1.
Atlanta, Georgia
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
2.
Portland, Tennessee
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Portland is a city in Sumner and Robertson counties in Tennessee. The population was 11,486 in 2010 according estimates by the U. S. census bureau, Portland is a part of the Nashville Metropolitan Statistical Area. Portland is located on the Highland Rim in extreme northern Middle Tennessee and this region has always been known for excellent agricultural soils, a spectacular wildlife environment and an enjoyable climate. People were originally attracted from the belt in Virginia and the Carolina to the Highland Rim for land speculation. The Highland Rim offered ideal climate and soil conditions for growing dark tobacco and this lucrative crop increased the value of the land which benefited land speculators in the area. Eventually these speculators moved on to attempt profits elsewhere, the oldest local settlement in Portland is Fountain Head which is located a couple of miles south of Portland. This settlement was founded 1792 by the James Gwin family, within a century, it grew to include a mill, tobacco factory, post office, Louisville & Nashville railroad depot and a number of local retail stores. William Nolan built a school near Shun Pike in what is now Portland and this caused the community to grow. In 1859, the L&N Railroad opened the Nashville-Bowling Green route through Portland, in the same year, a train depot was built in Richland along the railroad in on property owned by Thomas Buntin. Buntin became the depot’s first agent and later became Richland’s first postmaster, without this depot, the City of Portland would likely not exist. The community grew around the depot, even today, the railroad runs directly through the center of town. The first public school in Sumner county was originally started as a seminary in 1874. It was later named Sumner County High school and opened in 1915, in 1887, there were two towns by the name of Richland in Tennessee. This caused concern for the L&N railroad and they worried that a telegraph mix-up might result in a train wreck. It also became an inconvenience to postal customers since the mail was frequently misdirected between the two Richlands. It was later decided by the Railroad administrators and the authorities that Richland would be renamed Portland to avoid this confusion. The new name was taken into effect on April 10,1888, Portland was incorporated in April 1904 by legislation passed by the Tennessee Assembly. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.4 square miles
3.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
4.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
5.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
6.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
7.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
8.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
9.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
10.
Decca Records
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Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U. S. label was established in late 1934 by Lewis along with American Deccas first president Jack Kapp and later American Decca president Milton Rackmil. In 1937, as a result of anticipating Nazi aggression leading to World War II, Lewis sold American Decca, the British label was renowned for its development of recording methods, while the American company developed the concept of cast albums in the musical genre. Both wings are now part of the Universal Music Group, which is owned by Vivendi, the US Decca label was the foundation company that evolved into UMG. The name Decca was coined by Wilfred S. Samuel by merging the word Mecca with the initial D of their logo Dulcet or their trademark Dulcephone, Samuel, a linguist, chose Decca as a brand name as it was easy to pronounce in most languages. The name dates back to a gramophone called the Decca Dulcephone patented in 1914 by musical instrument makers Barnett Samuel. That company was renamed the Decca Gramophone Co. Ltd. Within years, Decca Records Ltd. was the second largest record label in the world, Decca bought the UK branch of Brunswick Records and continued to run it under that name. In the 1950s the American Decca studios were located in the Pythian Temple in New York City, in classical music, Decca had a long way to go from its modest beginnings to catch up with the established HMV and Columbia labels. The pre-war classical repertoire on Decca was not extensive, but was select, heinrich Schlusnus made important pre-war lieder recordings for Decca. John Culshaw, who joined Decca in 1946 in a junior post and he revolutionised recording – of opera, in particular. Hitherto, the practice had been to put microphones in front of the performers, Culshaw was determined to make recordings that would be a theatre of the mind, making the listeners experience at home not second best to being in the opera house, but a wholly different experience. To that end he got the singers to move about in the studio as they would onstage, used sound effects and different acoustics. His skill, coupled with Decca engineering, took Decca into the first flight of recording companies and his pioneering recording of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Georg Solti was a huge artistic and commercial success. In the wake of Deccas lead, artists such as Herbert von Karajan, Joan Sutherland, however, Culshaw was, strictly speaking, not the first to do this. Far from being a mere rendering of the score, the 3-LP album set used sound effects to recreate the production as if the listener were watching a stage performance of the work. Until 1947, American Decca issued British Decca classical music recordings, afterwards, British Decca took over distribution through its new American subsidiary London Records. American Decca actively re-entered the classical music field in 1950 with distribution deals from Deutsche Grammophon, American Decca began issuing its own classical music recordings in 1956 when Israel Horowitz joined Decca to head its classical music operations
11.
Mercury Records
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Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
12.
Chapel Records
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Chapel Music, formerly Chapel Records is a record label in currently in Nampa, Idaho that releases religious music. The label was founded in the late 1940s and still releases several CDs each year and it is the long-standing official recorded music publisher of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Among the artists who have recorded for Chapel are The Kings Heralds, Del Delker, The Heritage Singers, Wintley Phipps, sabbath Music was a record label founded in 1948 as part of the World-Wide Bible Pictures department of the Pacific Union Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists. Initially the label was located in Glendale, California, the labels name changed quickly in order to market recordings to non-Adventists. By 1949 the product had caught the attention of Billboard reviewers, for music by Ben Glanzer, Records were released both on the Chapel Records and Cathedral Records imprints. The name Chapel seems to have used for general distribution. The Cathedral label was dropped after it was discovered there was another Cathedral Records in existence in Michigan. The slogan of this label was Music in the Home. In 1955 ownership was transferred to Pacific Press Publishing Association and the label listed an address at Mountain View, by 1957 Chapel had added pre-recorded tapes to its line. By 1970, Chapel/Bridge was offering recordings in various formats including compact cassette tapes and 8-track cartridges in addition to vinyl and open reel tapes. In 1973, the sales exceeded over one-million U. S. dollars a year, and included distribution in such diverse places as Ghana, Finland. The labels address moved to Nampa, Idaho when Pacific Press relocated there, in 2010, Chapel Music launched a website dedicated to digital downloads. By this time, more than 400 artists and groups had released material on Chapel, Chapel issued numerous recordings by artists that had become popular through the Adventist mass-communication ministries. Among the best selling records issued by Chapel were albums issued by the Heritage Singers, so popular was this group that the imprint issued special pink labels for them. Additionally, the issued recordings by artists who had sent audition tapes. The label has produced albums of hymns, Southern gospel, Inspirational music, country, instrumental, classical. Chapel produced a series of 10 78rpm childrens recordings by the likes of Elman Folkenberg, The Temple Trio, The Kings Heralds, and most significantly Eric B. These recordings were issued as 733 rpm phonograph records
13.
Eddy Arnold
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Richard Edward Eddy Arnold was an American country music singer who performed for six decades. He was a so-called Nashville sound innovator of the late 1950s and he sold more than 85 million records. A member of the Grand Ole Opry and the Country Music Hall of Fame, Arnold was born on May 15,1918, on a farm near Henderson, Tennessee. His father, a sharecropper, played the fiddle, while his mother played guitar, Arnolds father died when he was just 11, forcing him to leave school and begin helping on the family farm. This led to him later gaining his nickname—the Tennessee Plowboy, one of his brothers, PFC John Hendrix Arnold, fought in World War II and died in the Normandy landings. Arnold attended Pinson High School in Pinson, Tennessee, where he played guitar for school functions and he quit before graduation to help with the farm work, but continued performing, often arriving on a mule with his guitar hung on his back. Arnold also worked part-time as an assistant at a mortuary, in 1934, at age 16, Arnold debuted musically on WTJS-AM in Jackson, Tennessee, and obtained a job there during 1937. He performed at nightclubs and was a permanent performer for the station. During 1938, he was hired by WMPS-AM in Memphis, Tennessee and he soon quit for KWK-AM in St. Louis, Missouri, followed by a brief stint at WHAS-AM in Louisville, Kentucky. He performed for WSM on the Grand Ole Opry during 1943 as a solo artist, in 1944, Arnold signed a contract with RCA Victor, with manager Colonel Tom Parker, who later managed Elvis Presley. Arnolds first single was noticed, but the next, Each Minute Seems a Million Years. Its success began a decade of unprecedented chart performance, Arnolds next 57 singles all ranked in the top 10, in 1946, Arnold scored his first major success with Thats How Much I Love You. In 1948, he had five songs on the charts simultaneously. That year, he had nine songs in the top 10, five of these were number one, with Parkers management, Arnold continued to dominate, with 13 of the 20 best-scoring country music songs of 1947–1948. He became the host of Mutual Radios Purina-sponsored segment of the Opry and of Mutuals Checkerboard Jamboree, recorded radio programs increased Arnolds popularity, as did the CBS Radio series Hometown Reunion with the Duke of Paducah. Arnold quit the Opry during 1948, and his Hometown Reunion briefly broadcast in competition with the Opry on Saturday nights, in 1949 and 1950, he performed in the Columbia movies Feudin’ Rhythm and Hoedown. Arnold began working for television in the early 1950s, hosting The Eddy Arnold Show, the summer program was broadcast successively by all three television networks, replacing the Perry Como and Dinah Shore programs. He also performed as a guest and a guest host on the ABC-TV show Ozark Jubilee from 1955–60, Arnold featured in the syndicated Eddy Arnold Time from 1955 to 1957
14.
Jim Reeves
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James Travis Jim Reeves was an American country and popular music singer-songwriter. With records charting from the 1950s to the 1980s, he well known as a practitioner of the Nashville sound. Known as Gentleman Jim, his songs continued to chart for years after his death, Reeves died in the crash of his private airplane. He is a member of both the Country Music and Texas Country Music Halls of Fame, Reeves was born at home in Galloway, Texas, a small rural community near Carthage. He was the youngest of 8 children born to Mary Beulah Adams Reeves and he was known as Travis during his childhood years. Winning an athletic scholarship to the University of Texas, he enrolled to study speech and drama, soon he resumed baseball, playing in the semi-professional leagues before contracting with the St. Louis Cardinals farm team during 1944 as a right-handed pitcher. He played for the leagues for three years before severing his sciatic nerve while pitching, which ended his athletic career. Reeves initial efforts to pursue a career were sporadic, possibly due to his uncertainty as to whether he would be drafted into the military as World War II enveloped the United States. On 9 March 1943 he reported to the Army Induction Center in Tyler for his physical examination. However, he failed the exam, and on 4 August 1943 an official letter declared his 4-F draft status, Reeves began to work as a radio announcer, and sang live between songs. During the late 1940s, he was contracted with a couple of small Texas-based recording companies and he eventually obtained a job as an announcer for KWKH-AM in Shreveport, Louisiana, then the home of the popular radio program the Louisiana Hayride. Jim Reeves was a country singer who had success early on in his career with hits such as I Love You, Mexican Joe. In addition to early hits, Reeves recorded many other songs for Fabor Records. In 1954, Abbott Records released a 45 single with Bimbo on side-A which hit #1, Jim Reeves and Little Joe Hunt met at the Louisiana Hayride which was Louisianas equivalent to Nashvilles Grand Ole Opry. After performing at the Hayride in Shreveport, Louisiana, Reeves and Hunt traveled & performed together for years in the dance halls and clubs of east Texas. Reeves became the headliner with Hunt as the backup performer, due to his growing popularity, Reeves went on to release his first album in November 1955, Jim Reeves Sings, which proved to be one of Abbott Records couple album releases. Reeves star was on the rise because he had already signed to a 10-year recording contract with RCA Victor by Steve Sholes. Sholes went on to some of Reeves first recordings at RCA Victor
15.
Nashville sound
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It was an attempt to revive country sales, which had been devastated by the rise of rock n roll. They invented the form by replacing elements of the honky tonk style with smooth elements from 1950s pop music, and using slick production. The producers relied on a group of studio musicians known as the Nashville A-Team, whose quick adaptability. The Anita Kerr Quartet was the vocal backing group in the early 1960s. In 1960, Time magazine reported that Nashville had nosed out Hollywood as the second biggest record-producing center. The term Nashville Sound was first mentioned in an article about Jim Reeves in 1958 in the Music Reporter, other observers have identified several recordings that helped establish the early Nashville sound. Country historian Rich Kienzle says that Gone, a Ferlin Husky hit recorded in November 1956, regarding the Nashville sound, the record producer Owen Bradley stated, Now weve cut out the fiddle and steel guitar and added choruses to country music. It always has to keep developing to keep fresh, countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s. Among the architects of this sound were producers Billy Sherrill and Glenn Sutton, the Bakersfield sound, and later outlaw country, dominated country music among aficionados while countrypolitan reigned on the pop charts. Upon being asked what the Nashville sound was, Chet Atkins would put his hand into his pocket, shake his loose change, and say Thats what it is. By the late 1970s and 1980s, many pop music singers picked up the style and created what is known as country pop. Classic examples of Nashville sound recordings, Four Walls by Jim Reeves Gone by Ferlin Husky A Fallen Star by Jimmy C
16.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
17.
Duet
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A duet is a musical composition for two performers in which the performers have equal importance to the piece. It is often used to describe a composition involving two singers and it differs from a harmony, as the performers take turns performing a solo section rather than performing simultaneously. In classical music, the term is most often used for a composition for two singers or pianists, a piece performed by two pianists performing together on the same piano is referred to as piano duet or piano four hands. A piece for two pianists performing together on separate pianos is referred to as a piano duo, duet is also used as a verb for the act of performing a musical duet, or colloquially as a noun to refer to the performers of a duet. The word is occasionally used in reference to non-musical activities performed together by two people. A musical ensemble with more than two solo instruments or voices is called trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, when Mozart was young, he and his sister Marianne played a duet of his composition at a London concert in 1765. The four-hand, described as a duet, was in many of his compositions included five sonatas. The first published sonata or duet was in 1777, in Renaissance music, a duet specifically intended as a teaching tool, to be performed by teacher and student, was called a bicinium. Duets have always been a part of the structure of operas, early 16th-century operas such as LOrfeo and Lincoronazione di Poppea involve duets throughout the performance. In 17th-century Italy duets were often used in comic scenes within serious operas, in Baroque France the duet was popular in tragedies, such as songs of vengeance and confrontation. The love duet was characterized by singing in close harmonies of 3rds and 6ths, some songs were written to be heard as conversations, such as Baby, Its Cold Outside. Others were performed around a theme, for example New York in Empire State of Mind, occasionally duets are an improvisation between artists, such as Under Pressure. David Bowie and Freddie Mercury reportedly composed the lyrics in a day by improvising together, the dictionary definition of duet at Wiktionary
18.
Cleveland Indians
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The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Indians compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. Since 1994, they have played at Progressive Field, the teams spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. The Indians current World Series championship drought is the longest active drought, the name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season. The name referenced the nickname Indians that was applied to the Cleveland Spiders baseball club during the time when Louis Sockalexis, common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos, the latter being a reference to their logo, Chief Wahoo, a controversial Native American caricature. The teams mascot is named Slider, the franchise originated in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a minor league team in the Western League. The team moved to Cleveland in 1900 and changed its name to the Cleveland Lake Shores, one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the major league incarnation of the club was founded in Cleveland in 1901. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds, the played in League Park until moving permanently to Cleveland Stadium in 1946. At the end of the 2016 season, they had a regular season record of 9. In 1857 baseball games were a spectacle in Clevelands Public Squares. City authorities tried to find an ordinance forbidding it, to the joy of the crowd, – Harold Seymour 1865–1868 Forest Citys of Cleveland 1869–1872 Forest Citys of Cleveland From 1865 to 1868 Forest Citys was an amateur ball club. During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities which established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was called the Forest Citys. In 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, ultimately, two of the leagues western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that citys White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NAs westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded, Cleveland played their full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season. 1879–1881 Cleveland Forest Citys 1882–1884 Cleveland Blues In 1876, the National League supplanted the NA as the professional league. Cleveland were not among its members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries. The Cleveland Forest Citys baseball team was then re-created, the National League required distinct colors for the 1882 season, so the Cleveland Forest Citys became the Cleveland Blues
19.
Decatur, Georgia
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Decatur is a city in, and county seat of, DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. With a population of 20,148 in the 2013 census and it is an intown suburb of Atlanta and part of the Atlanta Metropolitan Area, and its public transportation is served by three MARTA rail stations. Decaturs official motto is A city of homes, schools and places of worship, prior to 2000, its motto was A city of homes, schools, and churches. The citizens of Decatur did not want the noise, pollution and growth that would come with such a major terminal, in response, the railroad founded a new city to the west-southwest of Decatur for the terminal. This town later became the city of Atlanta, during the American Civil War, Decatur became a strategic site in Shermans campaign against Atlanta. In July 1864 Union general James B, mcPherson occupied Decatur to cut off the Confederates supply line from Augusta, Georgia. During the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, Confederate cavalry under Major General Joseph Wheeler attacked McPhersons supply wagons, a marker at the Decatur courthouse marks the site of this skirmish. In the last half of the century the metropolitan area of Atlanta expanded into unincorporated DeKalb County. Concurrently many well-to-do and middle class white Americans fled the area to more distant suburbs, the 1960s and 1970s witnessed dramatic drops in property values. Decatur is located at 33°46′17″N 84°17′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.2 square miles, all of it land. The Eastern Continental Divide bisects the city along the CSX trackage right of way, as of the 2010 census, there were 19,335 people,8,599 occupied housing units, and 4,215 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,603.6 people per square mile, there were 9,335 housing units at an average density of 2,222.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 73. 5% White,20. 2% African American,0. 2% Native American,2. 9% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 6% from other races, and 2. 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 2% of the population,3,263 of all households were made up of individuals of those,1,814 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the family size was 2.96. In the city, the population was out with 25. 1% under the age of 19,5. 2% from 20 to 24,32. 9% from 25 to 44,25. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, there are roughly 44 males for every 56 females. The ZIP code 30030 has one of the highest percentages of households with same sex couples in Georgia,9. 20% as of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $73,602
20.
Emory University
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Emory University is a private research university in metropolitan Atlanta, located in the Druid Hills section of DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The university was founded as Emory College in 1836 in Oxford, in 1915, the college relocated to metropolitan Atlanta and was rechartered as Emory University. The university is the second-oldest private institution of education in Georgia. Emory University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, and Peking University in Beijing, the university operates the Confucius Institute in Atlanta in partnership with Nanjing University. Emory has a faculty research partnership with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science. Emory University students come from all 50 states,6 territories of the United States, the university operates the Winship Cancer Institute, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and many disease and vaccine research centers. Emory University is the coordinator of both the NIAIDs Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center and the U. S. Health Departments National Ebola Training and Education Center, the university is one of four institutions involved in the NIAIDs Tuberculosis Research Units Program. The university is partnered with the Carter Center, the National Science Foundation ranked the university 36th among academic institutions in the United States for research and development expenditures. Emory University research is funded primarily by government agencies, namely the National Institutes of Health. In 1995 Emory University was elected to the Association of American Universities, Emory College was founded in 1836 in Oxford, Georgia by the Methodist Episcopal Church. The college was named in honor of the departed Methodist bishop John Emory, ignatius Alphonso Few was the colleges first president. In 1854, the Atlanta Medical College, a forerunner of Emory University School of Medicine, was founded, on April 12,1861, the American Civil War began. Emory College was closed in November 1861 and all of its students enlisted on the Confederate side, in late 1863 the war came to Georgia and the college was used as hospital and later a headquarters for the Union Army. The university produced many officers who served in the war, including General George Thomas Anderson who fought in every major battle in the eastern theater. Thirty five Emory students lost their lives and much of the campus was destroyed during the war, Emory College, as with the entire Southeastern United States, struggled to overcome financial devastation during the Reconstruction Era. In 1880, Atticus Greene Haygood, Emory College President, delivered a speech expressing gratitude for the end of slavery in the United States, which captured the attention of George I. Seney gave Emory College $5,000 to repay its debts, $50,000 for construction, in the 1880s, the technology department was launched by Isaac Stiles Hopkins, a polymath professor at Emory College
21.
Grand Ole Opry
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The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country-music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee, which was founded on November 28,1925, by George D. Hay as a one-hour radio barn dance on WSM, currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment, it is the longest-running radio broadcast in US history, albeit not the longest-running one on a radio network. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio, the Oprys current primary slogan is The Show that Made Country Music Famous. Other slogans include Home of American Music and Country’s Most Famous Stage, in the 1930s the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours, and WSM, broadcasting by then with 50,000 watts, made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states. In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio, the Opry moved to a permanent home, the Ryman Auditorium, in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, the Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that its name is included on the city/county line signs on all major roadways. The signs read Music City|Metropolitan Nashville Davidson County|Home of the Grand Ole Opry, membership in the Opry remains one of country musics crowning achievements. Such country music legends as Hank Williams, Patsy Cline, Marty Robbins, Roy Acuff, since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman since 1999. Performances have been televised in addition to the radio programs. The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28,1925. On October 18,1925, management began a program featuring Dr. Humphrey Bate, on November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. Hay launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28,1925, judge Hay, however, liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with red hot fiddle playing. They were the band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them, in 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star. The phrase Grand Ole Opry was first uttered on the air on December 10,1927, at the time, Barn Dance followed the NBC Red Networks Music Appreciation Hour, a program of classical music and selections from grand opera presented by classical conductor Walter Damrosch. On that particular night, Damrosch had remarked that there is no place in the classics for realism, in response, Opry presenter George Hay said, Friends, the program which just came to a close was devoted to the classics. Doctor Damrosch told us there is no place in the classics for realism. However, from here on out for the three hours, we will present nothing but realism
22.
Faron Young
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Faron Young was an American country music singer and songwriter from the early 1950s into the mid-1980s and one of its most successful and colorful stars. Known as the Hillbilly Heartthrob, and following a movie role, Young is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame. Born in Shreveport, Louisiana one day before Johnny Cash, Young was the youngest of six children of Harlan and he grew up on a dairy farm that his family operated outside the city. He graduated from Fair Park High School, Young began singing at an early age, he originally wanted to be a pop singer. However, after he joined some friends watching Hank Williams perform with nine encores on the Louisiana Hayride and he performed at the local Optimist Club and was discovered by Webb Pierce, who brought him to star on Louisiana Hayride on KWKH-AM in 1951. He graduated from Fair Park High School that year and attended Centenary College of Louisiana, Young recorded in Shreveport, but his first releases were on Philadelphia’s Gotham Records. By February 1952, he was signed to Capitol Records, where he recorded for the ten years. His first Capitol single appeared that spring, Young moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and recorded his first chart hit, Goin’ Steady, in October 1952, but his career was sidetracked when he was drafted into the US Army the following month. The song hit the Billboard country charts while Young was in basic training,2, and the US Army Band took the young singer to replace Eddie Fisher on tours—its first country music singer—just as If You Ain’t Lovin’ was hitting the charts. He was discharged in November 1954, from 1954 to 1962, Young recorded many honky-tonk classics for Capitol, including the first hit version of Don Gibson’s Sweet Dreams. Most famous was Hello Walls, a 1961 crossover hit for Young written by Willie Nelson and it sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. During the mid-1950s, Young starred in four movies, Hidden Guns, Daniel Boone, Trail Blazer, Raiders of Old California. He appeared as himself in cameo roles and performances in country music movies and was a frequent guest on television shows throughout his career. His band, the Country Deputies, was one of musics top bands. He invested in real estate along Nashvilles Music Row in the 1960s and, in 1963, co-founded, with Preston Temple, the trade magazine, Music City News. The same year, Young switched to Mercury Records and drifted musically, in the mid-70s, Young was the spokesman for BC Powder. Faron Young briefly dated Billie Jean Jones before her marriages to Hank Williams and it was through Young that Billie Jean was first introduced to Hank Williams. After their relationship ended Billie Jean married Williams in October 1952, in 1952 Faron Young met his future wife Hilda Macon, the daughter of an Army Master Sergeant and the great granddaughter of Uncle Dave Macon, while Young was stationed at Fort McPherson
23.
Teresa Brewer
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Teresa Brewer was an American singer whose style incorporated country, jazz, R&B, musicals, and novelty songs. She was one of the most prolific and popular singers of the 1950s. Theresa Veronica Breuer was born in Toledo, Ohio, the eldest of five siblings and her father was a glass inspector for the Libbey Owens Company, and her mother was a housewife. When she was two old, her mother entered her into an audition for a radio program, Uncle Augusts Kiddie Show on Toledos WSPD. She performed for cookies and cupcakes donated by the sponsor, although she never took singing lessons, she took tap dancing lessons. From age five to twelve, she sang and danced on the Major Bowes Amateur Hour and her aunt Mary traveled with Theresa until 1949, when Theresa wed William Monahan. At the age of 12, Brewer returned to Toledo and ceased touring in order to have a school life. She continued to perform on local radio, in January 1948, the 16-year-old won a local competition, and was sent to New York to appear on a talent show called Stairway to the Stars, featuring Eddie Dowling. It was at about time that she changed the spelling of her name from Theresa Breuer to Teresa Brewer. She won a number of talent shows and played clubs in New York. Teresa married William Bill Monahan in 1949, the couple had four daughters, Kathleen, Susan, Megan and they eventually separated, and the marriage was dissolved in 1972 shortly before she married Bob Thiele. An agent, Richie Lisella, heard her sing and took her career in hand, in 1949 she recorded a record called Copenhagen with the Dixieland All-Stars. The B side was the song Music, unexpectedly, it was not the A side but the B side which took off, selling over a million copies and becoming Teresas signature song. Another novelty song, Choon Gum, hit the top 20 in 1950, although she preferred to sing ballads, her only recorded ballad to make the charts was Longing for You in 1951. In 1951 Brewer switched labels, going to Coral Records, since she never learned to read music, she had demos sent to her to learn the melodies of the songs she would record. Despite her lack of training, she had a number of hits for Coral. In 1952, she also recorded Youll Never Get Away in a duet with Don Cornell, followed in 1953 by her best selling hit, in the mid-1950s she did a number of covers of rhythm and blues songs like Pledging My Love and Tweedle Dee. She covered some songs like Jilted, I Gotta Go Get My Baby
24.
Owen Bradley
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A native of Westmoreland, Tennessee, Bradley learned piano at an early age, and began playing in local nightclubs and roadhouses when he was a teenager. At 20, he got a job at WSM-AM radio, where he worked as an arranger and that same year he co-wrote Roy Acuff’s hit “Night Train to Memphis. He kept the band up until 1964, although in the intervening decades, in 1947, Bradley took a position as a music arranger and songwriter at Decca Records. He worked for Paul Cohen on recordings by some of the biggest talents of the day, including Ernest Tubb, Burl Ives, Red Foley, learning from Cohen, he eventually began to produce records on his own. When his mentor left the label in 1958, Bradley became vice president of Deccas Nashville division, Country music had long been looked on as unsophisticated and folksy, and was largely confined to listeners in the less affluent small towns of the American South and Appalachia. In the late 1950s, Bradleys home base of Nashville was positioning itself to be a center of the recording industry, in fact, the Nashville sound began in a Quonset hut attached to a house Bradley owned with his brother Harold at 804 16th Avenue South in Nashville. The Quonset Hut is commonly recognized as the birthplace of a commercial country music that often crossed over into pop. This distinct genre of American music was developed primarily by Owen Bradleys crew of hand picked musicians, Grady Martin, Bob Moore, Hank Garland, the success of Bradleys Quonset Hut Studio spurred RCA Victor to build its famous RCA Studio B. A handful of other labels soon followed setting up shop on what would become known as Music Row. Bradley and his contemporaries infused hokey melodies with more refined lyrics and blended them with a pop music sensibility to create the Nashville sound. Light, easy listening piano replaced the clinky honky-tonk piano, lush string sections took the place of the mountain fiddle sound, steel guitars and smooth backing vocals rounded out the mix. Regarding the Nashville sound, Bradley stated, Now weve cut out the fiddle and steel guitar and it always has to keep developing to keep fresh. The singers Bradley produced made unprecedented headway into radio, and artists such as Patsy Cline, Brenda Lee, Loretta Lynn, Lenny Dee, pop singers like Buddy Holly and Gene Vincent also recorded with Bradley in his Nashville studio. Also, he produced Bill Monroe in both bluegrass and decidedly non-bluegrass settings, many older artists recognized they needed to change as they saw former pure honky tonk singer Jim Reeves blend his own style with the newer styles with great success. However, not everyone was as successful as Reeves or Patsy Cline in these transformations, in addition to his production, Bradley released a handful of instrumentals under his own name, including the minor 1958 hit Big Guitar. In the late 1950s, Bradley produced a radio and TV series with his brother Harold, Country Style, USA, for distribution to local radio and TV stations as a recruiting tool for the US Army. Bradley sold The Quonset Hut to Columbia and bought a farm outside of Nashville in 1961, within a few years, the new Bradleys Barn became a legendary recording venue in country music circles. The Beau Brummels paid tribute to the studio, through titling their 1968 album Bradleys Barn, the studio burned to the ground in 1980, but Bradley rebuilt it within a few years in the same location
25.
Patsy Cline
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Patsy Cline was an American country music singer. Part of the late 1950s/early 1960s Nashville sound, Cline successfully crossed over to pop music and was one of the most influential, successful and she died at the age of 30 in a multiple-fatality crash of the private plane of her manager, Randy Hughes. Cline was known for her tone, emotionally expressive and bold contralto voice. Along with Kitty Wells, she helped pave the way for women as performers in the genre. Books, movies, documentaries, articles and stage plays document her life, millions of her records have sold since her death. She won awards and accolades, causing many to view her as an icon at the level of Jim Reeves, Johnny Cash, in 1973, ten years after her death, she became the first female solo artist inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. In 1999, she was voted number 11 on VH1s special, The 100 Greatest Women in Rock and Roll, by members, according to her 1973 Country Music Hall of Fame plaque, Her heritage of timeless recordings is testimony to her artistic capacity. She was born Virginia Patterson Hensley on September 8,1932, in Winchester, Virginia and she was the eldest child of seamstress Hilda Virginia and blacksmith Samuel Lawrence Hensley. She soon had a brother and sister, Samuel Jr. They were known in the family as Ginny, John, the family moved often before finally settling in Winchester, Virginia, when Patsy was eight. Sam Hensley deserted his family in 1947, but the home was reportedly happy nonetheless. Cline was introduced to music at an age, singing in church with her mother. She liked stars such as Kay Starr, Jo Stafford, Hank Williams, Judy Garland, self-taught, she could not read music. When Patsy was thirteen, she was hospitalized with a throat infection, the fever affected my throat and when I recovered I had this booming voice like Kate Smith. After watching performers through the window at the radio station, she asked WINC disc jockey. Her performance in 1947 was well received, and she was asked back and this led to appearances at local nightclubs, wearing fringed Western outfits her mother made from Patsys designs. Cline performed in variety and talent shows in the Winchester and Tri-State areas, along with this and increasing local radio appearances on local radio, she gained a large following. In 1954 Jimmy Dean, already a young star, heard of her
26.
Bill Anderson (singer)
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James William Anderson III, known as Bill Anderson, is an American country music singer, songwriter and television personality. He has been a member in long standing of the weekly Grand Ole Opry radio program and stage performance in Nashville, twenty-nine more of his singles have reached the top ten. One of the most successful songwriters in music history, Anderson is also a popular singer, earning the nickname Whisperin Bill for his soft vocal style. Bill Anderson had his own show in the 1960s. Anderson has made television appearances, including two stints as a game show host, The Better Sex in 1977, and the country music-themed quiz show Fandango on The Nashville Network. Although Bill was born in Columbia, South Carolina, he was raised in Griffin, Georgia and Decatur, Georgia. He studied journalism at the University of Georgia with an eye toward sports writing, and worked his way through school as a radio DJ at WGAU, when he first tried songwriting and singing. He earned a degree in journalism from the universitys Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication and he also became a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity. Anderson took full advantage of his big break, moving to Nashville, Tennessee, before signing to Decca, Anderson recorded for the small TNT label between 1957 and 1959, where he released three singles that failed to hit the country charts, including a version of City Lights. After signing with Decca in 1959, he left TNT and his first chart hit came with 1959s Thats What Its Like to Be Lonesome, and he had his first top ten entry with 1960s Tip of My Fingers. Early hits like Po Folks, Mama Sang a Song, and 8 X10 still remain among his best-known. Anderson recorded his biggest hit and signature song, the partly spoken ballad Still, in 1963, and it not only topped the country charts, the song climbed to No.8 on the pop chart, as well as No.3 on the adult contemporary chart. He also wrote the song Papas Table Grace which was covered by Bobby Hankins. On February 15,1965, Anderson appeared—along with two imposters—on the game show To Tell The Truth, challenging the panel to determine the real Bill Anderson. According to the read at the beginning of his segment. Only two of the four panelists successfully identified Bill, at the end of the segment, he sang one of his own compositions, Po Folks. Anderson reached the top five 19 times through 1978 and this included the No.1 songs ones I Get the Fever, For Loving You, My Life, World of Make Believe, and Sometimes, a duet with Mary Lou Turner. Anderson hit the top ten for the last time in 1978 with I Cant Wait Any Longer, besides his whisper of a singing voice, he was also known for his whispering recitations during songs, such as in Mama Sang a Song and Still
27.
Jerry Reed
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Jerry Reed Hubbard, known professionally as Jerry Reed, was an American country music singer, guitarist, and songwriter, as well as an actor who appeared in more than a dozen films. Reed was announced as an inductee into the Country Music Hall of Fame on April 5,2017, Reed was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the second child of Robert and Cynthia Hubbard. Reed’s grandparents lived in Rockmart, and he would visit them from time to time and he was quoted as saying as a small child while running around strumming his guitar, I am gonna be a star. I’m gonna go to Nashville and be a star, Reed’s parents separated four months after his birth, and he and his sister spent seven years in foster homes or orphanages. Reed was reunited with his mother and stepfather in 1944, by high school, Reed was already writing and singing music, having picked up the guitar as a child. At age 18, he was signed by publisher and record producer Bill Lowery to cut his first record, If the Good Lord’s Willing, at Capitol Records, he recorded both country and rockabilly singles to little notice until label mate Gene Vincent covered his Crazy Legs in 1958. Reed married Priscilla Prissy Mitchell in 1959 and they had two daughters, Charlotte Elaine Lottie Hubbard Zavala, and Seidina Ann Hubbard, born April 2,1960. Priscilla Mitchell was a member of folk group the Appalachians, and was co-credited with Roy Drusky on the 1965 Country No.1 Yes Mr. Peters. In 1959, Reed hit the Billboard Bubbling Under the Top 100, also known as Roar and he also became a popular session and tour guitarist. In 1962, he scored some success with two singles Goodnight Irene and Hully Gully Guitar, which found their way to Chet Atkins at RCA Victor, who produced Reed’s 1965 If I Dont Live Up to It. In July 1967, Reed had his best showing on the charts with his self-penned Guitar Man. Reeds next single was Tupelo Mississippi Flash, a tribute to Presley. Recorded on September 1, the song became his first Top 20 hit, in a remarkable twist of fate, Elvis came to Nashville to record nine days later on September 10,1967, and one of the songs he became especially excited about was Guitar Man. Reed recalled how he was tracked down to play on the Elvis session, I was out on the Cumberland River fishing and he said, ‘Elvis is down here. We’ve been trying to cut Guitar Man all day long and he wants it to sound like it sounded on your album. I finally told him, Well, if you want it to sound like that, you’re going have to get me in there to play guitar, I pick with my fingers and tune that guitar up all weird kind of ways. Jarvis hired Reed to play on the session, I hit that intro, and face lit up and here we went. Then after he got through that, he cut U. S, Reed also played the guitar for Elvis Presley’s Big Boss Man, recorded in the same session. S
28.
Merle Haggard
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Merle Ronald Haggard was an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and fiddler. Haggards childhood was troubled after the death of his father, between the 1960s and the 1980s, he had 38 number-one hits on the US country charts, several of which also made the Billboard all-genre singles chart. Haggard continued to release albums into the 2000s. He died on April 6,2016 — his 79th birthday — at his ranch in Northern California, Haggards last recording, a song called Kern River Blues, described his departure from Bakersfield in the late 1970s and his displeasure with politicians. The song was recorded February 9,2016, and features his son Ben on guitar and this record was released on May 12,2016, marking the end of Haggards music career. Haggards parents, Flossie Mae and James Francis Haggard, moved to California from their home in Checotah, Oklahoma, during the Great Depression, after their barn burned in 1934. They settled with their two children, Lowell and Lillian, in an apartment in Bakersfield, while James started working for the Santa Fe Railroad. A woman, who owned a boxcar placed in Oildale, a nearby town and he remodeled the boxcar, and soon after moved in, also purchasing the lot, where Merle Ronald Haggard was born on April 6,1937. The property was expanded by building a bathroom, a second bedroom, a kitchen. His father died of a hemorrhage in 1945, an event that deeply affected Haggard during his childhood. To support the family, his mother worked as a bookkeeper, at 12, his brother, Lowell, gave him his used guitar. Haggard learned to play alone, with the records he had at home, influenced by Bob Wills, Lefty Frizzell, as his mother was absent due to work, Haggard became progressively rebellious. His mother sent him for a weekend to a detention center to change his attitude. Haggard committed a number of offenses, such as thefts. He was sent to a detention center for shoplifting in 1950. When he was 14, Haggard ran away to Texas with his friend Bob Teague and he rode freight trains and hitchhiked throughout the state. When he returned the year, he and his friend were arrested for robbery. Haggard and Teague were released when the robbers were found
29.
Kris Kristofferson
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Kristoffer Kris Kristofferson is an American singer, songwriter, musician and actor. He wrote and recorded the songs Me and Bobby McGee, For the Good Times, Sunday Mornin Comin Down, Kristofferson composed his own songs and collaborated with Nashville songwriters such as Shel Silverstein. In 1985, Kristofferson joined fellow country artists Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, in 2004, Kristofferson was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. He is also known for his roles in Alice Doesnt Live Here Anymore and A Star Is Born. Kristoffer Kristofferson was born in Brownsville, Texas, to Mary Ann and Lars Henry Kristofferson and his paternal grandparents emigrated from Sweden, while his mother had English, Scottish-Irish, German, Swiss-German and Dutch ancestry. Kristoffersons paternal grandfather was an officer in the Swedish Army, when Kristofferson was a child, his father pushed him towards a military career. At the age of 17, Kristofferson took a job with a dredging contractor on Wake Island. He called it the hardest job I ever had, like most military brats, Kristofferson moved around frequently as a youth, finally settling down in San Mateo, California, where he graduated from San Mateo High School. An aspiring writer, Kristofferson enrolled in Pomona College in 1954 and he experienced his first dose of fame when he appeared in Sports Illustrateds Faces in the Crowd for his achievements in collegiate rugby union, football, and track and field. He and his classmates revived the Claremont Colleges Rugby Club in 1958, Kristofferson became a member of Delta Kappa fraternity at Pomona College, graduating in 1958 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, summa cum laude, in literature. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa his junior year, in a 2004 interview with Pomona College Magazine, Kristofferson mentioned philosophy professor Frederick Sontag as an important influence in his life. Kristofferson earned a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University, where he studied at Merton College, while at Oxford, he was awarded his Blue for boxing, played rugby for his college, and began writing songs. At Oxford, he was acquainted with fellow Rhodes scholar, art critic. With the help of his manager, Larry Parnes, Kristofferson recorded for Top Rank Records under the name Kris Carson and this early phase of his music career was unsuccessful. In 1960, Kristofferson graduated with a B. Phil in English literature, the following year he married his long-time girlfriend, Frances Mavia Beer. Kristofferson, under pressure from his family, ultimately joined the U. S. Army and he became a helicopter pilot after receiving flight training at Fort Rucker, Alabama. During the early 1960s, he was stationed in West Germany as a member of the 8th Infantry Division, during this time, he resumed his music career and formed a band. In 1965, when his tour of duty ended, Kristofferson was given an assignment to teach English literature at West Point, instead, he decided to leave the Army and pursue songwriting
30.
Neil Diamond
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Neil Leslie Diamond is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actor. One of the worlds best-selling artists of all time, he has sold over 120 million records worldwide since the start of his career in the 1960s. With 38 songs in the Top 10, he is the second most successful artist in the history of the Billboard Adult Contemporary Top 10 charts and his songs have been covered internationally by many performers from a variety of musical genres. Diamond was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984 and into the Rock, additionally, he received the Sammy Cahn Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000 and in 2011 was an honoree at Kennedy Center. On the Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts, he has had eleven No, Sweet Caroline is played frequently at sporting events, and has become an anthem for the Boston Red Sox. Diamond was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family descended from Russian and his parents were Rose and Akeeba Kieve Diamond, a dry-goods merchant. He grew up in homes in Brooklyn, having also spent four years in Cheyenne, Wyoming. In Brooklyn he attended Erasmus Hall High School and was a member of the Freshman Chorus and they were not close friends at the time, Diamond recalls, We were two poor kids in Brooklyn. We hung out in the front of Erasmus High and smoked cigarettes, after his family moved he then attended Abraham Lincoln High School, and was a member of the fencing team. For his 16th birthday, he received his first guitar, and the next thing, I got a guitar when we got back to Brooklyn, started to take lessons and almost immediately began to write songs, he said. He adds that his attraction to songwriting was the first real interest he had growing up, Diamond also used his newly-developing skill at writing lyrics to write poetry. By writing poems for girls he was attracted to in school and his male classmates took note and began asking him to write poems for them which they would sing and use with equal success. He spent the following his graduation as a waiter in the Catskills resort area. There he first met Jaye Posner, who would, years later, Diamond next attended New York University as a pre-med major on a fencing scholarship. His skill at fencing made him a member of the 1960 NCAA mens championship team, however, he was often bored in classes, and found writing song lyrics more to his liking. He began cutting classes and taking the train up to Tin Pan Alley where he tried to get some of his songs heard by music publishers. By his senior year, and just 10 units short of graduation, Sunbeam Music Publishing offered him a 16-week job writing songs for $50 a week, and he dropped out of college to accept it. After his 16 weeks at Sunbeam Music were up, he was not rehired, I never really chose songwriting, he says
31.
Porter Wagoner
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Porter Wayne Wagoner was a popular American country music singer known for his flashy Nudie and Manuel suits and blond pompadour. In 1967, he introduced then-obscure singer Dolly Parton on his television show. Known as Mr. Grand Ole Opry, Wagoner charted 81 singles from 1954–1983 and he was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2002. Wagoner was born in West Plains, Missouri, the son of Bertha May and Charles E. Wagoner and his first band, the Blue Ridge Boys, performed on radio station KWPM-AM from a butcher shop in his native West Plains, Missouri, where Wagoner cut meat. In 1951, he was hired by Si Siman as a performer on KWTO in Springfield and this led to a contract with RCA Victor. With lagging sales, Wagoner and his trio played schoolhouses for the gate proceeds, starting in 1955, he was a featured performer on ABC-TVs Ozark Jubilee in Springfield, Missouri. He often appeared on the show as part of the Porter Wagoner Trio with Don Warden, Warden, on steel guitar, became Wagoners long-time business manager. In 1957, Wagoner and Warden moved to Nashville, Tennessee, like many of his contemporaries in country music, Wagoner toured and performed outdoors for fans at American Legion houses in rural towns. Fans sat on benches facing what was often a makeshift stage. Wagoner would mingle with the audience during breaks and usually remembered the names of the towns he visited. He also won three Grammy Awards for gospel recordings and his syndicated television program, The Porter Wagoner Show, aired from 1960 to 1981. There were 686 30-minute episodes taped, the first 104 in black-and-white, at its peak, his show was featured in over 100 markets, with an average viewership of over three million. Reruns of the air on the rural cable network RFD-TV. The shows usually featured opening performances by Wagoner with performances by Norma Jean, or later Parton, during Partons tenure, she and Wagoner usually sang a duet. Each episode also featured a guest who would perform one or two songs. A spiritual or gospel performance was almost always featured toward the end of the show, generally performed by either Wagoner or Parton, or the shows guest star, after Dolly left the show, Porter began taping the show at Opryland USA in various locations around the park. The shows had a friendly, informal feel, with Wagoner trading jokes with band members and exchanging banter with Parton, in 1974, Dolly Partons song I Will Always Love You, written about her professional break from Wagoner, went to number one on the country music charts. Wagoners stage alter ego was Skid Row Joe, during the mid-1980s, Wagoner formed an all-girl group, The Right Combination, named after one of his hit records with Parton
32.
Jean Shepard
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Ollie Imogene Jean Shepard was an American honky tonk singer-songwriter who pioneered for women in country music. Shepard released a total of 73 singles to the Hot Country Songs chart and she recorded a total of 24 studio albums between 1956–81, and became a member of the Grand Ole Opry in 1955. After Kitty Wells 1952 breakthrough, Shepard quickly followed, and a television gig. Her first hit, A Dear John Letter, a 1953 duet with Ferlin Husky, was the first post-World War II record by a country artist to sell more than a million copies. Ollie Imogene Shepard was born November 21,1933, in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma and she was raised in Visalia, California, near Bakersfield. As a teenager, she played bass in the Melody Ranch Girls, hank Thompson discovered Shepard a few years later. She recorded her first single for the label in 1952, Crying Steel Guitar Waltz, Shepards first chart appearance was 1953s duet with Ferlin Husky, with A Dear John Letter. It was a No.1 smash, and also became a crossover pop hit. The song struck a chord with audiences as it was a duet about a soldier in the Korean War. The duos follow-up, Forgive Me John, was another hit, peaking in the Top 10 on the country chart. Because at 20 she was still a minor, Shepards parents signed her rights to Husky so she could tour, in 1955, Shepard joined ABC-TVs nationally telecast Ozark Jubilee for several years, and recorded her first studio album, Songs of a Love Affair, written by Shepard. She also charted her first solo top ten single, A Satisfied Mind, a Satisfied Mind peaked at No.4 on the Billboard country chart. Shepard had another top five hit the year with Beautiful Lies. Its flip side, I Thought of You, peaked in the top ten. Her streak of hit singles led to an invitation to join the Grand Ole Opry in 1955 as one of its few female stars, Kitty Wells and Minnie Pearl were the only others. Because she was a honky tonk singer when the Nashville sound was popular and those two singles, 1958s I Want to Go Where No One Knows Me and 1959s Have Heart Will Love, earned her the title of Cash Boxs Top Female Artist of 1959. In 1960, Shepard married fellow Opry star Hawkshaw Hawkins, whom she had met on Ozark Jubilee and he died three years later in the same plane crash that killed Patsy Cline and Cowboy Copas. Shepard gave birth to their son Hawkshaw Jr. just one month after the crash and she later married country music musician and singer Benny Birchfield, the two remained married until her death
33.
Kitty Wells
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Ellen Muriel Deason, known professionally as Kitty Wells, was an American pioneering female country music singer. Her Top 10 hits continued until the mid-1960s, inspiring a long list of country singers who came to prominence in the 1960s. In 1976, she was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, in 1991, she became the third country music artist, after Roy Acuff and Hank Williams, and the eighth woman to receive the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Her accomplishments earned her the nickname Queen of Country Music, Wells was born Ellen Muriel Deason on August 30,1919, one of six siblings, to Charles Cary Deason and his wife, Myrtle, in Nashville, Tennessee. She began singing as a child, learning guitar from her father and her father, Charles, and his brother were musicians and her mother, Myrtle, was a gospel singer. As a teenager, she sang with her sisters, who performed under the name the Deason Sisters on a radio station beginning in 1936. At the age of 18 she married Johnnie Wright, a cabinet-maker who aspired to country-music stardom, Wells sang with Wright and his sister Louise Wright, the three toured as Johnnie Right and the Harmony Girls. Soon Wright met Jack Anglin, who married Louise and became part of the band, Wright and Wells performed as a duo, it was at this time she adopted Kitty Wells as her stage name. Johnnie Wright chose the name from a song called Sweet Kitty Wells. When Anglin returned from the Army, he and Wright formed the Johnnie & Jack duo, Wells would tour with the pair, occasionally performing backup vocals. Before Wells rise to stardom with Honky Tonk Angels, Roy Acuff, Acuff advised Wright not to make his wife his shows headliner, because he thought women could not sell country music records. On Louisiana Hayride, she performed with her husbands duo, while these early records gained some notice, promoters still werent keen on promoting female singers, and therefore Wells was dropped from the label in 1950. In 1952, Paul Cohen, an executive at Decca Records, Wells was disenchanted with her career prospects and was considering retirement, but agreed to the session because of the $125 union scale recording payment. I wasnt expecting to make a hit, said Wells later, I just thought it was another song. It Wasnt God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels was a song to Hank Thompsons The Wild Side of Life. Wells single retorted, Its a shame that all the blame is on us women, the records message was controversial at the time, and was banned by many radio stations. NBC, in particular, was troubled by the lyric, It brings back memories of when I was a trustful wife, Wells slight alteration of trustful to trusting lifted the network ban on the song. It was temporarily banned from the Grand Ole Opry, nevertheless, audiences couldn’t get enough of it
34.
You Better Sit Down Kids
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You Better Sit Down Kids is a major hit single release by American singer/actress Cher in 1967 from her fourth studio album With Love, Chér, released on November 1967 by Imperial Records. The song was written by her then-husband, Sonny Bono, and reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100, though a woman, Cher recorded the song without changing its explicitly masculine perspective. Like her other solo hits Bang Bang and Where Do You Go and it became Chers second solo top ten of the decade. Along with the Sonny & Cher hit The Beat Goes On, neither she nor the duo would reach those heights again until 1971. Toward the end of Sonny & Cher touring together, Sonny Bono performed You Better Sit Down Kids live in 1973, a studio version with Sonny on lead vocals appeared on All I Ever Need, The Kapp/MCA Anthology, a 1996 compilation album released by MCA label. The lyrics are from the perspective of a father informing his children that he, the song starts in the key of B, and goes up a half step on each stanza, except during the Bridge section, which is in the key of B-Flat. Joe Viglione from Allmusic also wrote a review of the song, calling it the moment in the sun of the album. A Billboard article listing Chers biggest songs, ranked the You Better Sit Down Kids as the seventeenth and you Better Sit Down Kids debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated October 28,1967 at number 79. The song eventually peaked at nine on the chart dated December 23. In Canada, the song entered the RPM at number 78 on the chart dated November 4,1967 and you Better Sit Down Kids appeared on the 1967 year-end chart at number sixty. Many artists covered You Better Sit Down Kids shortly after its release, in 1968, Roy Drusky brought the song to country music audiences. His version peaked at number 28, spending 10 weeks on the Billboard country chart, the same year, Liza Minnelli covered the song on her self-titled studio album released by A&M Records. Glen Campbell covered the song on his twelfth album Wichita Lineman, the jazz group The Raymonde Singers Etcetera included the song on their album Feelin. Gary Puckett & The Union Gap also released a version of the song on their 1968 album, later, Sonny Bono himself recorded a solo version on their 1971 album All I Ever Need Is You
35.
Red Red Wine
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Red Red Wine is a song written, performed and originally recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967, included on Neils second studio album, Just for You. The lyrics are sung from the perspective of someone who finds drinking red wine the way to forget his woes. For the Red Red Wine single, Bang added a choir without Neils involvement or permission. Diamonds version reached number sixty-two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968, a live version was released on Diamonds The Greatest Hits but the 1968 single version has never been issued on a vinyl album or CD. The song was covered by several artists shortly after Diamonds recording was released, in 1968 the Dutch singer Peter Tetteroo had a hit with a cover of the song in The Netherlands. Tony Tribe covered the song in 1969 in a reggae-influenced style, fourteen years later, UB40 recorded it in 1983 in a lighter reggae style, a version which topped the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. Diamond later performed a UB40-inspired version of the song on tour, UB40 recorded their rendition for their album of cover versions, Labour of Love. According to the band, they were familiar with Tony Tribes version. In 1988, the song was re-released as a single in the U. S. this time including the toast from Astro as he performed it at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Concert a few prior to its release. The single climbed to one on the Billboard Hot 100. In September 2014 the Official Charts Company announced that sales in the UK had reached 1 million, songwriter Neil Diamond has stated that it is one of his favourite covers of his songs. Diamond frequently performs the song using the UB40 reggae arrangement as opposed to the original version. Swedish group Tom & Mick & Maniacs released their version of the song in 1967 and this appears to be the first recorded version of the song. Jimmy James and The Vagabonds released a version the same year as Diamonds version. In 1968 singer Peter Tetteroo, of Dutch beat group Tee Set, the song was also covered in 1969 by singer Charles Mann. In 1970, a remake by Vic Dana became a minor Billboard Hot 100 hit, peaking at number 72 and reached number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In early 1972, singer Roy Drusky enjoyed a top 20 hit with his version, reaching number 17 in Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, the Hobos included the song on their 2004 double studio album, Radio Jah Jah. Red Red Wine was also performed by Peter Tetteroo, former singer of Tee Set, the song has also been performed by Cas Haley along with UB40 on the last episode of the season 2 show Americas Got Talent
36.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
37.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
