1.
The Carson City Kid
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The Carson City Kid is a 1940 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane starring Roy Rogers and George Gabby Hayes. Roy Rogers, posing as The Carson City Kid, is seeking vengeance on Morgan Reynolds, to find Reynolds in the gold towns, he systematically stops stagecoaches and goes through the mail, hoping to find letters addressed to Reynolds and thus learn his whereabouts. Thus The Kid earns the reputation of a robber, although he never takes anything, and the reputation is enhanced by the fact that he travels with Laramie. A posse is about to them and Roy rides back to get Laramie whose horse has been shot. The posse rides by the unseen Roy and captures Laramie and, since he is riding the Kids horse, Laramie denies this and is told he will be free when he identifies the Kid, otherwise he will hang. Roy rides into town, having deduced that the Morgan Reynolds he is looking for operates the Yellowback Saloon under the alias of Lee Jessup. As part of his plan to get evidence against Jessup, who also does not know his identity, Roy takes a job as saloon shotgun guard. This doesnt set well with Jessup, as he has plans of his own regarding Joby, captured, he is taken before Laramie, who quickly identifies him as the Kid although he has never seen him before, in order to win the immunity promised him. Roy, masked as the Carson City Kid and speaking Spanish as the Kid did on the stage holdups, intervenes and at gunpoint, besides the gold, Jessup unwittingly identifies as his own the latters and documents, which establish him as Morgan Reynolds. Reynolds meets justice and Roy is exonerated, Roy Rogers as The Carson City Kid George Gabby Hayes as Marshal Gabby Whitaker Bob Steele as Lee Jessup / Morgan Reynolds Noah Beery, Jr
2.
Cincinnati
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Cincinnati is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. With a population of 298,550, Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and its metropolitan statistical area is the 28th-largest in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington combined statistical area. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country, it rivaled the larger cities in size. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U. S and it was by far the largest city in the west. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnatis growth slowed considerably. Cincinnati is home to two sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States, Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as Paris of America, due mainly to such ambitious projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it Losantiville, in 1790, Arthur St. Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington, after the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819, exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, the city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850. Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21,1825, the first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827. In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown, by 1840, during this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the Queen City
3.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
4.
Apple Valley, California
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The Town of Apple Valley is located in the Victor Valley of San Bernardino County, in the U. S. state of California. It was incorporated on November 14,1988, and is one of the twenty-two incorporated municipalities in California that uses town in its name instead of city. The town is east of and adjoining to the cities of Victorville. The population was 69,135 at the 2010 census, Apple Valley is governed by a town council, whose current mayor is Larry Cusack. Apple Valley was home to Roy Rogers and Dale Evans, whose museum was first established in Apple Valley before the museum was relocated to Victorville in 1976, since 2003, the museum has been in Branson, Missouri. The move was made in hopes of reaching more fans, however, Apple Valley is located at 34°31′N 117°13′W. Apple Valley is located at the edge of the Mojave Desert. Apple Valley, in combination with Victorville, Hesperia, Adelanto, the commercial area is split currently between State Route 18 and Bear Valley Road. The Mojave River that borders the west side of Apple Valley, is one of only a handful of rivers in the world to flow magnetic north, the town is bounded on its southern edge by the foothills of the San Bernardino mountains. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 73.5 square miles of which 73.2 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles. The elevation of Apple Valley is approximately 2,900 feet above sea level, Apple Valley is comfortable throughout most of the year, with few snowfalls in the winter and warm sunny days from late spring to early fall. Seasonal high winds occur occasionally in spring and fall, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Apple Valley has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated BSk on climate maps. On average, the warmest month is July, the highest recorded temperature was 116 °F in 2002. On average, the coolest month is December, the lowest recorded temperature was −1 °F in 1949. The most precipitation on average occurs in February, for centuries, Apple Valley was populated by Shoshonean, Paiute, Vanyume, Chemehueve and the Serrano who were attracted to the water and vegetation around the Mojave River. The Mojave people came later and were the group encountered in 1542 by a detachment of Coronados men. These were the first Spanish to come to the Mojave desert, pedro Fages came through the area in 1772, looking for deserters. Father Garces spent time in the area in 1776 and he was on good terms with local tribes
5.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
6.
Dale Evans
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Dale Evans was an American actress, singer, and songwriter. She was the wife of singing cowboy Roy Rogers. Dale Evans was born Lucille Wood Smith on October 31,1912 in Uvalde, Texas and she had a tumultuous early life. Her name was changed to Frances Octavia Smith while she was still an infant, at age 14, she eloped with her first husband, Thomas F. Fox, with whom she had one son, Thomas F. Fox, Jr. when she was 15. A year later, abandoned by the father, she herself in Memphis, Tennessee. She landed a job with radio stations, singing and playing piano. Divorced in 1929, she took the name Dale Evans in the early 1930s to promote her singing career and she gained exposure on radio as the featured singer for a time on the Edgar Bergen/Charlie McCarthy show. Throughout this early period, Evans went through two additional failed marriages, the first of which was to August Wayne Johns from 1929 to 1935, in 1937, she married her third husband, accompanist and arranger Robert Dale Butts, they divorced nine years later. Neither of these marriages produced any children, during her time at 20th Century Fox, the studio promoted her as the unmarried supporter of her teenage brother Tommy. This deception continued through her divorce from Butts in 1946 and her development as a cowgirl co-star to Roy Rogers at Republic Studios. Evans married Roy Rogers on New Years Eve 1947 at the Flying L Ranch in Davis, Oklahoma, art and Mary Jo Rush were best man and matron of honor. The marriage was Rogers third and Evans fourth but was successful, shortly after the wedding, Evans ended the deception regarding her son, Tommy. Roy had a child, Cheryl, and two biological children, Linda and Roy Jr. from his second marriage. Together they had one child, Robin Elizabeth, who died of complications of Down syndrome shortly before her second birthday and her life inspired Evans to write her bestseller Angel Unaware. Evans was very influential in changing public perceptions of children with developmental disabilities, after she wrote Angel Unaware, a group then known as the “Oklahoma County Council for Mentally Retarded Children” adopted its better-known name Dale Rogers Training Center in her honor. Evans went on to write a number of religious and inspirational books, Roy and Dale appeared many times with Billy Graham in Crusades all over the country, singing gospel songs and giving their testimony. Evans and Rogers would adopt four children, Mimi, Dodie, Sandy. In addition to her successful TV shows, more than 30 films and some 200 songs, Evans wrote the well-known song Happy Trails
7.
Sons of the Pioneers
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The Sons of the Pioneers are one of the United States earliest Western singing groups. Since 1933, through changes in membership, the Sons of the Pioneers have remained one of the longest-surviving country music vocal groups. He entered a singing contest on a Los Angeles radio show called Midnight Frolics. In September 1931, Canadian-born Bob Nolan answered an ad in the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner that read, Yodeler for old-time act. The band was The Rocky Mountaineers, by then led by Leonard Slye, after listening to the tall, slender, tanned Nolan sing and yodel, Slye hired Nolan on the spot. Although Nolan stayed with the only a short time, he stayed in touch with Slye. Nolan was replaced by Tim Spencer, who had been working in a Safeway Stores warehouse, in the spring of 1932, Slye, Spencer, and another singer, Slumber Nichols, left the Rocky Mountaineers to form a trio, which soon failed. Throughout most of 1932, Slye and Spencer moved through a series of short-lived groups like the International Cowboys, Spencer left the O-Bar-O Cowboys and quit music for a while. Slye joined Jack LeFevre and His Texas Outlaws, who were an act on a local Los Angeles radio station. In early 1933, Slye, Nolan, and Spencer formed a group called the Pioneer Trio, the three young singers rehearsed for weeks honing their singing. While Slye continued to work with his singing group, Spencer. By early 1934, the group consisted of Leonard Slye, Bob Nolan, during that time, fiddle player Hugh Farr joined the group, adding a bass voice to the groups vocal arrangements. He also sang lead on some songs, later that year, the Pioneers Trio became the Sons of the Pioneers through a radio station announcers chance remark. Asked why hed changed their name, the said they were too young to have been pioneers. The name was received well and fit the group, who were no longer a trio and they signed a recording contract with the newly founded Decca label, and on August 8,1934, the Sons of the Pioneers made their first commercial recording. That same day, the popular crooner Bing Crosby also made his first Decca session. One of the first songs recorded by the Sons of the Pioneers during that first August session was written by Bob Nolan, Tumbling Tumbleweeds, the original title Tumbling Leaves was changed to give the song a western character. Over the next two years the group would record 32 songs for Decca and their output includes a 1937 recording of The Blue Juniata, by Marion Dix Sullivan
8.
Trigger (horse)
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Trigger was a 15.3 hands palomino horse made famous in American Western films with his owner and rider, cowboy star Roy Rogers. Trigger was born in San Diego, California, though often mistaken for a Tennessee Walking Horse, his sire was a Thoroughbred and his dam a grade mare who, like Trigger, was a palomino. Horses other than Golden Cloud also portrayed Trigger over the years, none of which was related to Golden Cloud, though Trigger remained a stallion his entire life, he was never bred and has no descendants. On the other hand, Roy Rogers used Trigger Jr, Golden Cloud made an early appearance as the mount of Maid Marian, played by Olivia de Havilland in The Adventures of Robin Hood. A short while later, when Roy Rogers was preparing to make his first movie in a role, he was offered a choice of five rented movie horses to ride. Rogers bought him eventually in 1943 and renamed him Trigger for his quickness of both foot and mind, Trigger learned 150 trick cues and could walk 50 feet on his hind legs. They were said to have run out of places to cue Trigger, Trigger became such a ham that as soon as he heard applause he would start bowing and ruin that trick. He could sit in a chair, sign his name X with a pencil, lie down for a nap, Rogers most carefully guarded trade secret was to get Trigger housebroken. Spending as much time as he does in hotels, theaters, and hospitals, —Glenn Randall, wrangler with Hudkins Stables. Trigger became the most famous horse in film entertainment, even having his own Dell comic book recounting his exploits, Roy Rogers made many personal appearances with Trigger in tow. More than once Rogers escorted Trigger up 3-4 flights of stairs at hospitals to visit sick children. After the original Trigger died in 1965 at Rogers Hidden Hills, California ranch, Rogers arranged for Everett Wilkensen of Bischoffs Taxidermy in Los Angeles, the mount was later moved with the museum to first Victorville, California in 1976, and then to Branson, Missouri in 2003. At some point, a 24-foot replica of a rearing Trigger was produced to sit atop the Roy Rogers Museum in Victorville, the 1300-pound replica could be seen from the freeway and served as a landmark until the museum closed and moved to Branson. When the fiberglass replica of Trigger was being made, Rogers was approached by the owners of the Denver Broncos, Rogers allowed another statue to be made and then broke the mold. Bucky the Bronco, Triggers twin, stands above the scoreboard of the Denver Broncos stadium. After the closing of the Victorville museum in 2009, its contents were placed at public auction on July 14–15,2010, Triggers preserved taxidermy remains sold for $266,500 to television channel RFD-TV, which plans to start a Western museum. Bob Tinsley, a Victorville developer who had built Roy Rogers home in nearby Apple Valley, tinsleys plan is to make the statue a part of historic Apple Valley Village. He explained, I just couldnt see letting him go anywhere else
9.
German Shepherd
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The German Shepherd is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany. The breeds officially recognized name is German Shepherd Dog in the English language, the German Shepherd is a relatively new breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899. As part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep, the German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and fourth-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs, the breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm for males and 55–60 cm for females. The weight standard is 30–40 kilograms for males and 22–32 kilograms for females and they have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown with a lively, intelligent, the ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. They have a neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock, German Shepherds have a two-layer coat which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants, medium and long, the long-hair gene is recessive, making the long-hair variety rarer. The FCI accepted the type in 2010, listing it as the variety b—while short-haired type is listed as the variety a. Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black, most colour varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic saddle to an over-all blanket. Rarer colour variations include the sable, pure-black, pure-white, liver, German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence, a trait for which they are now famous. In the book The Intelligence of Dogs, author Stanley Coren ranked the third for intelligence. He found that they had the ability to learn simple tasks after only five repetitions, German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self-assured. The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose and they are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become over-protective of their family and territory, especially if not socialized correctly and they are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers. German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as being protective of their owners, well-trained and socialized German Shepherds have a reputation of being very safe. According to the National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters, the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1,060 newtons and he believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability
10.
Sidekick
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A sidekick is a slang expression for a close companion or colleague who is, or generally regarded as, subordinate to the one he or she accompanies. Some well-known fictional sidekicks are Don Quixotes Sancho Panza, Sherlock Holmes Doctor Watson, The Lone Rangers Tonto, The Green Hornets Kato, Shreks Donkey, Sonics Tails, the term originated in pickpocket slang of the late 19th and early 20th century. The kick was the front side pocket of a pair of trousers, thus by analogy, a side-kick was a persons closest companion. A humorous folk etymology refers to the sidekicks accomplishments being kicked to the side or otherwise ignored in favor of the charismatic lead hero. One of the earliest recorded sidekicks may be Enkidu, who adopted a role to Gilgamesh after they became allies in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Other early examples are Achilles and Patroclus in the Iliad, and Moses, Sidekicks can fulfil one or multiple functions, such as a counterpoint to the hero, an alternate point of view, or knowledge, skills, or anything else the hero does not have. They often function as comic relief, and/or the straight man to the heros comedic actions, a sidekick can also be a character to whom the audience can more easily relate than the hero, or whom the audience can imagine themselves as being. And by asking questions of the hero, or giving the hero someone to talk to, Sidekicks frequently serve as an emotional connection, especially when the hero is depicted as detached and distant, traits which might make it difficult to like the hero. The sidekick is often the confidant who knows the character better than anyone else. Although Sherlock Holmes was portrayed as a man to know. The apparent stupidity of some comedy sidekicks is often used to make a non-intellectual hero look intelligent, similarly, a flamboyant or effeminate sidekick may make an otherwise unimposing hero look more masculine. And a strong, silent and modest hero may have his fighting qualities revealed to the other characters, examples include Porky Pig, who is more sensible and calmer than Daffy Duck in later short films, similarly, Sancho Panza is more rational than Don Quixote. It is typical for the character and sidekick to be of the same gender — otherwise the term sidekick is replaced with partner or companion, whenever there is a team of more than two characters, the term sidekick is generally reserved for another team member of the same sex. The original Doctor Who series intentionally avoided any explicit onscreen indications of romantic or sexual attraction between The Doctor and his female companions, while unusual, it is not unheard of for a sidekick to be more attractive, charismatic, or physically capable than the supposed hero. This is most typically encountered when the appeal is more intellectual rather than sexual. Such heroes are often middle-aged or older and tend towards eccentricity, such protagonists may, due to either age or physical unsuitability, be limited to cerebral conflicts, while leaving the physical action to a younger or more physically capable sidekick. This type of sidekick is rarely encountered in fiction, because the hero runs the risk of being upstaged by them, in other media, The Green Hornets sidekick, Kato, has been depicted as a capable man of action, for instance in martial arts. The earliest Doctor Who serials, particularly during the First Doctor era, had male companions who were capable of the physical action that the elderly William Hartnell was not
11.
Andy Devine
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Andrew Vabre Andy Devine was an American character actor and comic cowboy sidekick known for his distinctive whiny voice. Devine was born in Flagstaff, Arizona, on October 7,1905 and he grew up in Kingman, Arizona, where his family moved when he was a year old. His father was Thomas Devine Jr. born in 1869 in Kalamazoo County, Andys grandfather Thomas Devine Sr. was born in 1842 in County Tipperary, Ireland, and emigrated to the United States in 1852. Andys mother was Amy Ward, a granddaughter of Commander James H. Ward and he attended St. Mary and St. Benedicts College and Northern Arizona State Teachers College and was a star football player at Santa Clara University. He also played football under the pseudonym Jeremiah Schwartz. His football experience led to his first sizable film role, in The Spirit of Notre Dame, Devine had an ambition to act, so after college he went to Hollywood, where he worked as a lifeguard at Venice Beach, in easy distance of the studios. While filming Doctor Bull at Fox Studios in 1933, he met Dorothy House and they were married on October 28,1933, in Las Vegas, Nevada, and remained united until his death, on February 18,1977. They had five children, Andrew Devine, Jr. Patrick Gabriel Devine, Susanna Rachel Devine, Arthur Matthew Devine, Andy Jr. and Patrick are actors, the other children have pursued other careers. It was first thought that his peculiar wheezy voice would prevent him moving to the talkies. When he was able to again, he had a labored, scratchy. A biographer, however, indicated that this was one of several stories Devine fabricated about his voice and his son Tad related in an interview for Encore Westerns Channel that there indeed had been an accident, but he was uncertain if it resulted in his fathers unusual voice. When asked if he had strange nodes on his vocal cords, Devine replied, Ive got the same nodes as Bing Crosby, but his are in tune. Devine appeared in more than 400 films and shared with Walter Brennan, another character actor and his notable roles included Cookie, Roy Rogerss sidekick, in ten films, a role in Romeo and Juliet, and Danny in A Star Is Born. He appeared in films with John Wayne, including Stagecoach, Island in the Sky. He was a contract player with Universal, which in 1939 paired him with Richard Arlen for a series of fast-paced B-pictures that mixed action and comedy. When Arlen left in 1941, the series continued for two years, teaming Devine with various actors, often Leo Carrillo. Devine was generally known for his roles, but Jack Webb cast him as a police detective in Pete Kellys Blues. His film appearances in his later years included roles in Zebra in the Kitchen, The Over-the-Hill Gang, and Myra Breckinridge
12.
George "Gabby" Hayes
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George Francis Gabby Hayes was an American radio, film, and television actor. He was best known for his numerous appearances in Western films as the sidekick of the leading man. Hayes was born the third of seven children in his fathers hotel in Stannards, New York and he was the son of Elizabeth Morrison and Clark Hayes. His mothers brother was George F. Morrison, vice president of General Electric, Hayes did not come from a cowboy background, he did not know how to ride a horse until he was in his forties and had to learn for film roles. His father, Clark Hayes, operated the Hayes Hotel in Stannards and was involved in oil production. George Hayes grew up in Stannards and attended Stannards School and he played semiprofessional baseball while in high school. He ran away from home in 1902, at 17, joined a company, apparently traveled for a time with a circus. Hayes married Olive E. Ireland, the daughter of a New Jersey glass finisher and she joined him in vaudeville, performing under the name Dorothy Earle. Hayes had become so successful that by 1928, at age 43, he was able to retire to a home on Long Island in Baldwin and he lost all his savings the next year in the 1929 stock-market crash. Earle persuaded Hayes to try his luck in films, and the moved to Los Angeles. They remained together until her death on July 5,1957, after his move to Los Angeles, according to later interviews, Hayes had a chance meeting with the producer Trem Carr, who liked his look and gave him 30 roles over the next six years. In his early career, Hayes was cast in a variety of roles, including villains and he found a niche in the growing genre of Western films, many of which were series with recurring characters. Ironically, Hayes would admit he had never been a big fan of Westerns, from 1935 to 1939, Hayes played the part of Windy Halliday, the sidekick to Hopalong Cassidy. In 1939, Hayes left Paramount Pictures in a dispute over his salary, Paramount held the rights to the name Windy Halliday, so the nickname Gabby was created for Hayess character. Hayes was also repeatedly cast as a sidekick of the Western stars Randolph Scott, Hayes played Waynes sidekick in Raoul Walshs Dark Command, which featured Roy Rogers in a supporting role. Hayes became a performer and consistently appeared among the 10 favorite actors in polls taken of moviegoers of the period. The Western film genre declined in the late 1940s, and Hayes made his last film appearance in The Cariboo Trail. He moved to television and hosted The Gabby Hayes Show, a Western series, from 1950 to 1954 on NBC and, in a new version in 1956, on ABC
13.
Smiley Burnette
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He was also a prolific singer-songwriter who could play as many as 100 musical instruments, some simultaneously. His career, beginning in 1934, spanned four decades, including a role on CBS-TVs Petticoat Junction in the 1960s. Lester A. Burnett was born in Summum, Illinois, on March 18,1911 and he began singing as a child and learned to play a wide variety of instruments by ear, yet never learned to read or write music. In his teens he worked in vaudeville and, starting in 1929, at the states first commercial station, WDZ-AM in Tuscola. Burnette came by his nickname while creating a character for a WDZ childrens program and he was reading Mark Twains The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County at the time, which included a character named Jim Smiley. He named the radio character Mr. Smiley and soon adopted the moniker as his own and his break came in December 1933, when he was hired by Gene Autry to play accordion on National Barn Dance on Chicagos WLS-AM, on which Autry was the major star. Burnette sang and played accordion, and the included two of his compositions. He had other parts until a secondary but more prominent role in the 1935 serial The Adventures of Rex. That same year, Levine gave Autry his first starring role in the 12-part serial The Phantom Empire, with Burnette playing Oscar, mascot was soon absorbed by Republic Pictures Corp. and Republic enjoyed enormous success with its musical western features starring Autry. In each of the films Burnette played Autrys comic sidekick, Frog Millhouse, with his trademark black hat. Their association produced 62 feature-length musical westerns, burnettes movie horse, white with a black-ringed left eye, also became famous, first as Black-eyed Nellie, then as Ring-eyed Nellie, and finally as just Ring Eye. After leaving Republic in June 1944, he became the sidekick to Charles Starrett at Columbia Pictures in the new Durango Kid series, Starrett and Burnette were paired in 56 films, from 1945 to 1952. When Starrett retired, Burnette was still under contract so Columbia teamed him with Jock Mahoney for a new series of westerns. A pilot film with Mahoney and Burnette was completed but never released, Columbia then reassigned Burnette to its Gene Autry series, Smiley Burnette wrote more than 400 songs and sang a significant number of them on screen. His Western classic, Ridin Down the Canyon, was recorded by Willie Nelson, Riders in the Sky. He also composed scores for such films as The Painted Stallion. His songs were recorded by a range of singers, including Bing Crosby, Ferlin Husky. His performance of Steamboat Bill appeared on The Billboards country chart in 1939, Burnette devised and built some of his unusual musical instruments in his home workshop
14.
Roy Rogers Restaurants
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Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC is a Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States chain of fast food restaurants founded by the Marriott Corporation in 1968 in Falls Church, Virginia. As of August 2015, Roy Rogers had 51 stores,20 corporate and 31 franchised, in 2002, the Plamondon Companies purchased the trademark from Imasco, the former parent of Hardees. Under the new owners the company is headquartered in Frederick, Maryland, Roy Rogers menu consists primarily of hamburgers, roast beef sandwiches, fried chicken, french fries and beverages. Roy Rogers is a chain of U. S. fast-food family restaurants, numbering over 650 at its peak, Marriott Corporation founded the chain to replace their older Hot Shoppes Jr. fast-food chain, most of which were then converted. They licensed the name from Roy Rogers and operated the restaurants from 1968 through 1990. The first location opened in 1968 in the Baileys Crossroads section of Falls Church, Virginia, on the corner of Leesburg Pike and Carlin Springs Road and that Roy Rogers is now a McDonalds. Hot Shoppes that became a Roy Rogers was at 5214 River Road, in Bethesda, Maryland, Marriott senior executives and members of the Marriott family were frequent patrons of the location. In 1982, Marriott Corporation bought the Ginos restaurant chain for $48.6 million, the company converted 180 of the 313 restaurants to Roy Rogers to expand in the Baltimore/Washington area. In 1990, Marriott sold the chain for $365 million to Hardees, Hardees converted the remaining non-franchised locations into Hardees restaurants, many of the new Hardees continued to feature Roy Rogers fried chicken. The conversion of the Roy Rogers chain ended in a customer revolt so serious that they actually aborted the idea, the restaurants promoted new flame-broiled hamburgers, but they were not the same as the original Roy Rogers products and they later failed. Hardees finally sold the remaining Roy Rogers locations to McDonalds, Wendys and this left 13 Roy Rogers franchisees, with two dozen free-standing locations, in addition to locations owned by HMSHost in travel plazas along highways in the Northeast. Filming for the first television commercials advertising Roy Rogers Restaurants took place in the Apple Valley, California area where Rogers lived with his family. In 1968 and 1969, Rogers and friends, Earl Bascom and Mel Marion, were filmed at locations including the historic Las Flores Ranch in Summit Valley. Plamondon Companies took the lead among franchisees in developing products, hosting training sessions, Plamondon Companies is run by Jim Plamondon and Peter Plamondon Jr. the two sons of Peter Plamondon Sr. head of the restaurant division at Marriott when the Roy Rogers brand was created. Roy Rogers was relaunched as Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC in 2002 when Plamondon Companies bought the trademark and franchise system from Imasco, in 1997, CKE Restaurants acquired Hardees from Imasco, but Imasco held on to the Roy Rogers trademark and franchise system. Plamondon negotiated with Imasco for three years before a purchase agreement was reached in 2002. The first new Roy Rogers restaurant after many years of decline was opened in Frederick, based in Frederick, Maryland, the Plamondon Companies is a privately held company with annual revenues of $20 million. In 1980, the Plamondon Companies opened its doors with their first Roy Rogers restaurant, as of 2012, there are 20 company-owned Roy Rogers Restaurants, while franchisees operate the rest
15.
Riverfront Stadium
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Located on the Ohio River in downtown Cincinnati, the stadium was best known as the home of The Big Red Machine, as the Reds were often called in the 1970s. Construction began on February 1,1968, and was completed at a cost of less than $50 million, on June 30,1970, the Reds hosted the Atlanta Braves in their grand opening, with Hank Aaron hitting the first ever home run at Riverfront. Two weeks later on July 14,1970, Riverfront hosted the 1970 Major League Baseball All-Star Game and this game is best remembered for the often-replayed collision at home plate between Reds star Pete Rose and catcher Ray Fosse of the Cleveland Indians. In September 1996, Riverfront Stadium was renamed Cinergy Field in a deal with Greater Cincinnati energy company Cinergy. In 2001, to room for Great American Ball Park. There was a wall in center field visible after the renovations. The stadium was demolished by implosion on December 29,2002, the astroturf panels covering the tracks could be seen in left field during Reds games. Riverfront Stadiums scoreboard was designed by American Sign and Indicator, and that scoreboard would be upgraded in the 1980s with the addition of an adjacent Sony JumboTron. Riverfront quickly earned a place in Cincinnatis century-long baseball tradition as the home of one of the best teams in baseball history, the World Series would return in 1990, with Cincinnati winning the first two of a four-game sweep of the Oakland Athletics at Riverfront. Players who combined power and speed like Joe Morgan, Pete Rose and Ken Griffey, catcher Johnny Bench and first baseman Tony Pérez played here. The artificial turf covered not only the grass area of the ballpark but is usually the skinned portion of the infield. Only the pitchers mound, the plate area, and cutouts around first, second. This was the first stadium in the majors with this sliding pit configuration, Riverfront hosted the MLB All-Star Game twice. First on July 14,1970 with President Richard Nixon in attendance, despite Cincinnatis love of baseball, it was the prospect of a professional football team that finally moved the city to end 20 years of discussion and build a new stadium on the downtown riverfront. Perhaps the most memorable game at Riverfront was the AFC Championship on January 10,1982. The game became known as the Freezer Bowl and was won by the Bengals over the San Diego Chargers, the air temperature during the game was −9 °F and the wind chill was −37 °F, the coldest in NFL history. The win earned the Bengals their first of two trips to the Super Bowl while playing at Riverfront, Riverfront Stadium hosted the 1988 AFC Championship, as the Bengals beat the Buffalo Bills 21–10 to advance to their second Super Bowl appearance. During the Bengals tenure, they defeated every visiting franchise at least once, enjoying perfect records against the Arizona Cardinals, New York Giants, and Philadelphia Eagles
16.
Ohio River
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The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States. The 981-mile river flows through or along the border of six states, through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U. S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people and it is named in Iroquoian or Seneca, Ohi, yó, lit. Good River or Shawnee, Pelewathiipi and Spelewathiipi, the river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans, as numerous civilizations formed along its valley. For thousands of years, Native Americans used the river as a major transportation, in 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River, becoming the first Europeans to see it. After European-American settlement, the served as a border between present-day Kentucky and Indian Territories. It was a transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U. S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated and its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted. During the 19th century, the river was the boundary of the Northwest Territory. Where the river was narrow, it was the way to freedom for thousands of slaves escaping to the North, many helped by free blacks and whites of the Underground Railroad resistance movement. The Ohio River is a transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical. It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates, in winter, it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely further south toward Cincinnati and Louisville. At Paducah, Kentucky, in the south, near the Ohios confluence with the Mississippi, Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice-free reach of the Ohio. The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, from there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line. From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia, the river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the borders of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions, northeast New York, a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny. Pennsylvania, a corridor from the corner to north central border
17.
Portsmouth, Ohio
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Portsmouth is a city in and the county seat of Scioto County, Ohio, United States. It lies in far southern Ohio, just east of the mouth of the Scioto River at the Ohio River, the population was 20,226 at the 2010 census. According to historian Charles Augustus Hanna, a Shawnee village was founded at the site of modern-day Portsmouth in late 1758, Portsmouths European-American roots date to the 1790s, when the small town of Alexandria was founded west of Portsmouths site. Alexandria was flooded numerous times by the Ohio and the Scioto rivers, in 1803, Henry Massie spotted a place to move the town away from the flood plains. He began to plot the new city by mapping the streets, Portsmouth was founded in 1803 and was established as a city in 1815. Portsmouth growth continued with the completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal, the construction of the N&W railyards and the B&O junction at the city also stimulated growth, with railroads soon carrying more freight than the canal. By the end of the 19th century, Portsmouth became one of the most important cities on the Ohio River between Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel employed over one thousand people. There were 100 other manufacturing companies producing goods from furniture to engines, industrial and shipping growth greatly benefited Boneyfiddle, where grand buildings were constructed with the wealth from the commerce. As time passed, much of the commerce began to move towards Chillicothe Street, while Boneyfiddle is receiving new life, it is a shadow of its former self. Another notable part of Portsmouths history in the 19th century was its importance on the Underground Railroad, fugitive slaves used this route to continue north to Detroit and into Canada to gain freedom. The population peaked at just over 42,000 in 1930, and by the 1950 census, foreign competition and industrial restructuring resulted in most of the industrial jobs on which Portsmouths economy was based moving out of the area. Following these declines, in 1980 when Empire-Detroit Steel-Portsmouth Works suspended local operations after the sale of the plant to Armco Steel. Armco Steel closed the plant because they did not want to replace the obsolete Open Hearth Furnaces with the more efficient basic oxygen steel furnaces, the plant also needed a continuous caster to replace the obsolete soaking pits and blooming mill in 1995. When the steel mill was closed,1,300 steelworkers were laid off, as of 2010, the city has a population of approximately 20,000. It has shared in the loss of jobs due to unskilled labor outsourcing, since the late 1990s and problems of unemployment, an epidemic of prescription drug abuse has swept the town and surrounding areas. It has caused an increase in Hepatitis C cases in the county, drug-related deaths, robberies, murder. The most prevalent drug is OxyContin, a synthetic opiate originally developed as a drug, known colloquially as oxys. The crisis is blamed on the proliferation of cash-only pain clinics, according to authorities, there are eight such clinics in Scioto County alone, the largest concentration of such operations per capita in any of Ohios counties
18.
Great Flood of 1913
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The Great Flood of 1913 occurred between March 23 and March 26, after major rivers in the central and eastern United States flooded from runoff and several days of heavy rain. Related deaths and damage in the United States were widespread and extensive, while the exact number is not certain, flood-related deaths in Ohio, Indiana, and eleven other states are estimated at approximately 650. The official death toll range for Ohio falls between 422 and 470, flood-related death estimates in Indiana range from 100 to 200. More than a million people were left homeless. The death toll from the flood of 1913 places it second to the Johnstown Flood of 1889 as one of the deadliest floods in the United States, the flood remains Ohios largest weather disaster. In the Midwest damage estimates exceeded a third of a billion dollars, damage from the Great Dayton Flood at Dayton, Ohio, exceeded $73 million. Indiana’s damages were estimated at $25 million, further south, along the Mississippi River, damages exceeded $200 million. The Ohio Conservancy Act, which was signed by the governor of Ohio in 1914, the act allowed for the establishment of conservancy districts with the authority to implement flood control projects. The storm system produced the flood in late March 1913 began with a typical winter storm pattern. Strong Canadian winds stalled a high-pressure system off Bermuda and delayed the normal flow of a low-pressure system. At least two low-pressure systems moving along the trough caused heavy rain over the period between March 23 and March 26. As the storm gained strength on Sunday, March 23, high winds, hail, sleet, and tornadoes arrived in the Great Plains, the South, major tornadoes hit Omaha, Nebraska, Lone Peach, Arkansas, and Terre Haute, Indiana. On Monday and Tuesday, March 24 and 25,3 to 8 inches of rain fell in Ohio, Indiana, major rivers in Indiana and Ohio experienced heavy runoff. Downstream, where the Ohio River enters the Mississippi River, the water level broke record highs to that time as the water flowed south to the Gulf of Mexico. By Tuesday, March 25, the Ohio River and its tributaries flooded cities such as Indianapolis, Indiana, on Wednesday, March 26, the storm moved east into Pennsylvania and New York, while heavy rain continued in the Ohio River valley. The heaviest rainfall,6 to 9 inches or more, covered an area from southern Illinois into northwestern Pennsylvania, as the storm continued eastward, flooding began in New York, Massachusetts, Vermont, and Virginia. The Potomac River overflowed its banks in Maryland, state and local communities handled much of their own disaster response and relief in 1913. Ohio governor James M. Cox called on the legislature to appropriate $250,000 for emergency aid
19.
Lucasville, Ohio
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Lucasville is a census-designated place in Scioto County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,757 at the 2010 census, Lucasville is the location of the Scioto County Fairgrounds. The Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, Ohios only maximum security prison, Lucasville is served by the Portsmouth Public Library, as well as the Valley Local School District and Northwest Local School District. Lucasville was laid out by Captain John Lucas in 1819, a post office called Lucasville has been in operation since 1828. Lucasville is located at 38°52′49″N 82°59′40″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.5 square miles, of which 2.5 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles, or 1. 57%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,588 people,589 households, the population density was 631.4 people per square mile. There were 672 housing units at a density of 267. 2/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97. 10% White,0. 13% African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 25% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 06% from other races, and 2. 14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 31% of the population,21. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.08. In the CDP, the population was out with 26. 8% under the age of 18,9. 8% from 18 to 24,26. 6% from 25 to 44,25. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $25,313, and the median income for a family was $37,443. Males had an income of $30,125 versus $21,174 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,569, about 6. 8% of families and 8. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over
20.
McDermott, Ohio
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McDermott is a census-designated place in western Rush Township, Scioto County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 434, although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 45652. Platted on July 28,1898, the community of McDermott is named one of the areas earliest commercial ventures. A post office called McDermott has been in operation since 1898
21.
Lawndale, California
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Lawndale is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 32,769 at the 2010 census, up from 31,711 according to the 2000 census, the city is in the South Bay region of the Greater Los Angeles Area. Hopper first subdivided the area and named it after the Chicago neighborhood of the same name, lots sold slowly and different promotions were tried such as promoting Lawndale as a chicken raising area. The first railway to run through Lawndale was the Inglewood Division of the Redondo Railway which would become part of the Pacific Electric Red Car system. It ran down the middle of Railway Ave. until 1933, in 1927 the Santa Fe railroad arrived. After World War II, the demand for housing from returning veterans. On December 28,1959 it was incorporated as a city in Los Angeles county, but with the contraction of this industry after the cold war, Lawndale reverted to its previous pattern. For its first 18 months the sign was sponsored by Fox and promoted upcoming television shows and it also later gained and lost a sponsorship with Acura before its current sponsorship for Los Angeles radio station 100.3 – The Sound. The billboard is said to generate Lawndale $200,000 annually, in 2012 the Lawndale community center opened up its doors. Roy Rogers lived there for a time and Fred Dryer was raised there, traci Lords lived in Lawndale near the beginning of her adult film career. According to the Citys 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are, the Lawndale Cable Usage Corporation is the non-profit, California corporation that receives these fees, and provides for the development of Lawndale Community Cable Television. The Lawndalian a citywide newsletter that informs the residents about programs, the Lawndalian is now available Online at the citys website. The Lawndale Tribune is the community paper for the City of Lawndale, harold Hofmann served as mayor for 23 years, due to there not being city term limits and running unopposed in most elections. In the California State Legislature, Lawndale is in the 35th Senate District, represented by Democrat Steven Bradford, in the United States House of Representatives, Lawndale is in Californias 43rd congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D +26 and is represented by Democrat Maxine Waters. The Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department operates the Lennox Station in Lennox, in addition the agency operates the City of Lawndale Sheriffs Department Service Center. The United States Postal Service Lawndale Post Office is located at 4320 Marine Avenue, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Curtis Tucker Health Center in Inglewood, serving Lawndale. In 2009, the renovated Lawndale Public Library of the County of Los Angeles Public Library, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.0 square miles, all land. Lawndale is bordered by Redondo Beach on the west and southwest, Hawthorne on the north, Torrance on the southeast, Lawndale is serviced by Interstate 405 and by Artesia Blvd
22.
Tulare, California
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Tulare is a city in Tulare County, California. The population was 59,278 at the 2010 census, Tulare is located in the heart of the Central Valley, eight miles south of Visalia and sixty miles north of Bakersfield. The city is named for the currently dry Tulare Lake, once the largest freshwater lake west of the Great Lakes. The citys mission statement is, To promote a quality of life making Tulare the most desirable community in which to live, learn, play, work, worship, the Stockton seaport is 170 miles away, and the Sacramento port is 207 miles away. The Los Angeles and San Francisco ports are each approximately 200 miles away, the English name Tulare derives ultimately from Classical Nahuatl tōllin, sedge or reeds, by way of Spanish tule, which also exists in English as a loanword. The name is cognate with Tula, Tultepec, and Tultitlán de Mariano Escobedo, the Yokuts people built reed boats and fished in what was later to be called Tulare Lake in their homeland for centuries, until the invasion and settlement by the Spanish and American pioneers. When California became a state in 1850, Tulare did not yet exist as a town, Tulare was founded in 1872, by the Southern Pacific Railroad. The town was named for Lake Tulare, the lake had been named for the tule rush plant, a species of bulrush that predominantly lined the marshes and sloughs of its shore. Transportation was the first impetus behind the establishment of the town, Tulare flourished as the headquarters of the railroad in the area. The town suffered through many challenges, but despite burning down. In 1891, the railroad moved its headquarters to Bakersfield, decimating the community, although the railroad was gone, the community of Tulare struggled to become an agricultural center for California, which it is today. Due to the inadequate 10 inches of rainfall per year, water resources had to be found, in order to bring water to Tulare, citizens established the Tulare Irrigation District and issued $500,000 in bonds to build an extensive canal system carrying water from the Sierra Nevada. In 1903, when the bonds were paid off early, they celebrated by having a bond-burning celebration, once the water system was established, Tulare burgeoned, becoming a center for farming and agriculture because of its central location. Merritt founded Tagus Ranch, which at 7,000 acres was the largest fruit ranch in the world, until its close, Tagus Ranch produce was known the world over, and was served in the finest restaurants throughout America. At the end of World War II, a portion of Tagus Ranch served as a German POW camp, in 1940, famed aerobatic stunt pilot J. G. War Department contract to open and operate a flying school to train United States Army Air Corps flight cadets. Rankin opened the Rankin Aeronautical Academy in Tulare in February 1941, during its heyday Rankin Field, as it was otherwise known, trained 10,000 pilots in primary flight training, including twelve future Army Air Corps Aces and two Medal of Honor recipients. The Assembly Center was administered by the Wartime Civil Control Administration, under the Western Defense Command, the first internee was inducted on April 27,1942, and the last internee departed on September 4,1942
23.
Del Monte Foods
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Del Monte Foods, Inc is a North American food production and distribution company headquartered at 3003 Oak Road, Walnut Creek, California, USA. Del Monte Foods is one of the countrys largest producers, distributors and marketers of branded processed food for the U. S. retail market and its portfolio of brands includes Del Monte, S&W, Contadina, College Inn, Fruit Burst. Nils Lommerin, is the current Chief Executive Officer of the Del Monte Foods, several Del Monte products hold the number one or two market share position. The company also produces, distributes and markets private label food, in 2014, Del Monte Foods, Inc.67 billion. Assets that are under Del Monte Foods, Inc. but were not part of the deal will continue to operate as a company under the name Big Heart Pet Brands. In the 1870s and 1880s, California became a producer of fruits. By 1892, the Del Monte brand was introduced when the firm expanded its business, in 1898, the California Fruit Canners Association formed when 18 West Coast canning companies merged. The Del Monte brand was one of several brands marketed by the new company and it introduced the Del Monte Shield in 1909. The new company grew to more than 60 canneries in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah. In 1917, it acquired pineapple farms and a cannery in Hawaii and, in the 1920s, added canneries in Florida, after WWII, it constructed or purchased more facilities overseas. These multinational operations made the name California Packing Corporation obsolete, and in June 1967, Del Monte became part of R. J. After being acquired by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts in 1988, RJR Nabisco sold several Del Monte divisions, the fresh fruit business was sold to Polly Peck. RJR Nabisco retained Del Monte Canada and Venezuela, the remaining food processing divisions, known as Del Monte Foods, were sold to Merrill Lynch, Citicorp Venture Capitol, and Kikkoman in 1989. Kikkoman separately acquired Del Monte brand in Asia, in 1990, the European division was subject to a management buyout and Hawaiian Punch was sold to Procter & Gamble. Del Monte sold part of its Philippines division in 1991 and the remainder in 1996, in 1993, Del Montes dried fruit division was sold to Yorkshire Food Group. In 1996, Del Monte sold its division to Kraft. In 1996, Del Monte Mexico was sold to Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst, texas Pacific Group acquired Del Monte in 1997. Del Monte acquired Contadina from Nestlé in 1997 and reacquired Del Monte Venezuela from Nabisco in 1998, Del Monte subsequently established an East Coast headquarters in Pittsburgh, home of Heinz, in a building which sits on a portion of the site of Three Rivers Stadium
24.
The Grapes of Wrath
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The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other Okies, they seek jobs, land, dignity, the Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy. A celebrated Hollywood film version, starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford, was made in 1940, the narrative begins just after Tom Joad is paroled from McAlester prison, where he had been imprisoned after being convicted of homicide. On his return to his home near Sallisaw, Oklahoma, Tom meets former preacher Jim Casy, whom he remembers from his childhood, when they arrive at Toms childhood farm home, they find it deserted. Disconcerted and confused, Tom and Casy meet their old neighbor, Muley Graves, Graves tells them that the banks have evicted all the farmers, but he refuses to leave the area. The next morning, Tom and Casy go to Uncle Johns, consequently, the Joads have no option but to seek work in California, described in handbills as fruitful and offering high pay. The Joads put everything they have into making the journey, although leaving Oklahoma would violate his parole, Tom decides it is worth the risk, and invites Casy to join him and his family. Traveling west on Route 66, the Joad family find the road crowded with other migrants, in makeshift camps, they hear many stories from others, some returning from California, and the group worries about lessening prospects. The family unit dwindles, too, Granpa dies along the road, and they bury him in a field, Granma dies close to the California state line, led by Ma, the remaining members realize they can only continue, as nothing is left for them in Oklahoma. Reaching California, they find the state oversupplied with labor, so wages are low, the big corporate farmers are in collusion, and smaller farmers suffer from collapsing prices. Nonetheless, as a Federal facility, the camp protects the migrants from harassment by California deputies, in response to the exploitation, Casy becomes a labor organizer and tries to recruit for a labor union. The remaining Joads work as strikebreakers in an orchard, where Casy is involved in a strike that eventually turns violent. When Tom Joad witnesses Casys fatal beating, he kills the attacker, the Joads later leave the orchard for a cotton farm, where Tom is at risk of being arrested for the homicide. Tom bids his farewell and promises to work for the oppressed. Rose of Sharons baby is stillborn, Ma Joad remains steadfast and forces the family through the bereavement. With rain, the Joads dwelling is flooded, and they move to higher ground, in the final chapter of the book, the family takes shelter from the flood in an old barn. Inside, they find a boy and his father, who is dying of starvation
25.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
26.
Inglewood, California
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Inglewood is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, southwest of downtown Los Angeles. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the city had a population of 109,673 and it was incorporated on February 14,1908. The city is in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park is currently under construction in the city and when completed around 2019 will be the new home of both the Los Angeles Rams and the Los Angeles Chargers. The earliest residents of what is now Inglewood were Native Americans who used the springs in todays Edward Vincent Jr. Park. Local historian Gladys Waddingham wrote that these took the name Centinela from the hills that rose gradually around them. These settlers, she wrote, were ordered by the officials of the San Gabriel Mission to graze their animals on the side of Los Angeles in order not to infringe on Mission lands. Later Avila constructed an adobe on a slight rise overlooking the creek that ran from Centinela Springs all the way to the ocean. According to the LAOkay web site, this adobe was built where the present baseball field is in the park, two years later, Waddingham writes, Ygnacio was granted the 2, 220-acre Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela even though this land had already been claimed by Avila. Inglewood Park Cemetery, a widely used cemetery for the region, was founded in 1905. The city has been home to the Hollywood Park Racetrack from 1938 to 2013, fosters Freeze, the first Soft Serve ice cream chain in California, was founded by George Foster in 1946 in Inglewood. Inglewood was named an All-America City by the National Civic League in 1989, on January 12,2016, Inglewood was selected to be the home of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League. The raid led to the death of one of the culprits. A jury returned a not guilty verdict for all defendants who completed the trial and it was this scandal, according to the Los Angeles Times, that eventually led to the outlawing of the Klan in California. The Klan had a chapter in Inglewood as late as October 1931, no blacks had ever lived in Inglewood, Gladys Waddingham wrote, but by 1960, they lived in great numbers along its eastern borders. This came to the displeasure of the predominantly white residents already residing in Inglewood. In 1960, the census counted only 29 Negroes among Inglewoods 63,390 residents, not a single black child attended the citys schools. Real estate agents refused to show homes to blacks, a rumored curfew kept blacks off the streets at night. Inglewood was a target because of its history of restrictions
27.
Bob Nolan
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Bob Nolan was a Canadian-born American singer, songwriter, and actor. He was a member of the Sons of the Pioneers. He is generally regarded as one of the finest Western songwriters of all time, as an actor and singer he appeared in scores of Western films. Robert Clarence Nobles was born April 13,1908 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada to Harry Nobles, the couple separated in 1915, and Flora raised her two little boys in Winnipeg. In the summer of 1916 Flora temporarily moved her children to her husbands home in Hatfield Point, New Brunswick. In the summer of 1919 Bob went to live with his aunt in Boston, there he attended The Belmont School until 1921, when, at the age of thirteen, he moved to Tucson, Arizona to live with his father Harry, a United States Army officer. He attended Safford Junior High School until 1922, then transferred to Roskruge Junior High, in high school he was an average student, was a member of the Arion Club choral group, and excelled in athletics. He graduated from Tucson High School in May 1928, on July 7,1928, less than two months after he graduated high school, Bob Nolan married his high school sweetheart, 16-year-old Tennie Pearl Fields. Thirteen months later, daughter Roberta Irene was born to them, after he left school, Bob Nolan drifted around the country, finding work where he could and always writing songs. He took a job in Los Angeles in 1929. His father had changed his name to Nolan and it was as Bob Nolan that he began a career as a singer on the Chautauqua tent-show circuit, in September 1931 Bob Nolan answered a classified ad in The Los Angeles Herald-Examiner that read Yodeler for old-time act, to travel. The band was The Rocky Mountaineers, led by a singer named Leonard Slye. After listening to the tall, slender, tanned Nolan sing and yodel, although he stayed with the group only a short time, he stayed in touch with Slye. In 1934, Bob Nolan co-founded the Sons of the Pioneers with Leonard Slye, the singing group became very popular and produced numerous recordings for Columbia, Decca, and RCA Victor. The Sons of the Pioneers began performing Nolans original songs on a syndicated radio show. Tumbling Tumbleweeds became their signature tune and a Western standard, and was one of the first songs the group recorded when it signed with Decca in 1934. In 1937, Leonard Slye took the name Roy Rogers and was forced by his new employers, Republic Pictures, the Pioneers continued to function as a cooperative partnership, with no formal leader, until they rejoined Rogers at Republic in 1941. Bob Nolan reluctantly became the front man because his face and voice were the most recognizable in the group
28.
Decca Records
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Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U. S. label was established in late 1934 by Lewis along with American Deccas first president Jack Kapp and later American Decca president Milton Rackmil. In 1937, as a result of anticipating Nazi aggression leading to World War II, Lewis sold American Decca, the British label was renowned for its development of recording methods, while the American company developed the concept of cast albums in the musical genre. Both wings are now part of the Universal Music Group, which is owned by Vivendi, the US Decca label was the foundation company that evolved into UMG. The name Decca was coined by Wilfred S. Samuel by merging the word Mecca with the initial D of their logo Dulcet or their trademark Dulcephone, Samuel, a linguist, chose Decca as a brand name as it was easy to pronounce in most languages. The name dates back to a gramophone called the Decca Dulcephone patented in 1914 by musical instrument makers Barnett Samuel. That company was renamed the Decca Gramophone Co. Ltd. Within years, Decca Records Ltd. was the second largest record label in the world, Decca bought the UK branch of Brunswick Records and continued to run it under that name. In the 1950s the American Decca studios were located in the Pythian Temple in New York City, in classical music, Decca had a long way to go from its modest beginnings to catch up with the established HMV and Columbia labels. The pre-war classical repertoire on Decca was not extensive, but was select, heinrich Schlusnus made important pre-war lieder recordings for Decca. John Culshaw, who joined Decca in 1946 in a junior post and he revolutionised recording – of opera, in particular. Hitherto, the practice had been to put microphones in front of the performers, Culshaw was determined to make recordings that would be a theatre of the mind, making the listeners experience at home not second best to being in the opera house, but a wholly different experience. To that end he got the singers to move about in the studio as they would onstage, used sound effects and different acoustics. His skill, coupled with Decca engineering, took Decca into the first flight of recording companies and his pioneering recording of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Georg Solti was a huge artistic and commercial success. In the wake of Deccas lead, artists such as Herbert von Karajan, Joan Sutherland, however, Culshaw was, strictly speaking, not the first to do this. Far from being a mere rendering of the score, the 3-LP album set used sound effects to recreate the production as if the listener were watching a stage performance of the work. Until 1947, American Decca issued British Decca classical music recordings, afterwards, British Decca took over distribution through its new American subsidiary London Records. American Decca actively re-entered the classical music field in 1950 with distribution deals from Deutsche Grammophon, American Decca began issuing its own classical music recordings in 1956 when Israel Horowitz joined Decca to head its classical music operations
29.
Tumbling Tumbleweeds
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Tumbling Tumbleweeds is a song composed by Bob Nolan. Although one of the most famous associated with the Sons of the Pioneers. Originally titled Tumbling Tumble Leaves, the song was reworked into the title Tumbling Tumbleweeds, members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. The song was used by the Coen Brothers as the part of their score for the 1998 film, bing Crosby recorded the song with John Scott Trotters Orch in Los Angeles 9 February 1940. This version reached the No.12 position in the charts of the day during a 7-week stay, the Sons of the Pioneers 1946 version of the song was featured in the 1998 film The Big Lebowski, though it did not appear on the soundtrack release. Slim Whitman had a top twenty hit with Tumbling Tumbleweeds in 1956, johnnie Ray recorded his version for the 1959 album On The trail. Kate Smith made a recording of the song, available on her CD16 Most Requested Songs. The Supremes covered the song on their 1965 album The Supremes Sing Country, Western & Pop, although it was recorded two years earlier. In the song Turn on, Tune in, Drop Out by The Fugs on their 1968 album Tenderness Junction, jazz guitarist Grant Green recorded a version in 1962, which was released on the 1969 album Goin West, and features Herbie Hancock on piano. Film actor Clint Eastwood recorded a version on his 1962 album Cowboy Favorites, frankie Laine recorded a version on his 1962 album Call of the Wild. Don Everly recorded a version in 1970 and it is the opening track on the album Don Everly. Marty Robbins recorded a version on his 1979 album All Around Cowboy, leo Kottke recorded a version on his 1981 album Guitar Music. Meat Puppets recorded a cover on their 1982 self-titled debut album Meat Puppets, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Tumbling Tumbleweeds - The Luck and the Loss Video produced by the PBS Series History Detectives
30.
Gene Autry
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Orvon Grover Gene Autry was an American performer who gained fame as a singing cowboy on the radio, in movies, and on television for more than three decades beginning in the early 1930s. Autry was also owner of a station, several radio stations in Southern California. From 1934 to 1953, Autry appeared in 93 films and 91 episodes of The Gene Autry Show television series, during the 1930s and 1940s, he personified the straight-shooting hero—honest, brave, and true—and profoundly touched the lives of millions of Americans. Autry was also one of the most important figures in the history of country music and his singing cowboy movies were the first vehicle to carry country music to a national audience. The town of Gene Autry, Oklahoma was named in his honor, orvon Grover Autry was born September 29,1907 near Tioga in Grayson County in north Texas, the grandson of a Methodist preacher. His parents, Delbert Autry and Elnora Ozment, moved in the 1920s to Ravia in Johnston County in southern Oklahoma and he worked on his fathers ranch while at school. After leaving high school in 1925, Autry worked as a telegrapher for the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway and his talent at singing and playing guitar led to performing at local dances. While working as a telegrapher, Autry would sing and accompany himself on the guitar to pass the lonely hours, one night, he was encouraged to sing professionally by a customer, the famous humorist Will Rogers, who had heard Autry singing. As soon as he could collect money to travel, he went to New York and he auditioned for Victor Records, about the time it became RCA Victor. According to Nathaniel Shilkret, director of Light Music for Victor at the time, Shilkret explained to Autry that he was turned down not because of his voice, but because Victor had just made contracts with two similar singers. Autry left with a letter of introduction from Shilkret and the advice to sing on radio to gain experience, L. Watson, recorded My Dreaming of You and My Alabama. Autry signed a deal with Columbia Records in 1929. He worked in Chicago on the WLS-AM radio show National Barn Dance for four years, and with his own show, in his early recording career, Autry covered various genres, including a labor song, The Death of Mother Jones, in 1931. Autry also recorded many records in 1930 and 1931 in New York City. These were much closer in style to the Prairie Ramblers or Dick Justice and these late Prohibition-era songs deal with bootlegging, corrupt police, and women whose occupation was certainly vice. These recordings are not heard today, but are available on European import labels. His first hit was in 1932 with That Silver-Haired Daddy of Mine, a duet with fellow man, Jimmy Long. He wrote Here Comes Santa Claus after being the Grand Marshal of the 1946 Santa Claus Lane Parade and he heard all of the spectators watching the parade saying Here comes Santa Claus
31.
Republic Pictures
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Republic Pictures Corporation was an American motion picture production-distribution corporation in operation from 1935 through 1959, based in Los Angeles, California. It had studio facilities in Studio City and a ranch in Encino. It was best known for specializing in Westerns, movie serials, Republic Pictures was also notable for developing the careers of John Wayne, Gene Autry, and Roy Rogers. It was also responsible for the financing and distributing of several John Ford-directed films during the 1940s and early 1950s and one Shakespeare film, Macbeth, created in 1935 by Herbert J. In the depths of the Great Depression of the 1930s, Yates laboratory was servicing many studios, in 1935 Yates saw a chance to become a studio head himself. Six established Poverty Row companies were all in debt to Yates lab and he prevailed upon these studios to merge under his leadership. Yates new company, Republic Pictures Corporation, was established as an enterprise focused on low-budget product. The largest of Republics components was Monogram Pictures, run by producers Trem Carr and W. Ray Johnston, mascot also had just discovered Gene Autry and signed him to a contract as a singing cowboy star. Larry Darmours Majestic Pictures had developed a following, with big-name stars, Republic took its original Liberty Bell logo from M. H. Hoffmans Liberty Pictures. Chesterfield Pictures and Invincible Pictures, two companies under the same ownership, were skilled in producing low-budget melodramas and mysteries. In exchange for merging, the principals were promised independence in their productions under the Republic aegis, after he had learned the basics of film production and distribution from his partners, Yates began asserting more and more authority over their film departments, and dissension arose in the ranks. Republic also acquired Brunswick Records to record their singing cowboys Gene Autry and Roy Rogers, in its early years Republic was itself sometimes labelled a poverty row company, as its primary products were B movies and serials. Republic, however, showed more interest in, and provided larger budgets to, these films than many of the studios were doing. The heart of the company was its westerns, and its many western-film leads, among them John Wayne, Gene Autry, Rex Allen and Roy Rogers, became recognizable stars at Republic. However, by the mid-1940s, Yates was producing better-quality pictures, even mounting big-budget fare like The Quiet Man, Sands of Iwo Jima, Johnny Guitar and The Maverick Queen. Another distinguishing aspect of the studio was Yates avoidance of any subject matter. In 1947, Republic incorporated animation into its Gene Autry feature film Sioux City Sue and it turned out well enough for the studio to dabble in animated cartoons. Cartoons in 1946, Bob Clampett approached Republic and wound up directing a single cartoon, Its a Grand Old Nag, Republic management, however, had second thoughts owing to dwindling profits, and discontinued the series
32.
Will Rogers
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William Penn Adair Will Rogers was a stage and motion picture actor, vaudeville performer, American cowboy, humorist, newspaper columnist, and social commentator. Known as Oklahomas Favorite Son, Rogers was born to a prominent Cherokee Nation family in Indian Territory and he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies, and wrote more than 4,000 nationally syndicated newspaper columns. By the mid-1930s, the American people adored Rogers and he was the leading political wit of his time, and was the highest paid Hollywood movie star. Rogers died in 1935 with aviator Wiley Post, when their airplane crashed in northern Alaska. Rogerss vaudeville rope act led to success in the Ziegfeld Follies and his 1920s syndicated newspaper column and his radio appearances increased his visibility and popularity. Rogers crusaded for aviation expansion, and provided Americans with first-hand accounts of his world travels and his aphorisms, couched in humorous terms, were widely quoted, I am not a member of an organized political party. Another widely quoted Will Rogers comment was I dont make jokes, I just watch the government and report the facts. I am so proud of that, I can hardly wait to die so it can be carved, Rogers was born on the Dog Iron Ranch in Indian Territory, near present-day Oologah, Oklahoma. The house he was born in had been built in 1875 and was known as the White House on the Verdigris River and his parents, Clement Vann Rogers and Mary America Schrimsher, were both of part Cherokee ancestry, making Rogers himself 9/32 Cherokee. Rogers quipped that his ancestors did not come over on the Mayflower and his mother was quarter-Cherokee and a hereditary member of the Paint Clan. She died when Will was 11, and his father remarried less than two years after her death, Rogers was the youngest of eight children. He was named for the Cherokee leader Col. William Penn Adair, only three of his siblings, sisters Sallie Clementine, Maude Ethel, and May, survived into adulthood. His father, Clement, was a leader within Cherokee society, a Cherokee judge, he was a Confederate veteran and served as a delegate to the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention. Rogers County, Oklahoma, is named in honor of Clement Rogers and he served several terms on the Cherokee Senate. Clement Rogers achieved financial success as a rancher and used his influence to help soften the effects of white acculturation on the tribe. Roach presents a sociological-psychological assessment of the relationship between Will and his father during the formative boyhood and teenage years, Clement had high expectations for his son and desired him to be more responsible and business-minded. Will was more easygoing and oriented toward the loving affection offered by his mother, Mary, the personality clash increased after his mothers death, and young Will went from one venture to another with little success. Only after Will won acclaim in vaudeville did the rift begin to heal, will Rogers attended school at the Willow Hassel School at Neosho, Missouri, and Kemper Military School at Boonville, Missouri
33.
Under Western Stars
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Under Western Stars is a 1938 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Roy Rogers, Smiley Burnette, Carol Hughes, and the Maple City Four. Written by Dorrell McGowan, Stuart E and his campaign comes into conflict with greedy water company executives. Under Western Stars was the first starring role for Rogers, made under contract to Republic Pictures and it was filmed on location in the Alabama Hills of Lone Pine, California. The films song Dust, written by Johnny Marvin, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song. In 2009, Under Western Stars was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally, historically or aesthetically significant and will be preserved for all time
34.
Singing cowboy
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A singing cowboy was a subtype of the archetypal cowboy hero of early Western films, popularized by many of the B-movies of the 1930s and 1940s. The typical singing cowboys were white-hat-wearing, clean-shaven heroes with the habit of showing their emotions in song. Around the campfire, the original cowboys sang of life on the trail all the challenges, hardships. Singing in the style, these entertainers have served to preserve the cowboy as a unique American hero. The image of the cowboy was established in 1925 when Carl T. Sprague of Texas recorded the first cowboy song. White became the first representative of the genre to perform on a nationally broadcast radio show, Singing Cowboys, both old and new, are popularized on community radio KPOV-FM, with the Calling All Cowboys western music program, and streamed on the internet. Ken Maynard was the screens first singing cowboy and he first appeared in silent motion pictures in 1923 and in addition to acting also did stunt work. His horsemanship and rugged good looks made Maynard a cowboy star and he recorded two songs with Columbia Records before making his first film with a musical soundtrack. He sang two songs in Sons of the Saddle, ken Maynards horse was named Tarzan. In 1930 Bob Steele began a series of singing cowboy films for Tiffany Pictures though he stopped singing in films. Early in his career, 27-year-old John Wayne appeared as Singin Sandy Saunders in Riders of Destiny, because Wayne could not sing, his filmed songs were dubbed by the son of director Robert N. Bradbury, making the obligatory personal appearances a continuous embarrassment for the young actor. Wayne also emphasized authenticity in his westerns and knew that real cowboys did not routinely sing on the way to a gunfight or wear Singin Sandys elaborate costumes. While other western actors, such as Wayne and Clint Eastwood, only dabbled in singing roles, the most famous of them was Gene Autry, and the moniker the singing cowboy usually refers to him in particular. When Wayne declined further singing cowboy roles, Republic looked for a replacement, Autry was chosen because he was the one candidate who could both sing and ride a horse. The choice was so successful that, at the time of his death in 1998, Autry first rose to popularity as a singer, but his acting career started off quickly with the 1935 film serial The Phantom Empire, and he became a prolific star. Autrys early popularity, both for his radio and film performances, quickly paved the way for a multitude of imitators, Autry, and later Roy Rogers, appeared in contemporary western settings rather than the 19th century wild west era. This allowed the stars to appear in modern clothing alongside motorcars, airplanes, in The Phantom Empire, Autry spends time singing on the radio at his Radio Ranch as well as battling an ancient civilisation with a race of robots who live beneath the earth. Autry was also the first sound motion picture cowboy star to use his own name as the character in a film
35.
John Wayne
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Marion Mitchell Morrison, known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed Duke, was an American actor and filmmaker. An Academy Award-winner for True Grit, Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades, born in Winterset, Iowa, Wayne grew up in Southern California. He found work at film studios when he lost his football scholarship to the University of Southern California as a result of a bodysurfing accident. Initially working for the Fox Film Corporation, he appeared mostly in bit parts. His first leading role came in Raoul Walshs The Big Trail, Waynes career took off in 1939, with John Fords Stagecoach making him an instant star. He went on to star in 142 pictures, biographer Ronald Davis said, John Wayne personified for millions the nations frontier heritage. Eighty-three of his movies were Westerns, and in them he played cowboys, cavalrymen and he is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man, Rio Bravo, and The Longest Day. In his final performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist. He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era, Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26,1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa. The local paper, Winterset Madisonian, reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30,1907 that Wayne weighed 13 pounds at birth and his middle name was soon changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents decided to name their next son Robert. Waynes father, Clyde Leonard Morrison, was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison, Waynes mother, the former Mary Molly Alberta Brown, was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Waynes ancestry included English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and Scottish, Waynes family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1916 to Glendale, California, where his father worked as a pharmacist. A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him Little Duke because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier and he preferred Duke to Marion, and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale, as a teen, he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay and he played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team. Wayne applied to the U. S. Naval Academy, and he instead attended the University of Southern California, majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities, Wayne also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone injury curtailed his career, Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury
36.
Dark Command
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Dark Command is a 1940 Western film starring Claire Trevor, John Wayne and Walter Pidgeon loosely based on Quantrills Raiders during the American Civil War. Directed by Raoul Walsh from the novel by W. R, the film also features George Gabby Hayes as Waynes characters sidekick. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Art Direction by John Victor Mackay, Mary McCloud marries a seemingly peaceful Kansas schoolteacher William Cantrell, before finding out that he harbors a dark secret. He is actually a leader who attacks both sides in the Civil War for his own profit. After capturing a wagon loaded with Confederate uniforms, he decides to pass himself off as a Confederate officer and her naive, idealistic brother Fletcher joins what he believes is a Rebel guerrilla force. Meanwhile, Cantrells stern, but loving mother refuses to accept any of her sons ill-gotten loot, a former suitor of Marys, Union supporter Bob Seton, is captured by Cantrell and scheduled for execution. After being rescued by a disillusioned Fletcher McCloud, Seton and Mary Cantrell race to the town of Lawrence to warn the residents of an attack by Cantrells gang. Dark Command remains the other film upon which both Walsh and Wayne collaborated during their lengthy careers
37.
Trucolor
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Trucolor was a color motion picture process used and owned by Consolidated Film Industries division of Republic Pictures. It was introduced as a replacement for Consolidateds own Magnacolor process, Republic used Trucolor mostly for its westerns, through the 1940s and early 1950s. The premiere Trucolor release was Out California Way and the last film photographed in the process was Spoilers of the Forest. With the advent of Eastmancolor and Ansco color films, which gave better results at a price, Trucolor was abandoned. At the time of its introduction, Trucolor was a subtractive color process. Approximately three years later the capability of the process was expanded to include a release system which utilized DuPont film stock. The DuPont film was replaced by Eastman Kodak film stock. In its original version, Trucolor was a two-strip process based on the earlier work of William Van Doren Kelleys Prizma color process. Trucolor films were shot in bipack, with the two strips of film being sensitized to red and green, both negatives were processed on duplitized film, much like Trucolors rival process Cinecolor. Unlike Cinecolor, however, the film was not dyed with a toner but a color coupler, because of this chemical composition, Trucolor film fades over time, unlike Cinecolor. Multilayer Du Pont Color Release Positive Film was used as the printing material, Republic Pictures introduced live-action three-color Trucolor with the release of the Judy Canova musical comedy Honeychile in 1951. Kodak Eastmancolor negatives were used for principal photography, DuPont positive stock was used to make release prints. This stock had a structure that used synthetic polymer rather than gelatin as a color former. Though renowned for being used in Roy Rogers and other Westerns, the 61-minute live-action feature Bill and Coo was filmed in Trucolor and received a special Academy Award. John Ford filmed a Korean War documentary in the process, This Is Korea, Republic made an epic version of the battle of the Alamo, The Last Command where the Mexican uniforms were made in sky blue to look better on the screen. Republic also made a South Seas adventure Fair Wind to Java that climaxed with the explosion of Krakatoa, nicholas Ray made notable use of Trucolor for his offbeat 1954 western, Johnny Guitar, which starred Joan Crawford. Trucolor went on location to Europe as William Dieterle filmed the life of Richard Wagner in Magic Fire and Portugal featured in the potboiler Lisbon directed by, Republic made a John Ford Americana type film in the process Come Next Spring. However, John Ford refused to film The Quiet Man in Trucolor despite Republics head Herbert J. Yates insisting on the process, in addition to feature films, Republic commissioned Robert Clampett to make one cartoon, Its a Grand Old Nag
38.
B movie
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A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie, but one that is not an arthouse film. In its original usage, during the Golden Age of Hollywood, although the U. S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s, the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today. In either usage, most B movies represent a particular genre—the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple, while low-budget science-fiction, early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character. Almost always shorter than the films they were paired with. The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners, latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels, but series are less common. As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased, so did that of B pictures, the term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted, mainstream films with exploitation-style content, usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie. From their beginnings to the present day, B movies have provided both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning. Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies and they are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established, and they have provided work for former A movie actors, such as Vincent Price and Karen Black. Some actors, such as Bela Lugosi, Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier, the term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures. In 1927–28, at the end of the silent era, the production cost of a feature from a major Hollywood studio ranged from $190,000 at Fox to $275,000 at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That average reflected both specials that might cost as much as $1 million and films made quickly for around $50,000. These cheaper films allowed the studios to derive value from facilities. Studios in the leagues of the industry, such as Columbia Pictures and Film Booking Offices of America. Their movies, with short running times, targeted theaters that had to economize on rental and operating costs, particularly small-town and urban neighborhood venues. A new programming scheme developed that would become standard practice, a newsreel, a short and/or serial. The second feature, which screened before the main event. The majors clearance rules favoring their affiliated theaters prevented the independents timely access to top-quality films, the low-budget picture of the 1920s thus evolved into the second feature, the B movie, of Hollywoods Golden Age. The major studios, at first resistant to the double feature, all established B units to provide films for the expanding second-feature market
39.
Action figure
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An action figure is a poseable character figurine, made of plastic or other materials, and often based upon characters from a film, comic book, video game, or television program. These action figures are usually marketed toward boys and adult collectors, according to a study in Sweden, action figures with traditional masculine traits primarily target boys. While most commonly marketed as a toy, the action figure has gained wide acceptance as an adult collector item. In such a case, the item may be produced and designed on the assumption it will be solely for display. The term action figure was first coined by Hasbro in 1964, joe figure to boys who would not play with dolls. Joe was initially a military-themed 11. 5-inch figure proposed by marketing and it featured changeable clothes with various uniforms to suit different purposes. In a move that would create global popularity for this type of toy, the Japanese had at least two examples where a Hasbro licensee also issued sublicenses for related products. For example, Palitoy issued a sublicense to Tsukuda, a company in Japan, to manufacture, takara also issued a sublicense to Medicom for the manufacture of action figures. Takara, still under license by Hasbro to make and sell G. I, the Microman line was also novel in its use of interchangeable parts. This laid the foundation for both the action figure size and the transforming robot toy. These toys also featured parts, with emphasis placed on the transformation and combination of the characters. In 1971, Mego began licensing and making American Marvel and DC comic book superhero figures, the widespread success of Kenners Star Wars 3-3/4 toy line made the newer, smaller size the industry standard. Instead of a character with outfits that changed for different applications. Led by Star Wars-themed sales, collectible action figures quickly became a secondary business for movie studios. From 1972 to 1986 there was a line of Big Jim action figures produced by Mattel. The 1980s spawned all sorts of popular action figure lines, many based on cartoon series, some of the most successful to come about were Masters of the Universe, G. I. Joe, Thundercats, The Real Ghostbusters and Super Powers Collection and this led to the Micro Change line of toys, objects that could transform into robots. As the 80s were ending, more and more collectors started to surface, buying up the toys to keep in their packaging for display purposes
