner. Fanny Dickens as a Child George Waring, commissioner Wentworth Review of Dickens of London on dvdtalk. com
33.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
34.
A. P. Herbert
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Sir Alan Patrick Herbert CH, usually known as A. P. Herbert or simply A. P. H. Herbert was born in Ashtead, Surrey on 24 September 1890. His father, Patrick Herbert, was a servant in the India Office, and his mother, Beatrice, was the daughter of Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn. He had two brothers, both were killed in battle — one in 1914 and the other in 1941. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was eight years old, shortly before he left to attend The Grange in Folkestone, a preparatory school. Herbert then attended Winchester College, where he won the Kings Medal for English Verse and the Kings Medal for English Speech, which was presented by H. H. Asquith and he took an active part in the Colleges debating society and Shakespeare society. As a student at Winchester, Herbert sent verses to the offices of Punch, Herbert was also Captain of Houses, one of the Colleges three football divisions. From Winchester, Herbert went to New College, Oxford as an Exhibitioner and he made his first public speech at the Kensington branch of the Tariff Reform League, speaking extempore on home rule. His first contribution to Punch was printed on 24 August 1910, Herbert went up to Oxford in October, and made his first speech at the Oxford Union in November. Apart from Punch, his work appearing in The Observer. Herbert received a not very good Second in Honour Moderations, and, apparently disenchanted with Classics and he went into lodgings with Walter Monckton and others and was also good friends with notables Duff Cooper, Harold Macmillan and Philip Guedalla. Herbert finished at Oxford in 1914, with a very good First in Jurisprudence and he then decided to join his friend Jack Parr as a volunteer at Oxford House in Bethnal Green for a year. He spent the time doing what I could, washing dishes, sweeping floors, running errands and collecting money. On 5 September 1914, Herbert enlisted at Lambeth Pier as a seaman in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. In early October, the news reached Herbert that his brother, Owen Herbert, had been posted missing, Herbert reached the rank of acting leading seaman before being commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in early 1915, when he was posted to Hawke Battalion of the Royal Naval Division. C and D companies of Hawke Battalion departed for Gallipoli in early 1915, the battalion finally arrived at Gallipoli on 27 May. Herbert was put in command of No.11 Platoon, C Company, a week after arrival, the battalion suffered heavy casualties at the Third Battle of Krithia. In July 1915, Herbert went down with an illness and had to spend time recovering in a military hospital, when he was passed fit for light duty, he was seconded to the Naval Intelligence Division at Whitehall. It was at time that he decided to begin renting 12 Hammersmith Terrace
35.
Uncommon Law
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Uncommon Law is a book by A. P. Herbert first published by Methuen in 1935. Its title is a reference to the English common law. It includes perhaps the best-known of these cases, The Negotiable Cow, Herbert himself said Albert Haddock made his first public appearance, in Punch, in 1924. I have always understood that I invented him, but he has some disturbing escapes into real life. Over his lifetime Herbert published five collections, entitled Misleading Cases in the Common Law, More Misleading Cases, Still More Misleading Cases, Codds Last Case, stray cases also appear in his collections of miscellaneous humorous essays, such as General Cargo. Virtually all the cases were assembled into two volumes, Uncommon Law in 1935 and More Uncommon Law in 1982. A shorter selection, Wigs at Work, appeared in 1966, rex v Haddock, Is it a Free Country. The Lord Chief Justice disagrees, saying it is a principle of English law that a person who appears in a police court has done something undesirable. When questioned on his motive that he did it for fun, there is no reference to fun in any Act of Parliament. The appeal proceeds on the instructions of the residents of Pudding Magna. Rex v Haddock, Is a Golfer a Gentleman, Haddock argues that while playing golf, he is so bad at it that he no longer can be regarded as a gentleman, and therefore his fine should be lowered. At one point, Haddock turns himself into a limited company, every time the prosecition calls him Mr. Haddock he intervenes You mean the Managing Director. Haddock argues that individuals should have the rights as companies. The case is found in his favour, Haddock also suggesting to the prosecution that it is open to authors to take the same tack as he has. Misleading Cases at the Internet Movie Database
36.
Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series)
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Beauty and the Beast is an American fantasy-drama series which first aired on CBS in 1987. Through an empathetic bond, Vincent senses Catherines emotions, and becomes her guardian, the series follows the developing relationship between the characters and the division between New York and the hidden world beneath it. In a twist from the tale, however, this beast does not transform into societys idea of beauty after gaining the love of Catherine. Rather, Vincents inner beauty is allowed to remain the focus of who he is, in the third season after the death of the character Catherine, Jo Anderson became the new female lead playing Diana Bennett, a criminal profiler investigating Catherines murder. George R. R. Martin, who would write the A Song of Ice. In 2004 and 2007, Beauty and the Beast was ranked #14 and #17, respectively, Catherine Chandler is abducted, beaten, slashed and left to die in Central Park because she was inadvertently mistaken for somebody else. She is rescued and cared for by Vincent who has taken her to Father, ten days later, Catherine returns to the surface with the promise of keeping Vincents secret and the challenge to go on after her terrible attack. Her first action involves her asking Carol Stabler about those men that attacked her, when Catherine is attacked by Martin Belmonts men, she is saved by Vincent, who mauls the men. More people from the World Above turned up for emotional support, near the end of the season however, in an effort to boost faltering ratings, the action orientation returned as a result of the misleadings of the recurrent villain Paracelsus. In a cliffhanger episode, Catherine is seen walking down a tunnel into a chamber. When the series returned for its third season late in 1989. It was a decision that, along with the desire to attract more male viewers. She was killed, but not before giving birth to Vincents son, Catherines boss and close friend Joe Maxwell hired Diana Bennett, a criminal profiler with the police department, to track down Catherines killer. Quite naturally, her investigation led her to the now darkly obsessed. Catherine Chandler – A corporate attorney in her fathers law firm, after shes abducted, beaten, and her face slashed upon being mistaken for Carol Stabler, Catherine was rescued and tended to by Vincent. After that experience, Catherine changes her completely and becomes an investigator for the Manhattan District Attorneys Office. In Season Three, Catherine becomes pregnant with Vincents child and is captured by Gabriel and she is later killed by Gabriel who overdoses her with morphine. Vincent – A man of extremely large build with the characteristics of a lion
37.
Picket Fences
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Picket Fences is an American television drama about the residents of the town of Rome, Wisconsin, created and produced by David E. Kelley. The show initially ran from September 18,1992, to June 26,1996 and it sometimes struggled to maintain a stable prime-time audience and had fluctuating ratings, due in part to its Friday night time slot. In its first season on the air it placed 80th in the prime-time Nielsen ratings, the shows exteriors were shot in the L. A. suburb of Monrovia, California, with many of the townspeople appearing in the background of episodes. The series follows the lives of the residents of the town of Rome, Wisconsin, where weird things happen, including cows udders exploding. Struggling to maintain order in the community is Sheriff Jimmy Brock, Sheriff Brock is married to the town doctor, Jill, his second wife. They attempt to raise their three children, Kimberly, Matthew and Zachary, max and Kenny are impulsive and somewhat immature sheriffs deputies. Bombastic lawyer Douglas Wambaugh usually irritated Judge Henry Bone, after several prosecutors came and went, Don Cheadle joined the cast as John Littleton. Kelly Connell played medical examiner Carter Pike and Zelda Rubenstein portrayed police dispatcher Ginny Weedon, other actors who were in the cast included Marlee Matlin, Richard Masur, and Dabbs Greer. Illustrative of the matter is that the regular cast included a judge. Religious issues were discussed, and the towns Roman Catholic. She was offered the job as part of her 3,000 hours community service sentencing Acting Mayor Maxine Stewart, shot, Mayor Laurie Bey, returns as mayor at series end. Tom Skerritt as Sheriff James Jimmy Brock Kathy Baker as Dr. A, John Littleton Marlee Matlin as Mayor Laurie Bey Ray Walston as Judge Henry Bone Picket Fences had a total of 88 episodes and four seasons. The series had two episodes with another David E. Kelley series, Chicago Hope, one occurring in each series. In the first, on Picket Fences, Dr. Jill Brock accompanies Douglas Wambaugh to Chicago Hope Hospital over concerns of his heart, in the second, Wambaugh is back at Chicago Hope Hospital causing trouble for the doctors. Lauren Holly later joined the cast of Chicago Hope as Dr. Jeremy Hanlon, originally, the two shows would be shot with different viewpoints– one from the X-Files perspective and the other from Picket Fences. On June 19,2007, 20th Century Fox released the first season of Picket Fences on DVD in Region 1, until 2014, this was the only DVD release in the world. On August 20,2014, Season 1 was released in Australia, Season 2, for the first time ever, was released in Australia in December 2014. Season 3 was released in Australia in March 2016, the complete series was released through ViaVision in 2016
38.
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
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The movements parts are, The International Committee of the Red Cross is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland, by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier. Its 25-member committee has a unique authority under international law to protect the life. The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions, on an international level, the Federation leads and organizes, in close cooperation with the National Societies, relief assistance missions responding to large-scale emergencies. The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1963, the Federation was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC. National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in every country in the world. Currently 190 National Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as members of the Federation. Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of humanitarian law. In many countries, they are linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services. When he arrived in the town of Solferino on the evening of June 24, he toured the field of the Battle of Solferino. In a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were wounded on the field. Jean-Henri Dunant was shocked by the aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers. He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment. He succeeded in organizing an overwhelming level of assistance by motivating the local villagers to aid without discrimination. Back in his home in Geneva, he decided to write a book entitled A Memory of Solferino which he published using his own money in 1862. He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe, in addition, he called for the development of international treaties to guarantee the protection of neutral medics and field hospitals for soldiers wounded on the battlefield. In 1863, Gustave Moynier, a Geneva lawyer and president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, received a copy of Dunants book, eight days later, the five men decided to rename the committee to the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded. In October 1863, the conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. Only one year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the United States, Brazil, sixteen countries sent a total of twenty-six delegates to Geneva
39.
Angel (1999 TV series)
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Angel is an American television series, a spin-off from the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The series was created by Buffys creator, Joss Whedon, in collaboration with David Greenwalt and it aired on The WB from October 5,1999, to May 19,2004, consisting of five seasons and 110 episodes. Like Buffy, it was produced by Whedons production company, Mutant Enemy, the show details the ongoing trials of Angel, a vampire whose human soul was restored to him by gypsies as a punishment for the murder of one of their own. After more than a century of murder and the torture of innocents, Angels restored soul torments him with guilt and he must also battle his own demonic nature. The series focuses around Angel, an Irish vampire who is over 200 years old, Angel was known as Angelus during his rampages across Europe, but was cursed with a soul, which gave him a conscience and guilt for centuries of murder and torture. He left Buffy the Vampire Slayer at the end of Season 3 to move to Los Angeles in search of redemption. He soon finds himself assisted by Allen Francis Doyle, another Irish character who is a half-human, half-demon who, Doyle serves to pass along the cryptic visions from The Powers That Be to Angel. Theyre soon joined by Cordelia Chase, also a previous cast member of Buffy, formerly a popular high school cheerleader, Cordelia starts her tenure on the show as a vapid and shallow personality, but grows over the course of the series into a hero. Cordelia acquires Doyles visions via a shared kiss prior to Doyles death, over time, Wesley shows bravery and strength, as well as some cold blooded killing cruelty, like his colleague Rupert Giles, and grows into a leader. In Season 2 of the show, the trio are joined by Charles Gunn, Season 3 saw the introduction of Connor, the miracle human child of two vampires, Angel and Darla. Abducted into a Hell dimension as a baby, he is raised by Angels enemy Daniel Holtz, although introduced during Season 2, Lorne joins the team during Season 4. An outgoing, pacifistic demon, Lornes role is predominantly to support the team, Season 5, the shows final season, introduces several new cast members, chief amongst them Spike, an old vampire ally/foe of Angels who also starred in Buffy. Finally, theres Harmony Kendall, another Buffy alumna and former friend of Cordelia who was turned into a vampire, resembling the old personality of Cordelia, Harmony is grudgingly accepted by Angel as his secretary when he takes over the Los Angeles branch of Wolfram & Hart. Many characters on Angel made recurring appearances, Angels sire Darla, first seen in Buffy, plays in an expanded role on Angel and appears in 20 episodes over the course of the series. Elisabeth Röhm appears in 15 episodes as LAPD Detective Kate Lockley, throughout the series, there were also guest appearances from Buffy characters, including main cast members Buffy Summers, Willow Rosenberg and Daniel Oz Osbourne. The rogue slayer Faith played an important part in episodes of Seasons 1,2, Whedon also used two actors from his cancelled television series Firefly, Gina Torres and Adam Baldwin, to play Jasmine and Marcus Hamilton, respectively. Much of Angel was shot on location in Los Angeles, California, the show is set in the city of Los Angeles. Los Angeles are the first words spoken in the episode
40.
Buffyverse
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The Buffyverse or Slayerverse is the shared fictional universe in which the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel are set. This term, originally coined by fans of the TV series, has since used in the titles of published works, and adopted by Joss Whedon. The Buffyverse is a place in which supernatural phenomena exist, the Buffyverse is a fictional construct created by hundreds of individual stories told through TV, novels, comics and other media. It began with the first episodes of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series in 1997, the popularity of these series led to licensed fiction carrying the Buffy and Angel labels. Outside of the TV series, the Buffyverse has been expanded and elaborated by various authors, the Buffyverse novels, Buffy video games and the vast majority of Buffyverse comics, are licensed by 20th Century Fox. The works sometimes flesh out background information on characters, for example, Go Ask Malice provides information about the origins of the character, Faith Lehane. The Buffyverse comics were first published by Dark Horse who have retained the right to produce Buffy comics, IDW now hold the license to produce Angel comics. Joss Whedon wrote a miniseries for Dark Horse Comics entitled Fray. Its final issue was published in August 2003, pocket Books holds the license to produce Buffy novels, but their license to produce Angel novels expired in 2004. The Buffyverse is distinguished from the world in that it contains supernatural elements. A few of the aspects of the Buffyverse follow. The world was ruled by powerful pure-breed demons, the Old Ones. The Old Ones were eventually out of this dimension. Any who remained were vanquished or imprisoned in the Deeper Well, the entrance within England is in a tree. These demons are revered and worshiped by lesser demon species, and await chances to return, according to legend in the Buffyverse, the last Old One to leave this dimension fed off a human and their blood mixed. A demon was trapped in the body in the place of the soul. Rupert Giles describes how the being bit another, and another, some elements of traditional vampire mythology are used while others are abandoned. These said elements are essentially the rules of a vampires life, Vampires bodies and clothes explode to dust when slain
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Wesley Wyndam-Pryce
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Wesley Wyndam-Pryce is a fictional character created by Joss Whedon for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel. Following Angels final season, the story is continued in the 2007 canonical comic book series Angel. Wesley is introduced as a member of the Watchers Council—an organization which trains Slayers to fight such as vampires. Over the course of Angel, Wesley went through dramatic character developments, becoming darker, Wesley is introduced in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer season three episode Bad Girls as the new Watcher of Buffy and Faith. Pompous and ineffective, he fails to elicit any respect from either his Slayers or his predecessor, Rupert Giles, all of whom frequently ridicule and undermine him. He develops a crush on high school senior Cordelia Chase, and their mutual flirting throughout the season culminates in a pair of awkward kisses in the finale Graduation Day, Part Two. When Faith goes rogue after killing a human being, the Scooby Gang neglect to inform Wesley. When Wesley fails to convince the Watchers Council to help save the life of her vampire lover Angel, despite this, Wesley offers his assistance in the fight against the Mayor, proving entirely useless in battle when he is knocked down almost instantly. Wesley reappears in the first season of spin-off show Angel, in the episode Parting Gifts. When Faith is hired by law firm Wolfram & Hart to assassinate Angel, Wesley is kidnapped and tortured by his former charge. Although still bitter towards her and doubtful of her chances at redemption, in the second season, Wesley embarks on a romantic relationship with a woman named Virginia Bryce after helping to prevent her father from sacrificing her to a demon. When Angel descends into darkness and fires the team, Wesley continues Angel Investigations with Cordelia, when Angel returns to the fold, Wesley is appointed team leader, but feels inferior due to his fathers berating and Angels habit of taking charge. However, when put in charge of a rebellion in the demon dimension Pylea, Wesley proves to be an effective, albeit ruthless, in Angels third season, Wesleys path becomes filled with tragedies and difficult choices. Just as he starts developing feelings for his teammate Fred. While studying the birth of Angels infant son Connor, Wesley discovers a prophecy which claims that Angel will kill the baby, Angel then attempts to kill him while he is in recovery at the hospital. Alienated from Angel Investigations, a recovered Wesley forms his own team to fight evil and he also begins a sexual relationship with Wolfram & Hart lawyer Lilah Morgan, who tries to convince him to join the firm. In the fourth season, Angel is rescued and revived by Wesley after being sunk to the bottom of the ocean by his now-adolescent son Connor. Wesley eventually returns to the team full-time to help battle the Beast, making difficult decisions such as seeking the aid of Angels evil alter ego Angelus
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Space: 1999
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Space,1999 is a British science-fiction television series that ran for two seasons and originally aired from 1975 to 1977. The series was the last production by the partnership of Gerry, the first series was co-produced by the British television ITC and the Italian television RAI, while the second series was produced solely by ITC. Two series of the programme were produced, each comprising twenty-four episodes, Production of the first series was from November 1973 to February 1975, production of the second series was from January 1976 to December 1976. The premise of Space,1999 centres on the plight of the inhabitants of Moonbase Alpha, a scientific research centre on the Moon. The force of the blast propels the Moon like an enormous booster rocket, hurling it out of Earth orbit and into space at colossal speed. The runaway Moon, in effect, becomes the spacecraft on which the protagonists travel, not long after leaving Earths solar system, the wandering Moon passes through a black hole and later through a couple of space warps which push it even further out into the universe. During their interstellar journey, the Alphans encounter an array of alien civilizations, dystopian societies, several episodes of the first series hinted that the Moons journey was influenced by a mysterious unknown force, which was guiding the Alphans toward an ultimate destiny. The second series used more simplified action-oriented plots, the first series of Space,1999 used a teaser introduction, sometimes called a hook or cold open. This was followed by a sequence that managed to convey prestige for its two main stars, Landau and Bain, and to give the audience some thirty-plus fast cut shots of the forthcoming episode. The second series eliminated this montage, the programme would then offer four ten-to-twelve minute long acts and finished with a short epilogue scene. The headline stars of Space,1999 were American actors Martin Landau and Barbara Bain, also appearing as regular cast members were the Canadian-based British actor Barry Morse and Hungarian-born, US-raised Catherine Schell. Before moving into the role of Maya during the second series, the programme also brought Australian actor Nick Tate to public attention. The English actor Nicholas Young appeared in an episode of Year Two, Space,1999 owes much of the visual design to pre-production work for the never-made second series of UFO, which would have been set primarily on the Moon and featured a more extensive Moonbase. Space,1999 drew a great deal of inspiration from the 1968 Stanley Kubrick film 2001. The programmes special effects director Brian Johnson had previously worked on both Thunderbirds and 2001, in 1972, Sir Lew Grade, head of ITC Entertainment, proposed financing a second series of the Century 21 production UFO to show-runners Gerry and Sylvia Anderson. In the meantime, Production Designer Keith Wilson and the art department had made progress in envisioning the look. Their work was shelved for the foreseeable future. Mandell was amenable, but stated he did not want a set featuring people having tea in the Midlands
