1.
Harry Potter
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Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the life of a wizard, Harry Potter. Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, on 26 June 1997, the series has now been translated into multiple languages including French, Irish, Spanish, German and Swedish to name a few. They have attracted a wide audience as well as younger readers. The series has also had its share of criticism, including concern about the dark tone as the series progressed, as well as the often gruesome. As of May 2013, the books have more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history. The series was published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. The original seven books were adapted into a film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which has become the second highest-grossing film series of all time as of August 2015, in 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. A series of genres, including fantasy, drama, coming of age and the British school story. According to Rowling, the theme is death. Other major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016, among many other developments. Most recently, themed attractions, collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, have built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and his magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, each novel chronicles one year in Harrys life during the period from 1991 to 1998. The books also contain many flashbacks, which are experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve. The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality, the full background to this event and Harry Potters past is revealed gradually through the series. After the introductory chapter, the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potters eleventh birthday, Harrys first contact with the wizarding world is through a half-giant, Rubeus Hagrid, Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts
2.
Robbie Coltrane
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Robbie Coltrane, OBE is a Scottish actor and author. He has a sister, Annie, and a younger sister. Coltrane is the great-grandson of Scottish businessman Thomas W. Howie and he was educated at Glenalmond College, an independent school in Perthshire, from which he was nearly expelled after hanging the prefects gowns from the school clocktower. Though he later described his experiences there as deeply unhappy, he played for the rugby First XV, was head of the debating society. Coltrane moved into acting in his twenties, taking the stage name Coltrane and working in theatre. I Nearly Paid My Licence Fee, on television, he also appeared in The Young Ones, Tutti Frutti, as Samuel Johnson in Blackadder, and in a number of stand-up and sketch comedy shows. He played the part of Falstaff in Kenneth Branaghs Henry V He co-starred with Eric Idle in Nuns on the Run and he also played a would-be private detective obsessed with Humphrey Bogart in the TV play The Bogie Man. His roles continued in the 1990s with the TV series Cracker, the role won him three BAFTA awards. Roles in bigger films followed, the James Bond films GoldenEye and The World Is Not Enough, there is also an unnamed 8ft actor who stands in for the 6ft 1in Coltrane in some scenes. Coltrane has also presented a number of programmes for the British ITV network based around his twin passions for travel. In these programmes he dismantled and rebuilt several engines and he also single-handedly removed the engine from a Trabant car in 23 minutes. In August 2007, Coltrane presented a series for ITV called B-Road Britain, in which he travelled from London to Glasgow, stopping in towns, Coltrane married Rhona Gemmell on 11 December 1999. The couple have two children, son Spencer, and daughter Alice, won Evening Standard British Film Award – Peter Sellers Award for Comedy 1990. He was awarded the OBE in the 2006 New Year Honours for his services to drama, in 2011 was honoured for his outstanding contribution to film as the British Academy Scotland Awards. Robbie Coltrane at the Internet Movie Database Robbie Coltrane biography and credits at the British Film Institutes Screenonline
3.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
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Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a 2002 British-American fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. It is based on the novel of the name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the second instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves, the story follows Harry Potters second year at Hogwarts as the Heir of Salazar Slytherin opens the Chamber of Secrets, unleashing a monster that petrifies the schools denizens. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harrys best friends Ron Weasley and it is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone and is followed by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The film was released on 15 November 2002 in the United Kingdom and it was very well received critically and commercially, making US$879 million worldwide. It is the film in the Harry Potter series and the 45th-highest-grossing film of all time. It was nominated for three BAFTA Film Awards in 2003, after his first year at Hogwarts, Harry Potter spends the summer without receiving letters from his Hogwarts friends. In his room, Harry meets Dobby, a house-elf who warns him bad things happen if he returns to Hogwarts. Harry chases him downstairs, where Dobby destroys a cake, the Dursleys lock Harry up, but Ron, Fred and George Weasley rescue him in their fathers flying Ford Anglia. Harry also encounters Draco Malfoy and his father Lucius, who slips a book in Ginny Weasleys belongings, when Harry and Ron are blocked from entering Platform Nine and Three-Quarters, they fly to Hogwarts in the Ford Anglia and crash into the hostile Whomping Willow. Rons wand is damaged, and the car throws them out before driving off and they are allowed back into school but face detention. More attacks occur over the course of the year, Harry and Ron suspect Malfoy is the Heir, so Hermione suggests they question him while disguised using polyjuice potion. Their makeshift laboratory is in a disused bathroom haunted by a ghost, when Harry communicates with a snake the school suspects him as the Heir. At Christmas, Harry and Ron learn that Malfoy is not the Heir, but he mentions that a girl died when the Chamber was last opened fifty years ago. Harry finds a diary, owned by a former student named Tom Riddle, which shows him a flashback to fifty years before. When the diary disappears and Hermione is petrified, Harry and Ron question Hagrid, professor Dumbledore, Cornelius Fudge, and Lucius Malfoy come to take Hagrid to Azkaban, but he discreetly tells the boys to follow the spiders. In the Forbidden Forest, Harry and Ron find Aragog, a giant spider who reveals Hagrids innocence, Aragog then sets his colony of Acromantula on the boys, but the now-wild Ford Anglia saves them. A book page in Hermiones hand identifies the monster is a basilisk, a giant serpent that instantly kills those who make eye contact with it
4.
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
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Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowlings debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harrys parents, the novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US. The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best-selling fiction in August 1999 and it has been translated into at least sixty-seven other languages and has been made into a feature-length film of the same name, as have all six of its sequels. Most reviews were favourable, commenting on Rowlings imagination, humour, simple, direct style and clever plot construction. The series has used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis. The most evil and powerful wizard in history, Lord Voldemort, murdered James and Lily Potter but mysteriously disappeared after failing to kill their infant son. For ten years, living at number Four Privet Drive, Harry is treated by the Dursleys more like a servant than a member of the family and is forced to live in a cupboard under the stairs. Shortly before his birthday, a series of letters addressed to Harry arrive. To evade the pursuit of these letters, Vernon first takes the family to a hotel, but when the letters arrive there too, he hires a boat out to a hut on a small island. Hagrid takes Harry to a hidden London street called Diagon Alley, where he is surprised to discover how famous he is among the witches and wizards and he also finds that his parents inheritance is waiting for him at Gringotts Wizarding Bank. Guided by Hagrid, he buys the equipment he will need for his first year at Hogwarts, a month later, Harry leaves the Dursleys home to catch the Hogwarts Express from Kings Cross railway station. There he meets the Weasley family, who show him how to pass through the wall to Platform 9¾. While on the train, Harry meets two fellow first years, Ron Weasley, who becomes his friend, and Hermione Granger. Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first-year, Draco Malfoy, Draco offers to advise Harry, but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of friendship. At Hogwarts, the first-years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suit their personalities. While Harry is being sorted, the Hat suggests that he be placed into Slytherin which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards, but when Harry objects, Ron and Hermione are also sorted into Gryffindor
5.
J. K. Rowling
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Joanne Jo Rowling, OBE, FRSL, pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, screenwriter and film producer best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained attention, won multiple awards. There were six sequels, the last, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Rowling has lived a rags to riches life story, in which she progressed from living on state benefits to multi-millionaire status within five years. She is the United Kingdoms best-selling living author, with sales in excess of £238M, the 2016 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowlings fortune at £600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK. Time magazine named her as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting the social, moral, in October 2010, Rowling was named the Most Influential Woman in Britain by leading magazine editors. She has supported charities including Comic Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain, although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, her name, before her remarriage, was simply Joanne Rowling. Anticipating that the audience of young boys might not want to read a book written by a woman. As she had no name, she chose K as the second initial of her pen name. Following her marriage, she has used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business. During the Leveson Inquiry she gave evidence under the name of Joanne Kathleen Rowling and her entry in Whos Who lists her name also as Joanne Kathleen Rowling. Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a Rolls-Royce aircraft engineer, and Anne Rowling and her parents first met on a train departing from Kings Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964. They married on 14 March 1965, One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was Scottish, born in Lamlash on the Isle of Arran. Her mothers paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was French, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre for exceptional bravery in defending the village of Courcelles-le-Comte during the First World War. Rowling originally believed he had won the Légion dhonneur during the war, as she said when she received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth when featured in an episode of the UK genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are. in which she found out it was a different Louis Volant who won the Legion of Honour. Rowlings sister Dianne was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old, the family moved to the nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four. She attended St Michaels Primary School, a school founded by abolitionist William Wilberforce and her headmaster at St Michaels, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore. As a child, Rowling often wrote stories which she frequently read to her sister
6.
Hogwarts
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Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, shortened Hogwarts, is a fictional British school of magic for students aged eleven to eighteen, and is the primary setting for the first six books in J. K. Hogwarts school was voted as the 36th best Scottish educational establishment in a 2008 online ranking, outranking Edinburghs Loretto School, according to a director of the Independent Schools Network Rankings, it was added to the schools listing for fun and was then voted on. J. K. Rowling says she visualises Hogwarts, in its entirety, to be, A huge, rambling, quite scary-looking castle, with a jumble of towers and battlements. Like the Weasleys house, it isnt a building that Muggles could build, in the novels, Hogwarts is somewhere in Scotland. The school is depicted as having numerous charms and spells on, Muggles cannot see the school, rather, they see only ruins and several warnings of danger. There is also an owlery, which all the owls owned by the school. Some rooms in the school tend to move around, and so do the stairs in the grand staircase, electricity and electronic devices are not found at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Hermione indicates that due to the levels of magic, substitutes for magic Muggles use such as computers, radar. Rowling explains this by saying that the radios are not powered by electricity, Hogwarts is on the shore of a lake, sometimes called the Black Lake. In that lake are merpeople, Grindylows, and a giant squid, the giant squid does not attack humans and sometimes acts as a lifeguard when students are in the lake. Hogwarts is a coeducational, secondary boarding school, taking children from eleven to eighteen. Education at Hogwarts is not compulsory, with students being home schooled as stated in the seventh book. Rowling initially said there are one thousand students at Hogwarts. She later suggested around six hundred, while acknowledging that this number was still inconsistent with the number of people in Harrys year. She further explained that this had resulted from her creating only 40 characters for Harrys year, Rowling has said that Hogwarts is a multifaith school. She has further stated on the subject, The only people I never imagined there are Wiccans, in response to the query, o you think there are a lot of LGBT students in modern age Hogwarts. I like to imagine they formed an LGBT club, Rowling replied, according to the novels, admission to Hogwarts is selective, in that children who show magical ability will automatically gain a place, and squibs cannot attend the school as students. A magical quill at Hogwarts detects the birth of children and writes their names into a large parchment book
7.
Half-giant
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Half-giants are fictional beings that have one parent that is a giant and another parent that is a different species. In most cases, a half-giant is the result of a union between a human and a giant, often they are of normal size or a little bit larger and either have abnormal or supernatural abilities, or are unusually strong and hearty. In Greek mythology, Antaeus is a half-giant who is the son of Poseidon, in The Chronicles of Narnia series, by C. S Lewis, the White Witch is a half-giant. However, the White Witch isn’t part-giant and part-human, Half-giants are most well known from the Harry Potter series, by J. K Rowling. One of Harry Potter’s father figures, Rubeus Hagrid was a half-giant, Hagrid was born to the giantess Fridwulfa, who was a notorious muggle slayer. Rubeus Hagrid stands at about 8 ft.6 in, the other half-giant in the Harry Potter series is Olympe Maxime, the headmistress of Beauxbatons Academy of Magic. Madame Maxime stands at nearly 11 ft.6 in, in the Harry Potter series, half-giants are looked upon as evil beings and are immensely discriminated against. Half-giants are thought to be, like their giant parents, slow, stupid, aggressive, selfish, however, that is not at all the case, as can be seen from Hagrid and Madam Maxime. They feature primarily in fantasy role-playing games, where often are a playable race. In the game Dungeons and Dragons, Half-giants are a race of enormous demi-humans who have adapted to a variety of lifestyles in the harsh terrains of Athas. The origins of the race are unclear, while it is known that the race is spawned from the union of human and giant and the nature of that union was certainly magical, its original purpose is unknown. Left to themselves, the original half-giants have multiplied, especially near the shores of the Silt Sea, in the One Piece manga and anime, there are half-giants known as Wotans which are the results of a crossbreeding between the fishmen and the giants. They are larger than humans, but smaller than pure giants
8.
Gamekeeper
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Today, some five thousand full-time gamekeepers are employed in the UK, compared to as many as 10,000 at the beginning of the 20th century. In addition, there are people who spend their leisure time and money rearing game. There are several variations in gamekeeping, Lowland keepers, rearing pheasant and partridge, upland keepers, managing moorland for grouse in upland areas. Stalkers, keepers who specialise in the pursuit of deer. Gillies/river keepers, keepers who manage rivers such as the River Spey for trout, Gamekeepers and country sports enthusiasts hold that gamekeeping is an essential part of countryside conservation. Two thirds of the UK rural landmass is managed for shooting, the shooting industry creates £1.6 billion. £250 million is spent on conservation as a result of shooting, the League Against Cruel Sports estimates some 12,300 wild mammals and birds are killed on UK shooting estates every day and sees gamekeepers as playing a key role in the destruction of wildlife. On the other hand, the industry says that gamekeepers are vital wildlife conservation workers in the countryside. The National Gamekeepers Organisation claims that nine times as much of the British countryside is looked after by gamekeepers as is in nature reserves, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has criticised the poisoning of birds of prey on some shooting estates. This is probably the most controversial of all surrounding the gamekeeper. However, this is now rarer than in its heyday, due to knowledge of the ecology of birds of prey. The red kite is now widespread in England and Wales owing to persecution until recent years and it survived in South Wales and the increase in numbers was enhanced by controlled releases of birds in empty areas. The SGA chairman is Alex Hogg, a gamekeeper from Scotland, in 1997, the National Gamekeepers Organisation was set up for the same reasons and in addition they felt that the main shooting association was not representing the keepers properly. The NGO now has some 15,000 members, the NGO continue to promote gamekeeping, stalking, shooting and fishing. Its chairman is Lindsay Waddell, a gamekeeper from Co, the NGO also have dedicated moorland and deer branches. Some colleges in the UK now offer courses in gamekeeping up to, one of these is the Northern School of Game and Wildlife at Newton Rigg, Cumbria, England. The Elmwood Campus of Fife College in Cupar, Fife is Scotlands main gamekeeping college, the main campus for attaining both NC and HNC levels in gamekeepeing for south Scotland is borders college. Conservation officer Game preservation Game warden Gamekeepers thumb North American Game Warden Museum Alec Scudder in Maurice by E. M. Forster Mellors in Lady Chatterleys Lover by D. H. g
9.
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
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Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. The book follows Harry Potter, a wizard, in his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft. Along with friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, Harry investigates Sirius Black, the book was published in the United Kingdom on 8 July 1999 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 8 September 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Rowling found the book easy to write, finishing it just a year after she had begun writing it, the book sold 68,000 copies in just three days after its release in the United Kingdom, and since has sold over three million in the country. The book won the 1999 Whitbread Childrens Book Award, the Bram Stoker Award, the 2000 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel, the film adaptation of the novel was released in 2004, grossing more than $796 million and earned notable critical acclaim. Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban were also released for several platforms, Harry is back at the Dursleys, where he sees on Muggle television that a prisoner named Sirius Black has escaped. Harry involuntarily inflates Aunt Marge when she comes to visit after she insults Harry and this leads to his running away and getting picked up by the Knight Bus. The night before he is expected to leave for Hogwarts, Harry learns that the prisoner, Sirius Black, is a convicted murderer. On the way to Hogwarts, a Dementor boards the train, causing Harry to faint, Harry, Ron, and Hermione learn that the Dementors will be patrolling the school in an attempt to protect Harry from Black. Later on, Lupins Defence Against the Dark Arts sessions prove far better than those of Gilderoy Lockharts. At Hogwarts, Harry has several problems with the Dementors, including an episode at a Quidditch match, during which he faints and his broom is smashed by the Whomping Willow. Working with Harry outside class, Lupin teaches him the Patronus Charm to repel Dementors, Ron and Hermiones friendship later suffers when Ron believes that Hermiones cat, Crookshanks, ate his rat, Scabbers. At Christmas, Harry receives a present, a late-model Firebolt broom. Fearing it might be cursed, Hermione reports the gift to Professor McGonagall, Ron, Hermione, and Harry join the effort to save Hagrids hippogriff, Buckbeak, from being executed for attacking Draco Malfoy, after Draco provoked him. Their efforts are unsuccessful, but Scabbers reappears shortly after they hear Buckbeak being executed, Ron chases Scabbers, only to be attacked by a big black dog, which Harry has seen several times before. The dog drags Ron through a tunnel under the Whomping Willow into the Shrieking Shack, Harry and Hermione follow, and there is a brief standoff when they find Ron and Sirius, who has transformed from the dog. Lupin enters, and they explain the situation to Harry and his friends, Lupin is a werewolf, which led to his friends James Potter, Sirius Black, and Peter Pettigrew becoming animagi. Lupin explains that Scabbers is Pettigrew in his form, he has been hiding from Black, whom he had framed for the murders of Harrys parents
10.
Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)
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The Order of the Phoenix is a secret organisation in the Harry Potter series of fiction books written by J. K. Rowling. Founded by Albus Dumbledore to fight Lord Voldemort and his followers, the Death Eaters, the Order lends its name to the book of the series, Harry Potter. Several characters joined the organisation, seeking to prevent Voldemort from taking over the wizarding world, the Longbottoms were also tortured to insanity at the hands of Bellatrix Lestrange. Voldemorts first reign of terror ended after the murders of James and Lily Potter, when Harry reported that Voldemort had returned, towards the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Dumbledore reactivated the Order. Many of the members returned and were soon joined by recruits who effectively replaced those who had died in service during the first conflict. The Order established their headquarters at Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place, Sirius Blacks family home, Dumbledore was the Secret-Keeper for the Order, meaning that only he could reveal the location of the Orders headquarters to others. Dumbledores death on his own request at the hands of Severus Snape in book six made the location vulnerable, the Order led the fight against Voldemort in the fifth instalment while the Minister of Magic refused to accept the return of Voldemort. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, some Order members take turns guarding Sybill Trelawneys prophecy, Rubeus Hagrid, the Hogwarts Grounds Keeper and an original Member of the Order, was accompanied by Olympe Maxime in an attempt to recruit the giants to the Orders cause. Some members also participated in a battle at the Department of Mysteries near the end of the fifth book, Order members patrolled Hogwarts, the Wizarding school, on the night of Dumbledores death in Half-Blood Prince, fighting the Death Eaters who managed to enter the castle. In the series finale, attention turns to escorting the Death Eaters main target, Harry Potter, the following characters were members of the Order of the Phoenix during Lord Voldemorts initial rise to power and several years prior to the main events of the Harry Potter series. Many of these characters later served as members of the revived Order and these characters joined the Order when Dumbledore reactivated it after Lord Voldemorts return at the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. This is a list of members of the Order of the Phoenix. Albus Dumbledore, Severus Snape and Rubeus Hagrid have their own pages, minerva McGonagall is listed under Hogwarts staff, Fred and George are listed under Dumbledores Army, and Peter Pettigrew is listed under Death Eater. Sirius Black, nicknamed Padfoot because his Animagus form takes the shape of a dog, is the last heir to the House of Black and he is the older brother of Regulus Arcturus Black and a cousin of Narcissa Malfoy, Andromeda Tonks, and Bellatrix Lestrange. He rejected his familys pure-blood elitism and reverence for the Dark Arts, in contrast to his home life, Sirius greatly enjoyed life at Hogwarts. He was proud of the fact that he was the only Black to be sorted into Gryffindor and he was inseparable from his best friend James Prongs Potter and befriended Remus Moony Lupin and Peter Wormtail Pettigrew. He was mentioned by Rubeus Hagrid in the first novel, but did not appear until the third in the series, Sirius, along with James, bullied Severus Snape while they were at school, nicknaming him Snivellus. Sirius left home at the age of sixteen and took refuge with James and his outraged mother burned his name off the family tree, but he was left financially independent by his Uncle Alphards generous bequest
11.
Alchemy
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Alchemy is a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practiced throughout Europe, Egypt and Asia. It aimed to purify, mature, and perfect certain objects, the perfection of the human body and soul was thought to permit or result from the alchemical magnum opus and, in the Hellenistic and western tradition, the achievement of gnosis. In Europe, the creation of a stone was variously connected with all of these projects. In English, the term is limited to descriptions of European alchemy, but similar practices existed in the Far East, the Indian subcontinent. In Europe, following the 12th-century Renaissance produced by the translation of Islamic works on science, Islamic and European alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental method, some of which are still in use today. However, they continued antiquitys belief in four elements and guarded their work in secrecy including cyphers and their work was guided by Hermetic principles related to magic, mythology, and religion. The latter interests historians of esotericism, psychologists, and some philosophers, the subject has also made an ongoing impact on literature and the arts. The word alchemy was borrowed from Old French alquemie, alkimie, taken from Medieval Latin alchymia, the Arabic word is borrowed from Late Greek chēmeía, chēmía, with the agglutination of the Arabic definite article al-. This ancient Greek word was derived from the early Greek name for Egypt, Chēmia, based on the Egyptian name for Egypt, the Medieval Latin form was influenced by Greek chymeia meaning ‘mixture’ and referring to pharmaceutical chemistry. Alchemy covers several philosophical traditions spanning some four millennia and three continents and these traditions general penchant for cryptic and symbolic language makes it hard to trace their mutual influences and genetic relationships. It is still a question whether these three strands share a common origin, or to what extent they influenced each other. Here, elements of technology, religion, mythology, and Hellenistic philosophy, each with their own much longer histories, Zosimos of Panopolis wrote the oldest known books on alchemy, while Mary the Jewess is credited as being the first non-fictitious Western alchemist. They wrote in Greek and lived in Egypt under Roman rule, mythology – Zosimos of Panopolis asserted that alchemy dated back to Pharaonic Egypt where it was the domain of the priestly class, though there is little to no evidence for his assertion. Alchemical writers used Classical figures from Greek, Roman, and Egyptian mythology to illuminate their works and these included the pantheon of gods related to the Classical planets, Isis, Osiris, Jason, and many others. The central figure in the mythology of alchemy is Hermes Trismegistus and his name is derived from the god Thoth and his Greek counterpart Hermes. Hermes and his caduceus or serpent-staff, were among alchemys principal symbols, according to Clement of Alexandria, he wrote what were called the forty-two books of Hermes, covering all fields of knowledge. The Hermetica of Thrice-Great Hermes is generally understood to form the basis for Western alchemical philosophy and practice and these writings were collected in the first centuries of the common era. Technology – The dawn of Western alchemy is sometimes associated with that of metallurgy, Many writings were lost when the emperor Diocletian ordered the burning of alchemical books after suppressing a revolt in Alexandria
12.
Albus Dumbledore
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Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. For most of the series, he is the headmaster of the wizarding school Hogwarts, as part of his backstory, it is revealed that he is the founder and leader of the Order of the Phoenix, an organisation dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort. Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone and Harry Potter. After Harris death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining films, Rowling stated she chose the name Dumbledore, which is an Early Modern English word for bumblebee, because of Dumbledores love of music, she imagined him walking around humming to himself a lot. The author has stated that she enjoys writing Dumbledore because he is the epitome of goodness, Rowling said that Dumbledore speaks for her, as he knows pretty much everything about the Harry Potter universe. Rowling mentioned that Dumbledore regrets that he has always had to be the one who knew, and he would rather not know. As a mentor to the central character Harry Potter, Dumbledore is a wise man who knows that Harry is going to have to learn a few hard lessons to prepare him for what may be coming in his life. He allows Harry to get into what he wouldnt allow another pupil to do, in a 1999 interview, Rowling stated that she imagined Dumbledore more as a John Gielgud type, you know, quite elderly and – and quite stately. During his time as a student, Dumbledore was in Gryffindor House, Rowling said in an interview that Dumbledore was about 150 years old. However, on her website, she states that Dumbledore was born in 1881, on 19 October 2007, Rowling was asked by a young fan whether Dumbledore finds true love. He led a celibate and a bookish life, in the opening chapter of the first novel of the series, Dumbledore arrives at number four, Privet Drive in Little Whinging, Surrey. When the evil wizard Lord Voldemort kills Harrys parents before being reduced to a form, Dumbledore decides to place the now-orphaned Harry in the home of Vernon. This old magic of binding love renders Voldemort incapable of touching Harry, Dumbledore leaves Harry upon the doorstep of the Dursley home with a letter explaining the situation. He departs with the phrase, Good luck, Harry. When Harry arrives at Hogwarts, Dumbledore tells him about the secrets of the Mirror of Erised, claiming that when he looks into it, he sees himself holding a pair of thick, woollen socks. Harry later recalls in the book that this was probably the only dishonest answer Dumbledore ever gave him. He is also responsible for somehow enchanting the Mirror so that it hides the Philosophers Stone and only someone who looked into the Mirror, but not use it would receive it, as anybody else would only see themselves using the Stone due to the Mirrors special magic. He also has a conversation with Harry after the events down in the dungeons
13.
Forest of Dean
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The Forest of Dean is a geographical, historical and cultural region in the western part of the county of Gloucestershire, England. It forms a triangular plateau bounded by the River Wye to the west and north-west, Herefordshire to the north, the River Severn to the south. The area is characterised by more than 110 square kilometres of mixed woodland, a large area was reserved for royal hunting before 1066, and remained as the second largest crown forest in England, the largest being New Forest. Although the name is used loosely to refer to the part of Gloucestershire between the Severn and Wye, the Forest of Dean proper has covered a smaller area since medieval times. In 1327 it was defined to only the royal demesne and parts of parishes within the hundred of St Briavels. The Forest proper is within the parishes of West Dean, Lydbrook, Cinderford, Ruspidge. Traditionally the main sources of work have been forestry – including charcoal production - iron working, Archaeological studies have dated the earliest use of coal to Roman times for domestic heating and industrial processes such as the preparation of iron ore. The area gives its name to the government district, Forest of Dean. The administrative centre of the authority is Coleford, one of the main towns in the historic Forest area, together with Cinderford. The Forest of Dean is formed of a basin of palaeozoic rocks folded in the Variscan Orogeny. Its highest point is Ruardean Hill, the origins of the name remains an area of debate. The prevalence of Welsh place names in the area, suggests a possible corruption of Din, however, similar or identical elements from Old English exist throughout England. Giraldus Cambrensis, writing in the century, refers to the area as Danubia which may translate as land of Danes following the Viking settlements in that era. It is possible that an original name Dene developed from this, the area was inhabited in Mesolithic times, and there are also remains of later megalithic monuments, including the Longstone near Staunton and the Broadstone at Wibdon, Stroat. Barrows have been identified at Tidenham and Blakeney, bronze Age field systems have been identified at Welshbury Hill near Littledean, and there are Iron Age hill forts at Symonds Yat and Welshbury. There is archaeological evidence of trading by sea, probably through Lydney. The area was occupied by the Romans around 50 AD and they were attracted by its natural resources which included iron ore, ochre and charcoal. The coal mining industry was established on a small scale in Roman times
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Hells Angels
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The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club is a worldwide one-percenter motorcycle club whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The organization is predominantly male and is considered an organized crime syndicate by the United States Department of Justice. In the United States and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation, common nicknames for the club are the H. A. The Hells Angels website denies the suggestion that any misfit or malcontent troops are connected with the motorcycle club. The website also notes that the name was suggested by Arvid Olsen, an associate of the founders, who had served in the Flying Tigers Hells Angels squadron in China during World War II. In 1930, the Howard Hughes film Hells Angels displayed extraordinary and dangerous feats of aviation, some of the early history of the HAMC is not clear, and accounts differ. One of the lesser known clubs existed in North Chino/South Pomona, California, the Frisco Hells Angels were reorganized in 1955 with thirteen charter members, Frank Sadilek serving as President, and using the smaller, original logo. The Oakland chapter, at the time headed by Barger, used a version of the Deaths Head patch nicknamed the Barger Larger. It later became the club standard, the Hells Angels are often depicted in semi-mythical romantic fashion like the 19th-century James–Younger Gang, free-spirited, iconic, bound by brotherhood and loyalty. At other times, such as in the 1966 Roger Corman film The Wild Angels, they are depicted as violent and nihilistic, little more than a violent criminal gang, the club launched the career of Gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson. The Hells Angels official website attributes the deaths head insignia design to Frank Sadilek. The colors and shape of the early-style jacket emblem were copied from the insignias of the 85th Fighter Squadron, the Hells Angels utilize a system of patches similar to military medals. Although the specific meaning of each patch is not publicly known, the official colors of the Hells Angels are red lettering displayed on a white background—hence the clubs nickname The Red and White. These patches are worn on leather or denim jackets and vests, Red and white are also used to display the number 81 on many patches, as in Support 81, Route 81. The 8 and 1 stand for the positions in the alphabet of H and A. These are used by friends and supporters of the club in deference to club rules, the diamond-shaped one-percenter patch is also used, displaying 1% in red on a white background with a red merrowed border. The AMA has no record of such a statement to the press, most members wear a rectangular patch identifying their respective chapter locations. Another similarly designed patch reads Hells Angels, when applicable, members of the club wear a patch denoting their position or rank within the organization
15.
Ron Weasley
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Ronald Bilius Ron Weasley is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. His first appearance was in the first book of the series, Harry Potter and he is a member of the Weasley family, a pure blood family, who reside in The Burrow outside Ottery St. Catchpole. Along with Harry and Hermione, he is a member of the Gryffindor house, Ron is present in most of the action throughout the series. According to Rowling, Ron was among the characters she created the very first day, Ron is inspired by Rowlings best friend Sean Harris, but she has clearly stated that she never set out to describe Sean in Ron, but Ron has a Sean-ish turn of phrase. Like Harris is to Rowling, Ron is always there when Harry needs him, some of Rons qualities serve as foils to Harry. While Harry is an orphan with more gold than he needs, Ron comes from a loving but poor family, many of his possessions are hand-me-downs. Harry is famous but would prefer to avoid the spotlight, Ron, in comparison, is perceived as a mere lackey. Finally, Ron is the most mediocre of his siblings, being neither an excellent Quidditch player, All these factors have combined to cause Ron serious insecurities, this inferiority complex, and his need to prove himself, is the main thrust of his character arc. Rowling first introduces Ron with his family in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Harry is lost at Kings Cross railway station and the Weasleys guide him through the barrier of Platform 9¾ into the wizarding world. Ron and Harry share a compartment on the Hogwarts Express, and they begin their friendship, Ron fascinated with the famous Harry, Ron and Harry share the same classes throughout the series, and generally have similar academic successes and disappointments. Ron plays a part in the quest to save the Philosophers Stone. His strategy at Wizards Chess allows Hermione and Harry to proceed safely through a dangerous life-size, during the game, Ron allows his piece to be sacrificed and is subsequently knocked unconscious. These last-minute points help support Gryffindors win of the House Cup, the second instalment, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, takes place the year following the events of the Philosophers Stone. During the summer, Ron attempts to write to Harry several times and he receives no reply because Dobby the house elf is stopping Harrys wizard mail. Ron becomes so concerned that he and his brothers Fred and George fly their fathers enchanted Ford Anglia car to Harrys home at his aunt, Harry spends the next month at the Weasleys home, The Burrow. While attempting to depart from Kings Cross station, Harry and Ron find themselves unable to enter the barrier to access Platform 9¾, with Harry, Ron conceives the idea of taking the flying Ford Anglia to Hogwarts. The plan is successful, but the Anglia loses power at the end of the journey, Ron receives a Howler from his mother, berating him for taking the car. Later Ron is forced to come face-to-face with his worst nightmare, spiders, in the Forbidden Forest, giant spiders nearly devour the two of them, but the Weasley Ford Anglia returns from the Forbidden Forest and rescues the pair
16.
Hermione Granger
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Hermione Jean Granger is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. She first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, as a new student on her way to Hogwarts. After Harry and Ron save her from a troll in the girls toilets, she becomes best friends with them and often uses her quick wit, deft recall. Rowling has stated that Hermione resembles herself at an age, with her insecurity. Hermione Jean Granger is a Muggle-born, Gryffindor student who becomes best friends with Harry Potter, Rowling states that she was born on 19 September 1979 and she was nearly twelve when she first attended Hogwarts. She is an overachiever who excels academically, and is described by Rowling as a logical, upright. Rowling adds that Hermiones parents, two Muggle dentists, are a bit bemused by their odd daughter but very proud of her all the same and they are well aware of the wizarding world and have visited Diagon Alley with her. Rowling confirmed in a 2004 interview that Hermione is an only child, Rowling has described the character of Luna Lovegood as the anti-Hermione as they are so different. Hermiones foil at Hogwarts is Pansy Parkinson, a based on real-life girls who teased the author during her school days. Rowling stated that the character of Hermione carries several autobiographical influences, I did not set out to make Hermione like me but she is. she is an exaggeration of how I was when I was younger. She recalled being called a little know-it-all in her youth, moreover, she states that not unlike herself, there is a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath Hermiones swottiness. Rowling also states that her feminist conscience is saved by Hermione and her original last name was Puckle, but Rowling felt the name did not suit her at all, and so the less frivolous Granger made it into the books. Hermione first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone when she meets Harry, here Hermione condemns Ron for his inability to perform a spell to turn his rat yellow. She proves just how much she knows by declaring that she memorized all the textbooks by heart and she constantly annoys her peers with her knowledge, so Harry and Ron initially consider her arrogant, especially after she criticises Rons incantation of the Levitation Charm. They heartily dislike her until they rescue her from a troll, for which she is so thankful that she lies to them from punishment. Hermione is the brains behind the plan to enter the place where the Stone is hidden and she responds to Harrys wariness of Professor Severus Snape and is also suspicious of him. She reveals to Harry and Ron that she does a lot of research in the library and she concocts the Polyjuice Potion needed for the trio to disguise themselves as Dracos housemates to collect information about the Heir of Slytherin who has reopened the Chamber of Secrets. Hermione is Petrified by the basilisk after successfully identifying the creature through library research, though she lies incapacitated in the hospital wing, her information is crucial to Harry and Ron in their successful mission to solve the mystery of the Chamber of Secrets
17.
Fictional universe of Harry Potter
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The fictional universe of J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series of fantasy novels comprises two distinct societies, the Wizarding World and the Muggle world. Any new works taking place in this universe are released under the J. K. Rowlings Wizarding World brand, the depiction of the Wizarding World is centered on magic, which not only imbues objects such as wands, but is portrayed as an inborn ability. It is also centered on the separation of the world from the non-wizarding world. Despite being an inherent talent, magic is honed through study of branches of magic. A great deal of effort is expended in keeping the Muggles unaware of magic, exceptions to the secrecy include wizards Muggle relatives and the high political leaders, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for instance. Some aspects of the Wizarding World are depicted as being less-than-modern in comparison to the Muggle world, if one has instant access to magical power, the development of modern technology and science in the Wizarding World would seem to be almost unnecessary. However, a number of technologically complex devices do exist. Such examples are rare, however, wizards rarely make use of Muggle technology, nor do they have much interest in doing so, pure-blood Wizards are baffled by how Muggle technology works and most have no interest in understanding it. Muggle Studies classes are offered at Hogwarts for those students with an interest, the Wizarding World has also not embraced modern Muggle modes of information collection and transfer. For instance, instead of pen/pencil, paper and electronic equipment like computers, Hogwarts students use ink-dipped quills and parchment to take notes and do their homework. Money is also old-fashioned, when Muggle Britain was decimalised in 1971, Magical Britons continued with their system of 17 silver Sickles to a gold Galleon, many aspects of the British Wizarding World have Muggle equivalents. For example, after reaching age of 17 wizards can be licensed to apparate, while Muggles can learn, in the fifth and seventh years of Hogwarts or Muggle secondary school, external examinations take place. Some aspects of Muggle pop culture are also mirrored in the Wizarding World such as music, posters. Wizards and witches who are Muggle-born, or are half-bloods find it easier to integrate into Muggle society, Gryffindor student Dean Thomas has frequent references to the adorning of his part of the dormitory with posters of West Ham United Football Club. Albus Dumbledore has expressed interest in Muggle knitting patterns and ten pin bowling, there is no separate magical land in the Harry Potter universe. The wizarding world not only alongside the world of Muggles. Only one settlement in Britain, the village of Hogsmeade, is home to an entirely magical population, the vast majority of witches and wizards locations are integrated within the wider non-magical area. Wizards will often live in communities of several families within Muggle villages such as Godrics Hollow in the West Country or Tinworth in Cornwall
18.
Lord Voldemort
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Lord Voldemort is a fictional character and the central antagonist in J. K. Rowlings series of Harry Potter novels. Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its adaptation in the series, except the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has the power to vanquish the Dark Lord, nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name, and refers to him instead with such expressions as You-Know-Who, He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named or the Dark Lord. Voldemorts obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the world of Muggle heritage. Through his mothers family, he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin, one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is the leader of the Death Eaters, a group of wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles. According to Rowling, the t in Voldemort is silent, as it is in the French word for death, in a 2001 interview, Rowling said Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter, and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemorts backstory at first. The basic idea didnt know he was a wizard And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, when he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harrys parents, and then he tried to kill Harry — he tried to curse him, Harry has to find out, before we find out. And – so – but for some reason the curse didnt work on Harry. So hes left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, in the second book, Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure-blood wizards, despite being a half-blood himself. In the same year, Rowling became more precise about Voldemort and she began to link him to real-life tyrants, describing him as a raging psychopath, devoid of the normal human responses to other peoples suffering. In 2004, though, Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person, in 2006, Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear, the fear of death. She said, Voldemorts fear is death, ignominious death, I mean, he regards death itself as ignominious. He thinks that its a human weakness, as you know. Throughout the series, Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name. Most characters in the novels refer to him as You-Know-Who or He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named rather than say his name aloud, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, a Taboo is placed upon the name, such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it
19.
Hogwarts staff
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The following fictional characters are staff members and denizens of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter books written by J. K. Rowling. The following are notable teachers and staff members who do not have their own articles or who are not listed in other articles, argus Filch is the caretaker of Hogwarts. While he is not a character, he is ill-tempered, which makes him unpopular with the student body. He tends to favour almost sadistically harsh punishments, leading to his alliance with Umbridge and he has an obsessive dislike of mud, animate toys, and all other things that might interfere with his creation of an immaculately clean and orderly Hogwarts. He is also portrayed as having a constant antagonism towards Peeves the poltergeist and he also likes to wander Hogwarts corridors at night, presumably in the hope of catching a student out of bed. Filch is revealed to be a Squib in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets when Harry accidentally discovers that he is trying to teach himself basic magic from a Kwikspell correspondence course. Nonetheless, Filch is at least able to use wizarding devices that have their own magic, such as the Secrecy Sensor used in Harry Potter. It is hinted that his dislike of students may stem from his disappointment, in the Half Blood Prince, Harry and Hermione jokingly suspect that he is in a relationship with Irma Pince, the librarian at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book and he is later seen overseeing the evacuation of younger students. Filch has a cat named Mrs Norris to whom he has a particular and she acts as a hallway monitor or spy for Filch. If she observes students engaging in activity or out of bed after curfew, she finds Filch. She has been known to follow Hagrid everywhere he goes in the school, Rowling, there is nothing particularly magical about Mrs Norris, other than her being just an intelligent cat. Its the ambition of many Hogwarts students to give her a good kick, in the Chamber of Secrets incident, Mrs Norris is temporarily petrified by the Basilisk, which causes Filch extreme distress. David Bradley portrays Filch in the film series, Mrs Norris was played by a Maine Coon cat named Peebles. Filius Flitwick is the Charms Master at Hogwarts and the head of Ravenclaw house and he is described as being a very short, dwarf-like person. He is also mentioned as having been a student and a former duelling champion. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone he uses his skills to help decorate the Great Hall for Christmas. During Harrys second year, Flitwick helps Professor Sinistra carry a petrified Justin Finch-Fletchley to the hospital wing
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Philosopher's stone
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The philosophers stone, or stone of the philosophers is a legendary alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as mercury into gold or silver. It is also able to extend life and called the elixir of life, useful for rejuvenation and for achieving immortality, for many centuries. The philosophers stone was the symbol of the mystical terminology of alchemy, symbolizing perfection at its finest, enlightenment. Efforts to discover the philosophers stone were known as the Magnum Opus, mention of the philosophers stone in writing can be found as far back as Cheirokmeta by Zosimos of Panopolis. Alchemical writers assign a longer history, elias Ashmole and the anonymous author of Gloria Mundi claim that its history goes back to Adam who acquired the knowledge of the stone directly from God. This knowledge was said to be passed down through biblical patriarchs, the legend of the stone was also compared to the biblical history of the Temple of Solomon and the rejected cornerstone described in Psalm 118. The theoretical roots outlining the stone’s creation can be traced to Greek philosophy, alchemists later used the classical elements, the concept of anima mundi, and Creation stories presented in texts like Platos Timaeus as analogies for their process. According to Plato, the four elements are derived from a source or prima materia. Prima materia is also the name alchemists assign to the ingredient for the creation of the philosophers stone. The importance of this philosophical first matter persisted throughout the history of alchemy, in the seventeenth century, Thomas Vaughan writes, the first matter of the stone is the very same with the first matter of all things. The 8th-century Muslim alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan analyzed each classical element in terms of the four basic qualities, fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. He theorized that every metal was a combination of four principles. From this premise, it was reasoned that the transmutation of one metal into another could be affected by the rearrangement of its basic qualities and this change would presumably be mediated by a substance, which came to be called al-iksir in Arabic. It is often considered to exist as a dry red powder made from a legendary stone—the philosophers stone, jabirs theory was based on the concept that metals like gold and silver could be hidden in alloys and ores, from which they could be recovered by the appropriate chemical treatment. Jabir himself is believed to be the inventor of aqua regia, in the 11th century, there was a debate among Muslim world chemists on whether the transmutation of substances was possible. Magnus does not confirm he discovered the stone in his writings, the 16th-century Swiss alchemist Paracelsus believed in the existence of alkahest, which he thought to be an undiscovered element from which all other elements were simply derivative forms. Paracelsus believed that element was, in fact, the philosophers stone. A mystical text published in the 17th century called the Mutus Liber appears to be an instruction manual for concocting a philosophers stone
21.
Places in Harry Potter
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J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter universe contains numerous settings for the events in her fantasy novels. These locations are categorised as a dwelling, school, shopping district, the Weasleys home, known as the Burrow, is located outside the village of Ottery St Catchpole, also near the home of the Lovegoods, the Diggorys and the Fawcetts. The Weasley house has seven floors and it is also quite dilapidated, managing to remain standing only by magic. Despite the houses appearance, Harry remarks on his first visit that it was the best house he had ever been in. The well-hidden orchard nearby doubles as a Quidditch pitch for the Weasley boys, a multitude of garden gnomes infests the garden of the Burrow. Godrics Hollow is a village located in the West Country of England. It is noted for being home to a community like several other villages such as Ottery St Catchpole. The village was the home and final hiding place of James and it was at this time that their baby son, Harry, was left with his lightning bolt-shaped scar. Godrics Hollow was the home of James Potters family, and the home of long-dead Hogwarts founder Godric Gryffindor, after expressing his interest in returning to Godrics Hollow to visit his parents graves, Harry does so in the company of Hermione Granger. Dumbledores mother Kendra moved her family to Godrics Hollow after her husband, other notable residents of the village include Bowman Wright and Bathilda Bagshot, author of A History of Magic. Rowling was questioned in an interview for BBC Newsround and implicitly confirmed the connection between Godrics Hollow and Godric Gryffindor and this connection was also stated outright by Hermione in the final book of the series. Invisible to Muggles, the remains of Harrys old house are found at the end of the main street. Although the village first appears in Goblet of Fire, the volume in the series, it is not described until Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The village occupies the floor of a valley, bounded by steep hills, not far from the larger settlement of Great Hangleton. Above the village on one side of the valley are a church, a cemetery and the Riddle House, the former estate of the aristocratic Riddle family and at one time the finest house in the village. It first appears in the opening of Goblet of Fire as the location of Frank Bryces murder and it is believed to be held by a rich man for tax purposes, although this is in reality to keep it from being sold or torn down. During his time as student, Tom Marvolo Riddle murdered his father, the Gaunt cottage is set in a copse alongside a winding road which climbed out of the valley. In Goblet of Fire, Voldemort and Harry fight in the graveyard of Little Hangleton, Little Whinging is a fictitious town in Surrey, England, located to the south of London
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Dragon
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A dragon is a legendary creature, typically scaled or fire-spewing and with serpentine, reptilian or avian traits, that features in the myths of many cultures around world. The two most well-known cultural traditions of dragon are The European dragon, derived from European folk traditions and ultimately related to Balkans, most are depicted as reptilian creatures with animal-level intelligence, and are uniquely six-limbed. The Chinese dragon, with counterparts in Japan, Korea and other East Asian, most are depicted as serpentine creatures with above-average intelligence, and are quadrupeds. The two traditions may have evolved separately, but have influenced each other to a certain extent, the English word dragon and Latin word draco derives from Greek δράκων, dragon, serpent of huge size, water-snake. The Greek and Latin term referred to any great serpent, not necessarily mythological, a dragon is a mythological representation of a reptile. In antiquity, dragons were mostly envisaged as serpents, but since the Middle Ages, it has become common to them with legs. Dragons are usually shown in modern times with a body like a huge lizard, the European dragon has bat-like wings growing from its back. A dragon-like creature with wings but only a pair of legs is known as a wyvern. The association of the serpent with a monstrous opponent overcome by a deity has its roots in the mythology of the Ancient Near East, including Canaanite, Hittite. Humbaba, the fire-breathing dragon-fanged beast first described in the Epic of Gilgamesh, is described as a dragon with Gilgamesh playing the part of dragon-slayer. The folk-lore motif of the dragon guarding gold may have come from earlier Bronze Age customs of introducing serpents to village granaries to deter rats or mice. Although dragons occur in many legends around the world, different cultures have varying stories about monsters that have been grouped together under the dragon label, some dragons are said to breathe fire or to be poisonous, such as in the Old English poem Beowulf. They are commonly portrayed as serpentine or reptilian, hatching from eggs and they are sometimes portrayed as hoarding treasure. Some myths portray them with a row of dorsal spines, European dragons are more often winged, while Chinese dragons resemble large snakes. Dragons can have a number of legs, none, two, four, or more when it comes to early European literature. Dragons are often held to have spiritual significance in various religions. In many Asian cultures, dragons were, and in some still are, revered as representative of the primal forces of nature, religion. They are associated with wisdom—often said to be wiser than humans—and longevity and they are commonly said to possess some form of magic or other supernatural power, and are often associated with wells, rain, and rivers
23.
Magical creatures in Harry Potter
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Magical creatures are a colourful aspect of the fictional wizarding world contained in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling. Throughout the seven books of the series, Harry and his friends come across many of these creatures on their adventures, Rowling has also written Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, a guide to the magical beasts found in the series. Many of these are derived from folklore, primarily Greek mythology, many of the legends surrounding mythical creatures are also incorporated in the books. Know that I didnt invent unicorns, but Ive had to explain frequently that I didnt actually invent hippogriffs, when I do use a creature that I know is a mythological entity, I like to find out as much as I can about it. I might not use it, but to make it as consistent as I feel is good for my plot, many pets in the series are ordinary animals with magical properties. In the Harry Potter series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures, a person who studies Magizoology is known as a magizoologist. There are magizoologists who work in the Ministry of Magic, particularly in the Department for the Regulation, the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures of the Ministry of Magic is responsible for overseeing and regulating magical creatures. It is divided into three divisions, the Beast Division, the Being Division, and the Spirit Division and this includes humans, goblins, hags, Werewolves, and vampires. According to this definition, fairies, pixies, gnomes, Centaurs and merpeople are said to have rejected being status in favour of beast status, as have leprechauns. Their classification is unclear, and offices responsible for werewolves exist in both the Beast and Being Divisions. A number of creatures, such as house-elves, giants, banshees, veelas, dwarfs, affairs related to ghosts come under the auspices of the Spirit Division. According to Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, creatures are also put under danger categories, Creatures that need to be treated with a sophisticated amount of respect, e. g. Centaurs, Unicorns, Phoenixes, and Merpeople, are given a four-x rating. Below is a list of magical creatures mentioned in the Harry Potter universe and those creatures that Rowling took from myth and folklore have links to their mythological articles. The Blast-Ended Skrewt is a hybrid of a crab and manticore. Inferi are neither beasts nor beings, but merely animated corpses with no will of their own, for a list of magical plants mentioned in the series, such as mandrakes and devils snares, see List of fictional plants. Blast-Ended Skrewt – The Blast-Ended Skrewt is the result of a union between a Manticore and a Fire Crab, Skrewts make their debut in Goblet of Fire, as one of the creatures that Hagrid teaches the students about as Professor of Care of Magical Creatures. The first fan to learn of the skrewts was Catie Hoch, bowtruckle – An insect-eating, tree-dwelling wooden creature that is hard to spot. Rowling has written on Pottermore that they are creatures who only inhabit worthy trees
24.
Hippogriff
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The hippogriff, or sometimes hippogryph is a legendary creature which has the front half of an eagle and the hind half of a horse. The first recorded mention of the hippogriff was made by the Latin poet Virgil in his Eclogues, though sometimes depicted during the Classical Era and during the rule of the Merovingians, it was used by Ludovico Ariosto in his Orlando Furioso, at the beginning of the 16th century. Within the poem, the hippogriff is a steed born of a mare and it is ridden by magicians and the wandering knight Ruggiero, who, from the creature’s back, frees the beautiful Angelica. Sometimes depicted on coats of arms, the hippogriff became a subject of visual art in the 19th century. The word hippogriff was adopted into English shortly before 1615, the hippogriff is a symbol of the Greek god Apollo, either through his connection to the Muses or as god of the sun. Buonarotti is stated to have believed that the worship of Apollo, of the heraldic representations of the hippogriff, Arthur Charles Fox-Davies states that hybrid fantastical creatures depictions are ugly, inartistic, and unnecessary. Their representation leaves one with a feeling of crudity of draughtsmanship. John Vinycomb states that the hippogriff is not used in the British heraldic tradition, Ludovico Ariostos poem, Orlando furioso contains description, XVIII no fiction wrought magic lore, But natural was the steed the wizard pressed, For him a filly to griffin bore, Hight hippogryph. In wings and beak and crest, Formed like his sire, as in the feet before, But like the mare, his dam, such on Riphaean hills, though rarely found, Are bred, beyond the frozen oceans bound. This only real, Where all the rest was hollow and ideal, claw marks were found on a rock near Mas Carol. In some traditions, the hippogriff is said to be the symbol of love, as its parents, in other traditions, the hippogriff represents Christs dual nature as both human and divine. Artist Max Klinger used the hippogriff amongst other objects in his drawing Fantasy, in a hoax initially perpetrated in 1904 in Lake George, New York State, tricksters used a fake “monster” which became known as The Hippogriff. The creation had a head of a bird of prey, teeth, the pranks and sightings faded until 1999 when several people staying at the Island Harbour House Hotel stated they had seen a sea monster at night. The old hoax was uncovered by the Daily News and the Lake George Historical Association Museum, the hippogriff appears in various works of fantasy, such as works of E. Nesbit and E. R. Eddisons The Worm Ouroboros. According to the rules, the creatures are closely related to griffins. A hippogriff named Buckbeak features prominently in Harry Potter, al Roker calls the creation of Buckbeak in the film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban one of the most magnificent and realistic creatures in film history. Griffin Pegasus Media related to Hippogriff at Wikimedia Commons Ariosto, Harry Potter and Hippogriffs, weaving textual webs
25.
Draco Malfoy
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Draco Lucius Malfoy is a character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. He is a student in Harry Potters year belonging in the Slytherin house and he is frequently accompanied by his two cronies, Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, who act as henchmen. Draco is characterised as a bully who manipulates and hurts people to get what he wants, nevertheless. He was played by Tom Felton in the Harry Potter film series, Draco serves as a foil to the hero, Harry Potter and is loosely based on bullies Rowling encountered during her school days. Harry first encounters Dracos snobbish bigotry after their encounter at Madam Malkins. Rowling uses the Malfoys to introduce themes of intolerance and bigotry into a setting where people are judged solely by their blood lineage rather than their good character or accomplishments. Harrys first impression that the Wizarding community is a magical wonderland is instantly shattered, says Rowling, found out that many people in power in the wizarding world are just as corrupt and nasty as they are in our world. Malfoy was originally named Draco Spungen in the earliest drafts of Philosophers Stone, Spungen also appeared on her pre-canon class list, but it was crossed out and replaced with the surname Spinks, while Malfoy was later added after the completion of the list. Philip Nel believes that Malfoy is derived from the French phrase mal foi, in an article published in 2002, Nilsen and Nilsen argue that Draco has connotations with draconian, and that his name starts with mal, a French prefix for bad or evil. Many of Dracos relatives on his mothers side of the family are named for stars or constellations, Draco Malfoy eventually named his son for yet another constellation, Scorpius. Draco Malfoy makes his first appearance in the series when he and Harry meet while being fitted for school robes at Madam Malkins, Harry, however, is alienated by the arrogance of Draco, who asks whether the orphans parents are our kind. Draco then proclaims that the other sort should not be allowed at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, the two boys part without introductions, but meet again on the Hogwarts Express. After Draco ridicules Ron Weasleys family, Harry rejects his offer of friendship, demonstrated by a handshake, and their mutual antagonism is born. According to Rowling, Malfoy originally makes an effort to be Harrys friend because it will be cool to turn up at the school being Harry Potters friend, because Harry is so famous. However, Harry did not want Malfoy as a friend because he has been so rude about Rubeus Hagrid and about Ron, who Harry likes so much. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Draco becomes the new Seeker for the Slytherin Quidditch team after his father, Lucius Malfoy, donates new, high-quality Nimbus 2001 broomsticks. When Hermione Granger comments that the Gryffindor players made the team through talent and not bribery and this provokes an immediate, violent response from Ron Weasley. Because of Dracos contempt for Muggle-borns, Harry, Ron, and Hermione suspect that Draco is the Heir of Slytherin, who has recently reopened the Chamber of Secrets
26.
Ministry of Magic
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The Ministry of Magic is the government of the Magical community of Britain in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. First mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, the Ministry makes its first proper appearance in Harry Potter, throughout the books, it is generally depicted as either corrupt, incompetent, or both, with its high officials blind to actual events and dangers. It reaches a nadir of corruption before being taken over by Lord Voldemort. At the end of the book, following Voldemorts death, Kingsley Shacklebolt takes over the ministry. By the time of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Hermione Granger is the Minister for Magic, each new Muggle Prime Minister receives a visit from the Minister for Magic, who informs him or her that the wizarding world exists. He explains that he contact the Prime Minister only in circumstances in which the events of the wizard world may affect Muggles. For example, the Minister has to inform the Prime Minister if dangerous magical artefacts or animals are to be brought into Britain, the Ministry keeps in touch with the British Prime Minister via a wizards portrait in the Prime Ministers office at 10 Downing Street. The Ministers for Magic who appear in the Harry Potter series, such as Cornelius Fudge and Rufus Scrimgeour, the Ministry government succeeded the earlier Wizards Council, the earliest-known form of government for the wizarding world of Harry Potter. In the Harry Potter books, the Ministrys employees appear to be an unelected body. The post of Minister itself, however, is stated to be an elected position, who has the power to elect or dismiss ministers is never explained. Furthermore, the government gives the impression of incompetence or malice. It often appears incompetent, to the point of being unable to detect or prevent an assault on the Department of Mysteries. However, these events occurred under Cornelius Fudges reign, a Minister who is renowned in the books as incompetent, Fudges resignation in the next book is a direct result of these events. Not all of the accused are even given trials, as in the case of Sirius Black, in Order of the Phoenix, the Ministry is shown to be quite prepared to decree and enforce draconian laws without notice. At times, the Ministry can also seem uninterested in solving serious problems, in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Fudge takes a long time to respond to the attacks on Hogwarts. In the fifth instalment, Fudge refuses to believe that Lord Voldemort has returned, eventually, the Ministry is forced to acknowledge the emergency and act on it. Fudge is subsequently removed from office for incompetence and replaced by Rufus Scrimgeour, when interviewed, Rowling stated that when Harry, Ron and Hermione work for the Ministry, they change it drastically, making it less corrupt. The Department of Magical Law Enforcement is a combination of police and justice facilities and it is located on the second level of the Ministry of Magic
27.
Magical objects in Harry Potter
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The following is a list of magical objects used in the Harry Potter series. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Hermione Granger creates fake, due to the coins being infused with a Protean Charm, once Harry Potter alters his, every coin changes to suit. The coins grow hot when the change to alert the members to look at their coins. Draco reveals he got the idea from Hermiones DA coins, which were inspired by Lord Voldemorts use of the Dark Mark to communicate with his Death Eaters. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Neville Longbottom uses the DAs coins to alert people such as Luna Lovegood and Ginny Weasley that Harry, Ron and they then arrive at the Room of Requirement to fight in the Battle of Hogwarts on May 2,1998. A Howler is a letter sent to signify extreme anger or to convey a message very loudly and publicly. When it is opened, the voice, which has been magically magnified to a deafening volume, bellows a message at the recipient. If it is not opened or there is a delay in opening it, the letter smolders, explodes violently, and shouts the message out even louder than normal. In the film version, the Howler folds itself into a set of lips and eyes. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Ron Weasley receives a Howler from his mother, Molly Weasley, after he steals his fathers enchanted car and flies it to Hogwarts with Harry. Neville Longbottom confessed that he once got a Howler from his grandmother, stating that he ignored it, subsequently, Neville receives another Howler from his grandmother after Sirius Black uses his list of passwords to enter the Gryffindor Common Room in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Hermione receives one in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after Rita Skeeter publishes an article about the relationship between Hermione and Harry. In the film Harry receives a Howler from Mafalda Hopkirk to announce he has been expelled from Hogwarts for using magic outside school. A Deluminator is a device invented by Albus Dumbledore that resembles a cigarette lighter and it is used to remove or absorb the light from any light source to provide cover to the user. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator to darken Privet Drive and it was next seen in Order of the Phoenix where Dumbledore loans the Deluminator to Moody, who uses it when transporting Harry from the Dursleys home to Number 12, Grimmauld Place. In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator again to darken Privet Drive before collecting Harry, in Deathly Hallows, it is bequeathed to Ron by Dumbledore. After Ron had left his friends in anger, the Deluminator demonstrated an additional capability, Rowling stated that Dumbledore left it to Ron because he believed he might have needed a little more guidance than Harry and Hermione. Within the Harry Potter universe, an invisibility cloak is used to make the wearer invisible, all are very rare and expensive, and may be spun from pelts of the Demiguise, magical herbivores that are found in the Far East
28.
Rita Skeeter
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The following are supporting characters in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. For members of the Order of the Phoenix, Dumbledores Army, Hogwarts staff, Ministry of Magic, or for Death Eaters, the Dursley family are Harry Potters last living relatives. To ensure Harrys safety, Albus Dumbledore placed him in the Dursleys care when he was a baby, the Dursleys live at Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England. They are all Muggles, and despise all things related to magic – and anything out of the ordinary in general –, Dursley is a small town in Gloucestershire, near Rowlings birthplace. Vernon Dursley is Harrys uncle, Petunias husband, Dudleys father, Vernon is described as a big, beefy man, the literal human embodiment of a walrus, with hardly any neck, and a large moustache. He is very much the head of his family, laying down most of the rules for Harry and doing most of the threatening and he is also the director of a drill-making firm, Grunnings, and seems to be quite successful in his career. He regularly reads the Daily Mail, uncle Vernon and his wife have grudgingly raised Harry from an early age. He and Petunia were often hostile to Harry and never informed him about the world, including how his parents died. In fact, while discussing the Dementor attack with Harry, Vernon actually hopes aloud that Harry will receive the death penalty. When the Dursleys decide to leave Privet Drive to go into hiding, Vernon nearly shakes Harrys hand good-bye, in the film version, he leaves without even a word to Harry although a deleted scene showing Dudley and Harrys reconciliation shows him saying this is farewell. Vernon is portrayed by Richard Griffiths in the film series, Petunia Dursley is Harrys maternal aunt, Lily Potters older sister, Vernons wife, Dudleys mother and Marges sister-in-law. She is described as a woman with blonde hair that she passed down to her son, a rather horsey face and a very long neck. Her eyes are large and pale, quite unlike Lilys and her whole family prior to Lily are made up of Muggles. According to Petunia, her parents were proud of having a witch in the family, in fact, she was envious and resentful of Lilys magical abilities and went so far as to write to Dumbledore, pleading to be allowed to enter Hogwarts. Afterwards, Petunia grew bitter towards the school and, by extension, towards the wizarding world in general. She had no contact with Lily after her marriage to James Potter, the gift echoes Harrys Dursley-sent Christmas presents, which are never pretty or welcome. Petunia has more knowledge of the world than she is initially willing to admit. After the Dementors attack Harry and Dudley, Petunia states that she knows Dementors guard the wizard prison, when Harry and the rest of her family look at her strangely, she explains that she heard that awful boy telling Lily about them years ago
29.
Olympe Maxime
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The following are supporting characters in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. For members of the Order of the Phoenix, Dumbledores Army, Hogwarts staff, Ministry of Magic, or for Death Eaters, the Dursley family are Harry Potters last living relatives. To ensure Harrys safety, Albus Dumbledore placed him in the Dursleys care when he was a baby, the Dursleys live at Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England. They are all Muggles, and despise all things related to magic – and anything out of the ordinary in general –, Dursley is a small town in Gloucestershire, near Rowlings birthplace. Vernon Dursley is Harrys uncle, Petunias husband, Dudleys father, Vernon is described as a big, beefy man, the literal human embodiment of a walrus, with hardly any neck, and a large moustache. He is very much the head of his family, laying down most of the rules for Harry and doing most of the threatening and he is also the director of a drill-making firm, Grunnings, and seems to be quite successful in his career. He regularly reads the Daily Mail, uncle Vernon and his wife have grudgingly raised Harry from an early age. He and Petunia were often hostile to Harry and never informed him about the world, including how his parents died. In fact, while discussing the Dementor attack with Harry, Vernon actually hopes aloud that Harry will receive the death penalty. When the Dursleys decide to leave Privet Drive to go into hiding, Vernon nearly shakes Harrys hand good-bye, in the film version, he leaves without even a word to Harry although a deleted scene showing Dudley and Harrys reconciliation shows him saying this is farewell. Vernon is portrayed by Richard Griffiths in the film series, Petunia Dursley is Harrys maternal aunt, Lily Potters older sister, Vernons wife, Dudleys mother and Marges sister-in-law. She is described as a woman with blonde hair that she passed down to her son, a rather horsey face and a very long neck. Her eyes are large and pale, quite unlike Lilys and her whole family prior to Lily are made up of Muggles. According to Petunia, her parents were proud of having a witch in the family, in fact, she was envious and resentful of Lilys magical abilities and went so far as to write to Dumbledore, pleading to be allowed to enter Hogwarts. Afterwards, Petunia grew bitter towards the school and, by extension, towards the wizarding world in general. She had no contact with Lily after her marriage to James Potter, the gift echoes Harrys Dursley-sent Christmas presents, which are never pretty or welcome. Petunia has more knowledge of the world than she is initially willing to admit. After the Dementors attack Harry and Dudley, Petunia states that she knows Dementors guard the wizard prison, when Harry and the rest of her family look at her strangely, she explains that she heard that awful boy telling Lily about them years ago
30.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
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Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth novel in the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, the book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts. Harry learns that he is a wizard when he is 11 years old, just before he enrolls in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and he befriends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and is confronted by Lord Voldemort who is trying to regain power. In Harrys first year he has to protect the Philosophers Stone from Voldemort, after returning to the school after summer break, students at Hogwarts are attacked by the legendary monster of the Chamber of Secrets after the chamber is opened. Harry ends the attacks by killing a Basilisk and defeating another attempt by Lord Voldemort to return to full strength, the following year, Harry hears that he has been targeted by escaped mass murderer Sirius Black. Despite stringent security measures at Hogwarts, Harry is confronted by Black at the end of his year of schooling. He also learned that it was his fathers old school friend Peter Pettigrew who actually betrayed his parents, the book opens with Harry seeing Frank Bryce being killed by Lord Voldemort in a vision, and is awoken by his scar hurting. The Weasleys then take Harry and Hermione Granger to the Quidditch World Cup, using a Portkey, to watch Ireland versus Bulgaria, there, Harry meets Cedric Diggory, who is attending the match with his father. After the match, Voldemorts followers attack the site, destroying spectators tents, the Dark Mark gets fired into the sky, which leads to a panic since it is the first time the sign has been seen in 13 years. Hermione, angry at injustice, forms a society to promote the rights of house elves. However, only those over 17—the age of majority in the wizarding world—will be allowed to enter and it is the first time in 202 years that the Triwizard Tournament will be held. Students from Beauxbatons Academy and the Durmstrang Institute, other wizarding academies, will travel to Hogwarts, at Halloween, the Goblet of Fire picks Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons Academy, Viktor Krum from Durmstrang Institute, and Cedric Diggory from Hogwarts to compete in the tournament. However, it gives a fourth name—Harry Potter—leading to suspicion and indignation from everyone. Ron is jealous that Harry is once again in the limelight, hagrid reveals to Harry that the first task involves dragons, and since Fleur and Krums headmasters are also aware of this, and will surely tell them in advance, Harry informs Cedric as well. Ron and Harry subsequently reconcile, Ron now understanding the danger of the tournament. When Harry opens the egg, though, it merely shrieks loudly, Hermione then takes Harry and Ron to the school kitchens, where house elves work. There, they meet a distraught Winky, who is struggling to get over the loss of her sacking. They also meet Harrys old friend Dobby, who has employed at Hogwarts to work in the kitchens, he is the only known house elf to appreciate his freedom
31.
Death Eater
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Death Eaters are fictional characters in the Harry Potter series of novels and films. They are a group of wizards and witches, led by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, Death Eaters recognise one another by the Dark Mark on their left forearm, a sign created by Voldemort to summon him instantly to them or vice versa. Their typical attire includes black hooded robes and masks, Death Eaters are wizards and witches led by Lord Voldemort. Some, like Bellatrix Lestrange, are the kind of Death Eaters that Voldemort is most close to, Death Eaters have a Dark Mark on their forearm, that Voldemort can use to summon all of the Death Eaters. When Voldemort failed to kill Harry Potter, he lost his powers and was upset when he returned because no Death Eater had come looking for him and they also did this to people who were blood traitors. Around 10 years after the Death Eaters first surfaced, a Seer named Sybill Trelawney made a prophecy about a boy who would have the power to defeat Voldemort forever. The prophecy could have referred to two different boys, Harry Potter or Neville Longbottom, however, Voldemort chose Harry as said in the prophecy, that the Dark Lord would mark him as his equal. As Voldemort was a half-blood, he chose his equal, Harry, whose mother was a Muggle-born witch, instead of Neville, acting on information from James and Lily Potters Secret-Keeper Peter Pettigrew, Voldemort attempted to complete the prophecy and kill his infant rival. Due to Harrys mothers sacrifice to save her son, Voldemorts deadly curse rebounded off Harry, with Voldemort vanquished after failing to kill Harry, the Death Eaters largely disbanded. The Lestranges are the only Death Eaters known to have sacrificed their freedom for Voldemort. This is something that does not go unnoticed by him, as he claims, when he returns, early in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire a group of Death Eaters rallies after the Quidditch World Cup. They gather to form a spectacle and disturbance which spreads instant chaos. Their appearance alone creates hysteria, and their numbers grow while they torture muggles and it concludes when the Dark Mark is produced in the sky by Barty Crouch Jr, frightening Death Eaters and Ministry officials alike. Voldemort, having regained his strength at the end of Harry Potter. Except for Severus Snape, those dead, imprisoned, or afraid to return, Voldemort states at his rebirth, And here we have six missing Death Eaters. three dead in my service. One, too cowardly to return. he will pay, one, who I believe has left me forever. he will be killed, of course. and one, who remains my most faithful servant, and who has already reentered my service. Based on later happenings in the books, it can be deduced that the one too cowardly to return is Igor Karkaroff. The one who I believe has left me forever is Severus Snape, the most faithful servant is Barty Crouch Jr. who has already been in place at Hogwarts working for Voldemort
32.
Dumbledore's Army
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Dumbledores Army is a fictional student organisation in J. K. It was founded in the book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. This theory-only approach is widely unpopular among the students, especially those characters like Harry, exams on the subject later in the year. Harry also believes that lack of practical experience makes them vulnerable to Lord Voldemorts forces. This prompts Hermione to suggest founding a student group where Harry would teach practical Defence Against the Dark Arts, in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Neville and Luna are distraught due to the fact that the D. A. no longer exists. When Hogwarts is invaded by Death Eaters, they are among the members who join the Order of the Phoenix in the ensuing battle. A, however, Luna is abducted and Ginny leaves school, leaving Neville as the D. A. s leader. The group thereafter hide from the Death Eaters in the Room of Requirement, the D. A. believed that if Harry returned hed lead them in a revolution against Snape and the Carrows and are disappointed when he initially refuses to let them help. In the books climax, the D. A. plays an important role in the Battle of Hogwarts, twenty years later, they still wage hopeless resistance against the all-powerful Voldemort, clandestinely helped by Severus Snape - in this reality still alive and still teaching at Hogwarts. Eventually, these remnants of Dumbledores Army sacrifice themselves to cover the escape of Scorpius Malfoy, Hannah Abbott is a Hufflepuff student in Harrys year, described as pink-faced with blonde hair worn in pigtails. W. L. Exams, and has to be given a Calming Draught and she is among the six D. A. members who prevent Draco Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle from ambushing Harry aboard the Hogwarts Express at the end of the term. The adult Hannah becomes the landlady of The Leaky Cauldron, and has married Neville Longbottom, charlotte Skeoch played Hannah in the film adaptations of Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire, and voiced the character in the Order of the Phoenix video game. Katie Bell is a Gryffindor student who joins the Quidditch team in her year as a Chaser. She nonetheless succeeds in retaining her spot as Chaser alongside newcomers Ginny Weasley, in Half-Blood Prince, Malfoy secretly attempts to use Katie to deliver a fatally-cursed necklace to Dumbledore. Madam Rosmerta, whom he has placed under the Imperius Curse, herself puts Katie under the Imperius Curse, in the Three Broomsticks in Hogsmeade, in order to deliver it. Whilst arguing about the package with her friend Leanne, Katie ends up accidentally touching the necklace through the package and is badly cursed. Katie returns fully healed to participate in Gryffindors Quidditch Cup final win over Ravenclaw, in Deathly Hallows, she reunites with Oliver, Alicia and Angelina to assist the D. A. in the Battle of Hogwarts. Katie was portrayed by Emily Dale in a part in the first two films. Susan Bones is a Hufflepuff student in Harrys year who wears her hair in a long plait down her back
33.
Albus Severus Potter
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The following are supporting characters in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. For members of the Order of the Phoenix, Dumbledores Army, Hogwarts staff, Ministry of Magic, or for Death Eaters, the Dursley family are Harry Potters last living relatives. To ensure Harrys safety, Albus Dumbledore placed him in the Dursleys care when he was a baby, the Dursleys live at Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England. They are all Muggles, and despise all things related to magic – and anything out of the ordinary in general –, Dursley is a small town in Gloucestershire, near Rowlings birthplace. Vernon Dursley is Harrys uncle, Petunias husband, Dudleys father, Vernon is described as a big, beefy man, the literal human embodiment of a walrus, with hardly any neck, and a large moustache. He is very much the head of his family, laying down most of the rules for Harry and doing most of the threatening and he is also the director of a drill-making firm, Grunnings, and seems to be quite successful in his career. He regularly reads the Daily Mail, uncle Vernon and his wife have grudgingly raised Harry from an early age. He and Petunia were often hostile to Harry and never informed him about the world, including how his parents died. In fact, while discussing the Dementor attack with Harry, Vernon actually hopes aloud that Harry will receive the death penalty. When the Dursleys decide to leave Privet Drive to go into hiding, Vernon nearly shakes Harrys hand good-bye, in the film version, he leaves without even a word to Harry although a deleted scene showing Dudley and Harrys reconciliation shows him saying this is farewell. Vernon is portrayed by Richard Griffiths in the film series, Petunia Dursley is Harrys maternal aunt, Lily Potters older sister, Vernons wife, Dudleys mother and Marges sister-in-law. She is described as a woman with blonde hair that she passed down to her son, a rather horsey face and a very long neck. Her eyes are large and pale, quite unlike Lilys and her whole family prior to Lily are made up of Muggles. According to Petunia, her parents were proud of having a witch in the family, in fact, she was envious and resentful of Lilys magical abilities and went so far as to write to Dumbledore, pleading to be allowed to enter Hogwarts. Afterwards, Petunia grew bitter towards the school and, by extension, towards the wizarding world in general. She had no contact with Lily after her marriage to James Potter, the gift echoes Harrys Dursley-sent Christmas presents, which are never pretty or welcome. Petunia has more knowledge of the world than she is initially willing to admit. After the Dementors attack Harry and Dudley, Petunia states that she knows Dementors guard the wizard prison, when Harry and the rest of her family look at her strangely, she explains that she heard that awful boy telling Lily about them years ago
34.
Robin Williams
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Robin McLaurin Williams was an American stand-up comedian and actor. Starting as a comedian in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the mid-1970s. After rising to fame as Mork in Mork & Mindy, Williams established a career in both comedy and feature film acting. He was known for his improvisational skills, Doubtfire, Jumanji, The Birdcage, Night at the Museum, and Worlds Greatest Dad. Williams won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as teacher Sean Maguire in Good Will Hunting and he also received two Emmy Awards, seven Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and five Grammy Awards throughout his career. On August 11,2014, Williams committed suicide by hanging at his home in Paradise Cay and his wife attributed his suicide to his struggle with Lewy body dementia. Robin McLaurin Williams was born at St. Lukes Hospital in Chicago and his father Robert Fitzgerald Williams was a senior executive in Ford Motor Companys Lincoln-Mercury Division. His mother Laurie McLaurin was a model from Jackson, Mississippi. Her paternal great-grandfather was Mississippi senator and governor Anselm J. McLaurin, Williams had two elder half-brothers named Robert and McLaurin. He had English, Welsh, Irish, Scottish, German, while his mother was a practitioner of Christian Science, Williams was raised in the Episcopal Church, where his father belonged. Williams wrote a list, Top Ten Reasons to be an Episcopalian, during a TV interview on Inside the Actors Studio in 2001, Williams credited his mother as being an important early influence for his sense of humor. He also said that he tried to make her laugh to gain attention, Williams attended public elementary school in Lake Forest at Gorton Elementary School and middle school at Deer Path Junior High School. He described himself as a quiet and shy child who did not overcome his shyness until he became involved with his school drama department. His friends recall him as being very funny, in late 1963, when Williams was twelve, his father was transferred to Detroit. The family lived in a 40-room farmhouse on 20 acres in suburban Bloomfield Hills, Michigan and he excelled in school, where he was on the schools soccer team and wrestling team, and was elected as class president. As his father traveled frequently for work and his also worked, Williams was attended to by the familys maid. When Williams was 16, his father took early retirement and the moved to Tiburon. Following their move, Williams attended Redwood High School in nearby Larkspur, at the time of his graduation in 1969, he was voted Most Likely Not to Succeed and Funniest by his classmates
35.
Rugby union
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Rugby union, known in some parts of the world simply as rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is between two teams of 15 players using a ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts on each try line. Historically an amateur sport, in 1995 restrictions on payments to players were removed, World Rugby, originally the International Rugby Football Board and from 1998 to 2014 the International Rugby Board, has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886. Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, early exponents of the sport included Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Rugby union is played in over 100 countries across six continents, there are 101 full members and 18 associate members of World Rugby. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, takes place four years with the winner of the tournament receiving the Webb Ellis Cup. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are major annual competitions. The origin of football is reputed to be an incident during a game of English school football at Rugby School in 1823. Although the evidence for the story is doubtful, it was immortalised at the school with a plaque unveiled in 1895, despite the doubtful evidence, the Rugby World Cup trophy is named after Webb Ellis. Rugby football stems from the form of game played at Rugby School, Old Rugbeian Albert Pell, a student at Cambridge, is credited with having formed the first football team. During this early period different schools used different rules, with pupils from Rugby. Other important events include the Blackheath Clubs decision to leave the Football Association in 1863, despite the sports full name of rugby union, it is known simply as rugby throughout most of the world. The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England, by 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby tournament, the Melrose Sevens. During the early history of union, a time before commercial air travel. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia, followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe, All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics had expected. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in, the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event, in 1905 France played England in its first international match
36.
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
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Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone is a 2001 British-American fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. It is based on the novel of the name by J. K. Rowling. The film was the first instalment in the long-running Harry Potter film series and its story follows Harry Potters first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, Warner Bros. bought the film rights to the book in 1999 for a reported £1 million. Production began in the United Kingdom in 2000, with Chris Columbus being chosen to create the film from a short list of directors that included Steven Spielberg and Rob Reiner. J. K. Rowling insisted that the entire cast be British or Irish, the film was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 16 November 2001. As of December 2015, it is the 29th-highest-grossing film of all time and the film in the series behind Harry Potter. Harry Potter is an ordinary boy living with the Dursleys, his only remaining relatives who treat him badly, in Little Whinging, Surrey. Hagrid reveals to Harry that he has been accepted into Hogwarts School of Witchcraft, after buying his school supplies from the hidden London street, Diagon Alley, Harry boards the train to Hogwarts via the concealed Platform 9¾ in Kings Cross Station. On the train Harry meets Ron Weasley, a boy from a large but poor pure-blood wizarding family, and Hermione Granger, once they arrive Harry and all the other first-year students are sorted between four houses, Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin. Because Slytherin is noted for being the house of darker wizards and witches and he ends up in Gryffindor along with Ron and Hermione. Rons older brothers were all placed in Gryffindor as well, mischievous twins Fred and George, Percy the prefect, Charlie, at Hogwarts Harry begins learning wizardry and discovers more about his past and his parents. He gets recruited for Gryffindors Quidditch team as a Seeker, as his father was before him, one night he, Ron, and Hermione discover a large three-headed dog named Fluffy on a restricted floor in the school. They later find out Fluffy is guarding the Philosophers Stone, an item that can be used to grant its owner immortality, Harry concludes that his potions teacher, the unfriendly Severus Snape, is trying to obtain the stone in order to return Voldemort to a human form. After hearing from Hagrid that Fluffy will fall asleep if played music, Harry, Ron, Quirrell removes his turban and reveals Voldemort to be living on the back of his head. Voldemort attempts to convince Harry to give him the stone, by promising to bring his parents back from the dead, Quirrell attempts to kill him and take the stone, but Harrys touch turns Quirrell into dust. When Harry gets up, Voldemorts spirit rises from Quirrells ashes and passes through Harry, Harry wakes up in the schools hospital wing with Professor Dumbledore at his side. Dumbledore explains that the stone has been destroyed and that, despite Ron nearly being killed in the match, he
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West Country English
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West Country English refers collectively to the English language varieties and accents used by much of the native population of South West England, the area popularly known as the West Country. However, the northern and eastern boundaries of the area are hard to define, academically the regional variations are considered to be dialectal forms. The Survey of English Dialects captured manners of speech across the South West region that were just as different from Standard English as anything from the far North of England, there is some influence from the Welsh and Cornish languages depending on the specific location. In literary terms, most of the usage has been in either poetry or dialogue and it has rarely been used for serious prose in recent times, but was used much more extensively up to the 19th century. West Country dialects are represented as Mummerset, a kind of catchall southern rural accent invented for broadcasting. In the medieval period Sumer is icumen in is an example of a work in the dialect. The Cornish language descended from the ancient British language that was all over what is now the West Country until the West Saxons conquered and settled most of the area. Cornish began to decline after the Late Middle Ages with English expanding westwards, in King Lear, Edgar speaks in the West Country dialect, as one of his various personae. Considered one of the first true English novels, the novels of Thomas Hardy often use the dialect in dialogue, notably Tess of the DUrbervilles. Some dialogue and song lyrics, especially for the chorus, are an approximation of West Country speech. The Pirates of Penzance and Ruddigore are also set in Cornwall, John Davey a farmer from Zennor, records the native Cornish language Cranken Rhyme. According to Blackmore, he relied on a style for his characters speech, emphasizing their accents. Several Pages of Folk-Speech of Zummerzet in The Somerset Coast by George Harper pp168-171, a Glastonbury Romance by John Cowper Powys ISBN 0-87951-282-2 / ISBN 0-87951-681-X contains dialogue written in imitation of the local Somerset dialect. Laurie Lees, works such as Cider with Rosie, portray a somewhat idealised Gloucestershire childhood in the Five Valleys area, John Fowless Daniel Martin, which features the title characters girlfriends dialect, and which has sometimes been criticised for being too stereotyped. Dennis Potters Blue Remembered Hills is a play about children in the Forest of Dean during the Second World War. The dialogue is written in the style of the Forest dialect, the songs of Adge Cutler were famous for their West Country dialect, sung in a strong Somerset accent. His legacy lives on in the present day Wurzels and other so-called Scrumpy, the folk group The Yetties perform songs composed in the dialect of Dorset. Andy Partridge, lead singer with the group XTC, has a pronounced Wiltshire accent, although more noticeable in his speech, his accent may also be heard in some of his singing
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Vernon Dursley
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The following are supporting characters in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. For members of the Order of the Phoenix, Dumbledores Army, Hogwarts staff, Ministry of Magic, or for Death Eaters, the Dursley family are Harry Potters last living relatives. To ensure Harrys safety, Albus Dumbledore placed him in the Dursleys care when he was a baby, the Dursleys live at Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England. They are all Muggles, and despise all things related to magic – and anything out of the ordinary in general –, Dursley is a small town in Gloucestershire, near Rowlings birthplace. Vernon Dursley is Harrys uncle, Petunias husband, Dudleys father, Vernon is described as a big, beefy man, the literal human embodiment of a walrus, with hardly any neck, and a large moustache. He is very much the head of his family, laying down most of the rules for Harry and doing most of the threatening and he is also the director of a drill-making firm, Grunnings, and seems to be quite successful in his career. He regularly reads the Daily Mail, uncle Vernon and his wife have grudgingly raised Harry from an early age. He and Petunia were often hostile to Harry and never informed him about the world, including how his parents died. In fact, while discussing the Dementor attack with Harry, Vernon actually hopes aloud that Harry will receive the death penalty. When the Dursleys decide to leave Privet Drive to go into hiding, Vernon nearly shakes Harrys hand good-bye, in the film version, he leaves without even a word to Harry although a deleted scene showing Dudley and Harrys reconciliation shows him saying this is farewell. Vernon is portrayed by Richard Griffiths in the film series, Petunia Dursley is Harrys maternal aunt, Lily Potters older sister, Vernons wife, Dudleys mother and Marges sister-in-law. She is described as a woman with blonde hair that she passed down to her son, a rather horsey face and a very long neck. Her eyes are large and pale, quite unlike Lilys and her whole family prior to Lily are made up of Muggles. According to Petunia, her parents were proud of having a witch in the family, in fact, she was envious and resentful of Lilys magical abilities and went so far as to write to Dumbledore, pleading to be allowed to enter Hogwarts. Afterwards, Petunia grew bitter towards the school and, by extension, towards the wizarding world in general. She had no contact with Lily after her marriage to James Potter, the gift echoes Harrys Dursley-sent Christmas presents, which are never pretty or welcome. Petunia has more knowledge of the world than she is initially willing to admit. After the Dementors attack Harry and Dudley, Petunia states that she knows Dementors guard the wizard prison, when Harry and the rest of her family look at her strangely, she explains that she heard that awful boy telling Lily about them years ago
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Green Man
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A Green Man is a sculpture, or other representation of a face surrounded by or made from leaves. Branches or vines may sprout from the mouth, nostrils, or other parts of the face, commonly used as a decorative architectural ornament, Green Men are frequently found in carvings on both secular and ecclesiastical buildings. The Green Man is also a name for English public houses and various interpretations of the name appear on inn signs. The Green Man motif has many variations, found in many cultures from many ages around the world, the Green Man is often related to natural vegetative deities. It is primarily interpreted as a symbol of rebirth, representing the cycle of each spring. Some speculate that the mythology of the Green Man developed independently in the traditions of ancient cultures. Usually referred to in works on architecture as foliate heads or foliate masks, carvings of the Green Man may take many forms, the simplest depict a mans face peering out of dense foliage. Some may have leaves for hair, perhaps with a leafy beard, often leaves or leafy shoots are shown growing from his open mouth and sometimes even from the nose and eyes as well. In the most abstract examples, the carving at first glance appears to be merely stylised foliage, the face is almost always male, green women are rare. Julia, Lady Raglan applied the term Green Man to this type of feature in her 1939 article The Green Man in Church Architecture in The Folklore Journal. It is thought that her interest stemmed from carvings at St. Jerome’s Church in Llangwm, some commentators conflate or associate the term with Jack in the Green. Green cats, lions, and demons are also found, on gravestones and other memorials, human skulls are sometimes shown sprouting grape vines or other vegetation, presumably as a symbol of resurrection. The earliest example of a green man disgorging vegetation from his mouth is from St. Abre, in St. Hilaire-le-grand, c.400 AD. From the Renaissance onwards, elaborate variations on the Green Man theme, often with animal heads rather than human faces and they seem to have been used for purely decorative effect rather than reflecting any deeply held belief. A Swiss engraver, Numa Guyot created a bookplate depicting a Green Man in exquisite detail, American architects took up the motif around the same time. The Green Man travelled with the Europeans as they colonized the world, many variations can be found in Neo-gothic Victorian architecture. He was very popular amongst Australian stonemasons and can be found on many secular, the Green Man image has made a resurgence in modern times, with artists from around the world interweaving the imagery into various modes of work. J. Anderson, who created the sculpture titled Green Man as Original Coastal Aboriginal Man of All Time from Whence the Bush
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