1.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
2.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
3.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Joseph Reed (architect)
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Joseph Reed, a Cornishman by birth, was probably the most influential Victorian era architect in Melbourne, Australia. He established a practice, Reed and Barnes in Melbourne in 1862, the practice now known as Bates Smart is one of the oldest continually operating in the world. Probably born in 1823 in Cornwall, England, Joseph Read arrived in Melbourne in 1853, the following year he won a design competition for the State Library of Victoria, designed the Bank of New South Wales in Collins Street and the Geelong Town Hall. In 1862 he partnered with Frederick Barnes, Sargoods Rippon Lea Estate at Elsternwick. His architecture remained however eclectic, including Italianate, Classic, Gothic, in 1883 Barnes retired from the partnership and Reed was joined by A. M. Henderson and F. J. Smart. In 1890 Henderson withdrew while N. B, the office later became Bates, Peebles and Smart. In 1890 Reed came into financial difficulties, and died of inanition and exhaustion, on 29 April, reeds buildings represent an impressive body of work much of which still exists today. They include the classical State Library of Victoria, Collins Street Independent Church, Frederick Sargoods Rippon Lea Estate, the Trades Hall is grandly palatial, the worlds oldest and probably most splendid trades hall. Reed completed the building of St Pauls Anglican Cathedral to the designs of William Butterfield after that architect resigned the project in 1887, Reed was faithful to the original design, but provided most of the furnishings, including the elaborate pulpit. Melbourne Trades Hall Scots Church ANZ Bank, Collins Street Faraday School, Carlton Academy of Music, burnt down 1889. C Goode House Reed, Smart & Tappin Mutual Store, Flinders Street Metropolitan Gas Company Church of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, Carlton Saunders, David
6.
World Heritage Site
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A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some form of significance. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the interests of humanity. The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture, under certain conditions, listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund. The program was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the Worlds Cultural and Natural Heritage, since then,192 state parties have ratified the convention, making it one of the most adhered to international instruments. As of July 2016,1052 sites are listed,814 cultural,203 natural, in 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO to assist their countries to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched an appeal to the Member States for an International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, the campaign, which ended in 1980, was considered a success. The project cost $80 million, about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries, the projects success led to other safeguarding campaigns, saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. UNESCO then initiated, with the International Council on Monuments and Sites, the United States initiated the idea of cultural conservation with nature conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, the Convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of June 2016, it has been ratified by 192 states, including 188 UN member states plus the Cook Islands, the Holy See, Niue, a country must first list its significant cultural and natural sites, the result is called the Tentative List. A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on the Tentative List, next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File. The Nomination File is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and these bodies then make their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one of them to be included on the list, up to 2004, there were six criteria for cultural heritage and four criteria for natural heritage. In 2005, this was modified so there is now only one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of outstanding value and meet at least one of the ten criteria. Thus, the Geneva Convention treaty promulgates, Article 53, PROTECTION OF CULTURAL OBJECTS AND OF PLACES OF WORSHIP. There are 1,052 World Heritage Sites located in 165 States Party, of these,814 are cultural,203 are natural and 35 are mixed properties
7.
Carlton Gardens
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The Carlton Gardens is a World Heritage Site located on the northeastern edge of the Central Business District in the suburb of Carlton, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The 26-hectare site contains the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne Museum and Imax Cinema, tennis courts, the rectangular site is bound by Victoria Street, Rathdowne Street, Carlton Street, and Nicholson Street. From the Exhibition building the gardens gently slope down to the southwest and northeast, according to the World Heritage listing the Royal Exhibition Buildings and Carlton Gardens are of historical, architectural, aesthetic, social and scientific significance to the State of Victoria. A network of tree-lined paths provides formal avenues for highlighting the fountains and this includes the grand allee of plane trees that lead to the exhibition building. Two small ornamental lakes adorn the southern section of the park, the northern section contains the museum, tennis courts, maintenance depot and curators cottage, and the childrens playground designed as a Victorian maze. The elm avenues of Ulmus procera and Ulmus × hollandica are significant as few examples remain world wide due to Dutch elm disease, wildlife includes brushtailed possums, ducks and ducklings in spring, tawny frogmouths, kookaburras. Indian mynas and silver gulls are common, at night Goulds wattled bat and white-striped freetail bats hunt for insects while grey-headed flying foxes visit the gardens when native trees are flowering or fruiting. The gardens contain three important fountains, the Exhibition Fountain, designed for the 1880 Exhibition by sculptor Joseph Hochgurtel, the French Fountain, the grounds adjoining the north of the Exhibition Building formerly contained a sports ground, known as the Exhibition Oval or Exhibition Track. A fifth-of-a-mile oval asphalt cycling track was built in 1890, then was refurbished in 1896 to improve the surface and widen, the circuit held cycling races until the 1920s, as well as low-powered motorcycle races. The cycling track was removed in 1928, and replaced with a track for high-powered motorcycle racing. 1839 – Large tracts of surrounding the original town grid of Melbourne were reserved from sale by Superintendent Charles La Trobe. Circa 1856 – The City of Melbourne obtained control of the Carlton Gardens, the path layout and other features of the design were built although limitations on funding for maintenance etc. resulted in frequent criticism. 1870s – The colonial Victorian Government resumed control of the Gardens, the site was soon afterwards drastically redesigned for the 1880 Melbourne International Exhibition by the architect Joseph Reed. The prominent local horticulturist William Sangster was engaged as a contractor to redevelop the gardens,1880 – Exhibition Building completed for the Melbourne International Exhibition that year. Temporary annexes to house some of the exhibition in the section were demolished after the exhibition closed on 30 April 1881. 1888 – Melbourne Centennial Exhibition to celebrate a century of European settlement in Australia,1891 – The curators Lodge was completed and lived in by John Guilfoyle. 1901 – First Parliament of Australia opens in the Exhibition Building, the west annex of the Building becomes the site of the Victorian Parliament for the next 27 years. 1919 – buildings became a hospital for influenza epidemic victims 1928 – Perimeter fence removed leaving the bluestone footings
8.
Melbourne City Centre
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Melbourne City Centre is an area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is the area in which Melbourne was established in 1835, by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner, today it comprises the two oldest areas of Melbourne, the Hoddle Grid and Queen Victoria Market, as well as sections of the redeveloped areas of Docklands and Southbank/Wharf. It is not to be confused with the local government area of the City of Melbourne. The City Centre is home to five of the six tallest buildings in Australia. In recent times, it has placed alongside New York City and Berlin as one of the worlds great street art meccas. He sailed across Bass Strait, into the bay of Port Phillip, the last sentence of Batmans journal entry on this day became famous as the founding charter of the settlement. So the boat went up the large river, and, I am glad to state about six miles up found the river all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village, upon returning to Van Diemens Land, Batmans treaty was deemed invalid by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, under the Proclamation of Governor Bourke in August 1835. The proclamation formally declared, under the doctrine of terra nullius, that The Crown owned the whole of the Australian continent and that only it alone could sell and distribute land. It therefore voided any contracts or treaties made without the consent of the government, at the same time, the Port Phillip Association had also funded a second expedition, which sailed from Launceston aboard the Rebecca. The settlement party aboard the Enterprize entered the Yarra River, and anchored close to the chosen by Batman. The party went ashore the following day and landed their stores, livestock, Batman was dismayed to discover the settlers of the Enterprize had established a settlement in the area and informed the settlers that they were trespassing on the Associations land. However, according to the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, both the parties were in fact trespassing on Crown land, when Fawkner arrived in October, and following tense arguments between the two parties, negotiation were made for land to be shared equally. As Fawkner had arrived after the two parties, he was aware of the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, which had gained approval from the Colonial Office in October and he knew that cooperation would be vital if the settlement was to continue to exist fait accompli. Land was then divided, and the settlement existed peacefully, and it was referred to by a number of names, including, Batmania and Bearbrass of which the latter was agreed upon by Batman and Fawkner. Fawkner assumed a role in the establishment of Bearbrass, which, by early 1836. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Charles Grant, recognised the settlements fait accompli that same year, Batman and the Port Phillip Association were compensated £7,000 for the land. And, in March 1837, it was officially renamed Melbourne by Governor Bourke in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, the City Centre is bordered by Spencer Street to the west and extends north as far as Grattan Street which borders Carlton
9.
Melbourne International Exhibition (1880)
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The Melbourne International Exhibition is the eighth Worlds fair officially recognised by the Bureau of International Expositions and the first official Worlds Fair in the Southern Hemisphere. After being granted self-governance, Victoria and New South Wales, saw an economic growth as result of the discovery. This growth during the 1850s and 1860s led to rivalry between their respective capitals Melbourne and Sydney, Melbourne started preparations in 1879 and filed a plan to the Parliament. Melbournes rival Sydney, the older of the two cities, wanted to be the first and organised an exhibition in record time, Melbourne decided to start their exhibition shortly after the one in Sydney, so the participants could transport their exhibits during the winter of 1880. The Melbourne International Exhibition was held from 1 October 1880 until 30 April 1881 and it was the second international exhibition to be held in Australia, the first being held the previous year in Sydney. 1.459 million people visited the exhibition, but made a loss of 277292 pounds, the exhibition was also opened for entertainment and tourism. The Royal Exhibition Building, set in the Victorian Carlton Gardens was completed in 1880 to host the exhibition, the foundation stone was laid by Victorian governor George Bowen. The building was extended and reused in 1888 as venue for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, some of the original building remains today and is a World Heritage Site
10.
Parliament of Australia
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It consists of three elements, the Queen of Australia, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Queen is represented by the Governor-General, through both Houses, however, there is a fused executive, drawn from the Westminster System. The upper house, the Senate, consists of 76 members, twelve for each state, Senators are elected using the single transferable vote proportional representation system and as a result, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party or coalition rarely has a majority in the Senate and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and this tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major parties, the Liberal/National Coalition and the Labor Party. The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House in order to gain and remain in power, although elections can be called early, each 3 years the full House of Representatives and half of the Senate is dissolved and goes up for reelection. The two Houses meet in separate chambers of Parliament House on Capital Hill in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, the Commonwealth of Australia came into being on 1 January 1901 with the federation of the six Australian colonies. The inaugural election took place on 29 and 30 March and the first Australian Parliament was opened on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, later King George V. The only building in Melbourne that was enough to accommodate the 14,000 guests was the western annexe of the Royal Exhibition Building. After the official opening, from 1901 to 1927, the Parliament met in Parliament House, Melbourne and it had always been intended that the national Parliament would sit in a new national capital. This was a compromise at Federation due to the rivalry between the two largest Australian cities, Sydney and Melbourne, which wished to become the new capital. The site of Canberra was selected for the location of the capital city in 1908. A competition was announced on 30 June 1914 to design Parliament House, however, due to the start of World War I the next month, the competition was cancelled. It was re-announced in August 1916, but again postponed indefinitely on 24 November 1916, in the meantime, John Smith Murdoch, the Commonwealths Chief Architect, worked on the design as part of his official duties. He had little enthusiasm for the project, as he felt it was a waste of money. Nevertheless, he designed the building by default, the construction of Old Parliament House, as it is called today, was commenced on 28 August 1923 and completed in early 1927. It was built by the Commonwealth Department of Works, using tradesmen, the final cost was about £600,000, which was more than three times the original estimate. It was designed to house the parliament for a maximum of 50 years until a permanent facility could be built, the building was opened on 9 May 1927 by the Duke and Duchess of York. The opening ceremonies were both splendid and incongruous, given the sparsely built nature of Canberra of the time and its small population, the building was extensively decorated with British Empire and Australian flags and bunting
11.
Convention center
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A convention center is a large building that is designed to hold a convention, where individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests. Convention centers typically offer sufficient floor area to several thousand attendees. Very large venues, suitable for trade shows, are sometimes known as exhibition centres. Convention centers typically have at least one auditorium and may also contain concert halls, lecture halls, meeting rooms, some large resort area hotels include a convention center
12.
Melbourne Museum
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Melbourne Museum is a natural and cultural history museum located in the Carlton Gardens in Melbourne, Australia. Located adjacent to the Royal Exhibition Building, it is the largest museum in the Southern Hemisphere, the museum was opened in 2000 as a project of the Government of Victoria, on behalf of Museums Victoria who administrates the venue. Melbourne museum is a response to Melbourne’s urban condition, and provides a place for education, history, culture. In addition to its galleries, the museum features spaces such as the Sidney Myer Amphitheatre and The Age Theatre, as well as the free Discovery Centre, a cafe, IMAX Theatre is also part of the museum complex, showing movies and documentary films in large-screen 3-D format. The Melbourne Museum is a post-modernist building designed by Denton Corker Marshall Architects, construction was managed by Baulderstone Hornibrook and completed in 2001, with the museums official opening in 2000. The building can be dissected into different spaces so an individual can navigate through and it is designed as both a single building and a network of individual buildings integrated into the landscape of the Carlton Gardens. The sticks and blades that make up the Melbourne Museum are hallmarks of Denton Corker Marshall’s architecture, the most iconic detail of the building is arguably the enormous cantilever roof that projects toward the west, along the central axis with the Royal Exhibition Centre. The cantilever can be seen kilometres away. On the northern side resides a large, taller sloped roof than that of the cantilever, Denton Corker Marshall specialise in city planning and urban design, and mainly concern their practise with responding to social desires. The Melbourne Museum is situated in a precinct, adjacent to a large local landmark. Denton Corker Marshall also envision the building to be just as responsive to its context as it is now, in a meeting place for community, the building itself acts as a community of different programs and meanings, combining to make a whole. Formally the Melbourne Museum is motivated by sculpture, Denton Corker Marshall manipulates sculptural forms to meet the constraints of the buildings context and program. The museum had its earliest beginnings in the Government Assay Office which on 9 March 1854, in 1858, Prof. Frederick McCoy, who was Professor of Natural History at the University of Melbourne, was appointed Director of the National Museum. The State Library now uses all the space in that building, the period in which the Victorian government was led by the Premier Sir Rupert Hamer was one of policy development for museums in Victoria. The Committee also joined with a party of the Victorian Council of the Arts to develop a comprehensive museums policy for Victoria. Lacy also began the establishment of the Heide Museum of Modern Art with the acquisition of the property Heide II and it was officially opened in November 1981. The new Melbourne Museum is located on the site of the former Melbourne Exhibition Speedway which operated from 5 November 1928 until 7 March 1936, the inaugural Australian Sidecar Speedway Championship was staged there in 1931 and was won by Victorians Les Medlycott and Tich Jones. The Exhibition Speedway also hosted the Victorian Solo Championship from 1928/29 until 1934/35, the Melbourne Story- A History of Melbourne from the early 19th century through to present day Mind and Body Gallery - a gallery regarding the human body
13.
Museum Victoria
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Museums Victoria is an organisation which operates three major state-owned museums in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, the Melbourne Museum, the Immigration Museum and Scienceworks. It also manages the Royal Exhibition Building and a facility in Melbournes City of Moreland. Museums Victoria is the caretaker of the body of Phar Lap, Phar Laps skeleton is housed at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa and his heart is kept at the National Museum of Australia. The museum traces its history back to the establishment of the National Museum of Victoria in 1854 under the directorship of Frederick McCoy and it was founded in its current form under the Australian Museums Act. The collections of around 16 million objects cover Indigenous items, science, history, L. Ms Marshall is the first woman to lead the organisation in its 162 year history. Former Museum directors include,1858 – Frederick McCoy 1899 – Walter Baldwin Spencer 1928 – James A. Kershaw 1931 – Daniel James Mahony 1957 – Charles
14.
World's fair
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A worlds fair, world fair, world exposition, or universal exposition is a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in varying parts of the world, the next world Expo is Expo 2020 and is to be held in Dubai, UAE. Since the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions came into force, bIE-approved fairs are of three types, universal, specialized and horticultural. They usually last from three weeks to six months, Worlds fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. This fair was followed by other exhibitions in continental Europe. The best-known first World Expo was held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom, in 1851, under the title Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations. The Great Exhibition, as it is called, was an idea of Prince Albert, Queen Victorias husband. It influenced the development of aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations. This expo was the most obvious precedent for the international exhibitions, later called worlds fairs. Since their inception in 1851, the character of world expositions has evolved, three eras can be distinguished, the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding. The first era could be called the era of industrialization and covered, roughly, in these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade, and were famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements. World expositions were the platforms where the state-of-the-art in science and technology from around the world were brought together, inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. An important part of the image of worlds fairs stems from this first era, the 1939–40 New York Worlds Fair diverged from the original focus of the worlds fair expositions. From then on, worlds fairs adopted specific cultural themes, they forecasted a future for society. Technological innovations were no longer the primary exhibits at fairs, the fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication for the exchange of innovation. The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67, event organizers retired the term worlds fair in favor of expo. From Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use world expositions more widely, finland, Japan, Canada, France and Spain are cases in point. A large study by Tjaco Walvis called Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers showed that improving national image was the primary goal for 73% of the countries at Expo 2000
15.
The Big Picture (painting)
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The Opening of the First Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia by H. R. H. The Duke of Cornwall and York, May 9,1901, the painting, measuring 304.5 by 509.2 centimetres, depicts the opening of the first Parliament of Australia at the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne on 9 May 1901. The painting is part of the Royal Collection but has been on permanent loan to the Parliament of Australia since 1957, the work, currently on display in Parliament House, Canberra, has been described as undoubtedly the principal work of art recording Australias Parliamentary History. On 1 January 1901, after years of debate, the colonies in Australia joined in a federation. While the new Constitution of Australia called for a new capital to be constructed, away from the major cities, elections were held for the first Parliament of Australia and on 9 May 1901, the new parliament was sworn in at the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. To appropriately capture the occasion, the Australian Art Association, a consortium of private benefactors and their motives were not entirely altruistic, the consortium hoped to profit by selling prints. Roberts was not the consortiums first choice, with J. C. Waite initially preferred, although not commissioned on the day of the opening, Roberts had received an approach from the consortium and so attended the ceremony to take photographs and sketches. Two weeks after the event, after the consortium were turned down by Waite, the contract initially was for 650 guineas but this was increased to 1000 guineas when the scope of the work was realised. Roberts was also paid one guinea for each subjects sketch plus expenses and it was very solemn and great. The heads on the floor looked like a landscape, Roberts started to work on the painting in a room provided at the Royal Exhibition Building. The painting was made in three panels to enable it to be folded for transportation. He travelled to Sydney and many places to make sketches of the attendees as well as working from photographs. He asked his subjects for measurements to ensure accuracy—age, height, weight, hat size, in all, the picture included 269 separate portraits. Rumours spread that Roberts was paid by some of these dignitaries to ensure they were placed in a prominent location. Most of the delegates at the ceremony wore black, still observing a period of mourning after the recent death of Queen Victoria, to balance this Roberts gave some emphasis to the choir, who were dressed in white. A shaft of light focused on the Duke reading the Kings proclamation also provides some colour, artistic licence was taken with the dais shown as much higher that it actually was and some other architectural features of the building either downplayed or ignored. Roberts also honoured the Father of Federation, Henry Parkes, who had died five years previous and he added a portrait of Parkes in the form of a painting above the dais, this painting was not there on the day. Roberts took the painting to London—where many of the attendees lived—to complete, the painting was finished on 16 November 1903, in all, it took Roberts two and a half years to complete
16.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
17.
Melbourne Town Hall
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Melbourne Town Hall is the central municipal building of the City of Melbourne, Australia, in the State of Victoria. It is located on the northeast corner of Swanston and Collins Streets and it is the seat of the local government area of the City of Melbourne. It has been used for purposes such as theatrical plays. Melbourne was officially incorporated as a town on 13 December 1842, however, it wasnt until 1854 that its first Town Hall was completed. Begun in 1851, the ground to a halt with the beginning of the Victorian gold rush. The foundation stone of a new, grander Town Hall was laid on 29 November 1867 by the visiting Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the current Town Hall officially opened on 11 August 1870 with a lavish ball, which was personally funded by the Lord Mayor Samuel Amess. The foundation stone of the front portico was laid in 1887. In 1925, a fire destroyed a part of the town hall, including the main auditorium. It was rebuilt and enlarged, extending east over the previously occupied by the Victoria Coffee Palace. The rebuilt section lost some of Reeds original flourishes including the mansard roof. In 1964, The Beatles attended a reception at the Melbourne Town Hall. Outside 20,000 teenagers had gathered to obtain a glimpse of the pop idols, again, frenzied and hysterical cheering and uncontrollable screaming erupted when the Beatles emerged. The Town Hall was designed by the local architect Joseph Reed and Barnes. Reeds designs also included the State Library of Victoria, the Royal Exhibition Building, the building is topped by Prince Alfreds Tower, named after the Duke. The tower includes a 2.44 m diameter clock, which was started on 31 August 1874, after being presented to the council by the Mayors son and it was built by Smith and Sons of London. The longest of its copper hands measures 1.19 m long, the Main Auditorium includes a magnificent concert organ, now comprising 147 ranks and 9,568 pipes. The organ was built by Hill, Norman & Beard in 1929 and was recently rebuilt. List of Town Halls in Melbourne List of Mayors and Lord Mayors of Melbourne Town Hall History on the City of Melbourne official website Town Hall in Melbourne
18.
State Library of Victoria
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The State Library of Victoria is the central library of the state of Victoria, Australia, located in Melbourne. It is on the bounded by Swanston, La Trobe, Russell. The library holds over 2 million books and 16,000 serials, including the diaries of the founders, John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner. It also houses the original armour of Ned Kelly, in 1853, the decision to build a state library was made at the instigation of Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe and Mr Justice Redmond Barry, Q. C. On 3 July 1854, the recently inaugurated Governor Sir Charles Hotham laid the stone of both the new library and the University of Melbourne. The library opened in 1856, with a collection of 3,800 books chosen by Mr Justice Barry, augustus H. Tulk, the first librarian, was appointed three months after the opening. The first reading room was the Queens Reading Room, which opened in 1859, temporary buildings built in 1866 for the Intercolonial Exhibition remained in use by the library until 1909, when work began on a new annexe building to mark the librarys Jubilee. This new building was the landmark Domed Reading Room, which opened in 1913 and was designed by Norman G. Peebles, the reading domes original skylights were modified and covered in copper sheets in 1959 due to water leakage. The library underwent major refurbishments between 1990 and 2004, designed by architects Ancher Mortlock & Woolley, the project cost approximately A$200 million. The reading room closed in 1999 to allow for renovation, during which light was returned. The renamed La Trobe Reading Room reopened in 2003, as a result of the redevelopment, the State Library of Victoria can now be considered one of the largest exhibiting libraries in the world. In February 2010, the wing of the library on Little Lonsdale Street was reopened as the Wheeler Centre. On 29 April 2015 the Minister for Creative Industries Martin Foley announced that the 2015–16 State Budget would provide $55, the grassy lawn in front of the librarys grand entrance on Swanston Street is a popular lunch-spot for the citys workers and students at the adjacent RMIT University. Originally enclosed by a fence, then by a wrought iron fence and gates in the 1870s. A number of statues are in the entrance area, a pair of bronze lions graced the park from the 1860s until 1937. There are statues of Mr Justice Sir Redmond Barry, Q. C, on Sundays between 2,30 pm and 5,30 pm, a speakers forum takes place on the library forecourt, where orators take turns in speaking on various subjects. The landmark Domed Reading Room, which opened in 1913 and was designed by Norman G. Peebles and its octagonal space was designed to hold over a million books and up to 600 readers. It is 34.75 m in diameter and height, and its oculus is nearly 5 m wide
19.
Florence Cathedral
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The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore is the main church of Florence, Italy. The exterior of the basilica is faced with marble panels in various shades of green. The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and these three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major attraction to tourists visiting Tuscany. The basilica is one of Italys largest churches, and until development of new materials in the modern era. It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed, the cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, whose archbishop is currently Giuseppe Betori. Santa Maria del Fiore was built on the site of a cathedral dedicated to Saint Reparata. The new church was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and approved by city council in 1294, di Cambio was also architect of the church of Santa Croce and the Palazzo Vecchio. He designed three wide naves ending under the dome, with the middle nave covering the area of Santa Reparata. The first stone was laid on September 9,1296, by Cardinal Valeriana, the building of this vast project was to last 140 years, Arnolfos plan for the eastern end, although maintained in concept, was greatly expanded in size. After Arnolfo died in 1310, work on the cathedral slowed for thirty years, when the relics of Saint Zenobius were discovered in 1330 in Santa Reparata, the project gained a new impetus. In 1331, the Arte della Lana, the guild of merchants, took over patronage for the construction of the cathedral. Assisted by Andrea Pisano, Giotto continued di Cambios design and his major accomplishment was the building of the campanile. When Giotto died in 1337, Andrea Pisano continued the building work was halted due to the Black Death in 1348. In 1359, Talenti was succeeded by Giovanni di Lapo Ghini who divided the nave in four square bays. Other architects were Alberto Arnoldi, Giovanni dAmbrogio, Neri di Fioravante, by 1375, the old church Santa Reparata was pulled down. The nave was finished by 1380, and by 1418, only the dome remained incomplete, on 18 August 1418, the Arte della Lana announced an architectural design competition for erecting Neris dome. The two main competitors were two master goldsmiths, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi, the latter of whom was supported by Cosimo de Medici. Ghiberti had been the winner of a competition for a pair of doors for the Baptistery in 1401
20.
Rundbogenstil
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Rundbogenstil, is a nineteenth-century historic revival style of architecture popular in the German-speaking lands and the German diaspora. It combines elements of Byzantine, Romanesque, and Renaissance architecture with particular stylistic motifs, the style was the deliberate creation of German architects seeking a German national style of architecture, particularly Heinrich Hübsch. It emerged in Germany as a response to and reaction against the style that had come to the fore in the late 18th. Hallmarks of the style, in addition to the arches from which it takes its name, include eyebrows over the windows. Rundbogenstil was employed for a number of stations, including those in Karlsruhe, Leipzig, Munich, Tübingen. These were typically first generation stations, some were razed to be replaced by larger buildings and those in Tübingen and Völklingen are still extant, while the Bayerischer Bahnhof in Leipzig is partially preserved. Rundbogenstil was also employed in synagogue architecture. The first in style was the Kassel Synagogue designed by Heinrich Hübsch with Albrecht Rosengarten, built in the latters native city Kassel, Hesse-Kassel. An early example in the United States is the Gates of Heaven Synagogue in Madison, Wisconsin, built in 1863 and designed by August Kutzbock, Kutzbock also designed secular buildings employing Rundbogenstil, such as the Carrie Pierce House in Madison. It was restored in 2008 and adapted for use as a boutique hotel, notes Media related to Rundbogenstil architecture at Wikimedia Commons
21.
Scots' Church, Melbourne
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The Scots Church is a Presbyterian church in Melbourne, Australia. It was the first Presbyterian church to be built in the Port Phillip District and is located on Collins Street and it is a congregation of the Presbyterian Church of Australia and has been described as an icon for well over a hundred years. The Reverend James Forbes was recruited to come to Australia as a Presbyterian minister by the Revd John Dunmore Lang, arriving in Melbourne from Sydney via boat on 20 January 1838. Clow had been a Church of Scotland chaplain in Bombay, India but had retired and was of independent means, Forbes continued the Presbyterian services commenced by Clow on 31 December 1837 in the Pioneers Church near the north west corner of William Street and Little Collins Street. The site was between where the Olderfleet and Rialto buildings were subsequently erected and it was essentially a large room with a fireplace. On 3 February 1838 a meeting of members and friends of the Church of Scotland was held with James Clow in the chair and it was resolved to build a church and that £300 be raised in order to obtain the matching grant available under the Church Act. This is regarded as the birthday of Presbyterianism in Victoria. A committee of James Clow, James Forbes and Skene Graig was appointed to collect subscriptions, the sum of £139.19.0 was subscribed on the spot. The Scots Church secured a 2. 0-acre site on the corner of Collins, when the site was allocated, the elders objected that it was too far out of town. The foundation stone of the first purpose built building was laid on 22 January 1841. It was designed to seat 500 and the sum was £2,485 without plastering. The building was opened with temporary seating, plastering was carried out the following year, proper pews, gallery and vestry were added in 1849 and a spire some years later. The manse was sold to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria for 5,000 pounds in 1897, the first church building was demolished partly because of concerns that the tower and spire would collapse after it developed huge cracks and became crooked. It was designed by Joseph Reed of the firm Reed and Barnes, and built by David Mitchell, the Scots Church is in the Neo-Gothic style and built of Barrabool freestone, with dressings in Kakanui stone from New Zealand. During the last decades of the century the spire of the Scots Church was the tallest structure in Melbourne at 210 feet high. Laid up in the church are two sets of Regimental Colours of the Australian 5th Battalion, The Victorian Scottish Regiment, which include the honour LANDING at ANZAC, the crest and flag of Australian prime minister Sir Robert Menzies are located near the lectern. Queen Elizabeth II was present for the presentation by Dame Pattie Menzies in 1983, queen Elizabeth had been accompanied by Sir Robert in 1961 when they visited the Scots Church to unveil a war memorial mosaic in the vestible near the entrance. The Director of Music and principal organist since 1984 is Douglas Lawrence, the first pipe organ at Scots was built in 1883 by Hill and Son
22.
St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne
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In 1974 Pope Paul VI conferred the title and dignity of minor basilica on it. In 1986 Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral and addressed clergy during his Papal Visit, the cathedral is built on a traditional east–west axis, with the altar at the eastern end, symbolising belief in the resurrection of Christ. The plan is in the style of a Latin cross, consisting of a nave with aisles, transepts with side aisles, a sanctuary with seven chapels. The cathedral is located on Eastern Hill in Melbourne, in an area bounded by Albert Street, Gisborne Street, Lansdowne Street, just to the east across Gisborne Street is St Peters Church, constructed from 1846 to 1848, which is the Anglican parish church of Melbourne. In 1848, the Augustinian friar James Goold was appointed the first bishop of Melbourne and became the bishop in Australia, after Sydney, Hobart. Negotiations with the government for the grant of five acres of land for a church in the Eastern Hill area began in 1848. On 1 April 1851, only 16 years after the foundation of Melbourne, Goold decided to build his cathedral on the Eastern Hill site. Since the Catholic community of Melbourne was at the time almost entirely Irish, the cathedral was dedicated to St Patrick, an earlier building by stonemason David Mitchell was demolished for the cathedral. The cathedral was designed in the Gothic style of early Fourteenth Century, based on the medieval cathedrals of England. In 1974 Pope Paul VI conferred the title and dignity of minor basilica on it, in 1986 Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral and addressed clergy during his Papal Visit. In 1858 William Wardell was commissioned to plan the cathedral with a contract signed on 8 December 1858, although the nave was completed within 10 years, construction proceeded slowly, and was further delayed by the severe depression which hit Melbourne in 1891. Under the leadership of Archbishop Thomas Carr the cathedral was consecrated in 1897, given the size of the Catholic community at the time, the massive bluestone Gothic cathedral was an immense and very expensive undertaking, and there were long delays while funds were raised. St Patricks was one of the two largest churches brought to substantial completion anywhere in the world in the 19th century, the other is St Patricks Cathedral, New York, United States. Daniel Mannix, who became Archbishop of Melbourne in 1917, maintained a constant interest in the cathedral and he oversaw the addition of the spires and other elements in the late 1930s. The building was completed in 1939. The cathedral is 103.6 metres long on its axis,56.4 metres wide across the transepts and 25.3 metres wide across the nave. The nave and transepts are 28.9 metres high, the central spire is 105 metres high and the flanking towers and spires are 61.9 metres high. The bluestone used in its construction was sourced from deposits in nearby Footscray
23.
Nellie Melba
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Dame Nellie Melba GBE, born Helen Porter Mitchell, was an Australian operatic soprano. She became one of the most famous singers of the late Victorian era and she was the first Australian to achieve international recognition as a classical musician. She took the pseudonym Melba from Melbourne, her home town, Melba studied singing in Melbourne and made a modest success in performances there. After a brief and unsuccessful marriage, she moved to Europe in search of a singing career, failing to find engagements in London in 1886, she studied in Paris and soon made a great success there and in Brussels. Returning to London she quickly established herself as the lyric soprano at Covent Garden from 1888. She soon achieved success in Paris and elsewhere in Europe. Her repertoire was small, in her career she sang no more than 25 roles and was closely identified with only ten. She was known for her performances in French and Italian opera, during the First World War, Melba raised large sums for war charities. She returned to Australia frequently during the 20th century, singing in opera and concerts and she was active in the teaching of singing at the Melbourne Conservatorium. Melba continued to sing until the last months of her life and her death, in Australia, was news across the English-speaking world, and her funeral was a major national event. Melba was born in Richmond, Victoria, the eldest of seven children of the builder David Mitchell, Mitchell, a Scot, had emigrated to Australia in 1852, becoming a successful builder. Melba was taught to play the piano and first sang in public around age six and she was educated at a local boarding school and then at the Presbyterian Ladies College. She studied singing with Mary Ellen Christian and Pietro Cecchi, an Italian tenor, in her teens, Melba continued to perform in amateur concerts in and around Melbourne, and she played the organ at church. Her father encouraged her in her studies, but he strongly disapproved of her taking up singing as a career. Melbas mother died suddenly in 1881 at Richmond, Melbas father moved the family to Mackay, Queensland, where he built a new sugar mill. Melba soon became popular in Mackay society for her singing and piano-playing, on 22 December 1882 in Brisbane, she married Charles Nesbitt Frederick Armstrong, the youngest son of Sir Andrew Armstrong. They had one child, a son, George, born on 16 October 1883, the marriage was not a success, Charles reportedly beat his wife more than once. The couple separated after just over a year, and Melba returned to Melbourne determined to pursue a singing career, debuting professionally in concerts in 1884
24.
Old Parliament House, Canberra
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Old Parliament House, known formerly as the Provisional Parliament House, was the seat of the Parliament of Australia from 1927 to 1988. The building began operation on 9 May 1927 after Parliaments relocation from Melbourne to the new capital, in 1988, the Commonwealth Parliament transferred to the new Parliament House on Capital Hill. It also serves as a venue for exhibitions, lectures. On 2 May 2008 it was made an Executive Agency of the Department of the Prime Minister, on 9 May 2009, the Executive Agency was renamed the Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House, reporting to the Special Minister of State. The design extended from the building to include its gardens, décor, the building is in the Simplified or Stripped Classical Style, commonly used for Australian government buildings constructed in Canberra during the 1920s and 1930s. It does not include such classical elements as columns, entablatures or pediments. The gardens were neglected for a period after the building was vacated by the parliament in 1988, after restoration, they were officially reopened to the public in 2004, now known as the National Rose Garden. Old Parliament House is a three storey building with the principal floor on the middle level. Murdoch designed it to be simple and functional, and this is reflected throughout the design, the façade originally incorporated a grid of recessed openings and balconies, with four bays having arched bronze windows and stepped parapets. The height of the building at the roof of the chambers is 18.5 metres, the building was constructed from Canberra clay brick, with timber and lightweight concrete floors. It was rendered originally in white concrete, since painted, except for a pedestal of bricks left with their natural colour, the original roofs were constructed of flat concrete slabs with a membrane waterproofing and finished with a bituminous coating which was designed to be walked on. At the roofline, on side of the main entrance, are large painted reliefs of the Royal. The railings on the front steps were installed after the parliament had left the building and were not present during its active lifetime. The interior continues the stripped-classicism of the exterior, with the use of motifs and simple lines. The building is designed to make good use of natural light from windows, skylights. It can be seen from the illustrations that considerable restoration and maintenance effort is being lavished on this building, to this end, activities are performed as detailed in a Heritage Management Plan. In keeping with its forms, the building has strong symmetrical planning based on a number of major spaces. The cross-axis features the House of Representatives and Senate chambers on either side of Kings Hall, originally having an H-shape, the building now forms a large rectangle as a consequence of various extensions, with a small rear projection
25.
Canberra
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Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australias largest inland city, the city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory,280 km south-west of Sydney, and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran, the site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australias two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being a planned city outside of any state, similar to Washington, D. C. in the United States. Following an international contest for the design, a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected. The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, the citys design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the bush capital. Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the Commonwealth Government retains some influence through the National Capital Authority, the Australian Armys officer corps is trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital. The ACT is independent of any state to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Commonwealth power, the ACT has voting representation in the Commonwealth Parliament, and has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states. Compared to the averages, the unemployment rate is lower. Property prices are high, in part due to comparatively restrictive development regulations. An 1830s map of the region by Major Mitchell indeed does mark the Sullivans Creek floodplain between two mountains as Nganbra. Nganbra or Nganbira could readily have been anglicised to the name Canberry, survey plans of the district dated 1837 refer to the area as the Canberry Plain. Although popularly pronounced /ˈkænbərə/ or /ˈkænbɛrə/, the pronunciation at its official naming in 1913 was /ˈkæn. brə/. Before white settlement, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was seasonally inhabited by Indigenous Australians, archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously, European exploration and settlement started in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. There were four expeditions between 1820 and 1824, white settlement of the area probably dates from 1823, when a homestead or station was built on what is now the Acton peninsula by stockmen employed by Joshua John Moore. He formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826, on 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres at Canberry. The European population in the Canberra area continued to grow throughout the 19th century
26.
George Bowen
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Sir George Ferguson Bowen, GCMG was a British author and colonial administrator whose appointments included postings to the Ionian Islands, Queensland, New Zealand, Victoria, Mauritius and Hong Kong. Bowen was born the eldest son of the Rev. Edward Bowen, Bowen was educated at Charterhouse School and Trinity College, Oxford. Bowen, twice President of the Oxford Union, was awarded a first class Bachelor of Arts degree in classics in 1844, Bowen was called to the bar by Lincolns Inn in 1844 and obtained his Master of Arts three years later. In 1846 Bowen had some training, serving for sixteen days on HMS Victory. In 1847 Bowen was appointed president of the Ionian University located in Corfu, Bowen became the chief secretary to the government of the Ionian Islands in 1854. While in that post, he married the Contessa Diamantina di Roma on 28 April 1856, Diamantina was the daughter of Conte Giorgio-Candiano Roma and his wife Contessa Orsola, née di Balsamo. The Roma family were local aristocracy, her father being the President of the Ionian Senate, titular head of the Islands and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1855 and was advanced to Knight Commander in the following year. In 1859, Bowen was appointed the first Governor of Queensland, but overall, he was quite popular in Queensland, so that the citizens requested an extension of his five-year term as governor, resulting in his staying for further two years. In 1867 Bowen was made Governor of New Zealand, where he was successful in reconciling the Māori reaction to the British rule, Bowen also instituted the New Zealand Cross for colonial soldiers, one of the rarest bravery awards in the world and equivalent to the Victoria Cross. In 1869, Albert Hastings Markham, first lieutenant of HMS Blanche submitted a design to Bowen for an ensign for New Zealand. His proposal, incorporating the Southern Cross, was approved and remains in use to this day, in March 1873 Bowen was transferred to Victoria as Governor of Victoria, where he embarked on an endeavour to reduce the expenses of the colony. In May that year, Bowen said that my reluctant consent, purely on constitutional grounds, to these dismissals. has damaged my further reputation and it will never be forgotten either in England or in the Colony. However several others, including Hugh Childers and William Ewart Gladstone, approved of Bowens actions, Bowen arrived on Mauritius on 4 April 1879 and served as 13th Governor of the colony until 9 December 1880. On 30 March 1883, Bowen was made Governor of Hong Kong, during his tenure, his administration established the Hong Kong Observatory, which also served as the meteorological institute of the territory. He founded the first college in Hong Kong, and ordered the construction of the Typhoon Shelter in Causeway Bay, and he retired in 1887, due to ill health. Bowen returned to England after his time in Hong Kong and was appointed chief of a Royal Commission sent to Malta in December 1887 to help to draft the new constitution for the island, all recommendations made by the commission were adopted. Afterwards, Bowen was sworn of the Privy Council and his first wife was Contessa Diamantina di Roma, only daughter of Count Candiano di Roma. George married his wife, Letitia Florence White, in late 1896 at Chelsea
27.
Parliament House, Melbourne
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Parliament House, Melbourne was constructed between 1855 and 1929 and is located on Spring Street in East Melbourne, Victoria. It has served as both the seat of the Parliament of Victoria and as the seat of the Federal Parliament of Australia, the building is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2005–6. The Victorian gold rush and population boom led calls for greater democracy, prior to the Colony of Victoria acquiring self-government in 1851, Governor Charles La Trobe instructed Surveyor General Robert Hoddle to select a site for the colonys new parliament to meet. Hoddle selected a site on the hill at the top of Bourke Street. It was not until April 1854 that Eastern Hill, the current Spring Street site, was agreed to due to ongoing disagreements over the best location. A competition was held to design the new building and John Knights design won the first prize of £500, the Colonial Engineer Charles Pasley subsequently produced his own design. Observers have suggested that his design borrowed heavily from Leeds Town Hall, the design was later modified by an architect in Pasleys office, Peter Kerr. The building is an example of Neoclassical architecture, construction began in December 1855 and was managed by the original competition designer John Knight, who also happened to be on Pasleys staff. The chambers for the Victorian Legislative Assembly and the Victorian Legislative Council were finished in 1856, the building opened and the Victorian Government first sat there in 1856. Parliament House was then extended, in stages, to the present state between 1856 and 1929, construction of the Library and eastern wing began in 1858 and was completed in 1860. With the library complete, the two chambers were joined at the rear, resulting in a U-shaped building. The classical architectural detail of the east facade were noted as the first expression of Peter Kerrs vision for the building, no further construction took place for 18 years, however the first set of electrical bells used to call members to divisions were installed circa 1877. In 1878 a Royal Commission was formed to oversee continued construction and it tabled several changes, including the addition of a large dome, the appointment of Peter Kerr as leading architect and a resumption of construction. Subsequently, the Great Hall and vestibule were completed in 1879, queens Hall was used for formal receptions and banquets, while the Vestibule offered a formal entry to Parliament House. After completion of the vestibule a dome was to be added, although eventually approved to support the dome in 1882, the assessment delayed construction and the dome was eventually abandoned. At the height of the great boom fuelled by the rush, it was decided to add a classical colonnade and portico facing Spring St. The western facade and colonnade were completed in 1888, the north wing was completed in 1893 and refreshment rooms at the back of the building were added in 1929. During these years the Victorian Parliament met in the Royal Exhibition Building in Carlton, the building resumed its original use as the Victorian Parliament chambers in 1928
28.
Governor-General of Australia
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The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia, when travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia, so is treated as a head of state. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General, a Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension. Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove, from Federation in 1901 until 1965,11 out of the 15 Governors-General were British aristocrats, they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one prince. Since then, all but one of the Governors-General have been Australian-born, as of 2017, only one Governor-General, Dame Quentin Bryce, was a woman. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, the candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment. The prime minister advises the monarch to appoint his nominee. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullins proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government, Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime ministers direct advice. Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections, despite these precedents, George V remained reluctant to accept Scullins recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. However, Scullin stood firm, and, on 29 November, the King agreed to Isaacss appointment and this right to not only advise the monarch directly, but also to expect that advice to be accepted, was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers. This, among other things, led to the Statute of Westminster 1931, having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-Generals term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate, the actual appointment is made by the monarch. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable, since May 2013, the style used by a former Governor-General is the Honourable, it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office. From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975, the Governor-General was, ex officio, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order, and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC. In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again, and Governors-General appointed from that time were again, ex officio, until 1989, all Governors-General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life. The same individuals were also usually either peers, knights, or both, in 1989, Bill Hayden, a republican, declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours. Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor-General to have had no title or pre-nominal style. Until 2015, the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor-General, formerly, the Governor-General automatically became a knight or dame upon being sworn in
29.
Flag of Australia
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The flag of Australia is a defaced Blue Ensign, a blue field with the Union Jack in the canton, and a large white seven-pointed star known as the Commonwealth Star in the lower hoist quarter. The fly contains a representation of the Southern Cross constellation, made up of five white stars – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, there are other official flags representing Australia, its people and core functions of government. A slightly different design was approved by King Edward VII in 1903, the seven-pointed commonwealth star version was introduced by a proclamation dated 23 February 1908. The dimensions were formally gazetted in 1934, and in 1954 the flag recognised by, and legally defined in. Constituent parts of the flag of Australia The Australian flag uses three prominent symbols, the Union Flag, the Commonwealth Star and the Southern Cross, the Commonwealth Star, also known as the Federation Star, originally had six points, representing the six federating colonies. In 1908, a point was added to symbolise the Papua. Another rationale for the change was to match the star used on the Coat of Arms, the Southern Cross is one of the most distinctive constellations visible in the Southern Hemisphere, and has been used to represent Australia since the early days of British settlement. Ivor Evans, one of the designers, intended the Southern Cross to also refer to the four moral virtues ascribed to the four main stars by Dante, justice, prudence, temperance. The stars are named after the first five letters of the Greek alphabet, in order to simplify manufacture, the British Admiralty standardised the four larger outer stars at seven points each, leaving the smaller, more central star with five points. This change was gazetted on 23 February 1903. A complete specification for the design was published in the Commonwealth Gazette in 1934. The location of the stars is as follows, Commonwealth Star – 7-pointed star, alpha Crucis – 7-pointed star, straight below centre fly 1⁄6 up from bottom edge. Beta Crucis – 7-pointed star, 1⁄4 of the way left, gamma Crucis – 7-pointed star, straight above centre fly 1⁄6 down from top edge. Delta Crucis – 7-pointed star, 2⁄9 of the way right, Epsilon Crucis – 5-pointed star, 1⁄10 of the way right and 1⁄24 down from the centre fly. The outer diameter of the Commonwealth Star is 3⁄10 of the width, while that of the stars in the Southern Cross is 1⁄7 of the flags width, except for Epsilon. Each stars inner diameter is 4⁄9 of the outer diameter, the flags width is the measurement of the hoist edge of the flag. The colours of the flag, although not specified by the Flags Act, have been given Pantone specifications by the Awards and Culture Branch of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The Australian Governments Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers also gives CMYK and RGB specifications for depicting the flag in print and on screen respectively
30.
1956 Summer Olympics
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The 1956 Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the southernmost city to host the games, equestrian events could not be held in Australia due to quarantine regulations. This was the second Olympics not to be entirely in one country, the first being the 1920 Summer Olympics. Melbourne was selected as the host city over bids from Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Montreal and six American cities on 28 April 1949, at the 43rd IOC Session in Rome, many members of the IOC were sceptical about Melbourne as an appropriate site. Its location in the Southern Hemisphere was a concern, since the reversal of seasons would mean the Games were held during the northern winter. This was thought likely to inconvenience athletes from the Northern Hemisphere, notwithstanding these concerns, the field of candidates eventually narrowed to two Southern Hemisphere cities, these being Melbourne and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Melbourne was selected, in 1949, to host the 1956 Olympics by a one-vote margin, the above problems of the Melbourne Games were compounded by bickering over financing among Australian politicians. Faced with a shortage, the Premier of Victoria refused to allocate money for the Olympic Village. At one point, IOC President Avery Brundage suggested that Rome, as late as April 1955, Brundage was still doubtful about Melbourne, and was not satisfied by an inspection trip to the city. Construction was well under way by then, thanks to a $4.5 million federal loan to Victoria and he still held out the possibility that Rome might have to step in. By the beginning of 1956, though, it was obvious that Melbourne would be ready for the Olympics. Meanwhile, in 1956 the Soviet Union crushed the Hungarian Revolution, and the Soviet presence at the Games led to the withdrawal of the Netherlands, Cambodia, Spain, and Switzerland. Less than two weeks before the 22 November opening ceremony, the Peoples Republic of China chose to boycott the event because the Republic of China had been allowed to compete. Although the number of participating was almost the same as in 1952. Once underway, the Games unfolded smoothly, and became known as the Friendly Games. Betty Cuthbert, an 18-year-old from Sydney, won the 100- and 200-metre dashes and ran a final leg in the 4 x 100-metre relay to overcome Great Britains lead. The veteran Shirley Strickland repeated in the 80-metre hurdles and also ran on the team, running her career total to seven. Australia also did well in swimming and they won all of the freestyle races, mens and womens, and collected a total of eight gold, four silver and two bronze medals
31.
Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium
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Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is a Southern Ocean and Antarctic aquarium in central Melbourne, Australia. It is located on the banks of the Yarra River beside and under the Flinders Street Viaduct, the attraction is a Sea Life Centre owned by Merlin Entertainments. The current building was built between February 1998 and December 1999, the building was designed by Peddle Thorp architects to resemble a ship moored to the river, and opened in January 2000. The depth of the building however was designed not to be imposing at street level, at its centre is a world first 2,200, 000-litre oceanarium in the round where the spectators become the spectacle to the marine life swimming around them. Soon after opening, the building had a disease outbreak that resulted in 2 deaths. Those affected had visited the aquarium between 11 and 27 April 2000, a damages action was brought in May 2000, ending in February 2004. On November 28,2008 Melbourne Aquarium officially opened after a significant expansion, also designed by Peddle Thorp, a new entrance was built on the corner of Flinders and King Streets. The expansion features exhibits with king penguins and gentoo penguins, as well as many Antarctic fish, the exhibits also feature real ice and snow to simulate Antarctic conditions, and take visitors on an expedition to Antarctica. The penguins were sourced from Kelly Tarltons Underwater World in New Zealand, in April 2013, Melbourne Aquariums owners, Merlin Entertainments, announced that they would be spending $8 million on the refurbishment of the facilities. As part of the process, the aquarium will be rebranded as a Sea Life Centre, the Aquarium currently has one grey nurse sharks and the program is looking at intra vitro fertilization as a method of breeding. Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is home to the first-ever in-vitro fertilised shark in existence, the brown-banded bamboo shark pup was born on March 3,2014, ending a process which began in September when aquarists collected a semen sample from a shark in Mooloolaba in northeastern Australia. The aquarium is also involved in the rehabilitation of turtles washed down to the cold Victorian waters where they cannot survive, the sea turtles are housed at the aquarium to gain strength, a which point they are taken north to Queensland to be released. Melbourne Aquarium is one of the few worldwide to have bred the locally-endemic weedy seadragon in captivity. Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium formerly had a giant squid exhibit, which has moved to UnderWater World in Queensland. The Aquarium was also home to fish, the Japanese spider crab, jellyfish, blood sucking leeches, horseshoe crabs, poisonous scorpions. Media related to Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium at Wikimedia Commons Official website
32.
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
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Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, KG, GCVO is the youngest granddaughter of King George V and Queen Mary. She is the widow of Sir Angus Ogilvy, as of January 2017, she is 50th in the line of succession to the thrones of 16 states, at the time of her birth in 1936, she was sixth. Princess Alexandra was born on 25 December 1936 at 3 Belgrave Square and her parents were Prince George, Duke of Kent and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, a daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia. She received the name Christabel because she was born on Christmas Day, like her aunt by marriage, Princess Alice and her birth was the last to have the tradition of having the Home Secretary present to verify the birth of potential heirs to the throne. Secretary Sir John Simon was present and was the last to do this, as a male-line granddaughter of the British monarch, she was styled as a British princess with the prefix Her Royal Highness. She was born two weeks after the abdication of her uncle King Edward VIII, of her godparents, only the King and Queen and Lord Athlone were present. Princess Alexandra spent most of her childhood at her familys house, Coppins. She lived with her grandmother, Queen Mary, the widow of George V and her father was killed in an aeroplane crash near Caithness, Scotland on 25 August 1942 while serving in the Royal Air Force. Princess Alexandra has the distinction of being the first British princess to have attended a boarding school and she was also trained at Great Ormond Street Hospital. She was a bridesmaid at the 1946 wedding of Captain Lord Brabourne, the following year, she served as bridesmaid at the wedding of her cousins, the then-Princess Elizabeth and The Duke of Edinburgh, on 20 November 1947. The Queen is Princess Alexandras paternal first cousin, the Duke of Edinburgh is Princess Alexandras maternal first cousin once removed and she was also a bridesmaid at the 1962 wedding of Prince Juan Carlos of Spain and her second cousin, Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark. On 24 April 1963, she married the Hon. Angus James Bruce Ogilvy, the wedding ceremony was attended by the royal family and was broadcast worldwide on television, watched by an estimated 200 million people. The bride wore a gown of Valenciennes lace, with matching veil and train. Angus Ogilvy declined the Queens offer to be created an earl upon marriage, Angus Ogilvy was knighted in 1988, later being sworn of the Privy Council in 1997. Taking part in roughly 120 engagements each year, Princess Alexandra is one of the most active members of the royal family, the number of her engagements in 2012 were 110. However, in late June 2013 she cancelled all future engagements due to arthritis, Princess Alexandra was almost 16 years old when her cousin acceded to the throne. In 1959, she carried out a tour of Australia. The Alexandra Waltz was composed for this visit by radio legend, Russ Tyson and it was sung for the princess by teen-aged Gay Kahler, who later changed her name to Gay Kayler
33.
Jeff Kennett
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Jeffrey Gibb Kennett AC is a former Australian politician who was the 43rd Premier of Victoria between 1992 and 1999 and a current media commentator. He was the President of Hawthorn Football Club from 2005 -2011 and he is the founding Chairman of beyondblue, a national organisation working to reduce the impact of depression and anxiety in the community. Kennett was born in Melbourne on 2 March 1948, and educated at Scotch College, Kennett was an unexceptional student academically, but did well in Scotchs Cadet Corps Unit. His failure to rise above the middle band academically almost led him to school in Fourth Form. His Fifth and Sixth Forms were an improvement, but he was described in school reports as confident. Sometimes works hard, and keen, pleasant, though sometimes erratic boy, after leaving school, Kennett was persuaded by his father Ken to attend the Australian National University in Canberra, but lost interest and left after one year of an economics degree. He returned to Melbourne and found work in the department of the retail giant Myer – kindling an interest for advertising that would one day earn him his living. Kennetts life in the workforce was cut short when, in 1968. Kennett was singled out as officer material early in his career and he was posted to Malaysia and Singapore as Second Lieutenant, commander of 1st Platoon, A Company, 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. This military career has been noted by biographers as an essential formative influence on the adult Kennetts character. His sense and regard for hierarchical loyalty, punctuality, and general intolerance of dissent or disobedience may be traced to this period, Kennett returned to civilian life in 1970, reentering a divided Australian society, split by the Vietnam War, of which Kennett was a firm supporter. Having returned to Myer, Kennett became impatient with his work, thereafter, in December 1972, Kennett married Felicity Kellar, an old friend whom he had first met on a Number 7 tram on the long trips to school. Their first son, Ed, was born in 1974, followed by a daughter Amy, interested in local politics since the early 1970s, Kennett was elected as a Liberal Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Burwood in 1976. His preselection for the seat reportedly irritated then Premier Dick Hamer, who disliked Kennetts campaigning style, entering Hamers government, Kennett was soon appointed Minister for Housing, Immigration and Ethnic Affairs in 1981. He retained this post when Hamer was replaced as Liberal leader and Premier by Lindsay Thompson in June of that year and he was an aggressive Leader of the Opposition, and was criticised for his bull-in-a-china-shop style and his anti-government rhetoric. Under his leadership, the Liberals were heavily defeated by Labor in Victorian state election,1985, soon afterward, he faced a challenge to his leadership of the party from Ian Smith. Kennett survived easily, but increasingly, he was seen as an erratic and he faced two more challenges to his leadership in 1986 and 1987 respectively. In 1987, in one notable incident Kennett referred to the Federal Liberal leader John Howard using colourful language in a telephone conversation with Howard rival Andrew Peacock
34.
Australian Labor Party
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The Australian Labor Party is a political party in Australia. The party has been in opposition at federal level since the 2013 election, Bill Shorten has been the partys federal parliamentary leader since 13 October 2013. The party is a party with branches in each state. Labor is in government in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the party competes against the Liberal/National Coalition for political office at the federal and state levels. Labors current National Platform describes the party as a social democratic party, the party of opportunity and security for working people. The ALP was not founded as a party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901. Nevertheless, it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the labour movement in Australia. Labor is thus the countrys oldest political party, colonial labour parties contested seats from 1891, and federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. Labor was the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian Parliament, internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance network of social-democratic parties, having previously been a member of the Socialist International. The Australian Labor Party has its origins in the Labour parties founded in the 1890s in the Australian colonies prior to federation, Labor tradition ascribes the founding of Queensland Labour to a meeting of striking pastoral workers under a ghost gum tree in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The Balmain, New South Wales branch of the party claims to be the oldest in Australia, Labour as a parliamentary party dates from 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia,1893 in Queensland, and later in the other colonies. The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, the major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions, the United Labor Party of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election, at the 1893 South Australian elections the ULP was immediately elevated to balance of power status with 10 of 54 lower house seats. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of the ULP, so successful, less than a decade later at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the worlds first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the states first of many majority governments at the 1910 election, in 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a minority Labour government in Queensland, the first in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split. The colonial Labour parties and the unions were mixed in their support for the Federation of Australia. They feared that federation would further entrench the power of the conservative forces, the first Labour leader and Prime Minister, Chris Watson, however, was a supporter of federation
35.
City of Melbourne
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The City of Melbourne is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central city area of Melbourne. The city has an area of 36 square kilometres and has a population of 127,672, the citys motto is Vires acquirit eundo which means She gathers strength as she goes. The current Lord Mayor is Robert Doyle, the Melbourne City Council holds office in Melbourne Town Hall. Unlike other Australian capital cities, Melbourne did not originate under official auspices, having been a province of New South Wales from its establishment in 1835, affairs of the settlement had been administered by the Parliament of New South Wales. With the growth of the settlement there had been a demand by the inhabitants for greater autonomy over their own affairs. On 12 August 1842, Melbourne was incorporated as a town by Act 6 Victoria No.7 of the Governor and Legislative Council of New South Wales. The town of Melbourne was raised to the status of a city by Letters Patent of Queen Victoria dated 25 June 1847, the Letters Patent also constituted the Anglican Diocese of Melbourne and declared Melbourne a cathedral city. The citys initial boundaries, as set down in Act 8 Victoria No, on 18 December 1902, King Edward VII conferred the title Lord Mayor on the mayor of the City of Melbourne. On 30 October 1905, Melbourne absorbed two neighbouring council areas, now included in the City was the Borough of Flemington and Kensington which had been formed in 1882 when it broke away from the City of Essendon. The second, the Town of North Melbourne, formerly known as Hotham, had established on 30 September 1859. Both town halls are still in use today as public buildings—the former in Kensington near the present-day Newmarket railway station, the Melbourne and Geelong Corporations Act 1938 allowed for three councillors for each of the eleven wards, with a general election held on 24 August 1939. Following a recommendation by the Local Government Advisory Board in 1978, three years later, an additional ward was added. The wards were abolished in 2001, with the council having an elected Lord Mayor with a Deputy Lord Mayor, in 2012, the number of Councillors was increased to nine, in addition to the Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor. In 2005, the announced the construction of a new 6-star environmental office building, Council House 2. In July 2009, Lord Mayor Robert Doyle unveiled a new identity for the City of Melbourne. Melbourne City Council is composed of eleven Councillors, including the Lord Mayor, both the Lord Mayor and Deputy Lord Mayor are directly elected, while the nine other Councillors are elected proportionally as a single ward. Voting entity eligibility includes various classes of business interests, in addition to residents and they are, Some other local councils in the Melbourne metropolitan area have sister city relationships, see Local Government Areas of Victoria
36.
John Brumby
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John Mansfield Brumby AO, is a former Victorian Labor Party politician who was Premier of Victoria from 2007 to 2010. He became leader of the Victorian Labor Party and Premier after the resignation of Steve Bracks and he also served as the Minister for Veterans Affairs and the Minister for Multicultural Affairs. He contested his first election as Premier at the November 2010 Victorian state election and his government was defeated by the Liberal/National Coalition led by Ted Baillieu. Brumby resigned as Labor leader after the election, on 30 November, within weeks of this leadership change, Brumby left parliament, with a Broadmeadows by-election taking place on 19 February 2011. Born in Melbourne, Brumby was educated at Ivanhoe Grammar School and then later and he graduated in Commerce at University of Melbourne, in 1974, and he completed a Diploma of Education at the State College of Victoria at Rusden, in 1975. He was a teacher at Eaglehawk High School, in Bendigo, from 1979 to 1983 he was an employee of the Victorian Teachers Union. He was also active in the Australian Labor Party, in 1983 Brumby was elected to the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Bendigo, which he held until his defeat in 1990. He held this position until February 1993, when he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council at a by-election for the seat of Doutta Galla Province in Melbournes western suburbs. The Victorian Labor government of Joan Kirner was defeated at the October 1992 state elections by the Liberal Party led by Jeff Kennett, Joan Kirner resigned as Leader after a short period and was succeeded by Jim Kennan, Kennan later resigned from Parliament in June 1993. Brumby was subsequently elected as Labors new State Parliamentary leader to fill the vacancy created by Jim Kennans resignation and he resigned from the Legislative Council and was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly at a by-election for Kennans seat of Broadmeadows. In 1996, Brumby opposed the Kennett State Governments proposed relocation of the State Museum to the Carlton Gardens site adjacent to the Royal Exhibition Building and it was at this time that Brumby first proposed that the Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens be nominated for World Heritage Listing. The World Heritage nomination was opposed at the time by the Kennett Liberal State Government and it was not until after the 1999 State Election that the Bracks Labor Government nominated and obtained World Heritage Listing for the site. From 1993 to 1996 Brumby worked to restore Labors fortunes in Victoria, the defeat of the federal Labor government in March 1996 prompted Kennett to call an early state election three weeks later. Labor only managed a net gain, leaving it 20 seats behind the Coalition. This defeat was claimed to have undermined Brumbys position as Leader, Brumby was later replaced as Labor leader in March 1999, agreeing to resign in favour of Steve Bracks. Steve Bracks narrowly won the election called by Kennett in September 1999 and appointed Brumby as Minister for Finance, Assistant Treasurer and Minister for State. Brumby formed part of the leadership team of senior ministers in the new Government along with Bracks, Deputy Premier John Thwaites. Steve Bracks initially served as Treasurer as well as Premier, assisted by Brumby who was responsible for Victorias finances, on 22 May 2000 Brumby was appointed State Treasurer
37.
Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show
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The Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show is a flower show held annually since 1995 in early April each year, in Melbourne, Australia. It is located in the World Heritage Site of Carlton Gardens and it is the largest horticultural event in the southern hemisphere, attracting over 100,000 visitors. It is rated among the top five flower and garden shows in the world, Melbourne International Garden and Flower Show
38.
University of Melbourne
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The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australias second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria, Times Higher Education ranks Melbourne as 33rd in the world, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 40th in the world. Melbournes main campus is located in Parkville, a suburb north of the Melbourne central business district. Melbourne is a university and a member of the Group of Eight, Universitas 21. Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university, there are 12 colleges located on the main campus and in nearby suburbs offering academic, sporting and cultural programs alongside accommodation for Melbourne students and faculty. Amongst Melbournes 15 graduate schools the Melbourne Business School, the Melbourne Law School, four Australian prime ministers and five governors-general have graduated from Melbourne. Nine Nobel laureates have been students or faculty, the most of any Australian university, the university was established by Act of Incorporation on 22 January 1853, with power to confer degrees in arts, medicine, laws and music. The act provided for an endowment of £9,000. The original buildings were opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham. The first chancellor, Redmond Barry, held the position until his death in 1880, the inauguration of the university was made possible by the wealth resulting from Victorias gold rush. The institution was designed to be an influence at a time of rapid settlement. In 1881, the admission of women was a seen as victory over the conservative ruling council. The universitys 150th anniversary was celebrated in 2003, as of May 2009 the university suspended the Bachelor of Music Theatre and Puppetry courses at the college and there were fears they may not return under the new curriculum. New dean Sharman Pretty outlined drastic changes under the plan for the college in early April 2009. As a result, it is now being called into question whether the university have upheld that agreement, staff at the college responded to the changes, claiming the university did not value vocational arts training, and voicing fears over the future of quality training at the VCA. Melbourne University has 12 residential colleges in total, seven of which are located in an arc around the oval at the northern edge of the campus. The other five are located outside of university grounds, the residential colleges aim to provide accommodation and holistic education experience to university students. Several of the earliest campus buildings, such as the Old Quadrangle and Baldwin Spencer buildings, the new Wilson Hall replaced the original building which was destroyed by fire
39.
RMIT University
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RMIT University is an Australian public research university located in Melbourne, Victoria. It was made a university by act of the Parliament of Victoria in 1992 after merging with the Phillip Institute of Technology. With an annual revenue of A$1.163 billion in 2015, the foundation campus of RMIT forms part of the Melbourne city centre and is located on the northern edge of its Hoddle Grid. It began as the Working Mens College building, on the corner of Bowen Street and La Trobe Street, in addition to its City campus, it has two radial campuses in the Melbourne metropolitan area which are located in the northern suburbs of Brunswick and Bundoora. Outside of Australia, it has a presence in Asia and Europe, in Asia, it has two branch campuses in Vietnam which are located in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, and maintains teaching partnerships in China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. In Europe, it has a centre in Spain located in Barcelona. RMIT is rated a five star university by Quacquarelli Symonds and it is ranked as 16th in the world for art and design in the 2016 QS World University Rankings, which makes it the top art and design school in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere. It is also ranked as 16th in the top 50 universities under 50 years old by QS, the antecedent of RMIT, the Working Mens College of Melbourne, was founded by the Scottish-born grazier and politician The Hon. Francis Ormond in the 1880s. Ormond donated the sum of £5000 toward the foundation of the college and he was supported in the Victorian Parliament by Charles Pearson and in the Melbourne Trades Hall by William Murphy. The workers unions of Melbourne rallied their members to match Ormonds donation, the site for the college, on the corners of Bowen Street and La Trobe Street, opposite the Melbourne Public Library, was donated by the Victorian Government. The Working Mens College of Melbourne opened on June 4,1887, with a ceremony at the Melbourne Town Hall. It took 320 enrollments on its opening night and it opened as a night school for instruction in art, science and technology—in the words of its founder—especially to working men. Ormond was a believer in the transformative power of education and believed the college would be of great importance. In 1904, it was incorporated under the Companies Act as a private college, between the turn of the 20th century and the 1930s, it expanded over the neighbouring Old Melbourne Gaol and constructed buildings for new art, engineering and radio schools. It also made its first contribution to Australias war effort through training of returned military personnel from World War I, following a petition by students, it officially changed its name to the Melbourne Technical College in 1934. It became the higher education institution in Australia with the right of the prefix Royal along with the use of the monarchy of Englands regalia. Its name was changed to the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 1960. During the mid-20th century, it was restructured as a provider of higher and vocational education
40.
Melbourne High School
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Melbourne High School is a selective-entry state school for boys in years 9 to 12 located in the Melbourne suburb of South Yarra. The school is mainly for its strong academic reputation. Melbourne High School had the rank based on VCE average, with its 2009 cohort achieving a median ATAR of 95.85. The school was founded in 1905 as the first coeducational state school in Victoria. Melbourne High School was originally located in Spring Street in Melbourne, in 1927, the boys and girls split, with the boys moving to a new school at Forrest Hill in the inner city suburb of South Yarra which retained the name Melbourne High School. The girls eventually moved to the Mac. Robertson Girls High School on Kings Way, throughout this history, enrolment for year 9 has been determined by an entrance examination, held in June each year. The entrance examination consists of an assessment of the applicants mathematics, in 2007,308 Year 9s entered the school, out of over 1,200 students who undertook the examination. Students have achieved strong results in the VCE examinations. The school has a compulsory involvement program, including involvement within school and its ethos encourages investment of effort into academic, sporting, musical, leadership, and personal pursuits. It was also the first school in Australia to establish a Student Representative Council, in addition, the school owns an outdoor education facility in Millgrove, which lies near the Warburton ranges. In 2010, The Age reported that Melbourne High School ranked equal tenth among Australian schools based on the number of alumni who had received a top Order of Australia honour, the schools original campus was that of the Old National Model School in Spring Street. Joseph Hocking, an inspector of schools, was named the first principal, Hocking followed Tates vision, and moulded the school into one which produced students of high quality as evidenced by their final year results. By 1919, it had the greatest number of students at Melbourne University from any school, in 1910, the first sporting exchange with Adelaide High School occurred, years later this would be followed by an exchange with North Sydney Boys High School. Sport, music, cadets, the magazine and social events became important areas of the school. In 1914, with the school just nine years old, the ongoing growth and development was disrupted by World War I. The school has developed a special association with Anzac Cove. Hocking spoke of the students as, in the 1920s, it was announced that the school would split and the boys and girls would move to alternative locations. In October 1927, the moved to Forrest Hill in South Yarra
41.
Nossal High School
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Nossal High School, also referred to as Nossal or NHS is a selective-entry government school for students in years 9-12. Located in the Melbourne suburb of Berwick, Nossal High School is the first co-educational and it is named after prominent Australian immunologist and 2000 Australian of the Year, Sir Gustav Nossal. The school was opened in 2010, a year before Suzanne Cory High School and John Monash Science School, Nossal prides itself on its progressive adult learning environment, its vision and curriculum directed by American educator Howard Gardeners concept of the Five Minds of the Future. The two school buildings, both constructed, are very modern 21st-century pieces of architecture, the interiors characterised by bright colours and open. Nossal High School is part of the Select-Entry Network of Victorian selective schools, alongside Suzanne Cory High School, Mac. Robertson Girls High School, the Victorian Governments decision to create a new selective school was based on a number of factors. As well as this, both Mac, thus, the decision to open a new selective school, located in the south-east suburb of Berwick was announced to the Victorian public in April 2008 by the then-Premier John Brumby. Senior Department bureaucrats were tasked with making connections and setting up plans for the eventual opening of the provisionally-named Berwick Selective Entry High School. Construction works began in the Berwick campus of Monash University in 2009, site of the former Casey Airfields, and the inaugural principal, Mr Roger Page, was appointed in May of the same year. Although the launch of Suzanne Cory was delayed until 2011, Nossal High School was finally opened in 2010, in this year, inaugural Assistant Principal, Dr Toni Meath, left the school to become Principal of Mac. Rob. Nossal underwent a number of leadership changes, with Ms Sue Harrap. In 2015, the school established itself as very high academically-performing one. 27. 1% of students managed to attain a high score of 40+ in their individual subjects. The schools highest-ever ATAR rank was recorded in 2016, with the Dux obtaining a score of 99.90. In 2016, Nossal was subject to an international targeted school bombing hoax threat, needing to have both an emergency evacuation and lockdown in the first term of 2016, it was later relieved that hackers spoofed Nossals phone number to instigate a number of threats around Australia. Extracurricular options available to students include, Literature Circle, Chess Club, Debating, Knitting, at the end of each year the house to have accumulated the most points is awarded the Page Cup. Points are attained by participation in the six major events as well as smaller contests held throughout the school year, the six major events are as follows, Swimming Carnival, Athletics, Cross Country, Choral Night, Debating, Monash Grand Challenge. Other competitions include Table Tennis, Camp Challenges, Dress Up days, Tug of War, the challenge focuses on developing essay writing, creative, public speaking and problem solving skills by incorporating each element into the challenge. The final products of each house are judged by Monash University professors, the winning house gains the Monash Grand Challenge trophy and house points
42.
Mac.Robertson Girls' High School
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The Mac. Robertson Girls High School is an academically selective, public high school for gifted students, located in the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Entry for Mac. Rob, which is operated by the Victoria Department of Education, is by academic examination. It is unique in its status as a provider for girls in years 9 to 12. The equivalent for boys is its school, Melbourne High School. Each year, over 3000 candidates will sit the examination for a total of approximately 960 places. In 2001, The Sun-Herald ranked The Mac. Robertson Girls High School sixth in Australias top ten girls schools, the school was ranked 3rd in 2009, but reclaimed its No.1 ranking once again in 2010,2011 and 2013. The school has a history, tracing its origins to the establishment of the first Victorian state secondary school in 1905. Its many eminent former students provide strong role models and inspiration for current students, the Mac. Robertson Girls High School began as Melbourne Continuation School, the first government funded school in the state of Victoria, established in 1905 in Spring Street, Melbourne. In 1912, it was renamed Melbourne High School, originally a co-educational school, the school was segregated by sexes in 1927, with the boys moving to Melbourne Boys High School in Forrest Hill, South Yarra, Victoria. Girls continued to be educated in the school on Spring Street, renamed as Melbourne Girls High School, the school was housed in the then-vacant Government House until 1933, when they moved to State School No.1689 in King Street. In 1934, with the help of a donation from Macpherson Robertson, the school opened as the Mac. Robertson Girls High School on 7 November 1934. The school was used as U. S Army Headquarters in 1942, the students took their classes at Brighton Road State School, Camberwell East Girls School, and University High School during this period. The building gained a national trust classification in 1987 and it was previously gazetted as an Historic Building in 1982. The school celebrated its centenary year in 2005 with Melbourne High School in a joined assembly, Mac. Rob celebrated by inviting Premier of Victoria Steve Bracks to witness the restarting of the school clock tower. The Mac. Robertson Girls High School today continues and maintains a tradition of academic achievement. Each year the schools VCE results are among the highest in the state, the school operates in a two sub-school structure. The middle school caters for students in years 9 and 10, the schools enrolment across all four year levels totals to approximately 950 to 960 students every year. A quota of 225 year 9 students are selected for enrolment every year through the year 8 entrance examination, the year 10 cohort adds another class of 25 into the year level bringing the total to 250 students
Australia
