1.
Royal wedding
–
A royal wedding is a marriage ceremony involving members of a royal family. Weddings involving senior members of the family are often seen as important occasions of state. Medieval 1053, William I to Matilda of Flanders at the Cathedral of Notre Dame dEu.11 November 1100,4 January 1243, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of King Henry III of England, was married to Sanchia of Provence at the Westminster Abbey. 9 April 1269, Prince Edmund, son of Henry III, was married to Aveline de Forz at the Westminster Abbey,30 April 1290, Joan of Acre, daughter of Edward I, was married to Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester at the Westminster Abbey. 8 July 1290, Margaret of England, daughter of Edward I, was married to John II at the Westminster Abbey,20 January 1382, Richard II was married to Anne of Bohemia at the Westminster Abbey. 25 January 1858, Princess Victoria, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria, was married to Prince Frederick of Prussia at the Chapel Royal, St Jamess Palace. 10 March 1863, Prince Edward, Prince of Wales, eldest son and successor of Queen Victoria, was married to Princess Alexandra of Denmark at the St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. 5 July 1866, Princess Helena, third daughter of Queen Victoria, was married to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg at the St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. 21 March 1871, The Princess Louise, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, was married to the Marquess of Lorne at the St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. 13 March 1879, The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, third son of Queen Victoria, was married to Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia at the St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. 24 March 1880, Princess Frederica of Hanover, great-granddaughter of King George III, was married to Luitbert von Pawel Rammingen at the St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. 27 April 1882, The Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, youngest son of Queen Victoria, was married to Princess Helena of Waldeck-Pyrmont at the St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. 6 July 1891, Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein was married to Prince Aribert of Anhalt at the St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. 6 July 1893, Prince George, Duke of York, second son of King Edward VII, was married to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck at the Chapel Royal, St Jamess Palace. 10 February 1904, Princess Alice was married to Prince Alexander of Teck at the St Georges Chapel,15 June 1905, Princess Margaret of Connaught was married to Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden at the St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. 27 February 1919, Princess Patricia of Connaught, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, was married to Alexander Ramsay DSO at the Westminster Abbey,2 September 1919, Lady Helena Cambridge was married to Major John Gibbs, Coldstream Guards at the St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle. 28 February 1922, Princess Mary, only daughter of King George V, was married to Viscount Lascelles at the Westminster Abbey. 26 April 1923, Prince Albert, Duke of York, second son of King George V,29 November 1934, Prince George, Duke of Kent, fourth son of King George V, was married to Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark at the Westminster Abbey
Royal wedding
–
The
Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan attends the marriage procession of his eldest son
Dara Shikoh. Mughal-Era
fireworks were utilized to brighten the night throughout the wedding ceremony.
Royal wedding
2.
Stanley Donen
–
Stanley Donen is an American film director and choreographer whose most celebrated works are Singin in the Rain and On the Town, both of which he co-directed with actor and dancer Gene Kelly. His other noteworthy films include Royal Wedding, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, Funny Face, Indiscreet, Charade, and Two for the Road. He received an Honorary Academy Award in 1998 for his body of work and he was hailed by film critic David Quinlan as the King of the Hollywood musicals. Donen married five times and had three children and his current long term partner is film director and comedian Elaine May. He began his career in the line on Broadway for director George Abbott. In 1943 he went to Hollywood and worked as a choreographer before he and he then worked as a contract director for MGM under producer Arthur Freed producing hit films amid critical acclaim, both as a solo director and with Kelly. In 1952 Donen and Kelly co-directed the musical Singin in the Rain, Donens relationship with Kelly deteriorated in 1955 during their final collaboration on Its Always Fair Weather. He then broke his contract with MGM to become an independent producer in 1957, as musicals began to lose public appeal, Donen switched to comedies. He continued to make hit films until the late 1960s, after which his career slowed down and he briefly returned to the stage as a director in the 1990s and again in 2002. Donen is credited with transitioning Hollywood musical films from realistic backstage dramas to an integrated art form in which the songs were a natural continuation of the story. Donen and Kellys films created a cinematic form and included dances that could only be achieved in the film medium. Donen stated that what he was doing was a continuation from the Astaire – Rogers musicals. Which in turn came from René Clair and from Lubitsch, what we did was not geared towards realism but towards the unreal. Film critic Jean-Pierre Coursodon has said that Donens contribution to the evolution of the Hollywood musical outshines anybody elses and he is the last surviving notable director of Hollywoods Golden Age. Stanley Donen was born in Columbia, South Carolina to Mordecai Moses Donen, a manager, and Helen. His younger sister Carla Donen Davis was born in August 1937, although born to Jewish parents, he became an atheist in his youth. Donen described his childhood as lonely and unhappy as one of the few Jews in Columbia, to help cope with his isolation, he spent much of his youth in local movie theaters and was especially fond of Westerns, comedies and thrillers. The film that had the strongest impact on him was the 1933 Fred Astaire, Donen said that he must have seen the picture thirty or forty times
Stanley Donen
–
Donen in 2010
Stanley Donen
–
Gene Kelly and Jerry the Mouse in Anchors Aweigh, a scene that took Donen a year to finish in post-production
Stanley Donen
–
Donen (center) directing
Frank Sinatra and
Gene Kelly in the opening number
New York, New York from On the Town
Stanley Donen
–
Fred Astaire dancing on the walls and ceiling in Royal Wedding, a special effect using a rotating reinforced-steel cylindrical chamber to film in
3.
Alan Jay Lerner
–
Alan Jay Lerner was an American lyricist and librettist. In collaboration with Frederick Loewe, and later Burton Lane, he created some of the worlds most popular and he won three Tony Awards and three Academy Awards, among other honors. Born in New York City, he was the son of Edith Adelson Lerner and Joseph Jay Lerner, whose brother, Samuel Alexander Lerner, was founder and owner of the Lerner Stores, one of Lerners cousins was the radio comedian/television game show panelist Henry Morgan. Lerner was educated at Bedales School in England, The Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut and he attended both Camp Androscoggin and Camp Greylock. At both Choate and Harvard, Lerner was a classmate of John F. Kennedy, at Choate they had worked together on the yearbook staff. Like Cole Porter at Yale and Richard Rodgers at Columbia, his career in theater began with his collegiate contributions. During the summers of 1936 and 1937, Lerner studied music composition at Juilliard, while attending Harvard, he lost his sight in his left eye due to an accident in the boxing ring. In 1957, Lerner and Leonard Bernstein, another of Lerners college classmates, collaborated on Lonely Men of Harvard, due to his injury, Lerner could not serve in World War II. Instead he wrote scripts, including Your Hit Parade, until he was introduced to Austrian composer Frederick Loewe. While at the Lambs, he also met Lorenz Hart, with whom he would also collaborate, Lerner and Loewes first collaboration was a musical adaptation of Barry Connerss farce The Patsy called Life of the Party for a Detroit stock company. The lyrics were written by Earle Crooker, but he had left the project. It enjoyed a run and encouraged the duo to join forces with Arthur Pierson for Whats Up. which opened on Broadway in 1943. It ran for 63 performances and was followed two years later by The Day Before Spring and their first hit was Brigadoon, a romantic fantasy set in a mystical Scottish village, directed by Robert Lewis. It was followed in 1951 by the Gold Rush story Paint Your Wagon, while the show ran for nearly a year and included songs that later became pop standards, it was less successful that Lerners previous work. He later said of Paint Your Wagon, it was a success, Lerner worked with Kurt Weill on the stage musical Love Life and Burton Lane on the movie musical Royal Wedding. In that same year Lerner also wrote the Oscar-winning original screenplay for An American in Paris and this was the same team who would later join with Lerner and Loewe to create Gigi. In 1956, Lerner and Loewe unveiled My Fair Lady, before finishing the musical, Lerner was eager to write while My Fair Lady was taking so long to complete. Burton Lane and Lerner were working on a musical about Lil Abner, gabriel Pascal owned the rights to Pygmalion, which had been unsuccessful with other composers who tried to adapt it into a musical
Alan Jay Lerner
–
Alan Jay Lerner, c. 1975
4.
Fred Astaire
–
Fred Astaire was an American dancer, singer, actor, choreographer and television presenter. His stage and subsequent film and television careers spanned a total of 76 years, during which he made 31 musical films and several television specials, Astaire was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fifth greatest male star of Classic Hollywood cinema in 100 Years. Gene Kelly, another star in filmed dance, said that the history of dance on film begins with Astaire, later, he asserted that Astaire was the only one of todays dancers who will be remembered. Astaire was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Johanna Ann, Astaires mother was born in the United States to Lutheran German immigrants from East Prussia and Alsace. Astaires father was born in Linz, Austria, to Jewish parents who had converted to Roman Catholicism, Astaires mother dreamed of escaping Omaha by virtue of her childrens talents, after Astaires sister, Adele Astaire, early on revealed herself to be an instinctive dancer and singer. She planned a brother and sister act, which was common in vaudeville at the time, although Astaire refused dance lessons at first, he easily mimicked his older sisters steps and took up piano, accordion, and clarinet. Despite Adele and Freds teasing rivalry, they acknowledged their individual strengths, his durability. Fred and Adeles mother suggested they change their name to Astaire, Family legend attributes the name to an uncle surnamed LAstaire. They were taught dance, speaking, and singing in preparation for developing an act and their first act was called Juvenile Artists Presenting an Electric Musical Toe-Dancing Novelty. Fred wore a top hat and tails in the first half, in an interview, Astaires daughter, Ava Astaire McKenzie, observed that they often put Fred in a top hat to make him look taller. The goofy act debuted in Keyport, New Jersey, in a tryout theater, the local paper wrote, the Astaires are the greatest child act in vaudeville. As a result of their fathers salesmanship, Fred and Adele rapidly landed a contract and played the famed Orpheum Circuit in the Midwest, Western. Soon Adele grew to at least three inches taller than Fred and the pair began to look incongruous. The family decided to take a break from show business to let time take its course and to avoid trouble from the Gerry Society. In 1912, Fred became an Episcopalian, the career of the Astaire siblings resumed with mixed fortunes, though with increasing skill and polish, as they began to incorporate tap dancing into their routines. Astaires dancing was inspired by Bill Bojangles Robinson and John Bubbles Sublett, from vaudeville dancer Aurelio Coccia, they learned the tango, waltz, and other ballroom dances popularized by Vernon and Irene Castle. Some sources state that the Astaire siblings appeared in a 1915 film titled Fanchon, the Cricket, starring Mary Pickford, by age 14, Fred had taken on the musical responsibilities for their act. He first met George Gershwin, who was working as a song plugger for Jerome H. Remicks music publishing company, Fred had already been hunting for new music and dance ideas
Fred Astaire
–
In You'll Never Get Rich (1941)
Fred Astaire
–
Fred and his sister Adele in 1906
Fred Astaire
–
Fred and Adele Astaire in 1921
Fred Astaire
–
Promotional photo with
Ginger Rogers
5.
Jane Powell
–
Jane Powell is an American singer, dancer, and actress. Powell rose to fame during her childhood as a singer in her hometown of Portland, Oregon, in the late 1950s, her film career slowed, leading her to a prolific theater and television career. In 1985, she relocated with her husband, former child star Dickie Moore, to New York City and Wilton, Connecticut. She was born Suzanne Lorraine Burce, the child born to Paul E. Burce and Eileen Baker Burce, on April 1,1929, in Portland. Powell began dance lessons at the age of two, in an attempt to liken her appearance to Shirley Temple, Powells mother took her to get her first perm the same year she began dance lessons. At five, she appeared on the radio program Stars of Tomorrow. She also took lessons with Agnes Peters, and there the Burce family met Scotty Weston. He convinced the family to move to Oakland, California, for Powell to take dance lessons, Paul Burce had quit his job of 14 years to move to Oakland, and was unable to get it back when they returned. The family moved into an apartment building owned by friends, while there, and while helping her father take the garbage out, Powell would sing. Tenants insisted that Powell should take lessons, and after saving their money, at 12, Powell had her career taken over by a local promoter, Carl Werner, who helped her get selected as the Oregon Victory Girl. She began singing live on the local Portland radio station, KOIN, during this time, she first met Lana Turner. Powell presented her with flowers and sang for her, years later, when they met again at MGM, Turner did not remember her. According to Powell, even meeting her many times, Turner never remembered who she was. During her time as the Oregon Victory Girl, Powell had two radio shows. During the first, she sang with an accompaniment, and during the second, she sang with an orchestra. She had attended Beaumont Grade School in Portland, in summer 1943, Paul and Eileen Burce took their daughter on vacation to Hollywood. There, she appeared on Janet Gaynors radio show Hollywood Showcase, the show was a talent competition, and among the other contestants were Kathie Lee Giffords mother, Joan Epstein. Powell won the competition, and soon auditioned with Louis B. Mayer at MGM, without even taking a screen test, Powell was then signed to a seven-year contract with MGM
Jane Powell
–
Powell in
A Date with Judy
Jane Powell
–
in:Holiday in Mexico, Powell, circa 1946
Jane Powell
–
Powell in
Three Daring Daughters
Jane Powell
–
Powell plays a girlfriend to
Red Skelton 's "Junior" on The Red Skelton Show, 1968.
6.
Sarah Churchill (actress)
–
Sarah Millicent Hermione Touchet-Jesson, Baroness Audley, was a British actress and dancer. She was educated at Notting Hill High School as a day girl, only Sarahs third marriage to Lord Audley was greeted with warm approval by both parents. Sarahs marriage to Beauchamp in America in 1949 came as a shock to her parents since they had neither been introduced to Beauchamp nor informed of the forthcoming marriage. Despite her stubborn rebellion against the expectations of parents, Sarah reportedly felt guilty about this for the rest of her life, since she had craved her fathers approval in most matters. In 1964 Sarah became romantically involved with African-American émigré jazz singer and painter Lobo Nocho and her father was also believed to have disapproved of this relationship. During the Second World War, Churchill joined the Womens Auxiliary Air Force, known by the name Sarah Oliver, Babington Smith says she was a quick and versatile interpreter. Aspects of Churchills wartime service are described in detail in Women of Intelligence. American author Christopher Ogdens biography of Pamela Harriman and other sources indicate that during the war she had an affair with US Ambassador John Gilbert Winant, and that it ended badly. Churchill is best known for her role in the film Royal Wedding as Anne Ashmond, in the same year, she had her own television show. She also appeared in He Found a Star, All Over the Town, Fabian of the Yard and she appeared on both the Jack Benny radio and television programmes. On television, she appeared on the episode How Jack Met Rochester, in 1961, she appeared as Rosalind in Shakespeares As You Like It at the Pembroke-in-the-round Theatre in West Croydon. Her parents were noted as paying a visit to watch her performance which was almost entirely attended by Croydon schoolchildren. During the course of her life she created several lithographic prints, in the 1950s Churchill produced several prints featuring Malibu, California. The series was constructed by Churchill to represent her fathers great drive. In the series, most of the prints were based on chosen by famous photographs chosen by Churchill, each print was given a quote by Sir Winston Churchill and were signed by Sarah Churchill in pencil. Churchill appeared in a London revival of Shaw’s Pygmalion in the 1950s and she was arrested for making a scene in the street on a number of occasions and even spent a short spell on remand in HM Prison Holloway. She wrote frankly about this in her 1981 autobiography Keep on Dancing, Sarah Churchill died on 24 September 1982 at the age of 67. She is buried with her parents and siblings at St Martins Church, Bladon, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire
Sarah Churchill (actress)
–
Sarah Churchill in 1966
Sarah Churchill (actress)
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Winston Churchill is accompanied by his daughter Sarah,
Cairo, December 1943
Sarah Churchill (actress)
–
Sarah Churchill's grave at
St Martin's Church, Bladon
Sarah Churchill (actress)
–
Sarah Churchill in
Royal Wedding (1951)
7.
Peter Lawford
–
Peter Sydney Ernest Lawford was a British actor who lived in the United States throughout his adult life. He was a member of the Rat Pack and brother-in-law to President John F. Kennedy, in later years he was noted more for his off-screen activities as a celebrity than for his acting. From the 1940s to the 1960s, he had a presence in popular culture. Born in London in 1923, he was the child of Lieutenant General Sir Sydney Turing Barlow Lawford, KBE. At the time of Peters birth, however, his mother was married to Dr. Capt. Ernest Vaughn Aylen, one of Sir Sydneys officers, at the time, May and Ernest Aylen were living apart. May confessed to Aylen that the child was not his, a revelation that resulted in a double divorce, Sir Sydney and May then wed in September 1924 after their divorces were finalised and when their son was one year old. Lawfords family was connected to the English aristocracy through his uncle Ernest Lawfords wife as well as his aunt Ethel Turner Lawford. His aunt Jessie Bruce Lawford, another of his fathers sisters, was the wife of the Hon Hartley Williams. A relative, through his mother, was Australian artist Rupert Bunny and he spent his early childhood in France and, owing to his familys travels, was never formally educated. Instead, he was schooled by governesses and tutors, and his education included tennis, in the beginning, his mother observed, he had no homework. When he was older he had Spanish, German and music added to his studies and he read only selected books—English fairy stories, English and French classics, no crime stories. Having studied Peter for so long, I decided he was unfitted for any career except art, so I cut Latin, Algebra, high mathematics. Around 1930, aged seven, he made his debut in the English film Poor Old Bill. At the age of 14, Lawford severely injured his arm in an accident when it went through a glass door. The injury greatly compromised the use of his arm and hand with irreversible nerve damage. The injury was judged to be enough to prevent his entrance into the armed forces. Instead, Lawford decided to pursue a career as an actor, prior to the Second World War, Lawford had gained a contract position with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios. Once he signed with MGM, his mother insisted that studio head Louis B. Mayer pay her a salary as her sons personal assistant, Lady Lawford responded by claiming her son was a bummer and needed to be supervised
Peter Lawford
–
Peter Lawford in 1955
Peter Lawford
–
In
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945)
Peter Lawford
–
In
Royal Wedding (1951)
Peter Lawford
–
Peter Lawford (left) sailing with his brother-in-law, President
John F. Kennedy, aboard the yacht "
Manitou," a former USCG training vessel which was used as a "floating White House,' off the coast of Johns Island, Maine (12 August 1962).
8.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
–
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
–
MGM Tower, former company headquarters highlighted by the famous
Leo the Lion logo at the top
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
–
Clark Gable
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
–
Marie Dressler and
Wallace Beery in
Min and Bill (1930)
9.
Musical film
–
The musical film is a film genre in which songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative, sometimes accompanied by dancing. The songs usually advance the plot or develop the characters, though in some cases they serve merely as breaks in the storyline. The musical film was a development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology. Typically, the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater. Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater, performers often treat their song, in a sense, the viewer becomes the diegetic audience, as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it. The 1930s through the early 1950s are considered to be the age of the musical film. Musical short films were made by Lee de Forest in 1923–24, beginning in 1926, thousands of Vitaphone shorts were made, many featuring bands, vocalists and dancers. The Jazz Singer, released in 1927 by Warner Brothers, was the first to include a track including non-diegetic music and diegetic music. This feature-length film was also a musical, featuring Al Jolson singing Dirty Hands, Dirty Face, Toot, Toot, Tootsie, Blue Skies and My Mammy. Historian Scott Eyman wrote, As the film ended and applause grew with the houselights and she saw terror in all their faces, she said, as if they knew that the game they had been playing for years was finally over. Still, only isolated sequences featured live sound, most of the film had only a musical score. In 1928, Warner Brothers followed this up with another Jolson part-talkie, The Singing Fool, theaters scrambled to install the new sound equipment and to hire Broadway composers to write musicals for the screen. The first all-talking feature, Lights of New York, included a sequence in a night club. The enthusiasm of audiences was so great that in less than an all the major studios were making sound pictures exclusively. The Broadway Melody had a plot about two sisters competing for a charming song-and-dance man. Advertised by MGM as the first All-Talking, All-Singing, All-Dancing feature film, it was a hit, there was a rush by the studios to hire talent from the stage to star in lavishly filmed versions of Broadway hits. The Love Parade starred Maurice Chevalier and newcomer Jeanette MacDonald, written by Broadway veteran Guy Bolton, Warner Brothers produced the first screen operetta, The Desert Song in 1929. They spared no expense and photographed a large percentage of the film in Technicolor and this was followed by the first all-color, all-talking musical feature which was entitled On with the Show
Musical film
–
Film poster for
Top Hat (1935)
Musical film
–
Bollywood dances usually follow or are choreographed to
filmi songs.
10.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
11.
Musical ensemble
–
A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental and/or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instruments, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra, some music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families or group together instruments from the instrument family. In jazz ensembles, the instruments typically include wind instruments, one or two chordal comping instruments, an instrument, and a drummer or percussionist. Jazz ensembles may be instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers. In rock and pop ensembles, usually called rock bands or pop bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards, one or more singers, Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, in classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra, in orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the principal of the section. Conductors are also used in big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles. In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles, the terms duet, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and dectet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called either a hendectet or an undectet. A soloist playing unaccompanied is not an ensemble because it contains one musician. A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello, there is a vast body of music written for string quartets, as it is seen as an important genre in classical music. A woodwind quartet usually features a flute, an oboe, a clarinet, a brass quartet features two trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A saxophone quartet consists of a saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone. The string quintet is a type of group. It is similar to the quartet, but with an additional viola, cello, or more rarely. Terms such as piano quintet or clarinet quintet frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument
Musical ensemble
–
The
Jalisco Philarmonic Orchestra is an example of a musical ensemble.
Musical ensemble
–
The King & Carter Jazzing Orchestra photographed in Houston, Texas, January 1921
Musical ensemble
–
The
Kneisel String Quartet, led by Franz Kneisel, is an example of chamber music. This American ensemble debuted
Dvořák 's American Quartet, opus 96.
Musical ensemble
–
an
Iranian musical ensemble in 1886
12.
Adele Astaire
–
Adele, Lady Charles Cavendish was an American dancer, stage actress and singer. She was Fred Astaires elder sister, and his partner in a 27-year career in vaudeville and theater, beginning when he was five, Adele became an Episcopalian, like her younger brother. A teachers suggestion that the two children might have a career if trained for it prompted the family to move from Omaha to New York. Adele, Fred and their mother lived in a boardinghouse, and they adopted the more American-sounding name Astaire after trying several variations on the original family surname. In 1905 Adele Astaire had a vaudeville act with her younger brother. After 1917 they developed it into an adult career on Broadway and, beginning in 1923. Adele was the bigger and more charismatic star of the two during their performing together. Peter Pan creator J. M. Barrie asked Adele to play his creation, back in New York the duo appeared in Jerome Kerns The Bunch and Judy, and then the Gershwin brothers first Broadway collaboration Lady, Be Good. Both were hits in America and in London, after Fred Astaires success in Hollywood, Adele gave serious consideration in 1935 to making a musical film there. She visited Hollywood and appeared in January 1936 on the Music Variety Show, during their partnership, Fred, whose perfectionism earned him the nickname Moaning Minnie from her, had always been the dominant creative force. In 1937 Adele began filming in England with Jack Buchanan and Maurice Chevalier and she later recalled, Oh boy, if my brother Fred sees this—Im gone. There is no known record of Adele performing, but she made eight audio recordings, all duets with either Fred. She had three children, a daughter in 1933 and twin sons in 1935, all of whom died soon after birth, by this marriage, she was properly styled Lady Charles Cavendish and would have been called Lady Charles in social circumstances. Her husband died in 1944, aged 38, of long-term alcoholism, following his death, she turned down an offer from Irving Berlin to return to the stage in Annie Get Your Gun. Afterwards, Adele lived in Phoenix, Arizona, and continued, until 1979, unlike her brother, Adele was extremely gregarious and took great delight in shocking friends and strangers alike. In 1972, Fred and Adele Astaire were inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame, Adele Astaire died in Scottsdale Memorial Hospital, Scottsdale, Arizona, after suffering a stroke. Her remains were interred in the Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery in Chatsworth, built in 1905, the Gottlieb Storz House in Omaha includes the Adele and Fred Astaire Ballroom on the top floor, which is the only memorial to their Omaha roots. At the suggestion of Roddy McDowall, Astaire donated her papers and memorabilia—amounting to several trunks of material—to the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center at Boston University
Adele Astaire
–
Adele Astaire, 1919
Adele Astaire
–
Adele with her brother
Fred Astaire in 1921
13.
Copyright registration
–
Before 1978, in the United States, federal copyright was generally secured by the act of publication with notice of copyright or by registration of an unpublished work. However, the U. S. still provides legal advantages for registering works of U. S. origin and it is a common misconception to confuse copyright registration with the granting of copyright. Copyright in most countries today is automatic on fixation – it applies as soon as the work is fixed in some tangible medium and this standard is established internationally by the Berne Convention, which most countries have signed onto since. Registration may be required by countries before joining Berne, the observation that registration is not required in the United States, however, has been described as misleading. At least one commentator has questioned whether the conditioning of legal recourse on registration is inconsistent with the United States obligations under the Berne Convention regarding formalities, some scholars and policy advocates have called for returning to a system of registration requirements and possibly other formalities such as copyright notice. The system of automatic copyright on fixation has been cited as one of the factors behind the growth of so-called orphan works in, for instance, Copyright Offices 2006 report on orphan works. UC Berkeleys Law School held a conference in 2013 on the question of Reforming Copyright for the Internet Age, noting that Formalities, which in the past three decades have largely disappeared from American copyright law, may be about to stage a comeback. In Canada, copyrighted works can be registered at the Canadian Intellectual Property Office for a fee, in Kenya, copyrighted works can be registered at the Kenya Copyrights Board for a small fee. In the United Kingdom, commercial services provide a facility where copies of work can be lodged to establish legal evidence of a copyright claim. There are also requirements to file certain published works with the British Library and, on request, in the United States, the United States Copyright Office accepts registrations. For works created in the US by US citizens, a registration is required before an infringement suit may be filed in a US court. Furthermore, copyright holders cannot claim statutory damages or attorneys fees unless the work was registered prior to infringement, all United States copyright registrations and renewals registered since 1978 have been published online at the Copyright Office website. Registrations and renewals prior to 1978 were published in semi-annual softcover Copyright Catalogs, for films from 1894 to 1969, inclusive, Library of Congress published hardcover Cumulative Copyright Catalogs, each covering ten or more years. Please see the Copyright Catalog article for links to digital copies of these pre-1978 US catalogs. Copyright formalities Public domain Copyright renewal Copyright Basics, world Intellectual Property Organization - Directory of Intellectual Property Offices Copyfight - Next generation copyright protection for webpages at source code level
Copyright registration
–
The pre-1978 indices to the copyright records are available for public inspection at the Library of Congress.
14.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
–
A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
–
An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
15.
Keenan Wynn
–
Francis Xavier Aloysius James Jeremiah Keenan Wynn was an American actor. His expressive face was his stock-in-trade, and, though he carried the lead role, he had prominent billing in most of his film. Wynn was born in New York City, the son of vaudeville comedian Ed Wynn and his wife and he took his stage name from his maternal grandfather, Frank Keenan, one of the first Broadway actors to star in Hollywood. His father was Jewish and his mother was of Irish Catholic background, Ed Wynn encouraged his son to become an actor, and they both appeared in the original Playhouse 90 television production of Rod Serlings Requiem for a Heavyweight. He also appeared in a subsequent TV drama called The Man in the Funny Suit, in it, the Wynns, Serling, and many of the cast and crew played themselves. Wynn starred in The Amazing Mr. Smith on Mutual April 7-June 30,1941 and he played the title role, a carefree young man who runs into trouble galore and becomes an involuntary detective. Wynn appeared in hundreds of films and television shows between 1934 and 1986 and he was a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract player during the 1940s and 1950s. He had a brief but memorable role as a belligerent, unsympathetic drunk in the wartime romance The Clock. He had a role in Touch of Evil. In the 1959-1960 television season, Wynn co-starred with Bob Mathias in NBCs The Troubleshooters, Wynn played the role of Kodiak, the troubleshooter, for Mathiass Frank Dugan. He appeared in television series, such as the ABC/Warner Brothers drama, The Roaring 20s, The Islanders. Wynn took a turn as Yost in the crime drama Point Blank with Lee Marvin. He had a role in the third Beach Party movie. Later he played Hezakiah in the 1965 comedy film, The Great Race and he was the voice of the Winter Warlock in Santa Claus Is Comin to Town and appeared in several Disney films, including Snowball Express, Herbie Rides Again and The Shaggy D. A. He appeared in Francis Coppolas musical Finians Rainbow, Sergio Leones epic western Once Upon a Time in the West, during this time his guest television roles included Alias Smith and Jones, Emergency. Movin On, and The Bionic Woman, Wynn appeared in ten episodes of TVs Dallas during the 1979-80 season, playing the part of former Ewing family partner-turned-enemy Digger Barnes. David Wayne, a friend of Wynns, had played Digger Barnes in 1978, Wynn was initially cast in Superman to play Perry White in April 1977. However, by June, Wynn collapsed from exhaustion and was rushed to a hospital and he was replaced by Jackie Cooper
Keenan Wynn
–
c.1950
Keenan Wynn
–
The Hucksters (1947)
Keenan Wynn
–
In
Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
16.
June Allyson
–
June Allyson was an American stage, film, and television actress, dancer, and singer. Allyson began her career in 1937 as a dancer in short subject films and she signed with MGM in 1943, and rose to fame the following year in Two Girls and a Sailor. Allysons girl next door image was solidified during the mid-1940s when she was paired with actor Van Johnson in five films, in 1951, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her performance in Too Young to Kiss. From 1959 to 1961, she hosted and occasionally starred in her own series, The DuPont Show with June Allyson. In the 1970s, she returned to the starring in Forty Carats and No, No. In 1982, Allyson released her autobiography June Allyson by June Allyson and she later established the June Allyson Foundation for Public Awareness and Medical Research and worked to raise money for research for urological and gynecological diseases affecting senior citizens. During the 1980s, Allyson also became a spokesperson for Depend undergarments and she made her final onscreen appearance in 2001. Allyson was married four times and had two children with her first husband, Dick Powell and she died of respiratory failure and bronchitis in July 2006 at the age of 88. Allyson was born Eleanor Geisman, nicknamed Ella, in the Bronx and she was the daughter of Clara and Robert Geisman. She had a brother, Henry, who was two years older and she said she had been raised as a Roman Catholic, but a discrepancy exists relating to her early life, and her studio biography was often the source of the confusion. Her paternal grandparents, Harry Geisman and Anna Hafner, were immigrants from Germany although Allyson claimed her last name was originally Van Geisman, studio biographies listed her as Jan Allyson born to French-English parents. Upon her death, her daughter said Allyson was born Eleanor Geisman to a French mother, in April 1918, her alcoholic father, who had worked as a janitor, abandoned the family. Allyson was brought up in poverty, living with her maternal grandparents. To make ends meet, her mother worked as a telephone operator, when she had enough funds, she would occasionally reunite with her daughter, but more often Allyson was farmed out to her grandparents or other relatives. In 1925, a branch fell on her while she was riding on her tricycle with her pet terrier in tow. Allyson sustained a skull and broken back, and her dog was killed. In her later memoirs, Allyson does describe a program of swimming that did help her recovery. As a teen, Allyson memorized the trademark Ginger Rogers dance routines and she also tried to emulate the singing styles of movie stars although she never mastered reading music
June Allyson
June Allyson
–
The handprints of June Allyson in front of
The Great Movie Ride at
Walt Disney World 's
Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park.
June Allyson
–
June Allyson in
Too Young to Kiss (1951)
June Allyson
–
Circa 1953
17.
Judy Garland
–
Judy Garland was an American singer, actress, and vaudevillian. Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two sisters and was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two films with MGM, including nine with Mickey Rooney. Garlands most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz and her other roles at MGM included Meet Me in St. Louis, The Harvey Girls and Easter Parade. After 15 years, she was released from the studio and made record-breaking concert appearances, a recording career. Film appearances became fewer in her years, but included two Academy Award nominated performances in A Star Is Born and Judgment at Nuremberg. Garland received a Golden Globe Award, a Juvenile Academy Award, and a Special Tony Award, deMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry. She was the first woman to win a Grammy for Album of the Year for her recording of Judy at Carnegie Hall. In 1997, Garland was posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Institute placed her among the 10 greatest female stars of classic American cinema, from an early age, Garland struggled in her personal life. The pressures of adolescent stardom sent her to a psychiatrist at age 18 and her self-image was influenced by film executives who said she was unattractive and manipulated her on-screen physical appearance. She was plagued by instability, often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes. She married five times, with her first four marriages ending in divorce and she also had a long battle with drugs and alcohol, which ultimately led to her death from a barbiturate overdose at the age of 47. Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10,1922, in Grand Rapids and she was the youngest child of Ethel Marion and Francis Avent Frank Gumm. Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a theater that featured vaudeville acts. She was of English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry, named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church, baby shared her familys flair for song and dance. The Gumm Sisters performed there for the few years, accompanied by their mother on piano. The family relocated to Lancaster, California, in June 1926, Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster, and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures
Judy Garland
–
Garland's birthplace in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, now a museum
Judy Garland
–
Garland in 1945.
Judy Garland
–
The Gumm Sisters, a.k.a. The Garland Sisters, circa 1935. Top row: Mary Jane and Dorothy Virginia Gumm; Bottom center: Frances Ethel (Judy Garland) Gumm.
Judy Garland
–
Garland with
Mickey Rooney in
Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938).
18.
Summer Stock
–
For the article about the theatre genre, see Summer stock theatre. Summer Stock is a 1950 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical film, the film was directed by Charles Walters, stars Judy Garland and Gene Kelly, and features Eddie Bracken, Gloria DeHaven, Marjorie Main, and Phil Silvers. Nicholas Castle Sr was the choreographer, Judy Garland struggled with many personal problems during filming. Summer Stock proved to be her last MGM movie and her last onscreen pairing with Gene Kelly, MGM terminated Garlands contract - by mutual agreement - in September 1950. Jane Falbury is an owner whose actress sister Abigail arrives at the family farm with her theater troupe. They need a place to rehearse, and Jane and her housekeeper Esme reluctantly agree to let them use their barn, the actors and actresses, including the director Joe Ross, repay her hospitality by doing chores around the farm. Although Joe is engaged to Abigail, he begins to fall in love with Jane after Abigail leaves him in an angry fit, similarly, although Jane is engaged to Orville, she falls in love with Joe. The films most famous scene is the final song-and-dance number Get Happy performed by Judy Garland in a jacket, black fedora. This sequence was choreographed by Charles Walters and filmed two months after the rest of the movie, after Garland sought the help of a hypnotist in Santa Barbara, Garland performed the number perfectly in just a couple of takes. According to New York Times critic Bosley Crowther, Get Happy finds Miss Garland looking and performing her best. In another notable sequence, Kelly performs a dance in a darkened barn, using a newspaper and a creaky board as partners and props. The dance turned out to be one of the numbers of his career. In the film, Garland and Kelly share what may be Garlands best dance duet on screen, All songs were written by Harry Warren and Mack Gordon except where noted. Orchestration chores were divided between Conrad Salinger and Skip Martin, Garland was suspended in May 1949, during the filming of Annie Get Your Gun, and spent three months in a hospital in Boston being treated for drug dependency. Betty Hutton replaced her on film, but Garland was reinstated to the lead in Summer Stock. Still, the filming of the movie was sometimes a struggle for Garland, busby Berkeley was originally slated to direct the film, but was replaced by Charles Walters before production began. Both Kelly and Walters worked on the film as a favor to Garland, mayer insisted that Garland be given another chance, saying Judy Garland has made this studio a fortune in the good days, and the least we can do is to give her one more chance. If you stop production now, itll finish her, Dance director Nick Castle did not choreograph You Wonderful You, All for You and Portland Fancy – these were done by Gene Kelly – but did do Dig-Dig-Dig Dig for Your Dinner and other numbers
Summer Stock
–
Summer Stock
19.
Principal photography
–
Principal photography is the phase of film production in which the movie is filmed, with actors on set and cameras rolling, as distinct from pre-production and post-production. Its start generally marks a point of no return for the financiers, feature films usually have insurance in place by the time principal photography begins. The death of a star before completing all planned takes. For example, sets are notoriously flammable, and most older studios feature water towers for that reason, furthermore, professional-quality movie cameras are normally rented as needed, and most camera houses will not allow rentals of their equipment without proof of insurance. Once a film concludes principal photography, it is said to have wrapped, in these circumstances, additional material may have to be shot. If the material has already been shot once, or is substantial, the process is referred to as a re-shoot, learning materials related to Filmmaking at Wikiversity Media related to Filmmaking at Wikimedia Commons
Principal photography
–
Film production on location in
Newark, New Jersey.
20.
Ironing board
–
Ironing is the use of a heated tool to remove wrinkles from fabric. The heating is commonly done to a temperature of 180–220 °Celsius, ironing works by loosening the bonds between the long-chain polymer molecules in the fibers of the material. While the molecules are hot, the fibers are straightened by the weight of the iron, some fabrics, such as cotton, require the addition of water to loosen the intermolecular bonds. Many modern fabrics are advertised as needing little or no ironing, permanent press clothing was developed to reduce the ironing necessary by combining wrinkle-resistant polyester with cotton. The first known use of heated metal to iron clothes is known to have occurred in China, the electric iron was invented in 1882, by Henry W. Seeley. Seeley patented his electric flatiron on June 6,1882, the iron is the small appliance used to remove wrinkles from fabric. It is also known as an iron, flat iron. The piece at the bottom is called a sole plate, ironing uses heat energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, and mechanical energy. Most ironing is done on a board, a small. Some commercial-grade ironing boards incorporate an element and a pedal-operated vacuum to pull air through the board. On 15 February 1858 W. Vandenburg and J. Harvey patented an ironing table that facilitated pressing sleeves, a truly portable folding ironing board was first patented in Canada in 1875 by John B. Porter. The invention also included a removable press board used for sleeves, in 1892 Sarah Boone obtained a patent in the United States for improvements to the ironing board, allowing for better quality ironing for shirt sleeves. A tailors ham or dressmakers ham is a tightly stuffed pillow in the shape of a ham used as a mold when pressing curves such as sleeves or collars. Commercial dry cleaning and full-service laundry providers usually use a large appliance called a press to do most of the work of ironing clothes. Alternatively, a rotary iron may be used, historically, larger tailors shops included a tailors stove, a stove used by tailors to quickly and efficiently heat multiple irons. In many developing countries a cluster of solid irons, heated alternatively from a heating source, are used for pressing cloths at small commercial outlets. Another source suggests slightly higher temperatures, for example, 180-220 °C for cotton When the fabric is heated, in permanent press pressed clothes, chemical agents such as dimethylol ethylene urea are added as crosslinking agents. Dressman is a robot to iron shirts using hot air
Ironing board
–
Ironing a shirt
Ironing board
–
Ironing board
Ironing board
–
A tailor's stove
Ironing board
–
Woman ironing a shirt (
Köln,
Germany 1953).
21.
Nick Castle
–
Nicholas Charles Nick Castle, Jr. is an American screenwriter, film director and actor best known for his role as Michael Myers in Halloween, directed by his friend John Carpenter. Castle also co-wrote Escape from New York with Carpenter, as a child, Nick Castle often appeared as an extra or in bit roles in his fathers films. He studied film at USC, where he served as cinematographer for the Academy Award-winning live action short film The Resurrection of Broncho Billy. Castles film credits include Dark Star where he played the beach ball alien, Major Payne, Dennis the Menace, The Last Starfighter and he wrote the screenplays Escape from New York and Hook. He was the writer and director of the film Tap and he played Michael Myers in the 1978 horror classic Halloween, directed by former USC classmate John Carpenter, being paid $25 a day. He also stars as himself in the 2010 documentary Halloween, The Inside Story by Filipino filmmaker Nick Noble. Castle won a Saturn Award for Best Writing for The Boy Who Could Fly, a Silver Raven, a Grand Prize, a Bronze Gryphon, Nick Castle at the Internet Movie Database
Nick Castle
–
Nick Castle
22.
Hermes Pan (choreographer)
–
Hermes Pan was an American dancer and choreographer, principally remembered as Fred Astaires choreographic collaborator on the famous 1930s movie musicals starring Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Pan was born Hermes Panagiotopoulos in 1909 in Memphis, Tennessee and his father, the Greek consul in Memphis, Tennessee was from Aigio in Peloponnese, where his family had opened the first theatre. Following the death of Pans father, his uncle held Pan, his sister and mother at gunpoint and burned all their shares and money on the grounds if he could not have them. Hermes and his sister Vasso were eventually raised Catholic by his mother, penniless, they moved to the poorest area of New York where Hermes learned his first tap dancing steps on the streets from local black children. At their lowest ebb, the family had only some potatoes and they vowed to commemorate that day and every year on June 13, they wrote down what they did and ate that day in a journal. The date became a family celebration, eventually the family headed West with Sammy, a black boy they met at a gas station, to Los Angeles, California. Pans career began with an appearance as a boy in 1928 in the Marx Brothers Broadway production of Animal Crackers. He also danced in partnership with his sister Vasso, who appeared in the chorus of many of the Astaire-Rogers pictures. He first met Ginger Rogers in 1930, when he appeared as a singer in the Broadway musical Top Speed. He retained links with his relatives in Greece and made a visit in the 1970s to meet them. He met Fred Astaire, whom he resembled, on the set of Flying Down to Rio. While Astaire was trying to out a series of steps for The Carioca number, it was suggested to him that Pan had a few ideas. Hermes Pan demonstrated a brief break he had picked up from his days in New York. He had previously received Academy Award nominations for the Top Hat and The Piccolino numbers from Top Hat, given Astaires obsessive rehearsal habits, this was no mean task. In addition, he recorded Gingers taps in post production in some numbers, Pan continued to collaborate with Astaire right up until the latters last musical picture, Finians Rainbow, which was a disaster on a number of fronts, not least for Pan himself. Eventually, Coppola fired Pan, who had a small part in the film. He appeared with Betty Grable in Moon Over Miami and Coney Island and his longest filmed dance routine is a complex tap duet with Grable in Footlight Serenade that echoes his work with Astaire and Rogers in which his similarity to Astaire is striking. He also appeared with Rita Hayworth in My Gal Sal and with Betty Grable again in Pin Up Girl, in these films he had non-speaking dancing roles and acted as choreographer
Hermes Pan (choreographer)
–
Fred Astaire and Hermes Pan working out a dance routine
Hermes Pan (choreographer)
–
Astaire and Pan (standing third from left) in
Second Chorus (1940)
Hermes Pan (choreographer)
–
Hermes Pan and Rita Hayworth in the dance routine "On the Gay White Way" from
My Gal Sal (1942)
23.
Hatstand
–
A hatstand, hatrack or coat rack is a device used to store hats and often coats on, and umbrellas within. Some upscale catalogues in Europe markets it as a portmanteau from the French words Porter, the front hall was the introduction to the house, and as such was an important part of the Victorian home. A hall stand or a hatrack was the most important piece of furniture and these were new forms that appeared about 1840, as homes became larger and social visits became more structured, see also Hall Tree. Smaller houses had smaller front halls, so a hanging hatrack was the answer to the problem of storing visitors coats and hats, the complicated shapes of the spindles and hooks of both varieties created an interesting pattern on the wall. By the 1920s, houses had smaller, and hall furnishings were usually just a chair. In breakdancing, the hatstand refers to the first part of a frozen headspin, entryway Hall tree Coat rack Dave Gormans Googlewhack Adventure ISBN 0-09-189196-5 New Oxford American Dictionary ISBN 0-19-517077-6
Hatstand
–
Halltree at the
Clara Barkley Dorr House
_1.jpg)
