1.
Anthon H. Lund
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Anthon Henrik Lund was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a prominent Utah leader. Lund was born in Aalborg, Denmark, to unmarried parents, lunds mother died when he was less than four years old. At that time, his father was serving in the war over Schleswig-Holstein, Lund was baptized a member of the LDS Church at age 12, after his baptism, he assisted the missionaries and fulfilled his duties as first a teacher and then a priest by preaching with them. In 1862, Lund immigrated with his grandmother to the United States and he arrived in Utah Territory in September and settled in Sanpete County, following the tradition of many Scandinavian immigrants. In 1864, Lund was a teamster in a Down and Back Mormon pioneer company, the next winter, he served as a school teacher. In 1865, he responded to Brigham Youngs request that men come to Salt Lake City, in 1866, Lund became the telegraph operator for the Mount Pleasant station, where he was ordained as a seventy by Peter Madsen Peel. From 1884 to 1885, Lund served as president of the Scandinavian Mission of the church, Lund served in the Utah Territorial Legislature. He introduced the legislation resulted in the founding of Utah State Agricultural College. Lund served on the Utah Capitol Grounds Committee when it was formed in 1888, Lund became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 7,1889. Church president John Taylor had died two years earlier, Lund was ordained along with two other apostles, Marriner W. Merrill and Abraham H. Cannon. At the time of his ordination, Lund was the only monogamist in the Quorum of the Twelve and his wife was Sarah Ann Peterson, who he had married in 1870. In 1891, Lund became the president of the Manti Temple, from 1893 until 1896, Lund was the president of the European Mission. He made a journey to the Ottoman Empire in 1897, where he organized the Turkish Mission, in 1899, Lund laid and dedicated the southeast cornerstone of the Sanpete Stake Academy. That same year, Lund delivered a General Conference sermon in which he emphasized that it was no longer church policy to members of the church to emigrate to the western United States. In 1900, Lund became the superintendent of church religion classes, Church president Joseph F. Smith selected Lund as second counselor in the First Presidency on October 17,1901. He served in that position until April 7,1910, when Smith called him as first counselor, to replace John R. Winder, Lund assumed a myriad of duties, including heading various church agencies and again serving as a temple president. Lund also served as a member of several writing committees to revise the standard works. He participated in numerous businesses in Utah, including the Hotel Utah, the Amalgamated Sugar Company, Lund was the first member of the First Presidency whose native language was not English
2.
George Albert Smith
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George Albert Smith Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the eighth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was one of nineteen children of Mormon apostle John Henry Smith and one of his plural wives, Sarah Farr. His grandfather, for whom he was named, was also an LDS Church apostle as well as a cousin of church founder Joseph Smith, in his youth, Smith worked at the Zions Cooperative Mercantile Institution factory and traveled throughout Utah as a salesman. Smith attended high school at Brigham Young Academy, graduating in 1884 and he then studied law at University of Deseret for a year. In 1896, he had joined the Republican Party and campaigned for William McKinley and he was appointed as a receiver for the Land Office in Utah in the years 1897 and 1902. While surveying for a railroad as a man, Smiths eyesight was permanently impaired by glare from the sun. After 1903, Smith found his frequent travels debilitating and began to show prominent symptoms of physical weakness and he was eventually diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease. Smith was known for his patriotism and joined various American patriotic groups and he was also an ardent supporter of the Boy Scouts. In 1934, the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America awarded him the prestigious Silver Buffalo Award, Smith was an avid genealogist and family historian and was named national vice president of the Sons of the American Revolution in 1922. On May 25,1892, Smith married Lucy Emily Woodruff, the couple later had three children. Lucy had spent much of her growing up in the household of her grandfather. Smiths son, George Albert Smith, Jr. became a professor at Harvard Business School, just prior to his marriage to Lucy, Smith served as a Mutual Improvement Association missionary throughout many areas in Southern Utah. Smith and his new wife, Lucy, were missionaries in the LDS Churchs Southern States Mission, golden Kimball as their president, from 1892 to 1894. Smith was called as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1903, from 1920 until 1923 Smith served as president of the churchs British and European missions. In this capacity, he preached in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, from 1921 to 1935, Smith was the general superintendent of the churchs Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association. In 1935 he was succeeded in this position by Albert E. Bowen, with the death of quorum president Rudger Clawson in 1943, Smith was sustained as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and served in the position for two years. With the death of Heber J. Grant, Smith became president of the church on May 21,1945, when World War II ended, Smith helped send supplies to Europe and was also known for his efforts to revitalize missionary work. He publicly denounced the activities and political influence of the American Ku Klux Klan, Smith dedicated the Idaho Falls Temple on September 23,1945
3.
First Presidency (LDS Church)
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The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency, there have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators. Counselors are formally designated as First Counselor in the First Presidency, additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including Third Counselor in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselor to the President, and simply Counselor in the First Presidency. Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the president who called them. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, the death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, although these are fairly common occurrences, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church. In the case of a president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when ordained as an apostle. All members of the First Presidency are also members of the churchs Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, there is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith Thorpe B, the position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary as opposed to members of the First Presidency, the First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. D. Arthur Haycock also served as secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century. George W. Robinson George Reynolds George F. Gibbs Joseph Anderson Francis M. Gibbons F. Michael Watson Brook P. Hales Council of the Church
4.
Heber J. Grant
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Heber Jeddy Grant was an American religious leader who served as the seventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Grant worked as a bookkeeper and a cashier, then was called to be an LDS apostle on October 16,1882, after the death of Joseph F. Smith in late 1918, Grant served as LDS church president until his death. The first president born after the exodus to Utah, Grant was also the last LDS Church president to have practiced plural marriage and he had three wives, though by the time he became church president in 1918 only his second wife, Augusta Winters, was still living. In business, Grant helped develop the Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, in 1884, he served a term as a representative to the Utah Territorial Legislature. Grant was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of Rachel Ridgeway Ivins and his father was a counselor in the First Presidency to Brigham Young. Rachel Grant was a native of New Jersey, where she had converted to the LDS Church at about age 20 and her cousin and later brother-in-law, Israel Ivins, was the first person baptized a Latter-day Saint in New Jersey. Jedediah Grant died when Heber J. Grant was nine days old, after Jedediahs death, Rachel married Jedediahs brother, George Grant, but he fell into alcoholism, so she divorced him. Rachel became the dominant influence in Hebers life and she served for many years as president of the 13th Ward Relief Society in downtown Salt Lake City. Heber J. Grant was known for his determination to achieve goals seemingly beyond his reach, as a child, he wanted to join the baseball team that would win the Utah territorial championship, but others believed him to be too physically awkward to be successful. In response, he purchased a baseball and practiced throwing the ball for hours against his barn to improve, the team he joined later won the championship. In similar fashion, Grant expressed a desire to be a successful bookkeeper and he practiced his writing to the point that he was invited to teach penmanship at one of the local academies. There were no public schools in Salt Lake City when Grant was a child. After working as a bookkeeper in the business in 1877, Grant became an assistant cashier with Zions Savings Bank. Later, Grant became a partner with D. W. Jennings and he later founded an additional insurance agency in Ogden and for a time owned the Ogden Vinegar Works. In the late 1890s, Grant served as the manager for the newly formed official LDS magazine. Grant continued to be involved in business activities after his call as an apostle and he founded many new businesses, including a bank. He was a founder of the Utah Sugar Company and also the founder of the Salt Lake Theatre. Grant lost an amount of money in the panic of 1893
5.
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are apostles, with the calling to be prophets, seers, and revelators, evangelical ambassadors, the jurisdiction of the Twelve was originally limited to areas of the world outside of Zion or its stakes. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles claims a leadership role second only to that of the First Presidency, at the time of the death of Joseph Smith, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young. Young emphasized what he said was Smiths authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the governing body of the church after Smiths death. Church policy decisions are made unanimously, with consultation among the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and where appropriate, effort is made to ensure that the organizations are united in purpose and policy. Each member of the quorum is accepted by the church as an apostle, as well as a prophet, seer, thus, each apostle is considered to hold the rights to use all powers granted by God to the church. Individually and collectively, the Twelve Apostles hold the keys and have conferred the authority to exercise all of the keys upon the President of the Church. Thus, as outlined in the Doctrine and Covenants, only the President of the Church is entitled to revelation or dictate policy for the entire church. A major role of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is to appoint a successor when the President of the Church dies, shortly after this occurs, the apostles meet in a room of the Salt Lake Temple to appoint a successor. Invariably the successor has been the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the apostles lay their hands on his head and ordain him and set him apart as President of the Church. The president then chooses two counselors in the First Presidency, who are high priests, the second most senior surviving apostle becomes the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This has invariably been the most senior member of the quorum who is not a member of the First Presidency, the final decision rests with the President of the Church, but is formally voted on by the Twelve and the counselors in the First Presidency. The chosen man is generally ordained an apostle by the President of the Church, depending on circumstances, this may occur before or after a sustaining vote is held at a church general conference. Any Melchizedek priesthood holder is eligible to be called as an apostle, generally, new apostles have considerable experience in church government and have served faithfully as bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, or seventies. Some apostles receive assignments to become members of boards of church-owned for-profit corporations, the calling of an apostle is typically a lifetime calling. Pages, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — biographical sketches of all past and present members of the Quorum
6.
Lorenzo Snow
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Lorenzo Snow was an American religious leader who served as the fifth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1898 to his death. Snow was the last president of the LDS Church in the nineteenth century, Lorenzo had siblings Leonora Abigail Snow, Eliza R. Snow, Percy Amanda Snow, Melissa Snow, Lucius Augustus Snow, and Samuel Pearce Snow. Despite the labor required on the farm, the Snow family valued learning, Snow received his final year of education at Oberlin College, which was founded by two Presbyterian ministers. Snow later made his living as a teacher when not engaged in church service. In 1831, Joseph Smith, the Latter Day Saint prophet, took up residence in Hiram, Ohio, the Snow family was Baptist, but soon took a strong interest in the new religious movement. Snow recorded that he heard the Book of Mormon being read aloud in his home in Mantua, by 1835, Snows mother and his older sister Eliza, had joined the Latter Day Saint church. Eliza soon moved to the headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio. She, in her biography of Snow, claims to have fostered his interest in Mormonism while he was at Oberlin, Eliza invited Snow to visit her and attend a school of Hebrew newly established by the church. During his visit there, in June 1836, Snow was baptized by John F. Boynton, while living in Kirtland in 1837, Snow was called to serve a short mission in Ohio, traveling without purse or scrip. He recorded that relying on the kindness of others for his meals and lodging was difficult for him, when he returned to Kirtland in 1838, Snow found Smiths followers in turmoil over the failure of the Kirtland Safety Society. Snow and the members of his family chose to move to Missouri in the summer of 1838. Snow became seriously ill with a fever, and was nursed for several weeks by his sister Eliza, on his recovery, Snow left for a second mission to Illinois and Kentucky in the fall of 1838. He served there through February 1839, when he learned that the Latter Day Saints had been expelled from their settlements in Missouri and he traveled home by way of his former mission area in Ohio. He was again ill and was cared for by members of the church. He remained in Ohio, preaching and working with church members until the fall of 1839, during the school year of 1839–40, Snow taught in Shalersville, Ohio. He sent money to his family, which had by then settled in Nauvoo, Illinois, shortly after he arrived in Nauvoo, Snow was asked to serve a mission in England. After an unpleasant sea voyage from New York City, Snow met with some of the members of the Quorum of the Twelve who had opened the British Mission in 1839, including Brigham Young, Heber C. Snow worked briefly in the Manchester area, and had success in Birmingham, Snow was assigned to preside over church members in London
7.
Joseph F. Smith
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Joseph Fielding Smith Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the sixth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was the last president of the LDS Church to have personally known Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Smith was the son of church patriarch Hyrum Smith and his wife, Mary Fielding. In addition to her two children, Mary also raised the six children born to Hyrum and Jerusha, Smith was born in Far West, Missouri, on November 13,1838. Just a few days before he was born, his father had taken prisoner under the auspices of the Missouri Executive Order 44. At point of bayonet, Hyrum was marched to his home in Far West and he was told that his doom was sealed and that he would never see her again. Hyrum was still in custody in Liberty Jail, Missouri, when Smith was born and he was named after his uncle, Joseph Smith, and his mothers brother, Joseph Fielding. Hyrum was later released from custody during a transfer from Liberty Jail and his mother was later able to exchange their property in Illinois for a wagon and team of oxen. Smith and his family, along many other Latter Day Saints. The seven-year-old Smith drove the team of oxen with his family to the Latter Day Saint encampment at Winter Quarters, while at Winter Quarters, Smith and another boy, Thomas Burdick, were out on horseback some distance from the settlement, watching the cattle graze. They saw a band of twenty or thirty American Indians ride into the valley on the side of the cattle. Burdick rode back to camp to get help while Smith rode toward the Indians, Smith was able to turn the herd back toward the settlement, and, coupled with the noise and arrival of the Indians, started a stampede which saved the herd from capture. He was still riding with the herd at full speed when two Indians picked him up off of his horse from either side and dropped him to the ground. A company of men from the encampment then arrived, chased away the fleeing Indians, and recovered the herd, Smith and his family remained at Winter Quarters until the spring of 1848 when Smith drove his mothers wagon across the plains to the Salt Lake Valley. After arriving in the Salt Lake Valley in 1848, Smiths mother worked to raise her own children as well as the children of her husbands first wife, Mary Fielding Smith died in 1852, apparently of pneumonia, leaving Smith an orphan at the age of 13. Smith reported that he was devastated by his mothers death, and relied upon the support and help of Brigham Young. Even with the support of his older half-brother John Smith, Smith assumed primary responsibility for his sister, Martha Ann. His leaving school was linked to his resistance of a teachers attempt to whip Martha
8.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
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Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
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‹See Tfd› In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others. In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is an office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve, in most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles. In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were both designated apostles by 1830. Other church members with proselytizing responsibilities were also referred to as apostles, a June 1829 revelation appointed Cowdery and David Whitmer to designate twelve disciples. Subsequently, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was organized February 14,1835, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apostle is the highest priesthood office of the Melchizedek priesthood. The President of the Church is always an apostle, as are the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in practice, counselors in the First Presidency are almost always apostles as well. There are usually at least twelve apostles in the LDS Church, some apostles have been ordained to that office without being included within the Quorum of the Twelve. Joseph Angell Young was ordained an apostle in 1864 but was never a member of either the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or the First Presidency, joseph F. Smith, Brigham Young, Jr. and Sylvester Q. Cannon had each been ordained as apostles before eventually being called into the Quorum of the Twelve, the next most senior apostle becomes president of the Quorum of the Twelve. Following their calling to the apostleship, members of the Quorum are sustained in general conference as apostles and prophets, seers and this procedure also takes place at other meetings of church members such as ward and stake conferences. Each member of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve is sustained by name, usually, the president of the church ordains a new apostle, although any other apostle may ordain a person to the priesthood office. The calling of an apostle is to be a witness of the name of Jesus Christ in all the world, particularly of his divinity. Twelve men with this high calling constitute an administrative council in the work of the ministry, when a vacancy occurred with the death of Judas Iscariot, Matthias was divinely appointed to that special office as a member of the council. Today twelve men with this same divine calling and ordination constitute the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The title was applied to others who, though not of the number of the original twelve. Paul repeatedly spoke of himself as an apostle and he applied the titles to James, the Lords brother, and also to Barnabas. Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Heb,3, 1-2, a designation meaning that he is the personal and select representative of the Father
10.
Wilford Woodruff
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Wilford Woodruff Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the fourth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1889 until his death. Woodruff was known as a religious man, but was also enthusiastically involved in the social. He was an outdoorsman, enjoying fishing and hunting. Woodruff learned to fly fish in England, and his 1847 journal account of his fishing in the East Fork River is the earliest known account of fly fishing west of the Mississippi River. As an adult, Woodruff was a farmer, horticulturist and stockman by trade, Woodruff was one of nine children born to Bulah Thompson and Aphek Woodruff, a miller working in Farmington, Connecticut. Wilfords mother Bulah Thompson died of spotted fever in 1808 at the age of 26 and he was raised by his step-mother Azubah Hart. As a young man, Woodruff worked at a sawmill and a mill owned by his father. Woodruff joined the Latter Day Saint church on December 31,1833, at that time, the church numbered only a few thousand believers clustered around Kirtland, Ohio. On January 13,1835, Woodruff left Kirtland on his first full-time mission, preaching without purse or scrip in Arkansas, like many early Latter Day Saints, Woodruff practiced plural marriage. He was married to nine women, however, not all of these marriages were concurrent and his wives, Phoebe Whittemore Carter, m. April 13,1837 Mary Ann Jackson, m, aug 2,1846 Sarah Elinor Brown, m. Aug 2,1846 Mary Caroline Barton, m, aug 2,1846 Mary Meek Giles Webster m. March 28,1852 Emma Smith m, March 13,1853 Sarah Brown, m. March 13,1853 Sarah Delight Stocking m, July 31,1857 Eudora Young Dunford m. March 10,1877 Woodruffs wives bore him a total of 34 children, Woodruff met his first wife, Phoebe Carter, in Kirtland shortly after his return from his first mission through Southern Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky. Woodruff came to Kirtland on November 25,1836, along with Abraham O. Smoot and he was introduced to Phoebe by Milton Holmes on January 28,1837. She was a native of Maine and had become a Latter Day Saint in 1834, Woodruff and Phoebe were married on April 13,1837, with the ceremony performed by Frederick G. Williams. Their marriage was sealed in Nauvoo by Hyrum Smith
11.
Spencer W. Kimball
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Spencer Woolley Kimball was an American business, civic, and religious leader, and was the twelfth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The grandson of early Latter Day Saint apostle Heber C, Kimball and his wife, Kimball was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. He spent most of his life in Thatcher, Arizona. He served an LDS mission from 1914 to 1916, then worked for banks in Arizonas Gila Valley as a clerk. Kimball later co-founded a business selling bonds and insurance which, after weathering the Great Depression, Kimball served as a stake president in his hometown from 1938 until 1943, when he was called to serve as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Like most LDS Church apostles, Kimball traveled extensively to fulfill a variety of administrative. He initiated the Indian Placement Program, which helped many Native American students gain educations in the 1960s and 1970s while staying with LDS foster families, in late 1973, following the sudden death of church president Harold B. Lee, Kimball became the president of the LDS Church. Kimballs presidency was noted for the 1978 announcement ending the restriction on church members of black African descent being ordained to the priesthood or receiving temple ordinances, Kimballs presidency saw large growth in the LDS Church, both in terms of membership and the number of temples. Kimball was the first church president to state that the church expected all able-bodied male members to serve missions in young adulthood. Kimball, was one of the original Latter Day Saint apostles called when Joseph Smith first organized the Quorum of the Twelve in February 1835 and he later served as first counselor to Brigham Young in the churchs First Presidency from 1847 until his death in 1868. Kimballs maternal grandfather, Edwin D. Woolley, was a prominent LDS bishop in Salt Lake City for many years, through his aunt, Helen Mar Kimball, who was one of several plural wives of Joseph Smith, Spencer Kimball was a nephew of Smith. Spencer Woolley Kimball was born on March 28,1895, in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Andrew Kimball and Olive Woolley, sister of Mormon pioneer and eventual Mormon fundamentalist John W. Woolley. In 1898, when Kimball was three years old, his father was called as president of the St. Joseph Arizona Stake, during his childhood, Kimball had a number of medical problems, including typhoid fever and facial paralysis. Four of his sisters died in childhood, and his mother died when he was eleven, though standing only 5 ft 6 in as an adult, Kimball was an avid basketball player, and was the star and leading scorer on most of his school and recreational teams. During summer holidays, he worked at a dairy in Globe, Arizona, milking cows, cleaning stalls. Kimball graduated from school in May 1914, and one week later was called to serve as a missionary in the Swiss–German Mission. Less than two months later, his call was halted by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and the subsequent outbreak of World War I
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Ezra Taft Benson
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Born on a farm in Whitney, Idaho, Benson was the oldest of eleven children. He was the great-grandson of Ezra T. Benson, who was appointed by Brigham Young a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1846, Benson began his academic career at Utah State Agricultural College, where he first met his future wife, Flora Smith Amussen. Benson alternated quarters at USAC and work on the family farm, Benson served an LDS Church mission in Britain from 1921 to 1923. On his mission, he served as president of the Newcastle Conference, after his mission, Benson studied at Brigham Young University and finished his bachelors degree there in 1926. That year he married Flora Smith Amussen, shortly after her return from a mission in Hawaii and they became the parents of six children. Benson received his masters degree from Iowa State University, several years later, he did preliminary work on a doctorate at the University of California at Berkeley, but never completed it. Just after receiving his masters degree, Benson returned to Whitney to run the family farm and he later became the county agriculture extension agent for Oneida County, Idaho. He later was promoted to the supervisor of all county agents, while in Boise, Benson also worked in the central state extension office connected with the University of Idaho Extension Service. He also founded a farmers cooperative, Benson was superintendent of the Boise Stake Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association and later a counselor in the stake presidency. In 1939, he became president of the Boise Idaho Stake, later that year, he moved to Washington, D. C. to become Executive Secretary of the National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, and became the first president of a new church stake in Washington. In August 1989, Benson received the Presidential Citizens Medal from President George H. W. Bush, in 1943, Benson went to Salt Lake City to ask church leaders for advice on whether to accept a new job. They unexpectedly told him that he would join them, on October 7,1943, both Benson and Spencer W. Kimball became members of the churchs Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, filling two vacancies created by the deaths of apostles that summer. Because Kimball was ordained first, he was given seniority over Benson in the Quorum, upon Kimballs death in 1985, Benson became the president of the church in his place. Bensons interest in politics could be seen in the subjects he chose for his biannual addresses at General Conference, in 1967, for example, he asked David O. McKay for permission to speak on how the Communists are using the Negros to. Foment trouble in the United States, while McKay allowed Benson to speak on this subject, other church apostles were opposed to Bensons positions. When Joseph Fielding Smith became church president, Benson was no longer given permission to promote his political opinions, Bensons teachings as an apostle were the 2015 course of study in the LDS Churchs Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes. In 1948, Republican presidential nominee Thomas E. Dewey approached Benson before the election that year becoming the United States Secretary of Agriculture. Benson accepted with the permission and encouragement of church president David O. McKay, Benson therefore served simultaneously in the United States Cabinet and in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
13.
Sylvester Q. Cannon
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He was the son of George Q. Cannon, an apostle and member of the churchs First Presidency, Cannon was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. He studied at the University of Utah and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1899, Cannon began an LDS Church mission in Belgium. Cannon then served from 1900 to 1902 as president of the churchs Netherlands–Belgium Mission, Cannon also served as Francis M. Lymans secretary on a three-month trip to many nations along the Mediterranean and in the Middle East. From 1916 to 1925, Cannon served as president of the Pioneer Stake in Salt Lake City, in 1925, Cannon became the Presiding Bishop of the LDS Church, succeeding Charles W. Nibley. Cannons counselors were David A. Smith and John Wells, in 1938, Cannon was released as Presiding Bishop and was succeeded by LeGrand Richards. At the same time, Cannon was ordained an apostle and made an associate of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, when Quorum member Melvin J. Ballard died the next year, Cannon became a full member of the Quorum, he served in this position until his death. Cannon died in Salt Lake City from encephalomalacia, or softening of the brain and he was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. Council on the Disposition of the Tithes Cannon, Winfield Q, sylvester Quayle Cannon, Tall in character and stature. Winfield Cannon and Wanda Cannon Trust
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Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
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Utah Territory
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The creation of the territory was part of the Compromise of 1850 that sought to preserve the balance of power between slave and free states. The creation of the Utah Territory was partially the result of the petition sent by the Mormon pioneers who had settled in the valley of the Great Salt Lake starting in 1847. S. The Mormon settlers had drafted a constitution in 1849 and Deseret had become the de facto government in the Great Basin by the time of the creation of the Utah Territory. Following the organization of the territory, Young was inaugurated as its first governor on February 3,1851, in the first session of the territorial legislature in September, the legislature adopted all the laws and ordinances previously enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret. In 1861, partly as a result of this, the Nevada Territory was created out of the part of the territory. Non-Mormons also entered the easternmost part of the territory during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, in 1861 a large portion of the eastern area of the territory was reorganized as part of the newly created Colorado Territory. Territories that encompassed land that would become part of the Territory of Utah, Mexican Cession,1848 State of Deseret
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Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
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Salt Lake City Cemetery
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The Salt Lake City Cemetery is in The Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah. Approximately 120,000 persons are buried in the cemetery, many religious leaders and politicians, particularly many leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lie in the cemetery. It encompasses over 250 acres and contains 9 1⁄2 miles of roads and it is the largest city-operated cemetery in the United States. The first burial occurred on September 27,1847, when George Wallace buried his child, the burial was two months after the Mormon pioneers had settled the Salt Lake Valley. In 1849, George Wallace, Daniel H. Wells, in 1851, Salt Lake City was incorporated and the 20 acres officially became the Salt Lake City Cemetery with George Wallace as its first sexton. The cemetery contains one British Commonwealth war grave, of a Canadian Army soldier of World War I, vandals have repeatedly damaged a controversial headstone in the cemetery whose claims are contrary to those of the LDS Church. List of people buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery Arave, Lynn, S. L
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Hiram B. Clawson
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Clawson was a Latter-day Saint businessman and Church leader in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Clawson was born in Utica, New York and he was educated at the Utica Academy. In 1838 he joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints along with his widowed mother, in 1841 they moved to Nauvoo. Clawson went west with the Latter-day Saints, arriving in Salt Lake City in 1848 and he supervised the building of the first adobe building in Salt Lake City and then was the head mason for the Council House of which Truman Angell was the architect. Also for a time while Angell was away on a mission Clawson served as acting architect of the Salt Lake Temple, Clawson was a close associate of Brigham Young and for many years served as his business manager. He also was involved in the building of the Salt Lake Theatre and was often a performer in its plays, Clawson was also for a time manager of the theatre. Clawson served as an aide-de-camp to Daniel H. Wells in running the Nauvoo Legion in 1850 and he later served as adjutant general of the Legion from 1863 until the legion was disbanded in 1870. In 1865 Clawson bought out William H. Hooper to become partners with Horace S. Eldredge, Clawson and Eldredge dissolved their firm in 1868 and sold it to Zions Cooperative Mercantile Institution. Clawson was then the superintendent of ZCMI from 1868-1873. After being replaced for a time by Hooper Clawson took over the head of ZCMI again from 1874-1875. In 1875 Clawson bought the agriculture, hide and wool departments of ZCMI which he ran as an independent business until 1885, from 1884 until 1902 Clawson served as the bishop of the Twelfth Ward in Salt Lake City. His first wife was Ellen Curtis Spencer Clawson, a daughter of Orson Spencer, among their children was Spencer Clawson who ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Salt Lake City. Clawsons second wife was Margaret Gay Judd, who was born in Canada, one of their children was Rudger Clawson who was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Clawsons third wife was Alice Young, a daughter of Brigham Young, clawsons fourth wife was Emily Young, a daughter of Brigham Young and Emily Patridge. Clawson had a total of forty-two children, LDS Biographical Encyclopedia, Vol.1, p.629. Richard H. Cracroft and Neal E. Lambert, ed, university of Utah bio of Clawson Hiram B
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Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
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Anti-Mormonism
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Anti-Mormonism is discrimination, persecution, hostility or prejudice directed at members of the Latter Day Saint movement, particularly The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The term is used to describe persons or literature that are critical of their adherents, institutions, or beliefs. Opposition to Mormonism began before the first Latter Day Saint church was established in 1830, republican Party as one of the twin relics of barbarism along with slavery. The term, anti-Mormon first appears in the record in 1833 by the Louisville Daily Herald in an article, The Mormons. In 1841, it was revealed that an Anti-Mormon Almanac would be published, Anti-Mormon became, on the lips of the churchs critics, a proud and politically charged self-designation. Today, the term is used as a descriptor for persons and publications that oppose the LDS Church. It is used by some to describe anything perceived as critical of the LDS Church, Stephen Cannon elaborates, It is also helpful to know that Mormons are a group of people united around a belief system. Therefore, to be anti-Mormon is to be against people, Christians who desire to communicate the Gospel of Jesus Christ to Mormons are never to come against people of any stripe. Yes, evangelical Christians do have strong disagreements with Mormonism, but the argument is with a belief system, the LDS people are no better or no worse than any other group of people. Any dispute is to be a disagreement with the ism, not the Mormon, James White, meanwhile, rejects the term because of a lack of reciprocal terminology. He wrote to one LDS apologist, If you will identify yourself as an anti-Baptist, even some members of the church who write negatively about it, especially those who call into question its divine nature, have had their writings labeled anti-Mormon. Ex-Mormons who write about the church are likewise frequently labeled anti-Mormon, the debate on who is anti-Mormon frequently arises in Mormon discussions of authors and sources. Stephen Cannon has argued that use of the label is a campaign by Latter-day Saints to disavow the facts presented by simply labeling the source as anti-Mormon, Mormons often respond to these accusations by questioning whether critics like Johnson and Cannon really have Mormons best interests at heart. For Brigham Young Universitys 100 Hour Board, the anti-Mormon label serves the purpose of warning Latter-day Saints away from individuals who espouse hatred and it is better, says the Board, for a confused Saint to talk to someone. That has your best interests at heart, and actually understands what the Church teaches. Mormonism, or the Latter Day Saint movement, arose in western New York, Smith claimed to have several visions involving God, Jesus and angelic Native American prophets. These claims were not received well by those in the community. In Ohio, anti-Mormons focused on the ill-fated banking efforts of the Kirtland Safety Society, three days later, a renegade militia unit attacked a Mormon settlement at Hauns Mill, resulting in the death of 18 Mormons and no militiamen
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Varnell, Georgia
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Varnell is a city in Whitfield County, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Dalton, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 1,491 at the 2000 census. Varnell is located at 34°53′58″N 84°57′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.5 square miles, all land. As of the 2010 Census Varnell had a population of 1,744,17. 3% of the population was Hispanic or Latino, with the largest portion of that being the 14. 0% of the population that was Mexican. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,491 people,510 households, the population density was 606.9 people per square mile. There were 526 housing units at a density of 214.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 73% White,4. 76% African American,0. 07% Native American,0. 40% Asian,3. 55% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 23% of the population. 12. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was out with 30. 2% under the age of 18,9. 1% from 18 to 24,32. 9% from 25 to 44,21. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $46,875, and the median income for a family was $48,674. Males had an income of $34,000 versus $25,216 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,214, about 5. 8% of families and 6. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 3% of those under age 18 and 15. 3% of those age 65 or over
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Angry mob
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Mobbing, in the context of human beings, means bullying of an individual by a group, in any context, such as a family, peer group, school, workplace, neighborhood, community, or online. The earliest known usage of formal mobbing techniques began in East Germany in the 1950s and 1960s, East German secret police used mobbing extensively, in the specific formally-named Zersetzung, which was strengthened substantially by the Honecker era in 1971. Konrad Lorenz, in his book entitled On Aggression, first described mobbing among birds and animals, in his view, humans are subject to similar innate impulses but capable of bringing them under rational control. In the 1970s, the Swedish physician Peter-Paul Heinemann applied Lorenzs conceptualization to the aggression of children against a targeted child. In the 1980s, professor and practising psychologist Heinz Leymann applied the term to ganging up in the workplace, Leymann noted that one of the possible side-effects of mobbing is post-traumatic stress disorder and is frequently misdiagnosed. After making this discovery he successfully treated thousands of victims at his clinic in Sweden, british anti-bullying researchers Andrea Adams and Tim Field have used the expression workplace bullying instead of what Leymann called mobbing in a workplace context. They identify mobbing as a type of bullying that is not as apparent as most. It begins when an individual becomes the target of disrespectful and harmful behavior, Harper further challenges the idea that workers are targeted for their exceptional competence. In some cases, she suggests, exceptional workers are mobbed because they are viewed as threatening to someone, rather, Harper contends, some mobbing targets are outcasts or unproductive workers who cannot easily be terminated, and are thus treated inhumanely to push them out. While Harper emphasizes the cruelty and damaging consequences of mobbing, her organizational analysis focuses on the structural, rather than moral, Shallcross, Ramsay and Barker consider workplace mobbing to be a generally unfamiliar term in some English speaking countries. Some researchers claim that mobbing is simply another name for bullying, Workplace mobbing can be considered as a virus or a cancer that spreads throughout the workplace via gossip, rumour and unfounded accusations. It is a attempt to force a person out of their workplace by humiliation, general harassment. Mobbing can be described as being ganged up on, Mobbing is executed by a leader. The leader then rallies others into a systematic and frequent mob-like behaviour toward the victim, Mobbing as downward bullying by superiors is also known as bossing, and upward bullying by colleagues as staffing, in some European countries, for instance, in German-speaking regions. Victims of workplace mobbing frequently suffer from, adjustment disorders, somatic symptoms, psychological trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, in mobbing targets with PTSD, Leymann notes that the mental effects were fully comparable with PTSD from war or prison camp experiences. Some patients may develop alcoholism or other substance abuse disorders, Workplace targets and witnesses may even develop brief psychotic episodes occupational psychosis generally with paranoid symptoms. Leymann estimated that 15% of suicides in Sweden could be attributed to workplace mobbing. Following on from the work of Heinemann, Elliot identifies mobbing as a phenomenon in the form of group bullying at school
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Joseph Standing
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Joseph Standing was a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who was killed by a mob near the town of Varnell, Whitfield County, Georgia in 1879. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory and a resident of Box Elder County, Utah, Standing was born to British immigrants, James and he was one of ten children. His father was a stonemason who worked on the Nauvoo and Logan Temples, prior to his missionary service, Joseph Standing was a fireman with the Wasatch Engine Company. He was not married and had no children, standings first mission call, in 1875, was to the Eastern United States where he primarily served in Illinois and Indiana. In March 1878 he was called to missionary service, this time to the church’s Southern States Mission, headquartered in Chattanooga. By April 1879 Standing was the presiding Elder of the Georgia Conference and that same month, at a general conference of the church in Salt Lake City, 22-year-old Rudger Clawson was called with seven other men to serve in the Southern States Mission. Clawson was assigned by mission president John Hamilton Morgan to be Standing’s companion, Clawson may have been aware of the church’s situation in Georgia prior to his arrival. By at least 1876, Standing’s letters were published in the Deseret Evening News. Local opposition to Mormonism increased as Standing and other elders increasingly gained converts in areas in North Georgia. Mormon missionaries were seen by some as spiritual carpetbaggers, deceivers who preyed on the poor, the majority of those who were baptized into the faith followed the church’s council to gather with the Saints and left their homes for Mormon settlements in Utah and Colorado. Joseph Brown, former Georgia Governor and future U. S, in each of these counties they have staunch believers and in most of them small congregations. Elders canvas through these counties continually and preach regularly, every few months they send off bunches of converts for Utah. One of the strangest features of the matter is that no one can explain why the Mormon elders have chosen this section for their field of operations. They can be heard of no where in Georgia, Alabama or the Carolinas outside of mountainous area. It may be because these counties are off the railroad, comparatively inaccessible, I am fully aware dear Sir, that the popular prejudice is very much against the Mormons, and that there are minor officers who have apparently winked at the condition of affairs above referred to. But I also am aware that the laws of Georgia are strictly opposed to all lawlessness, a word or line from the Governor would undoubtedly have the desired effect. Ministers of the Gospel could then travel without fear of being stoned or shot, through his secretary J. W. Warren, Governor Colquitt replied, The Governor directs me to say that your statement is entirely correct. So long as the conduct of men shall conform to the law, they cannot be molested, the Governor regrets to hear the report you give from Whitfield County
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Salt Lake Tabernacle
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The Salt Lake Tabernacle, also known as the Mormon Tabernacle, is located on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Tabernacle was built from 1864 to 1867 to house meetings for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, however, because of the growth in the number of conference attendees, general conference was moved to the new and larger LDS Conference Center in 2000. In the October 1999 General Conference, church president Gordon B, Hinckley gave a talk honoring the Tabernacle and introducing the new Conference Center. Now a historic building on Temple Square, the Salt Lake Tabernacle is still used for overflow crowds during general conference, the Tabernacle is the home of the world-renowned Mormon Tabernacle Choir, and was the previous home of the Utah Symphony Orchestra until the construction of Abravanel Hall. It is the historic broadcasting home for the radio and television known as Music. In 2005, the Tabernacle was closed for two years of renovations that greatly increased its ability to withstand earthquakes. It was reopened and rededicated by Hinckley during the Saturday afternoon session of the general conference on March 31,2007. The Museum of Church History and Art opened a display on the Tabernacle as part of the rededication of the historic edifice. The Salt Lake Tabernacle was inspired by an attempt to build a Canvas Tabernacle in Nauvoo, Illinois and this tabernacle was to be situated just to the West of the Nauvoo Temple and was to be oval shaped, much the same as the Salt Lake Tabernacle. However, the Nauvoo edifice was to have amphitheater-style or terraced seating, the Tabernacle was built between 1864 and 1867 on the west center-line axis of the Salt Lake Temple. The roof was constructed in an Ithiel Town lattice-truss arch system that is held together by dowels, the building has a sandstone foundation, and the dome is supported by forty-four sandstone piers. The overall seating capacity of the building is around 7,000, henry Grow, an LDS civil engineer oversaw the initial construction of the Tabernacle, the domed roof being the most innovative portion of the building. Brigham Young, president of the LDS Church at the time, wanted the Tabernacle roof constructed in an elongated dome shape with no interior pillars or posts to obstruct the view for the audience. When Young asked Grow how large a roof he could construct using the style of lattice that he had used on the Remington bridge, Grow replied that it could be 100 feet wide, eventually, Grow engineered the Tabernacle roof to be 150 feet across and 250 feet long. Skeptics insisted that when the scaffolding was removed, the whole roof would collapse. The roof structure was nine feet thick, formed by a Remington lattice truss of timbers pinned together with wooden pegs, green rawhide was wrapped around the timbers so that when the rawhide dried it tightened its grip on the pegs. When the roofs structural work was completed, sheeting was applied on the roof, the interior was lathed and then plastered, the hair of cattle was mixed with the plaster to give it strength. Construction of the Tabernacle began on July 26,1864, Grow rapidly built the roof structure from the center out, but encountered difficulty engineering the semicircular ends of the roof
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Mormonism and polygamy
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The Latter-day Saints practice of polygamy has been controversial, both within Western society and the LDS Church itself. America was both fascinated and horrified by the practice of polygamy, with the Republican platform at one time referencing the twin relics of barbarism—polygamy, the private practice of polygamy was instituted in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith. In 1862, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, in spite of the law, Mormons continued to practice polygamy, believing that it was protected by the First Amendment. In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff issued a Manifesto that officially terminated the practice of polygamy. Although this Manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages, relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, on its web site, the church states that the standard doctrine of the church is monogamy and that polygamy was a temporary exception to the rule. Many early converts, including Brigham Young, Orson Pratt, and Lyman Johnson, Pratt reported that Smith told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle, but that the time to practise it had not yet come. Johnson also claimed to have heard the doctrine from Smith in 1831, mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. William Clayton, Smiths scribe, recorded polygamous marriages in 1843. Clayton relates, On the 1st day of May,1843, I officiated in the office of an Elder by marrying Lucy Walker to the Prophet Joseph Smith, during this period the Prophet Joseph took several other wives. Amongst the number I well remember Eliza Partridge, Emily Partridge, Sarah Ann Whitney, Helen Kimball and these all, he acknowledged to me, were his lawful, wedded wives, according to the celestial order. His wife Emma was cognizant of the fact of some, if not all, of these being his wives, the majority of what became the Quorum of the Twelve in 1835 attended Mormon conferences held in the center of the Cochranites in 1834 and 1835. Joseph Smith publicly condemned polygamy, denied his involvement in it, but church leaders nevertheless began practicing polygamy in the 1840s, particularly members of the Quorum of the Twelve. At the time, the practice was kept secret from non-members, throughout his life, Smith publicly denied having multiple wives. However, John C. Bennett was called to account by Joseph and Hyrum Smith, in April 1844, Joseph Smith referred to polygamy as John C. The practice was publicly announced in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, in 1852, some five years after the Mormons arrived in Utah, the doctrine authorizing plural marriage was published in the 1876 version of the LDS Churchs Doctrine and Covenants. The 1843 polygamy revelation, published posthumously, counseled Smiths wife Emma to accept all of Smiths plural wives, Emma Smith was publicly and privately opposed to the practice and Joseph may have married some women without Emma knowing beforehand. Emma Smith remained affiliated with the RLDS Church until her death at the age of 74, Emma Smith claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of the 1843 polygamy revelation was when she read about it in Orson Pratts publication The Seer in 1853. There is a difference between sealing, and marriage
26.
Edmunds Act
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The Edmunds Act, also known as the Edmunds Anti-Polygamy Act of 1882, is a United States federal statute, signed into law on March 23,1882 by president Chester A. Arthur, declaring polygamy a felony. The act is named for U. S, senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont. The Edmunds Act also prohibited bigamous or unlawful cohabitation, thus removing the need to prove that actual marriages had occurred. A claim was made that the law violated the prohibition on ex post facto laws. A challenge to the statute was framed on these and other grounds. The Supreme Court ruled, in Murphy v. Ramsey,114 U. S.15, some modern scholars suggest the law may be unconstitutional for being in violation of the Free Exercise Clause. It also provided for a five-man Utah Commission appointed by the president to all aspects of the electoral process in Utah Territory. All elected offices throughout the territory were vacated, the board issued certificates to those who both denied a belief in polygamy and did not practice it, and new elections were held. Enforcement of the start in July 1887. The issue went to the Supreme Court in the case Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States that upheld the Edmunds–Tucker Act on May 19,1890. Among other things, the act disincorporated The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, within five months, the LDS Church officially discontinued the practice of plural marriage with the 1890 Manifesto. More than 1,300 men were imprisoned under the terms of the Edmunds Act, rudger Clawson — August 1882 — a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles who was the first person convicted. He was pardoned by President Grover Cleveland mere months before his sentence was going to expire, william J. Flake —1883 — one of the founders of Snowflake, Arizona, who married his second wife in 1868. Was imprisoned in the Yuma Territorial Prison in 1883, after his release, when asked which of his wives he was going to give up, he replied, Neither. I married both in faith and intended to support both of them. As he had served his sentence, he could not be retried on the same charges. Angus M. Cannon —1885 — a Stake President, member of the Council of Fifty, Cannon was sentenced to six months imprisonment and a $900 fine. Cannon was the appellant in the case of Cannon v. United States, cannons appeal was on the grounds that he had immediately ceased having sexual relations with the two wives he was accused of cohabiting with after polygamy was criminalized
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Charles S. Zane
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Charles Shuster Zane was born in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States. He moved to Sangamon County, Illinois in the 1850s and worked on a farm before going to school at McKendree College in Lebanon, after graduating, he taught school around the state. Zane went to Springfield, Illinois in July 1856 and he was admitted to practice law 1857. He was elected city attorney in 1858,1860, and 1865 and he applied to study law at Abraham Lincolns firm, but was turned down. After Lincolns election to President of the United States, however, Zane later partnered with Shelby M. Cullom, until elected Illinois Fifth Circuit judge, a post he filled from 1875 to 1883. Republican President Chester A. Arthur appointed Zane chief justice of the Utah Territory Supreme Court in 1884 and he had been nominated by Senator Cullom. Zane arrived in August 1884, and was assigned to the Third Judicial District, Zane made his name as an opponent of polygamy with his sentencing of Rudger Clawson, who had been convicted of both polygamy and illegal cohabitation. Zane convicted hundreds of people for illegal cohabitation or polygamy, to most Mormons, Zane seemed a fanatic bent on destroying thousands of families, along with the church itself. The Deseret News called Zanes actions part of a judicial anti-Mormon crusade, prior Utah Supreme Court Chief Justices, including James B. McKean, commissioned in 1870, had tried to fight polygamy, sen. George Edmunds of Vermont, a leading critic of polygamy, pushed a bill in 1882 that disenfranchised polygamists and called for an electoral commission to supervise Utah elections. The Edmunds Act, strengthened by the Edmunds-Tucker Act of 1887 which dissolved the corporation of the LDS church, Zane continued his prosecutions until July 1888, when the more lenient Elliott Sandford replaced him on the high court. In May 1889, Zane was returned to the bench by President Benjamin Harrison, when his term ended in 1893 he remained in Utah. He was one of the first three elected to the Utah State Supreme Court, serving from 1896 to 1899. He died in the home of his daughter, Margaret Zane Cherdon, in Salt Lake City, thomas G. Alexander, Charles S. Zane, Apostle of the New Era, Utah Historical Quarterly 34, Salt Lake Tribune, November 4,1884. Works by or about Charles S. Zane at Internet Archive
28.
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
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It was adopted on December 15,1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification, initially, the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress, and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today. Beginning with Gitlow v. New York, the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states—a process known as incorporation—through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits, commercial speech, however, is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech, and is therefore subject to greater regulation. The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions, in Near v. Minnesota and New York Times v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint—pre-publication censorship—in almost all cases. The Petition Clause protects the right to all branches and agencies of government for action. In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause, eight of the other thirteen states made similar pledges. However, these declarations were generally considered mere admonitions to state legislatures, after a brief debate, Masons proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations. For the constitution to be ratified, however, nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions, opposition to ratification was partly based on the Constitutions lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties. Constitution was eventually ratified by all thirteen states and this language was greatly condensed by Congress, and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate, complicating future discussion of the Amendments intent. The First Amendment, along with the rest of the Bill of Rights, was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25,1789, and adopted on December 15,1791. In Reynolds v. United States the Supreme Court used these words to declare that it may be accepted almost as a declaration of the scope. Congress was deprived of all power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order. In these two sentences is found the distinction between what properly belongs to the church and what to the State. Originally, the First Amendment applied only to the federal government, Massachusetts, for example, was officially Congregationalist until the 1830s. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, in the words of Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and State. That wall must be high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach, in Torcaso v. Watkins, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution prohibits states and the federal government from requiring any kind of religious test for public office
29.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
30.
Clawson v. United States
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Clawson v. United States,113 U. S. The appeal was perfected and the certificate was filed in the proper office, the defendant thereupon applied to the court in which he was sentenced to be let to bail pending his appeal. The accused then sued out a writ of habeas corpus from the supreme court of the territory. In his petition therefor, he stated that he was then imprisoned, the supreme court of the territory overruled the application for bail, and remanded the petitioner to the custody of the marshal. From that order the present appeal was prosecuted, list of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113113143 Justia. com 114 U. S.477,5 S. Ct. 949, The RJ&L Religious Liberty Archive, The Religious Institutions Group
31.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
32.
Grover Cleveland
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Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and his crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and he fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the wing of the Republican Party, called Mugwumps, largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket. As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian, the result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era. Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism, critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nations economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term, biographer Allan Nevins wrote, n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have and he possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not, today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally ranked among the second tier of American presidents. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18,1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland, Clevelands father was a Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller, on his fathers side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. On his mothers side, he was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and he was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell and he became known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, neighbors later described him as full of fun and inclined to play pranks, and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Clevelands father took a pastorate in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, despite his fathers dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville
33.
Emery County, Utah
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Emery County is a county located in the U. S. state of Utah. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,976 and its county seat is Castle Dale, and the largest city is Huntington. The county was named for George W. Emery, governor of the Utah Territory in 1875. D, Ute Indians also occupied sites in Castle Valley, The first white men who came to Castle Valley were undoubtedly Spanish Traders and Explorers. These explorers came to the area sometime after Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and these Spanish traders and explorers eventually found a more southerly route than Escalante had traveled, which became known as the Spanish Trail. It went on the South side of Cedar Mountain, across Buckhorn Flat, passed the Red Seeps to Huntington Creek, crossing about a mile below where the present bridge crosses and it crossed the Ferron Creek where Molen now stands. It passed through the Rochester Flats about one mile east of present-day Moore and it then went over Salina Canyon. It then turned south and went through Parowan, Mountain Meadows, Las Vegas, Barstow California and they had to enter Castle Valley in order to avoid the straight walled canyons of the San Juan, Colorado, Green, Dirty Devil, and San Rafael Rivers. Eventually, after years of exploring, the best route became the Spanish Trail. The principal trade which developed between Santa Fe and the Utah region was slavery, the trading of Indian women and children to the Spanish, although illegal, was the purpose of the Spanish coming into the area which was to become Utah. The other use of the trail was to herd livestock, mostly horses, since the slave trade was illegal, the traders kept neither records of their activities nor the extent of their travels and explorations. Travelers along the Old Spanish Trail gave Castle Valley its names, the first Americans to come to Castle Valley were fur trappers. Here they met a Spanish caravan of forty or fifty people going to California and they joined the caravan and traveled through Castle Valley in 1809 and went on to California. In 1830, William Wilfskill came to Castle Valley along the Spanish Trail and he and his party were fur trappers but found little in the area to keep them here. Following the trappers in the late 1840s and early 1850s, government explorers came to the valley to find routes across the continent, kit Carson was the first of these famous men. He was looking for a route for the mail to be carried overland from St. Louis to California. Carson carried through Castle Valley to the nation the news of gold being found in the Sierra Nevada in 1848, in 1853 John W. Gunnison, an Army Topographical Engineer came through Castle Valley for a route for the Pacific Railroad. He was commissioned for this assignment by Jefferson Davis Secretary of War and he left very detailed descriptions of his travels and carefully laid out his route through Castle Valley. Gunnisons route first met the Spanish Trail at the Green River crossing, the third government explorer was John C
34.
Clawson, Utah
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Clawson is a town in Emery County, Utah, United States. The population was 163 at the 2010 census, a canal to carry water from Ferron Creek was completed in 1896. Prior to being settled the area was known as North Flat, in 1897, the first settlers arrived, calling the community Kingsville after Guy King, who was one of the original settlers. The first school was opened in 1898 in the home of Guy King with Florence Barney as the teacher and she rode 14 miles on horseback each day to the school. In 1902, the President of the Emery Stake, Reuben C, miller, sent the bishopric of Ferron to select a permanent spot for the town of Kingsville. There were two locations, the homesteads and the Westingkow farm 2 miles west of that. The bishop decided it should be near the Westingkow farm because the lay of the land suggested that the old location could become swampy, although the settlers initially disagreed, they consented, purchased the Westingkow farm, and moved their log cabins two miles to the west. On October 25,1904, LDS Church Apostle Rudger Clawson of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles came, the name of the town was changed from Kingston to Clawson in his honor. After decades of existing as a community, Clawson was incorporated as a town in 1981. Clawson is located in northwestern Emery County along Utah State Route 10 and it is 7 miles southwest of Castle Dale, the county seat, and 3.5 miles northeast of Ferron. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Clawson has an area of 0.69 square miles. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Clawson has a continental climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 153 people,48 households, the population density was 282.6 people per square mile. There were 52 housing units at a density of 96.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 73% White and 3. 27% Native American,14. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.19 and the family size was 3.58. In the town, the population was out with 33. 3% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,27. 5% from 25 to 44,19. 6% from 45 to 64
35.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
36.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
37.
Orson Hyde
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Orson Hyde was a leader in the early Latter Day Saint movement and an original member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Hyde was born to Nathan Hyde and Sally Thorpe in Oxford and he was raised in nearby Derby, Connecticut, under the care of Nathan Wheeler. In 1819, when he was just 14 years of age, he walked from Connecticut to Kirtland, while employed as a retail clerk in Kirtland, Hyde became involved with the Reformed Baptist Society, also called Campbellites, through the preaching of Sidney Rigdon. When Oliver Cowdery and other Latter Day Saint missionaries preached in Kirtland in late 1830, however, when his former minister, Sidney Rigdon joined the Latter Day Saint church, Hyde investigated the claims of the missionaries, and was baptized by Rigdon on October 30,1831. Hyde was called on a succession of missions for the church, serving with Hyrum Smith, Samuel H. Smith, in 1832 he was among the first missionaries in Connecticut, he was also among the first missionaries from the church to preach in Maine and Massachusetts. Hyde marched with Zions Camp in 1834 and became one of the members of the first presiding high council in Kirtland and he was ordained an apostle of the church on February 15,1835 as one of the original twelve, being fifth in seniority. An apostolic mission with Heber C, kimball to Great Britain in 1837 to 1838 was successful in bringing thousands of converts to the faith. Upon returning from Britain, during a period of persecution and internal dissension and he left the church on October 19,1838 with Thomas B. Marsh, the member of the Twelve. Marsh explained the reasons for their dissent in an affidavit which he and Hyde signed on October 24,1838 in Richmond, Missouri. Marsh and Hyde also claimed that Joseph Smith planned to take the State, the testimony of Marsh and Hyde added to the panic in northwestern Missouri and contributed to subsequent events in the 1838 Mormon War. Because a Mormon attack was believed imminent, a unit of the militia from Ray County was dispatched to patrol the border between Ray and Mormon Caldwell County to the north. On October 25,1838, reports reached Mormons in Far West that this state militia unit was a mob and had kidnapped several Mormons, the Mormons formed an armed rescue party and attacked the militia in what became known as the Battle of Crooked River. Although only one non-Mormon was killed on the Missourian side, initial reports held that half the unit had been wiped out, the Mormons suffered more casualties, Gideon Carter died in the battle and David W. Patten and Patrick Obanion died from wounds they received in the battle. This attack on the militia, coupled with the earlier expulsion of non-Mormons from Daviess County led Missouris governor to respond with force. On 27 October he called out 2,500 state militia to put down what he perceived as a Mormon rebellion and signed Missouri Executive Order 44, because he had signed the Richmond affidavit with Marsh, Hyde was disfellowshipped in 1838. On May 4,1839, a conference in Quincy, Illinois voted to remove Hyde. The leadership of the church invited the two to explain their actions, on June 27, Hyde returned to the church and publicly explained himself, recanting his affidavit and asking to be restored
38.
Joseph Fielding Smith
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Joseph Fielding Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and writer who served as the tenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1970 until his death in 1972. He was the son of Joseph F. Smith, who was the president of the LDS Church. Smith was named to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1910, when Smith became president of the LDS Church, he was 93 years old, he began his presidential term at an older age than any other president in church history. Smiths tenure as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1951 to 1970 is the third-longest in church history, Smith spent some of his years among the Twelve Apostles as the Church Historian and Recorder. He was a scholar and a prolific writer. Many of his works are used as references for church members, doctrinally, Smith was known for rigid orthodoxy and as an archconservative with regards to his views on evolution and race. Smith was born in Salt Lake City on July 18,1876, as the first son of Julina Lambson Smith, by agreement between his parents, Smith was given his fathers name, even though Joseph F. Smiths third and fourth wives had previously had sons. Growing up, Smith lived in his fathers family home at 333 West 100 North in Salt Lake City. The house was opposite the campus of the University of Deseret. He also often worked on the farm in Taylorsville, Utah. In January 1885, Smiths parents and his sister, Julina, left for the Sandwich Islands. In their absence, Smith continued to live in the home with his brothers and sisters and his fathers other wives. Smiths mother returned to Salt Lake City in 1887, followed later by his father. Even after his return, Joseph F. Smith was unable to visit and care for his wives. Smiths mother worked as a midwife to help provide for the family, as a boy, Smith often drove his mother by wagon to the various deliveries that she attended in Salt Lake City. After leaving the college, Smith began working as a stock clerk doing manual labor at ZCMI to supplement the familys income, Smith was present in the large assembly room of the Salt Lake Temple for its dedication on April 6,1893, by church president Wilford Woodruff. Smith married his first wife, Louie Emily Emyla Shurtliff on April 26,1898, in March 1899, church president Lorenzo Snow called him on a mission to Great Britain, which he completed, leaving Louie in Salt Lake City. On May 12,1899, Smith was set apart as a missionary, a small group of missionaries, including Smith and his older brother, Joseph Richards Smith, left the next day for England
39.
Abraham O. Woodruff
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Abraham Owen Woodruff was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was also the son of LDS Church president Wilford Woodruff and he was ordained an apostle at the relatively young age of 24, but served less than seven years until his death. Woodruff was born just south of Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Wilford Woodruff and Emma Smith and he attended Latter-day Saints College after he graduated from high school. Upon completion of his studies, Woodruff became employed in a bank at the age of 18, in 1893, at age 21, he was called to the Swiss–German Mission. While on his mission, Woodruff had to endure persecution against the missionaries, to blend in, he dressed and acted like a common worker in the cities, and preached in secret in homes at night. He was released from his mission after three years of service in 1896, after his mission, Woodruff returned to work at the bank. On June 30,1896, he married Helen May Winters, the following October, in General Conference, he was called by his father as an apostle at the age of 24. He was ordained by his father on October 7,1897, like other apostles, he helped establish settlements and stakes throughout the area. Woodruff developed a close and very personal relationship with his father during this time as well, Woodruff took a second wife, Eliza Avery Clark, on November 1,1900, thus practicing plural marriage 10 years after his fathers 1890 Manifesto. It is not known who sealed the marriage or where it was performed and it is possible that the marriage was performed outside of the United States. Woodruff had one child with his second wife, in May 1904, Woodruff was called to visit the Mormon colonies in Mexico with his family. There, his wife, Helen Woodruff, contracted smallpox and died on June 7,1904. Woodruff contracted the disease around the time and died on June 20,1904, in El Paso, Texas, at the age of 31. Woodruff was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia, A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, The Andrew Jenson History Company, Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia, A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, The Andrew Jenson History Company, Latter-day Saint biographical encyclopedia, A compilation of biographical sketches of prominent men and women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, The Andrew Jenson History Company, media related to Abraham O. Woodruff at Wikimedia Commons Grampa Bills G. A. Pages, Abraham O. Woodruff Abraham Owen Woodruffs diary from at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
40.
Reed Smoot
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Smoot was a prominent leader of the LDS Church, chosen to serve as an apostle in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles prior to his election to the Senate. His role in the LDS Church led to a controversy of four years after he was elected to the Senate. A Senate committee investigated his eligibility to serve and recommended against him, after being defeated for office in 1932, the year Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to the presidency, Smoot returned to Utah in 1933. Retiring from politics and business, he devoted himself to the church, at the time of his death, he was third in the line of succession to lead the LDS Church. Smoot was born in 1862 in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory and he was the son of Mormon pioneer Abraham O. Smoot from Kentucky and Iowa, who served as mayor of the city from 1856 to 1862. His mother was Anne Kristina Smoot, his fathers fifth wife of six plural marriages, the family moved to Provo, Utah, when his father was called by Brigham Young to head the stake there. Reed Smoot attended public schools and the University of Utah, after graduation, Smoot served as a Mormon missionary in England. After returning to Utah, Smoot married Alpha M. Eldredge of Salt Lake City on September 17,1884, thereafter, Smoot became a successful businessman in the Salt Lake City area. From 1895, he became involved in the hierarchy of the LDS Church. On April 8,1900, Smoot was ordained an LDS Church apostle, after becoming an apostle in 1900, Smoot received the approval of LDS Church president Joseph F. Smith to run for office in 1902. He had joined the Republican Party, Smoot was elected by the Utah legislature to the United States Senate on January 20,1903, as a Republican Senator, representing the state. Smoot was introduced to the United States Senate by Utahs senior U. S. Senator, Republican Thomas Kearns, a Catholic who was elected in 1901. Kearns, a prominent mining magnate, newspaper owner, banker, LDS Church president Lorenzo Snow had not then supported Smoot for the position and was influential among legislative leaders. Smoots election sparked a bitter battle in the Senate on whether Smoot was eligible. Many senators were suspicious of the LDS Church because of its earlier polygamous practices, in addition, some thought Smoots position as a Mormon apostle would disqualify him from representing all his constituents. Many were convinced that his association with the church disqualified him from serving in the United States Senate, only a few years earlier, another prominent Utah Mormon, B. H. Roberts, had been elected to the House of Representatives. He was denied his seat on the basis that he practiced plural marriage, Smoot did not practice plural marriage, but the Senate likely learned that his father had had six wives and 27 children. The LDS Church had officially renounced future plural marriages in an 1890 Manifesto, but the Salt Lake Tribune reported that church leaders continued to approve secretly of new, post-Manifesto plural marriages
