1.
Leesburg, Georgia
–
Leesburg is a city in Lee County, Georgia, United States. The population was 2,896 at the 2010 census, the city is the county seat of Lee County and is part of the Albany, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The area was an important center for the study of malaria in 1924, a graduate student named Lowell T. Coggeshall collected anopheline larvae in a swamp near Leesburg. Later he helped mastermind the U. S. governments Malaria Project, Leesburg, originally known as Wooten Station, was founded in 1870 as the Central of Georgia Railway arrived into the area. In 1872, the town was renamed Wooten and the seat was transferred from Starksville, in 1874, the town was incorporated and renamed again to its present form of Leesburg. Leesburg was the site of a research station established by the International Health Board in 1924. 74 African American children were selected for study with splenic enlargement, according to the United States Census Bureau, Leesburg has a total area of 4.8 square miles 4.7 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,633 people,796 households, the population density was 557.2 people per square mile. There were 851 housing units at a density of 180.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 61. 56% White,36. 42% African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 91% Asian,0. 08% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 84% of the population. 20. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.24. In the city, the population was out with 30. 1% under the age of 18,10. 2% from 18 to 24,34. 3% from 25 to 44,16. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.7 males, the median income for a household in the city was $28,958, and the median income for a family was $33,487. Males had an income of $30,862 versus $18,710 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,690, about 16. 8% of families and 20. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31. 4% of those under age 18 and 21. 7% of those age 65 or over. The Lee County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, the district has 330 full-time teachers and over 5,350 students
Leesburg, Georgia
–
Leesburg City Hall
2.
New Rochelle, New York
–
New Rochelle /rəˈʃɛl/ is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States, in the southeastern portion of the state. In 2007, the city had a population of 73,260, as of the 2010 Census, the citys population had increased to 77,062. In November 2008 Business Week magazine listed New Rochelle as the best city in New York State, in 2014, New Rochelle was voted the 13th best city to live in, out of 550 cities, and was the only city in Westchester County on the list. The European settlement was started by refugee Huguenots in 1688, who were fleeing persecution in France after the revocation by the king of the Edict of Nantes. Many of the settlers were artisans and craftsmen from the city of La Rochelle, France, some 33 families established the community of la Nouvelle-Rochelle in 1688. A monument containing the names of these stands in Hudson Park. Thirty-one years earlier, the Siwanoy Indians, a band of Algonquian-speaking Lenape sold their land to Thomas Pell, in 1689 Pell officially deeded 6,100 acres for the establishment of a Huguenot community. Jacob Leisler is an important figure in the histories of both New Rochelle and the nation. He arrived in America as a mercenary in the British army and he was subsequently appointed acting-governor of the province, and it was during this time that he acted on behalf of the Huguenots. Of all the Huguenot settlements in America founded with the intention of being distinctly French colonies, the colony continued to attract French refugees until as late as 1760. The choice of name for the city reflected the importance of the city of La Rochelle and of the new settlement in Huguenot history, French was spoken, and it was common practice for people in neighboring areas to send their children to New Rochelle to learn the language. In 1775, General George Washington stopped in New Rochelle on his way to command of the Army of the United Colonies in Massachusetts. The British Army briefly occupied sections of New Rochelle and Larchmont in 1776, following British victory in the Battle of White Plains, New Rochelle became part of a Neutral Ground for General Washington to regroup his troops. After the Revolutionary War ended in 1784, patriot Thomas Paine was given a farm in New Rochelle for his service to the cause of independence, the farm, totaling about 300 acres, had been confiscated from its owners by state of New York due to their Tory activities. The first national census of 1790 shows New Rochelle with 692 residents,136 were African American, including 36 who were freemen and the remainder slaves. Through the 18th century, New Rochelle had remained a modest village that retained an abundance of agricultural land, during the 19th century, however, New York City was a destination from the mid-century on by waves of immigration, principally from Ireland and Germany. More established American families left New York City and moved into this area, the 1820 Census showed 150 African-Americans residing in New Rochelle, six of whom were still slaves. The state had abolished slavery with by a plan, children of slave mothers were born free
New Rochelle, New York
–
Seal
New Rochelle, New York
–
Location within Westchester County and the state of New York
New Rochelle, New York
–
Statue of
Jacob Leisler
New Rochelle, New York
–
New Rochelle, New York
3.
Swing (jazz performance style)
–
In jazz and related musical styles, the term swing has two main uses. The term is used more specifically, to refer to a particular rhythmic technique that involves alternately lengthening and shortening pulse-divisions. Like the term groove, which is used to describe a cohesive rhythmic feel in a funk or rock context, indeed, some dictionaries use the terms as synonyms, Groovy. As a performance technique, swing has been called the most debated word in jazz, when jazz performer Cootie Williams was asked to define it, he joked, Define it. Boogie-woogie pianist Maurice Rocco argues that the definition of swing is just a matter of personal opinion, when asked for a definition of swing, Fats Waller replied, Lady, if you gotta ask, youll never know. Perhaps the best answer, after all, was supplied by the hep-cat who rolled her eyes, stared into the far-off and sighed, You can feel it, but you just cant explain it. Stanley Dance, in The World of Swing, devoted the two first chapters of his work to discussions of the concept of swing with a collection of the musicians who played it and they described a kinetic quality to the music. It was compared to flying, take off was a signal to start a solo, the rhythmic pulse continued between the beats, expressed in dynamics, articulation, and inflection. Swing was as much in the music anticipating the beat, like a the swing of a jumprope anticipating the jump, as in the beat itself. Swing has been presented in terms of formal rhythmic devices. Swing rhythm is notated as a two-element beat with a note leading into the accented main note. The length of the note may vary. Music of the Baroque and Classical notes inégales era follow similar principles, in shuffle rhythm, the first note in the pair may be twice the duration of the second note. In swing rhythm, the ratio of the first notes duration to the second notes duration can take on a range of magnitudes, in traditional jazz, swing is typically applied to eighth notes, commonly notated as a dotted-eight - sixteenth couplet. In other genres, such as funk and jazz-rock, swing is often applied to sixteenth notes. In most jazz music, especially of the big band era and later, the second and fourth beats of a 4/4 measure are emphasized over the first and third, the dah anticipates, or leads into, the DUM. The first note of each pair is often understood to be twice as long as the second, implying a triplet feel, Swing eighth notes are generally played legato. The instruments of a rhythm section express swing in different ways from each other
Swing (jazz performance style)
–
William Parker and
Rashid Bakr (1976): Even though the notion of playing with a "sense of swing" is associated with the 1930s-era style of jazz of the same name (the Swing, or big band era), jazz music from any era can be said to have a "sense of swing" or rhythmic "feel."
4.
Soul music
–
Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
Soul music
–
James Brown
Soul music
–
Al Green, influential soul performer
Soul music
–
Levi Stubbs singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966
Soul music
–
Isaac Hayes performing in 1973
5.
Singing
–
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
Singing
–
American jazz singer and songwriter
Billie Holiday in New York City in 1947
Singing
Singing
–
"Vocalist" redirects here. See also:
Lead vocalist and
Backing vocalist.
Singing
–
Ercole de' Roberti: Concert, c. 1490
6.
Vocals
–
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
Vocals
–
American jazz singer and songwriter
Billie Holiday in New York City in 1947
Vocals
–
"Vocalist" redirects here. See also:
Lead vocalist and
Backing vocalist.
Vocals
–
Ercole de' Roberti: Concert, c. 1490
Vocals
–
Rock singer Ian Gillan performing live with
Deep Purple in
Hoyos del Espino in 2013.
7.
Epic Records
–
Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
Epic Records
–
Classic radial sound sunburst logo, used from the 1960s to 1973, revived in late 1998; used until 2005. Still used on Japanese operations. This logo was used on
Pearl Jam 's
Vitalogy in 1994,
No Code in 1996 and
Yield in February 1998.
Epic Records
–
Epic Records
Epic Records
–
Primary businesses
8.
MGM Records
–
MGM Records was a record label started by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio in 1946 for the purpose of releasing soundtrack albums of their musical films. It soon transitioned to a pop music label which continued into the 1970s, in one instance, it even released the highly successful soundtrack album of a film made by a rival studio, Columbia Picturess Born Free. Their first soundtrack was of Till the Clouds Roll By, a 1946 film based on the life of composer Jerome Kern and it was the first soundtrack album of a live-action film. The album was issued as a set of four 10-inch 78-rpm records. As in many early MGM soundtrack albums, only eight selections from the film were included on the version of the album. In order to fit the songs onto the sides the musical material needed editing. Needless to say, it was several generations removed from the original, also, the playback recordings were purposely recorded very dry otherwise it would come across as too hollow sounding in large movie theatres. This made these albums sound flat and boxy, MGM Records called these original cast albums in the style of Deccas Broadway show cast albums. They also coined the phrase recorded directly from the soundtrack, over the years the term soundtrack began to be commonly applied to any recording from a film, whether taken from the actual film soundtrack or re-recorded in studio. The phrase is sometimes incorrectly used for Broadway cast recordings. While it is correct to call a soundtrack a cast recording it is never correct to call a cast recording a soundtrack, by 1950, magnetic tape had been perfected for recording use, and this markedly improved the sound quality on the albums, beginning about 1951. MGM Records also released a soundtrack album of Quo Vadis. Beginning in the 1990s, authentic soundtrack albums of the scores to Ben-Hur. The Rhino Records editions of these albums featured literally the entire scores, Rhino also released a full-length two-disc album of the score of Gone With the Wind, recorded from the soundtrack in the original mono. Rhinos license expired at the end of 2011 and the albums Rhino issued are now out of print, Warner Bros. now owns the MGM soundtracks first issued by MGM Records and Warner Bros WaterTower Music unit now has the rights to release the MGM soundtracks. Kildare, Andy Hardy, Maisie, and Crime Does Not Pay, the MGM record pressing plant also manufactured the electrical transcriptions used to distribute the shows to local stations. The record manufacturing division was closed when MGM Records was sold to PolyGram and these Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer records were manufactured under contract with the studio by Columbia Records. In the early 1950s, MGM Records was considered one of the record companies due to owning its own manufacturing facilities
MGM Records
–
MGM Records
MGM Records
9.
RCA Records
–
RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
RCA Records
–
Label of an RCA Victor 78 RPM record from the 1950s; RCA manufactured 78s alongside the 45 until 1958.
RCA Records
–
Label of an RCA Victor 45 RPM record from the 1950s; RCA used this label for its 45 RPM records from 1954 to at least 1964.
RCA Records
–
RCA used this label for its American 45 RPM records during the Dynagroove era.
RCA Records
–
RCA's LP label during the Dynagroove era was also used for 45 RPM records of the mid-to-late 1960s in countries such as Argentina, where this single was pressed.
10.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
11.
Singer
–
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
Singer
–
American jazz singer and songwriter
Billie Holiday in New York City in 1947
Singer
–
"Vocalist" redirects here. See also:
Lead vocalist and
Backing vocalist.
Singer
–
Ercole de' Roberti: Concert, c. 1490
Singer
–
Rock singer Ian Gillan performing live with
Deep Purple in
Hoyos del Espino in 2013.
12.
Classical music
–
Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical and secular music. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period, Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation. The term classical music did not appear until the early 19th century, the earliest reference to classical music recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, the written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them, J. S. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works, Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music being reproduced. That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work, even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction, we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations, during the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto, during the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century and they consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments. The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass and it generally has a larger variety and number of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many bands use a double bass. Many of the used to perform medieval music still exist. Medieval instruments included the flute, the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle, Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut, during the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th
Classical music
Classical music
–
Nineteenth-century composer and pianist
Clara Schumann is one of only a few female composers mentioned in the Concise Oxford History of Music.
Classical music
–
The Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra performs
Tchaikovsky 's
Fourth Symphony.
Classical music
–
A youth
concert band in performance.
13.
Traditional black gospel
–
It is a form of Christian music and a subgenre of gospel music. Like other forms of music the creation, performance, significance and it is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. However, a theme as with most Christian music is praise, worship or thanks to God. Traditional gospel music was popular in the mid-20th century and it is the primary source for urban contemporary gospel and Christian hip hop, which rose in popularity during the very late 20th century and early 21st century. The origins of music are during American slavery, when enslaved Africans were introduced to the Christian religion. Remnants of different African cultures were combined with Western Christianity, with one result being the emergence of the spiritual, jubilee songs and sorrow songs were two type of spirituals that emerged during the 18th and 19th centuries. Some spirituals were also used to pass on hidden messages, for example, at this time, the term gospel songs referred to evangelical hymns sung by Protestant Christians, especially those with a missionary theme. Gospel composers included writers like Ira D. Sankey and Mason Lowry, hymns, Protestant gospel songs, and spirituals make up the basic source of modern black gospel What most African Americans would identify today as gospel began in the early 20th century. The gospel music that Thomas A. Thomas Dorsey stretched the boundaries in his day to create great music, choirs. Talented vocalists have been singing these songs far beyond Dorseys expectations, the method, dynamics and power behind the songs are different, but Gods message is delivered each and every time. This looser style affected other black religious musical styles as well and these groups also absorbed popular sounds from pop groups such as The Mills Brothers and produced songs that mixed conventional religious themes, humor and social and political commentary. They began to more and more influence from gospel as they incorporated the new music into their repertoire. In the 1930s gospel music of the civil rights movement was referred to as the black gospel period because this was the most prosperous era for gospel music, the message of many of the civil rights activist was supported by the message gospel music was putting forth. The new gospel music composed by Dorsey and others proved very important among quartets, melodically, gospel songs from this era were more diatonic and conjunct. As the spirit leads the vocalist the melodies would become more chromatic and disjunct, individual singers also stood out more as jubilee turned to hard gospel and as soloists began to shout more and more, often in falsettos anchored by a prominent bass. By the 1940s, gospel music had expanded to members of all denominations prompting black gospel artists to begin tours, in contrast, Mahalia Jackson used her dusky contralto voice to develop her gospel ballads as well as favouring a more joyful approach to singing the gospel. At the same time that groups were reaching their zenith in the 1940s and 1950s. Roberta Martin in Chicago stood apart from other women gospel singers in many respects, Gospel started to break way from the traditional church setting, with the choirs, and just singing hymns
Traditional black gospel
14.
Great American Songbook
–
The Great American Songbook, also known as American Standards, is the canon of the most important and influential American popular songs and jazz standards from the early 20th century. They have been recorded and performed by a number and wide range of singers, instrumental bands. The Songbook comprises standards by George Gershwin, Cole Porter, and Irving Berlin, and also Jerome Kern, Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer, Richard Rodgers, there is no consensus on which songs are in the Great American Songbook. Several music publishing companies, including Hal Leonard, J. W. Pepper & Son, Alfred Music lists the Songbook as its own genre. Music critics have attempted to develop a canon, a composer, Wilder emphasized analysis of composers and their creative efforts in this work. Wilder devotes whole chapters to only six composers, Jerome Kern, Irving Berlin, George Gershwin, Richard Rodgers, Cole Porter, vincent Youmans and Arthur Schwartz share a chapter, Burton Lane, Hugh Martin and Vernon Duke are covered together in another. Whiting, Ray Noble, John Green, Rube Bloom and Jimmy Van Heusen, Wilder concludes with a catch-all 67-page chapter entitled Outstanding Individual Songs,1920 to 1950, which includes additional individual songs which he considers memorable. From some perspectives, the Songbook era ended with the advent of rock and roll, Radio personality and Songbook devotee Jonathan Schwartz has described this genre as Americas classical music. What makes these songs classic is their lasting value, the following writers and songs are often included in the Great American Songbook, Harold Arlen Irving Berlin Nacio Herb Brown with lyricist Arthur Freed Hoagy Carmichael Cy Coleman J. Many of the songs in the Great American Songbook are in thirty-two-bar form, many were composed for musicals, and some originally included an introductory sectional verse. The sectional verse is an introduction that typically has a free musical structure, speech-like rhythms. The song itself is usually a 32-bar AABA or ABAC form, and the lyrics refer to more universal and timeless situations and themes – typically, for instance. This universality made it easier for songs to be added to or subtracted from a show, a few of the songs which were written with an introductory sectional verse are nearly always performed in full with the introduction. However, the verse, if it exists, is often dropped in performances of Great American Songbook songs outside their original stage or movie context. Whether or not the verse is sung often depends on what the song is. For example, Frank Sinatra never recorded Fly Me to the Moon with the sectional verse. Since the 1930s, many singers have recorded or performed large parts of the Great American Songbook, ella Fitzgeralds popular and influential Songbook series on Verve in the 1950s and 1960s collated 252 songs from the Songbook. These eight collections paid tribute to Cole Porter, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, Duke Ellington, Irving Berlin, George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin, Harold Arlen, Jerome Kern, since the late 20th century, there has been a revival of the Songbook by contemporary singers
Great American Songbook
–
Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart
Great American Songbook
–
Irving Berlin, one of the most prolific composers and lyricists of the Great American Songbook.
15.
Sound recording and reproduction
–
Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording, prior to the development of analog recording, there were mechanical systems for reproducing instrumental music, such as wind-up music boxes and later, in the late 19th century, player pianos. Analog sound reproduction is the process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a variety of media. Whereas successive copies of an analog recording tend to degrade in quality, as noise is added. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound, long before sound was first recorded on cylinders or records, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices. Fowler, this. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine, according to Fowler, the automata were a robot band that performed. more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection. In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder, similar designs appeared in barrel organs, musical clocks, barrel pianos, and musical boxes. A music box is a musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century, some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books, the player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store an long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904, piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A1908 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, the use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today. The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air was the phonautograph, the earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called phonautograms, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it
Sound recording and reproduction
–
Frances Densmore recording
Blackfoot chief Mountain Chief on a cylinder phonograph for the
Bureau of American Ethnology (1916)
Sound recording and reproduction
–
Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone
Sound recording and reproduction
–
Magnetic audio tapes: acetate base (left) and polyester base (right)
Sound recording and reproduction
–
A typical Compact Cassette
16.
Unchained Melody
–
Unchained Melody is a 1955 song with music by Alex North and lyrics by Hy Zaret. North used the music as a theme for the prison film Unchained. Todd Duncan sang the vocals for the film soundtrack and it has since become a standard and one of the most recorded songs of the 20th century, most notably by the Righteous Brothers. According to the songs publishing administrator, over 1,500 recordings of Unchained Melody have been made by more than 670 artists in multiple languages, the song and Do They Know Its Christmas are the only songs to reach number one in four different recordings in the UK. Of the hundreds of recordings made, it was the July 1965 version by the Righteous Brothers, performed as a solo by Bobby Hatfield and this version achieved a second round of great popularity when it was featured in the 1990 blockbuster film Ghost. In 2004, it finished at number 27 on AFIs 100 Years.100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema, in 1954, North was contracted to compose the score for the prison film Unchained. North composed and recorded the score, and then was asked to write a song based upon the movies theme, North asked lyricist Hy Zaret to write the lyric, but Zaret initially declined, saying he was too busy painting his house. North was able to him to take the job. Zaret refused the producer’s request to include the word unchained in his lyrics, the song eventually became known as the Unchained Melody even though the song does not actually include the word unchained. Instead, Zaret chose to focus on someone who pines for a lover he has not seen in a long, the 1955 film centered around a man who contemplates either escaping from prison to live life on the run or completing his sentence and returning to his wife and family. The song has a harmonic device as the bridge ends on the tonic chord rather than the more usual dominant chord. With Todd Duncan singing the vocals, the song was nominated for an Oscar in 1955, Todd Duncan sang the vocals for the film soundtrack. He performs a version in the film, playing one of the prisoners. Lying on a bed, he sings it accompanied by another prisoner on guitar while others listen sadly, bandleader Les Baxter released a version which reached number 1 on the US charts and number 10 in the UK. The words unchain me are sung repeatedly at the beginning and the lyrics are sung by a choir, Billboard ranked this version as the No.5 song of 1955. Al Hibbler followed close behind with a version, and it reached number 3 on the Billboard charts. He was quickly followed by Jimmy Young, whose version hit number 1 on the British charts, Jimmy Young also later re-recorded another version of his 1955 charttopper in early 1964 and that version charted at number 43 in the UK. Two weeks after Youngs version entered the top 10 of the British charts in June 1955 Liberace would score a number 20 hit, roy Hamiltons version reached number one on the R&B Best Sellers list and number 6 on the pop chart
Unchained Melody
–
"Unchained Melody"
Unchained Melody
Unchained Melody
17.
Ebb Tide
–
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth. Some shorelines experience a semi-diurnal tide—two nearly equal high and low tides each day, other locations experience a diurnal tide—only one high and low tide each day. A mixed tide—two uneven tides a day, or one high, Tides vary on timescales ranging from hours to years due to a number of factors. To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time, gauges ignore variations caused by waves with periods shorter than minutes. These data are compared to the level usually called mean sea level. Tidal phenomena are not limited to the oceans, but can occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field varies in time. For example, the part of the Earth is affected by tides. Tide changes proceed via the following stages, Sea level rises over several hours, covering the intertidal zone, the water rises to its highest level, reaching high tide. Sea level falls over several hours, revealing the intertidal zone, the water stops falling, reaching low tide. Oscillating currents produced by tides are known as tidal streams, the moment that the tidal current ceases is called slack water or slack tide. The tide then reverses direction and is said to be turning, slack water usually occurs near high water and low water. But there are locations where the moments of slack tide differ significantly from those of high, Tides are commonly semi-diurnal, or diurnal. The two high waters on a day are typically not the same height, these are the higher high water. Similarly, the two low waters each day are the low water and the lower low water. The daily inequality is not consistent and is small when the Moon is over the equator. From the highest level to the lowest, Highest Astronomical Tide – The highest tide which can be predicted to occur, note that meteorological conditions may add extra height to the HAT. Mean High Water Springs – The average of the two high tides on the days of spring tides, mean High Water Neaps – The average of the two high tides on the days of neap tides. Mean Sea Level – This is the sea level
Ebb Tide
–
High tide,
Alma, New Brunswick in the
Bay of Fundy, 1972
Ebb Tide
–
Low tide at the same fishing port in
Bay of Fundy, 1972
Ebb Tide
–
In
Maine (U.S.) low tide occurs roughly at moonrise and high tide with a high moon, corresponding to the simple gravity model of two tidal bulges; at most places however, moon and tides have a phase shift.
Ebb Tide
–
Low tide at Bangchuidao Scenic Area,
Dalian,
Liaoning Province,
China
18.
Jackie Wilson
–
Jack Leroy Jackie Wilson Jr. was an American soul singer-songwriter and performer. A tenor with a four octave range, he was nicknamed Mr. Excitement. He was considered a master showman, and one of the most dynamic and influential singers and performers in R&B and this included 16 R&B Top 10 hits, including six R&B number ones. On the Billboard Hot 100, he scored 14 Top 20 Pop hits and he remained semi-comatose for the nine years until his death in 1984, at the age of 49. Wilson was an inspiration to Elvis Presley, Bruce Springsteen, James Brown and he was one of the most influential artists of his generation. A two-time Grammy Hall of Fame Inductee, Wilson was inducted to the Rock, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Jackie Wilson #69 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Jack Leroy Wilson Jr. was born on June 9,1934, in Detroit, Michigan, Eliza Mae was born on the Billups-Whitfield Place in Columbus, Mississippi. Her parents were Tom and Virginia Ransom, Jackie often visited his family in Columbus and was greatly influenced by the choir at Billups Chapel. Growing up in the rough Detroit area of Highland Park, Wilson joined a gang called the Shakers, Wilsons alcoholic father was frequently absent and usually out of work. Wilson began singing at an age, accompanying his mother, once a choir singer. In his early teens Jackie joined a quartet, the Ever Ready Gospel Singers, Jackie was not very religious, but he enjoyed singing, the money he and his group earned from performing usually was spent on cheap wine, which Wilson began drinking at age nine. Jack Sr. and Eliza separated shortly after Jackie turned nine, Wilson dropped out of high school at the age of 15, having already been sentenced to detention in the Lansing Corrections system for juveniles twice. During his second stint in detention, he learned to box and his record in the Golden Gloves was 2 and 8. After his mother forced him to boxing, Wilson married Freda Hood. It is estimated that Wilson fathered at least 10 other children prior to getting married, and that he was forced to marry Hood by her father. He gave up boxing for music, first working at Lees Sensation club as a singer, then forming a group called the Falcons, that included cousin Levi Stubbs. The other members joined Hank Ballard as part of the Midnighters, including Alonzo Tucker & Billy Davis, who would work with Wilson several years later as a solo artist. Tucker and Wilson collaborated as songwriters on a few songs Wilson recorded, Jackie was soon discovered by talent agent Johnny Otis, who assigned him to join a group called the Thrillers
Jackie Wilson
–
Wilson in 1961
19.
The Righteous Brothers
–
The Righteous Brothers is a musical duo of Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield. Their emotive vocal style is sometimes dubbed blue-eyed soul, Hatfield and Medley have contrasting vocal range that helped them create a distinctive sound as a duet, but also strong vocal talent individually that allowed them to perform as soloists. Medley sang the low parts with his voice, with Hatfield taking the higher register vocals with his countertenor voice. They had their first hit with the 1964 song Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin, produced by Phil Spector, other notable hits include Ebb Tide, Soul and Inspiration, Rock and Roll Heaven, and in particular, Unchained Melody. Both Hatfield and Medley also had for a time their own solo careers, in 2016, Medley reformed The Righteous Brothers with Bucky Heard and they continue to perform as a duo. Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley were in different groups before they met - Hatfield was in a group from Anaheim called the Variations, a member of Medleys band who was also in Hatfields group suggested that they go see each others show. Later a mutual friend Johnny Wimber brought Hatfield and Medley together to form a new Paramours in 1962 and they started performing at a club called Johns Black Derby in Santa Ana, and were signed to a small record label Moonglow in 1962. They released a single There She Goes in December 1962, however, the Paramours did not have much success and soon broke up, leaving Hatfield and Medley to perform as a duo in 1963. According to Medley, they adopted the name The Righteous Brothers for the duo because black Marines from the El Toro Marine base started calling them righteous brothers. At the end of a performance, a black U. S. Marine in the audience would shout, That was righteous, and would greet them with Hey righteous brothers, how you doin. on meeting them. The Righteous Brothers released three albums under the Moonglow label, one of these and a compilation album were released after they had joined Phil Spector. They released 12 singles with Moonglow, but only two were moderate hits - Little Latin Lupe Lu and My Babe from their first album Right Now, in August and September 1964, they also opened for The Beatles in their first U. S. They returned to Los Angeles to tape the pilot for the show, in October and November 1964, they opened for The Rolling Stones in their American tour. In 1964, music producer Phil Spector came across the Righteous Brothers when they performed in a show at the Cow Palace in Daly City where one of Spectors acts The Ronettes was also appearing. Spector commissioned Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil to write a song for them, the song, released in late 1964, became their first major hit single and reached No.1 in February 1965. Produced by Phil Spector, the record is often cited as one of the expressions of Spectors Wall of Sound production techniques. It is one of the most successful pop singles of its time, indeed, according to BMI, Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin is the most played song on American radio and television of the 20th century, with more than eight million airplays by the end of 1999. The Righteous Brothers had several hit singles with Philles Records in 1965, including Just Once in My Life and Unchained Melody
The Righteous Brothers
–
The Righteous Brothers performing at
Knott's Berry Farm Bobby Hatfield (left) and Bill Medley (right)
20.
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
A girl spinner in a Georgia cotton mill, 1909.
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Flag
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Road to
Brasstown Bald
Georgia (U.S. state)
–
Jekyll Island
21.
Jersey City
–
Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, by 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River and purchased the land from the Lenape and this grant is dated November 22,1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was a landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, during Kiefts War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25,1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands behind Kil van Kull. The first village established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House, the Van Vorst Farmhouse, and the Van Wagenen House. During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York, in the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19,1779. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28,1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23,1829, and again on February 22,1838, on February 22,1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the legislature on April 2,1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated, while a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City
Jersey City
–
Jersey City, New Jersey
Jersey City
–
Jersey City at the end of the 19th century
Jersey City
–
The ferry docks at the
Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park in 1893
Jersey City
–
Jersey City and Hoboken in 1886
22.
New Jersey
–
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
New Jersey
–
The New Jersey Botanical Garden at Skylands in
Ringwood State Park,
Passaic and
Bergen Counties
New Jersey
–
Flag
New Jersey
–
Washington Crossing the Delaware during the
New York and New Jersey campaign, winter 1777
New Jersey
–
George Washington rallying his troops at the
Battle of Princeton
23.
African American
–
African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
African American
–
An artist's conception of
Crispus Attucks (1723–1770), the first "
martyr " of the
American Revolution. He was of
Native American and African American descent.
African American
–
Jesse Owens shook racial stereotypes both with Nazis and segregationists in the USA at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
African American
–
An African-American boy outside of
Cincinnati,
Ohio in the 1940s.
African American
–
March on Washington, August 28, 1963, shows civil rights leaders and union leaders.
24.
Lincoln High School (Jersey City, New Jersey)
–
The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools since 1928. As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 830 students and 76.0 classroom teachers, there were 600 students eligible for free lunch and 42 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. The school had been ranked 294th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, the magazine ranked the school 291st in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 279th in the magazines September 2006 issue, the original Lincoln High School opened on September 9,1912, with an inaugural student body of 300 on a site acquired from the Hasbrouck Institute, a private school. In January 1916, the school graduated its first class of 32 students, in 1934, the school had an enrollment of 5,000 students, making it the second largest in the state. Lincoln High School hosts a number of SLC programs that pertain to the interest of the students, for example, the magnet programs include Culinary Arts, Cosmetology, JROTC, Teaching, and Law and Legal Studies. The Lincoln High School Lions compete in the Hudson County Interscholastic League, the league operates under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. The boys track won the Group III indoor relay championships in 1967,1968 and 1969, won in the combined Group I/II in 1970 and 1974. The six state championships are tied for fifth-most among public high schools, the football team won the NJSIAA North I Group III state sectional championships in 1981. In 2009 the Lions finished the season at 8-2, losing in the first round of the NJSIAA North II Group I state playoffs, in 2010, the Lions built on their wave of success, going 7-2 during the regular season, the Lions went back to the playoffs. Their regular season highlight was erasing an 18-0 deficit to Hoboken High School to win 42-18, the boys basketball team won the North I, Group III state sectional championship in 2002 with a 50-41 win against Sparta High School in the tournament final. The 2006 -2007 boys varsity basketball team claimed the HCIAA championship over now defunct Union Hill High School,50 -46, the 2008 team won the North II, Group II state sectional title with a 61-58 win over Orange High School in the tournament final. On March 9,2008, the team went on to win the schools first Group II state title over Collingswood High School with an 88-70 victory. Jeffrey Dublin, member of the Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders, anthony Green, former NFL fullback who played for the Seattle Seahawks and New York Giants. Frank Joseph Guarini, represented New Jerseys 14th congressional district from 1979-1993, johnny Macknowski, NBA player for the Syracuse Nationals. Charles Mainor, member of the New Jersey State Assembly who represents the 31st District, brandon McGowan safety for the New England Patriots. Bernie Parmalee, former NFL running back for the Miami Dolphins and New York Jets
Lincoln High School (Jersey City, New Jersey)
–
Lincoln High School
25.
Commercial art
–
Commercial art is the art of creative services, referring to art created for commercial purposes, primarily advertising. Commercial art traditionally includes designing books, advertisements of different products, signs, posters, most commercial artists have the ability to organize information and knowledge of fine arts, visualization and media. It is commonly used for advertising goods and services, fine art, on the other hand, is for the artist. Commercial artists creatively think of ways to entice the viewer with digital art, communication is often vital in this field. Usually, the art department is relatively small, consisting of art directors, perhaps an assistant director, commercial artists work a variety of situations doing many things in the artistic world such as advertisement, illustration and animation. Commercial artists should have skills in drawing and painting, experience using graphic design and editing software. Commercial Art is usually made for mass exposure and distribution, commercial art creates a way to show people the product or service by using an image that may catch ones eye. This is one way businesses are promoting and advertising their products, commercial art applies artistic principles to a variety of fields. Commercial artists design advertisements, logos, billboards, brochures, book covers, product packaging and their work is often used to sell, promote, explain, narrate and inform. Commercial artists can specialize in design and illustration, among other areas. Illustrators create images for use in books, magazines and stationery, graphic designers create artwork and layouts for books, newspapers, magazines, television, product packaging and the Internet. Graphic design professionals work in advertising, marketing or related fields
Commercial art
–
An 1898 poster by
Jan Van Beers.
26.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
27.
Apollo Theater
–
It was the home of Showtime at the Apollo, a nationally syndicated television variety show which showcased new talent, from 1987 to 2008, encompassing 1,093 episodes. The theater, which has a capacity of 1,506, opened its doors in 1914 as Hurtig & Seamons New Burlesque Theater and it became the Apollo in 1934, when it was opened to black patrons – previously it had been a whites-only venue. In 1983, both the interior and exterior of the building were designated as New York City Landmarks, and it is estimated that 1.3 million people visit the Apollo every year. The building which became the Apollo Theater was built in 1913-14 and was designed by architect George Keister. It was originally Hurtig and Seamons New Theater, which enforced a strict Whites Only policy, the theatre was operated by noted burlesque producers Jules Hurtig and Harry Seamon, who obtained a 30-year lease. It remained in operation until 1928, when Billy Minsky took over, the song I May Be Wrong by Harry Sullivan and Harry Ruskin, written in 1929, became the theme song of the theater. During the early 1930s, the fell into disrepair and closed once more. The show ran for an engagement and was highly praised by the press. Leo Brechers Harlem Opera House was another competing venue, to improve the shows at the Apollo, Cohen hired noted talent scout John Hammond to book his shows. However, the deal fell through when Cohen died, and the end result was the merger of the Apollo with the Harlem Opera House, the Opera House became a movie theater, but the Apollo, under the ownership of Brecher and Schiffman, continued to present stage shows. Schiffman hired Clarence Robinson as in-house producer, Originally, a show presented at the Apollo was akin to a vaudeville show. As the years progressed, such variety shows were presented less often, comic acts also appeared on the Apollo stage, including those who performed in blackface, such as Butterbeans and Susie, much to the horror of the NAACP and the elite of Harlem. Gospel acts which played the Apollo include the Staple Singers, Mahalia Jackson, The Clark Sisters, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Clara Ward and Sam Cooke with the Soul Stirrers. Performers of soul music on the Apollo stage included Ray Charles, Otis Redding and Aretha Franklin, and jazz was represented as well, by acts such as Art Blakey and Horace Silver. The theaters audience was often mixed, in the 1940s it was estimated that during the week about 40% of the audience was white, Jazz singer Anita ODay headlined for the week of September 21,1950, billed as the Jezebel of Jazz. Schiffman had first introduced a night at the Lafayette Theater, where it was known as Harlem Amateur Hour. At the Apollo, it was originally called Audition Night, but later became Amateur Night in Harlem, held every Monday evening and broadcast on the radio over WMCA, the Apollo grew to prominence during the Harlem Renaissance of the pre-World War II years. Fitzgeralds performances pulled in an audience at the Apollo and she won the opportunity to compete in one of the earliest of its Amateur Nights
Apollo Theater
–
Apollo Theater
Apollo Theater
–
The inside of the theater as seen from the stage
28.
Newark, New Jersey
–
Newark is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County. For 2015, the Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 281,944, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, located approximately 8 miles west of lower Manhattan. Settled in 1666 by Puritans from New Haven Colony, Newark is one of the oldest European cities in the United States and its location at the mouth of the Passaic River, has made the citys waterfront an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Today, Port Newark-Elizabeth is the container shipping terminal of the busiest seaport on the American East Coast. In addition, Newark Liberty International Airport was the first municipal airport in the United States. Several leading companies have their headquarters in Newark, including Prudential, PSEG, Panasonic Corporation of North America, Audible. com, IDT Corporation, the U. S. District Court for the District of New Jersey sits in the city as well. Local cultural venues include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Symphony Hall, The Prudential Center and the Newark Museum. Newark is divided into five wards, the East, West, South, North and Central wards. Newarks Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nations largest collection of cherry blossom trees, Newark was settled in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as an assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas. On October 31,1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27,1713. It was incorporated on February 21,1798 by the New Jersey Legislatures Township Act of 1798, during its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, Caldwell Township, Orange Township, Bloomfield Township and Clinton Township. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11,1836, replacing Newark Township, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1,1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newarks Vailsburg. During the American Revolutionary War British troops made several raids into the town, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 26.107 square miles. It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U. S. behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, the citys altitude ranges from 0 in the east to approximately 230 feet above sea level in the western section of the city. Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, historically, Newarks high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods
Newark, New Jersey
–
Campus of Rutgers-Newark and Downtown
Newark, New Jersey
–
Market and Broad Streets,
Downtown Newark
Newark, New Jersey
–
Krueger Mansion in Newark's Central Ward
Newark, New Jersey
–
Home in Forest Hill
29.
Columbia Records
–
Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
Columbia Records
–
Original home of Columbia in Washington, D.C., in 1889
Columbia Records
Columbia Records
–
A Columbia type AT cylinder
graphophone, first released in 1898
Columbia Records
–
This article is about the American record label active worldwide except in Japan. For the Columbia label which was a unit of EMI, see
Columbia Graphophone Company. For the Columbia label in Japan, see
Nippon Columbia.
30.
Rodgers and Hammerstein
–
Rodgers and Hammerstein refers to an influential, innovative and successful American musical theatre writing team consisting of composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist-dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II. They created a string of popular Broadway musicals in the 1940s and 1950s, five of their Broadway shows, Oklahoma. Carousel, South Pacific, The King and I and The Sound of Music, were outstanding successes, of the other four that the team produced on Broadway during their lifetimes, Flower Drum Song was well-received, and none was an outright flop. Most of their shows have received frequent revivals around the world, among the many accolades their shows garnered were thirty-four Tony Awards, fifteen Academy Awards, the Pulitzer Prize, and two Grammy Awards. Their musical theatre writing partnership has been called the greatest of the 20th century, prior to their partnership, both Rodgers and Hammerstein achieved success independently. Rodgers had collaborated for more than two decades with Lorenz Hart, among their many Broadway hits were the shows A Connecticut Yankee, Babes in Arms, The Boys from Syracuse, Pal Joey, and By Jupiter, as well as many successful film projects. Their 1927 musical Show Boat is considered to be one of the masterpieces of the American musical theatre, other Hammerstein/Kern collaborations include Sweet Adeline and Very Warm for May. Although the last of these was panned by critics, it one of Kern and Hammersteins best-loved songs. By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk deeper into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, independently of each other, Rodgers and Hammerstein had been attracted to making a musical based on Lynn Riggs stage play Green Grow the Lilacs. When Jerome Kern declined Hammersteins offer to work on such a project and Hart refused Rodgers offer to do the same, Rodgers, marked a revolution in musical drama. Although not the first musical to tell a story of emotional depth and psychological complexity, introduced a number of new storytelling elements and techniques. These included its use of song and dance to convey plot and character rather than act as a diversion from the story, was originally called Away We Go. and opened at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven in March 1943. Only a few changes were made before it opened on Broadway, the original Broadway production opened on March 31,1943, at the St. James Theatre. Although the typical musical of the time was written around the talents of a specific performer, such as Ethel Merman or Fred Astaire. Ultimately the original cast included Alfred Drake, Joan Roberts, Celeste Holm, Howard Da Silva, Betty Garde, Lee Dixon, marc Platt danced the role of Dream Curly, and Katharine Sergava danced the part of Dream Laurey. The story and the songs were considered more important than sheer star power, nevertheless, the production ran for a then-unprecedented 2,212 performances, finally closing on May 29,1948. In 1955 it was made into an Academy Award-winning musical film, the film starred Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones, and its soundtrack was #1 on the 1956 album charts. After their initial success with Oklahoma, the musical was adapted to the screen in 1954, and scored a Best Actress Oscar nomination for leading lady Dorothy Dandridge
Rodgers and Hammerstein
–
Rodgers (left) and Hammerstein (right), with
Irving Berlin (middle) and
Helen Tamiris, watching auditions at the St. James Theatre in 1948
31.
Stage Show (TV series)
–
Stage Show was a popular music variety series on American television originally hosted on alternate weeks by big band leaders and brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey. Produced by Jackie Gleason, the CBS-TV show included the first national television appearances by Elvis Presley, the series began as a one-hour show on July 3,1954 as a summer replacement for The Jackie Gleason Show. Gleason brought it back in the fall of 1955 as a show and scheduled it from 8–8,30 p. m. ET in the time slot prior to his own series, The Honeymooners. In 1956, Jack Carter, a frequent guest, became the permanent host, the June Taylor Dancers made regular appearances. Bobby Darin made his national TV debut on the program in early 1956, the shows final telecast was September 18,1956, only two months before the death of Tommy Dorsey. Brother Jimmy lost his life in June of the following year, introduced by Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Bill Randle, Presley first appeared on January 28,1956, performing Shake, Rattle and Roll, Flip, Flop and Fly and I Got a Woman. Brooks, Tim, Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Ballantine Books, mcNeil, Alex, Total Television, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-024916-8. The following public domain episodes can be viewed on the Internet Archive, June 271956, March 311956, April 211956
Stage Show (TV series)
–
Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey as hosts, 1955.
32.
Tommy Dorsey
–
Thomas Francis Tommy Dorsey, Jr. was an American jazz trombonist, composer, conductor and bandleader of the Big Band era. He was known as the Sentimental Gentleman of Swing, because of his smooth-toned trombone playing and his technical skill on the trombone gave him renown among other musicians. He was the brother of bandleader Jimmy Dorsey. After Dorsey broke with his brother in the mid-1930s, he led an extremely popular and he is best remembered for standards such as Opus One, Song of India, Marie, On Treasure Island, and his biggest hit single Ill Never Smile Again. Thomas Francis Dorsey, Jr. was born in Mahanoy Plane, Pennsylvania, the second of four born to Thomas Francis Dorsey, Sr. a bandleader himself. He and Jimmy, his brother by slightly less than two years, would become famous as the Dorsey Brothers. The two younger siblings were Mary and Edward, Tommy Dorsey initially studied the trumpet with his father, only to later switch to the trombone. At age 15, Jimmy recommended Tommy as the replacement for Russ Morgan in the 1920s territory band The Scranton Sirens, Tommy and Jimmy worked in several bands, including those of Tal Henry, Rudy Vallee, Vincent Lopez, Nathaniel Shilkret. In 1923, Dorsey followed his brother Jimmy to Detroit to play in Jean Goldkettes band, in 1927 he joined Paul Whiteman. In 1929, the Dorsey Brothers had their first hit with Coquette for OKeh records, in 1934, the Dorsey Brothers band signed with Decca records, having a hit with I Believe In Miracles. Ongoing acrimony between the brothers, however, led to Tommy Dorseys walking out to form his own band in 1935, Dorseys orchestra was known primarily for its renderings of ballads at dance tempos, frequently with singers such as Jack Leonard and Frank Sinatra. Tommy Dorseys first band was formed out of the remains of the Joe Haymes band, if he admired a vocalist, musician or arranger, he would think nothing of taking over their contracts and careers. Dorsey had a reputation for being a perfectionist and he was volatile and also known to hire and fire musicians based on his mood. The new band was popular from almost the moment it signed with RCA Victor with On Treasure Island, after his 1935 recording however, Dorseys manager cut the hot jazz that Dorsey had mixed with his own lyrical style and instead had Dorsey play pop and vocal tunes. Dorsey would keep his Clambake Seven as a Dixieland group that played during performances, the Dorsey band had a national radio presence in 1936, first from Dallas and then from Los Angeles. Tommy Dorsey and his Orchestra took over comedian Jack Pearls radio show in 1937, by 1939, Dorsey was aware of criticism that his band lacked a jazz feeling. He hired arranger Sy Oliver away from the Jimmie Lunceford band, Sy Olivers arrangements include On The Sunny Side of the Street and T. D. s Boogie Woogie, Oliver also composed two of the new bands signature instrumentals, Well, Git It and Opus One. In 1940, Dorsey hired singer Frank Sinatra from bandleader Harry James, Frank Sinatra made eighty recordings from 1940 to 1942 with the Dorsey band
Tommy Dorsey
–
Tommy Dorsey, in The Fabulous Dorseys
Tommy Dorsey
–
Tommy Dorsey and Frank Sinatra, RCA Victor Studios, 1941.
Tommy Dorsey
–
The grave of Tommy and Jane Dorsey in
Kensico Cemetery
33.
Jimmy Dorsey
–
James Jimmy Dorsey was a prominent American jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, composer and big band leader. He recorded and composed the jazz and pop standards Im Glad There Is You and Its The Dreamer In Me. His other major recordings were Tailspin, John Silver, So Many Times, Amapola, Brazil, Pennies from Heaven with Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong, and Frances Langford, Grand Central Getaway, and So Rare. Jimmy Dorsey was born in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, the son of a miner turned music teacher. He played trumpet in his youth, appearing on stage with J. Carson McGees King Trumpeters in 1913 and he switched to alto saxophone in 1915, and then learned to double on clarinet. Jimmy Dorsey played on a clarinet outfitted with the Albert system of fingering, as opposed to the more common Boehm system used by most of his contemporaries including Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw. With his brother Tommy playing trombone, he formed Dorsey’s Novelty Six, in 1924 he joined the California Ramblers. He did much freelance radio and recording throughout the 1920s. In 1924 he married Jane Porter, the brothers also appeared as session musicians on many jazz recordings. He joined Ted Lewiss band in 1930, with whom he toured Europe, after returning to the United States, he worked briefly with Rudy Vallee and several other bandleaders, in addition to the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra with Tommy. Tommy left the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra to form his own band in 1935 after a dispute with Jimmy. In 1939 Jimmy hired Helen OConnell as his female singer and she and Eberly possessed a boy and girl next door charm and their pairing produced several of the bands biggest hits. Many of the Eberly-OConnell recordings were arranged in an unusual 3-section a-b-c format, the three-part format was reportedly developed at the insistence of a record producer who wanted to feature both singers and the full band in a single 3-minute 78 rpm recording. Jimmy continued leading his own band until the early 1950s, in 1949 he and Jane Porter were divorced. In 1953 he joined Tommys Orchestra, renamed Tommy Dorsey and his Orch, on December 26,1953, the brothers and their orchestra appeared on Jackie Gleasons CBS television program. The success of that television appearance led Gleason to produce a variety program, Stage Show. Elvis Presley appeared on several of the telecasts and these were Presleys first appearances on national TV. Jimmy took over leadership of the orchestra after Tommys death, Jimmy survived his brother by only a few months and died of throat cancer, aged 53, in New York City
Jimmy Dorsey
–
Jimmy Dorsey
Jimmy Dorsey
–
Jimmy Dorsey playing alto saxophone in The Fabulous Dorseys (1947)
Jimmy Dorsey
–
Tommy (left) and Jimmy Dorsey in 1955
34.
The Ed Sullivan Show
–
The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20,1948, to Sunday June 6,1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, in 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the series finished No.31 in TV Guide Magazines 60 Best Series of All Time, the format was essentially the same as vaudeville, and although vaudeville had died a generation earlier, Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show. The last original Sullivan show telecast was on March 28,1971, with guests Melanie, Joanna Simon, Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass, repeats were scheduled through June 6,1971. While most of the episodes aired live from New York City, the show aired live on occasion from other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia. For many years, Ed Sullivan was an event each Sunday evening. In those days, we had six acts. Then, each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so, Now they do two or three minutes. And in those early days I talked too much, I look up at me talking away and I say You fool. But I just keep on talking, Ive learned how to keep my mouth shut. The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s and he was regarded as a kingmaker, and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom, although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case. The shows iconic status is illustrated by the song Hymn for a Sunday Evening from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie, in the song, a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones. In September 1965, CBS started televising the program in compatible color, CBS had once backed its own color system, developed by Peter Goldmark, and resisted using RCAs compatible process until 1954. At that time, it built its first New York City color TV studio, Studio 72, in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway. One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22,1954, from the new studio, CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house. CBS Studio 50 was finally colorized in 1965, the 1965–66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12, which was the last episode to air in black and white. In the late 1960s, Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on and he realized that to keep viewers, the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen, or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel. Along with declining viewership, Ed Sullivan attracted a higher age for the average viewer as the seasons went on
The Ed Sullivan Show
–
Ed Sullivan
The Ed Sullivan Show
–
Carmen Miranda and
Ed Sullivan on Toast of the Town, 1953.
The Ed Sullivan Show
–
Sullivan and The Beatles, February 1964
The Ed Sullivan Show
–
Elvis Presley performing "Ready Teddy"
35.
Pipe Dream (musical)
–
Pipe Dream is the seventh musical by the team of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, it premiered on Broadway on November 30,1955. The work is based on John Steinbecks short novel Sweet Thursday—Steinbeck wrote the novel, Pipe Dream was a flop and a financial disaster for Rodgers and Hammerstein. Broadway producers Cy Feuer and Ernie Martin held the rights to Sweet Thursday, when Loesser proved unavailable, Feuer and Martin succeeded in interesting Rodgers and Hammerstein in the project. As Hammerstein adapted Sweet Thursday, he and Rodgers had concerns about featuring a prostitute as female lead and they signed operatic diva Helen Traubel to play Fauna, the house madam. As the show progressed through tryouts, Hammerstein repeatedly revised it, obscuring Suzys profession, Pipe Dream met with poor reviews, and rapidly closed once it exhausted its advance sale. It had no tour or London production, and has rarely been presented since. No movie version of the show was made, the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization once hoped for a version featuring the Muppets with Fauna played by Miss Piggy. Following World War II, Cy Feuer and Ernie Martin started producing musicals together, Feuer was the former head of the music department at low-budget Republic Pictures, Martin was a television executive. Having secured the rights to the farce Charleys Aunt, they produced it as the musical comedy Wheres Charley, with a score by Frank Loesser. Among the backers of Wheres Charley, were Rodgers and Hammerstein, which helped secure additional investment. The show was a hit and helped establish Feuer and Martin on Broadway—they would go on to produce Guys, in the aftermath of Guys and Dollss success, Feuer and Martin were interested in adapting John Steinbecks 1945 novel Cannery Row into a musical. They felt that some of the characters, such as marine biologist Doc, would work well in a musical, Steinbeck suggested that he write a sequel to Cannery Row that would feature the characters attractive to Feuer and Martin. Based on suggestions for the line by Feuer and Martin. Cannery Row is set in Monterey, California, before World War II, in Sweet Thursday, Doc returns from the war to find Cannery Row almost deserted and many of his colorful friends gone. Even his close friend Dora, who ran the Bear Flag Restaurant, a whorehouse, has died, a former social worker, Fauna teaches the girls how to set a table properly, hopeful they will marry wealthy men. Docs friends Mack and Hazel are still around and they decide Docs discontent is due to loneliness, and try to get him together with Suzy, a prostitute who has just arrived in Monterey. The two have a romance, disgusted by her life as a hooker, Suzy leaves the bawdy house. She decides she cannot stay with Doc, but tells her friends that if Doc fell ill, the accommodating Hazel promptly breaks Docs arm as he sleeps, bringing the two lovers back together
Pipe Dream (musical)
–
Original Broadway poster (1955)
Pipe Dream (musical)
–
Cy Feuer
Pipe Dream (musical)
–
John Steinbeck
Pipe Dream (musical)
–
Oscar Hammerstein II
36.
Frank Loesser
–
Frank Henry Loesser was an American songwriter who wrote the lyrics and music to the Broadway hits Guys and Dolls and How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying, among others. He won separate Tony Awards for the music and lyrics in both shows, as well as sharing the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for the latter. He also wrote songs for films and Tin Pan Alley, many of which have become standards. Loesser was born in New York City to Henry Loesser, a pianist and he grew up in a house on West 107th Street in Manhattan. His father had moved to America to avoid Prussian military service and he came to America and married Berthe, and had a son in 1894, Arthur Loesser. In 1888, Berthes sister Julia arrived in America, Julia and Henry soon fell in love and Julia really loved Arthur, but Berthe sent her to Washington D. C. Berthe died in childbirth and Julia moved back in and married Henry in 1907 and their first child, Grace, was born in December of that year. His parents both prized high intellect and culture and thus Loesser was taught musically in the vein of European composers, but although Henry was a full-time piano teacher, he never taught his son. In a 1914 letter to Franks older half-brother Arthur Loesser, Henry wrote that the 14-year-old Frank could play by ear any tune hes heard, Loesser did not like his fathers refined taste of music and resisted when he wrote his own music and took up the harmonica. He was expelled from Townsend Harris High School, and from there went to City College of New York and he was expelled from the CCNY in 1925 after one year for failing every subject except English and gym. After his father died suddenly in 1926, Loesser was forced to work in order to support his family. After his many jobs, he decided that he wanted to write in Tin Pan Alley. His first song credit is listed as In Love with the Memory of You, with music by William Schuman, Loessers early lyrics included two hit songs of 1934, Junk Man and I Wish I Were Twins. However, they apparently did not help his reputation, and in later years, after a year, Feist had not published any of them. He fared only slightly better collaborating with the classical composer William Schuman, selling one song. Loesser described his days of learning the songwriting craft as having a rendezvous with failure. But while he dabbled in other trades, he returned to the music business. The Back Drop turned out to have some substantial connections, due to his work there he was able to secure his first Broadway musical, The Illustrator’s Show, a 1936 revue written with Back Drop collaborator Irving Actman, lasted only four nights
Frank Loesser
–
Guys and Dolls, Libretto and Vocal book, printed by Music Theatre International, 1978.
37.
The Most Happy Fella
–
The Most Happy Fella is a 1956 musical with a book, music, and lyrics by Frank Loesser. The story, about a romance between a man and younger woman, is based on the play They Knew What They Wanted by Sidney Howard. The original Broadway production ran for 14 months and it has enjoyed several revivals, a friend of Loesser’s recommended the Howard play They Knew What They Wanted as material for a musical in 1952. After he read it, he agreed it had potential, but decided to omit the political, labor. It took him four years to complete the musical, the Most Happy Fella frequently has been described as an opera, but some have qualified the term. In his book The World of Musical Comedy, Stanley Green noted that the musical is “one of the most ambitiously operatic works ever written for the Broadway theatre, Loesser said ‘I may give the impression this show has operatic tendencies. If people feel that way – fine, actually all it has is a great frequency of songs. Brooks Atkinson, theatre critic, called it a “music drama”, noting Loesser “has now come about as close to opera as the rules of Broadway permit. ”Composer, conductor, and musical theatre teacher Lehman Engel and critic/author Howard Kissel called it a “fresh musical ”. Act 1 In the Golden Gate Restaurant in San Francisco in 1927, Cleos feet hurt and her friend has had to fend off the cashiers advances. As they clean up, Cleos friend finds a jeweled tie pin and she decides to answer, thinking of the possibilities. In Napa, the mailman has a letter for Tony Esposito, Tony, a large and hearty older Italian immigrant and a successful grape farmer, happily shows the crowd the picture of his girlfriend. Meek farmhand Herman expresses admiration of his bosss initiative in pursuing Rosabella, at that moment Joe, the young, handsome and nomadic farm foreman, arrives to tell Tony that he plans to leave town and travel somewhere else. Tony sees his opportunity and asks Joe for a photograph as a memento, Rosabella arrives at the farm with the postman and meets Joe, only to discover that he is not Tony. Upset at the subterfuge, she starts to leave, however, Tony has been injured in a truck accident en route to the bus station, and he pleads with Rosabella to stay and marry him immediately in case he does not live. Joe, who now must stay to run the ranch during Tonys convalescence, is upset but tries to comfort her, act 2 A week later, Joe and Rosabella regret their indiscretion, and at the encouragement of Tonys doctor, the newlywed couple makes a fresh start. Cleo arrives in Napa, revealing that Tony has sent for her and offered her a job to keep Rosabella company, as time passes, Tony and Rosabella grow closer, Marie feels increasingly lonely, and Joe longs to travel again. Marie tries to convince Tony that the age difference between him and Rosabella is too great, and he believes her even though Rosabella herself indicates otherwise, Cleo and Herman also grow closer, though she is frustrated by his passive, compliant nature. She urges Rosabella to tell Tony of her feelings, as Tony is treating her like a rather than a wife
The Most Happy Fella
–
London Studio Cast Recording
38.
Gospel music
–
Gospel music is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music varies according to culture. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, Gospel music usually has dominant vocals with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were repeated in a call and response fashion, most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella, the first published use of the term Gospel Song probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music, following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. Gospel blues is a form of gospel music. Southern gospel used all male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet make-up, progressive Southern gospel is an American music genre that has grown out of Southern gospel over the past couple of decades. Christian country music, sometimes referred to as gospel music, is a subgenre of gospel music with a country flair. It peaked in popularity in the mid-1990s, bluegrass gospel music is rooted in American mountain music. Celtic gospel music infuses gospel music with a Celtic flair, and is popular in countries such as Ireland. British black gospel refers to Gospel music of the African diaspora, some proponents of standard hymns generally dislike gospel music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, with distance, there is a greater acceptance of such gospel songs into official denominational hymnals. Gospel music in general is characterized by dominant vocals referencing lyrics of a Christian nature, subgenres include contemporary gospel, urban contemporary gospel, Southern gospel, and modern gospel music. Several forms of gospel music utilize choirs, use piano or Hammond organ, tambourines, drums, bass guitar and, increasingly, electric guitar. In comparison with hymns, which are generally of a statelier measure, several attempts have been made to describe the style of late 19th and early 20th century gospel songs in general
Gospel music
–
Mahalia Jackson in the
Concertgebouw concert hall, The Netherlands
Gospel music
–
Exemplification of gospel music: an open Bible and a CD, which represent the gospel in written and musical forms
39.
Rock and roll
–
While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock and roll
–
Sign commemorating the role of
Alan Freed and
Cleveland, Ohio in the origins of rock and roll
Rock and roll
–
Chuck Berry in 1957
Rock and roll
–
Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm
Rock and roll
–
Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
40.
Gramophone record
–
The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
Gramophone record
–
Edison wax cylinder phonograph c. 1899
Gramophone record
Gramophone record
–
Emil Berliner with disc record gramophone
Gramophone record
–
Hungarian Pathé record, 90 to 100 rpm
41.
Gerry Marsden
–
Gerard Gerry Marsden MBE is an English musician and television personality, best known for being leader of the British Merseybeat band Gerry and the Pacemakers. Marsden was born at 8 Menzies Street, Toxteth, Liverpool, Lancashire and he remembers standing on top of an air raid shelter singing Ragtime Cowboy Joe and getting a great reception from onlookers. Gerry and the Pacemakers was the group signed by Brian Epstein. Their first single was How Do You Do It, recommended by George Martin after it was given to the Beatles. This was the first number one hit for the Pacemakers and it was recorded at Abbey Road Studios and was released on EMIs Columbia label. Marsden said the recording four or five takes. The groups second number one was I Like It, followed by Youll Never Walk Alone, other singles included Its Gonna Be Alright, Im the One, Dont Let the Sun Catch You Crying, and Ferry Cross the Mersey. In 1965 Gerry married Pauline Behan and they have two daughters, Yvette and Victoria and he sang the song at Wembley Stadium when Everton faced Liverpool at the 1989 F. A. Cup final shortly after the Hillsborough disaster, Marsden returned to No.1 in the charts twice during the 1980s with re-recordings of two of his old hits, with all profits going to charity. On 18 April, three days after the Hillsborough disaster in which 96 Liverpool F. C, in 1993, Marsden published his autobiography, Ill Never Walk Alone, co-written with former Melody Maker editor Ray Coleman. Your Song / Days I Spent With You My Home Town / Lovely Lady The Rose b/w You Are My Everything Ferry Cross the Mersey He Aint Heavy, Hes My Brother Grant, Peter
Gerry Marsden
–
Marsden in 2011
42.
Memphis, Tennessee
–
Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf, Memphis had a population of 653,450 in 2013, making it the largest city in the state of Tennessee. It is the largest city on the Mississippi River, the third largest in the greater Southeastern United States, the greater Memphis metropolitan area, including adjacent counties in Mississippi and Arkansas, had a 2014 population of 1,317,314. This makes Memphis the second-largest metropolitan area in Tennessee, surpassed by metropolitan Nashville, Memphis is the youngest of Tennessees major cities, founded in 1819 as a planned city by a group of wealthy Americans including judge John Overton and future president Andrew Jackson. A resident of Memphis is referred to as a Memphian, and the Memphis region is known, particularly to media outlets, as Memphis and the Mid-South. Occupying a substantial bluff rising from the Mississippi River, the site of Memphis has been a location for human settlement by varying cultures over thousands of years. The historic Chickasaw Indian tribe, believed to be their descendants, French explorers led by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto would encounter the Chickasaw in that area, in the 16th century. J. D. L. Chickasaw Bluffs, located on the Mississippi River at the present day location of Memphis, spain and the United States vied for control of this site, which was a favorite of the Chickasaws. The United States gained the right to navigate the Mississippi River, the Spanish dismantled the fort, shipping its lumber and iron to their locations in Arkansas. Captain Isaac Guion led an American force down the Ohio River to claim the land, by this time, the Spanish had departed. The forts ruins went unnoticed twenty years later when Memphis was laid out as a city, the city of Memphis was founded on May 22,1819 by John Overton, James Winchester and Andrew Jackson. They named it after the ancient capital of Egypt on the Nile River, Memphis developed as a trade and transportation center in the 19th century because of its flood-free location high above the Mississippi River. Located in the delta region along the river, its outlying areas were developed as cotton plantations. The cotton economy of the antebellum South depended on the labor of large numbers of African-American slaves. Through the early 19th century, one million slaves were transported from the Upper South, Many were transported by steamboats along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. This gave planters and cotton brokers access to the Atlantic Coast for shipping cotton to England, the citys demographics changed dramatically in the 1850s and 1860s under waves of immigration and domestic migration. Due to increased immigration since the 1840s and the Great Famine, ethnic Irish made up 9.9 percent of the population in 1850, but 23.2 percent in 1860, when the total population was 22,623. They had encountered considerable discrimination in the city but by 1860 and they also gained many elected and patronage positions in the Democratic Party city government, and an Irish man was elected as mayor before the Civil War
Memphis, Tennessee
–
From top to bottom and left to right:
Downtown Memphis skyline,
Beale Street,
Graceland,
Orpheum Theatre, Beale Street Landing, and the
Hernando de Soto Bridge
Memphis, Tennessee
–
A
Mississippian era priest (Digital illustration, 2004)
Memphis, Tennessee
–
Memphis in the mid-1850s
Memphis, Tennessee
–
Cotton merchants on Union Avenue (1937)
43.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
Record producer
–
Alan Parsons in an
ESO 50th anniversary video.
Record producer
–
A
Danish recording session
Record producer
–
Mixing Console
44.
Elvis Presley
–
Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
Elvis Presley
–
Presley in a publicity photograph for the 1957 film
Jailhouse Rock
Elvis Presley
–
Presley's birthplace in
Tupelo, Mississippi
Elvis Presley
–
Presley in a
Sun Records promotional photograph, 1954
Elvis Presley
–
The "iconic cover" of
Presley's 1956 debut album featuring a photo taken July 31, 1955, in Tampa, Florida
45.
Conway Twitty
–
Conway Twitty was an American country music singer. He also had success in the rock and roll, rock, R&B, from 1971 to 1976, Twitty received a string of Country Music Association awards for duets with Loretta Lynn. Although never a member of the Grand Ole Opry, he was inducted into both the Country Music and Rockabilly Halls of Fame, Conway Twitty was born Harold Lloyd Jenkins on September 1,1933 in Friars Point in Coahoma County in northwestern Mississippi. The Jenkins family were of Welsh descent and he was named by his great-uncle, after his favorite silent movie actor, Harold Lloyd. The Jenkins family moved to Helena, Arkansas, when Jenkins was ten years old, in Helena, Jenkins formed his first singing group, the Phillips County Ramblers. Two years later, Jenkins had his own radio show every Saturday morning. He also played baseball, his second passion and he received an offer to play with the Philadelphia Phillies after high school, but he was drafted into the United States Army. He served in the Far East and organized a group called The Cimmerons to entertain fellow GIs, wayne Hause, a neighbor, suggested that Jenkins could make it in the music industry. Soon after hearing Elvis Presleys song Mystery Train, Jenkins began writing rock and he went to the Sun Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, and worked with Sam Phillips, the owner and founder, to get the right sound. Accounts vary of how Harold Jenkins acquired his name of Conway Twitty. Allegedly, in 1957, Jenkins decided that his name was not memorable enough. In The Billboard Book of Number One Hits Fred Bronson states that the singer was looking at a map when he spotted Conway, Arkansas, and Twitty, Texas. Another account says that Jenkins met a Richmond, Virginia, man named W. Conway Twitty Jr. through Jenkins manager in a New York City restaurant, the manager served in the US Army with the real Conway Twitty. Later, the suggested to Jenkins that he take the name as his stage name because it had a ring to it. In the mid-1960s, W. Conway Twitty subsequently recorded the song Whats in a Name but Trouble and it sold over four million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. That same year, country singer Tabby West of ABC-TVs Ozark Jubilee heard Twitty, when Its Only Make Believe was first released, because of voice similarities, many listeners assumed that the song was actually recorded by Elvis Presley, using Conway Twitty as a pseudonym. Twitty would go on to rock and roll success with songs including Danny Boy. Lonely Blue Boy, originally titled Danny, was recorded by Presley for the film King Creole but was not used in the soundtrack and this song led to him naming his band the Lonely Blue Boys, although they subsequently became the Twitty Birds
Conway Twitty
–
1974 promotional photo
46.
Barry Mann
–
Barry Mann is an American songwriter, and part of a successful songwriting partnership with his wife, Cynthia Weil. He has written or co-written 53 hits in the UK and 98 in the US, Mann was born to a Jewish family on February 9,1939 in Brooklyn, New York City. His first successful song as a writer was She Say, a Top 20 chart-scoring song composed for the band the Diamonds in 1959, Mann co-wrote the song with Mike Anthony. In 1961, Mann had his greatest success to that point with I Love How You Love Me, written with Larry Kolber and a no.5 scoring single for the band the Paris Sisters. The same year, Mann himself reached the Top 40 as a performer with a novelty song co-written with Gerry Goffin, Who Put the Bomp, as of May 2009, Manns song catalog lists 635 songs. He has received 56 popular music, country, and Rhythm&Blues awards from Broadcast Music Incorporated, the song Youve Lost That Lovin Feelin, co-written with Weil and Phil Spector, was the most played song of the 20th century, with more than 14 million plays. Mann has composed songs for movies, most notably Somewhere Out There, co-written with Weil and James Horner, Somewhere Out There would win two 1987 Grammy Awards, as Song of the Year and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture or Television. Somewhere Out There was also nominated for a 1986 Oscar as best song, Manns other movie work includes the scores for I Never Sang for My Father and Muppet Treasure Island, and songs for National Lampoons Christmas Vacation and Oliver and Company. Mann co-wrote, with Dan Hill, the song Sometimes When We Touch, in 1987, Mann and Weil were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2011, they received the Johnny Mercer Award, the greatest honor from the Songwriters Hall of Fame, Mann and Weil were named among the 2010 recipients of Ahmet Ertegun Award from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Mann and Weil now operate a company named Dyad Music. Mann married Cynthia Weil in August 1961 and they have one daughter, Dr. Jenn Mann. They reside in Beverly Hills, California, blame It on the Bossa Nova – Eydie Gorme. Brown Eyed Woman – Bill Medley, Christmas Vacation – movie title song. Coldest Night of the Year – Twice As Much featuring Vashti Bunyan, dont Know Much – Aaron Neville and Linda Ronstadt. Dont Make My Baby Blue – The Shadows, The Move, good Time Living – Three Dog Night. Heart – Kenny Chandler, Wayne Newton, Here You Come Again – Dolly Parton. Hes Sure the Boy I Love – The Crystals, how Can I Tell Her Its Over – Andy Williams
Barry Mann
–
Carole Bayer Sager,
Carole King,
Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann in December 2012
Barry Mann
–
Barry Mann in 1974.
47.
Cynthia Weil
–
Cynthia Weil is a prominent American songwriter. She is famous for having written songs together with her husband Barry Mann. Weil was born in New York City, and was raised in a Conservative Jewish family. Her father was Morris Weil, a store owner and the son of Lithuanian Jewish immigrants, and her mother was Dorothy Mendez. Weil trained as an actress and dancer, but soon demonstrated an ability that led to her collaboration with Barry Mann. The couple has one daughter, Dr Jenn Mann, AKA Dr. Jenn, Weil became one of the Brill Building songwriters of the 1960s, and one of the most important writers during the emergence of rock and roll. She and her went on to create songs for many contemporary artists. As their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame biography put it, in part, Mann, epic ballads to outright rockers placed an emphasis on meaningful lyrics in their songwriting. Tackled segregation and racism, making it too controversial for the Drifters. We Gotta Get Out of This Place, became an anthem for Vietnam soldier, antiwar protesters, and young people who viewed it as an anthem of greater opportunities. In 1987, she was inducted with her husband, Mann, in 2004, Mann and Weils They Wrote That. A musical revue based on their songs, opened in New York, in it, Mann sang and Weil related stories about the songs and their personal history. Weil and Mann were named among the 2010 recipients of Ahmet Ertegun Award from the Rock, from the bottom of my heart and with the greatest humility, Ms. Weil said in her acceptance, I thought you guys would never ask. Eric Burdon of the Animals and Ronnie Spector of the Ronettes performed at the ceremony, in 2011 Mann and Weil received the Johnny Mercer Award—the highest honor from the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2015, Weil published her first novel, Im Glad I Did It, sweet Survivor - Peter, Paul, and Mary - written with Peter Yarrow, from the LP Reunion,1978. As of 2010, the Righteous Brothers rendition was radios most-played song of all time, audio interview with Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann on the Sodajerker on Songwriting podcast Cynthia Weil biography at Allmusic website Cynthia Weil at the Internet Movie Database
Cynthia Weil
–
Carole Bayer Sager,
Carole King, Cynthia Weil and
Barry Mann in December 2012
48.
Georgia Music Hall of Fame
–
The Georgia Music Hall of Fame was located in downtown Macon, Georgia, United States, from 1996 until it closed in 2011. The Hall of Fame closed due to low attendance and reduced state funding, mercer University purchased the former Hall of Fame building in June 2012, the university will use the building for expanded programs within its School of Medicine. Education was at the core of the Georgia Music Hall of Fame’s mission, MIKE provided a series of programs offering live music performances and music instruction opportunities throughout the year. The Georgia Music Hall of Fame Foundation published Georgia Music Magazine quarterly as both the official magazine and an in-depth look at Georgia music. The state’s legends, landmarks and unsung heroes were explored through insightful features, historical articles, owing much to the vision of then Lt. Governor Zell Miller, the Committee also endeavored to create a museum and archive to document the state’s music heritage. In 1999, the phase of the museum, The Billy Watson Music Factory. The hall was closed on June 12,2011 due to lack of attendance, the exhibits are now being housed at the University of Georgia, Georgia State University, the University of West Georgia and in private collections. Georgia Music Hall of Fame Georgia Music Magazine
Georgia Music Hall of Fame
–
Georgia Music Hall of Fame building
49.
Billboard Hot 100
–
The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
–
The Billboard logo
