1.
Castellaneta
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Castellaneta is a city and comune in the province of Taranto, in the Apulia region of Southern Italy, about 40 km from Taranto. Located in a territory spanning from the Murgia to the Ionian Sea, characterized by numerous gravina ravines, human settlements were present in the area since the Bronze Age, and it was later probably settled by Sicels, Messapii and Iapyges. According to a theory, a city was founded in 550. Other historians maintain instead that it was a Greek colony which existed until the 8th century, when the Saracens destroyed it, the inhabitants joined in a Castellum Unitum on the hills, whence the current name. Whatever its origin, Castellaneta was conquered by the Normans in 1064, taken by Duke Robert of Taranto, at that time, probably, the episcopal see was created. In the 13th century Charles of Anjou turned it first into a fief, in 1503, during the Italian Wars, the citizens pushed back a French occupation force under the Duke of Nemours, in the so-called Sack of Castellaneta. In 1519 the Spaniards sold it to Flemish feudataries, and thenceforth the city started to decline as secondary center, in the course of World War II, the withdrawing Germans bombed it, killing 27 people. For this feat the city received a medal to civil valor. The Castellaneta Cathedral was built in 1220 but was remade in the 18th century. Noteworthy are the façade and three canvasses by Carlo Porta, annexed is the Palazzo Vescovile, housing other works of art. The cathedral is named after Saint Nicholas, whose relics are held in the nearest big city, san Domenico, with a façade in both Renaissance and Baroque styles. San Francesco dAssisi, with canvasses from the 17th century, santa Maria della Luce, is one of the few example of Angevine-Gothic architecture in the area, along with the Cathedrals bell tower. Built on uneven terrain, it is in the shape of a ships deck, the Gravina of Castelleneta and numerous carved caves, once inhabited by local population, some of them used as churches. Actor Rudolph Valentino was born in Castellaneta in 1895, the ancestors of Dan Castellaneta, an actor/voice actor best known for his work on The Simpsons, were from the city. La corografia fisica e storica della Provincia di Terra dOtranto, Castellaneta nei manoscritti del Prof. Nicola dAlagni
2.
Apulia
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Apulia is a region of Italy in Southern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Òtranto and Gulf of Taranto in the south. Its southernmost portion, known as the Salento peninsula, forms a stiletto on the boot of Italy, the region comprises 19,345 square kilometers, and its population is about 4 million. It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, across the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, it faces Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, and Montenegro, The Apulia region extends as far north as Monte Gargano. Puglias coastline is longer than any other mainland Italian region, in the north, the Gargano promontory extends out into the Adriatic, while in the south, the flat and dry Salento peninsula forms the heel of Italys boot. It is home to the Alta Murgia and Gargano National Parks, see also, History of Apulia Apulia is one of the richest archaeological regions in Italy. It was first colonized by Mycenaean Greeks, a number of castles were built in the area by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, including Castel del Monte, sometimes called the Crown of Apulia. After 1282, when the island of Sicily was lost, Apulia was part of the Kingdom of Naples, as a result of the French–Spanish war of 1501–1504, Naples again came under the rule of Aragon and the Spanish Empire from 1504 to 1714. When Barbary pirates of North Africa sacked Vieste in 1554, they took an estimated 7,000 slaves, in 1861 the region became part of the Kingdom of Italy, with the new capital city at Turin. In the words of one historian, Turin was so far away that Otranto is today closer to seventeen foreign capitals than it is to Turin, the regions contribution to Italys gross value added was around 4. 6% in 2000, while its population was 7% of the total. The per capita GDP is low compared to the national average, in comparison with the country as a whole, the economy of Apulia is characterised by a greater emphasis on agriculture and services and a smaller part played by industry. In the last 20 years the base of the regions economy has changed radically. The majority of firms are financed by local capital. In certain of these sectors – especially textiles, clothing, footwear, vehicles, the region has a good network of roads but the railway network is somewhat inadequate, particularly in the south. Apulias 800 kilometers of coastline is studded with ports, which make this region an important terminal for transport and tourism to Greece, between 2007 and 2013 the economy of Apulia expanded more than that of the rest of southern Italy. Such growth, over decades, is a severe challenge to the hydrogeological system. Emigration from the depressed areas to northern Italy and the rest of Europe was very intense in the years between 1956 and 1971. Subsequently, the trend declined as economic conditions improved, to the point where there was net immigration in the years between 1982 and 1985, since 1986 the stagnation in employment has led to a new inversion of the trend, caused by a decrease in immigration. Since 1 June 2015, former judge and mayor of Bari Michele Emiliano of the Democratic Party has served as President, Apulia is divided into five administrative provinces and one metropolitan city, Cuisine plays an important role throughout Apulia
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
5.
Hollywood Forever Cemetery
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Hollywood Forever Cemetery, originally named Hollywood Cemetery, is one of the oldest cemeteries in Los Angeles. It is located at 6000 Santa Monica Boulevard in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles, Paramount Studios is located at the south end of the same block on 40 acres which were once part of the cemetery, but held no interments. People who played roles in shaping Los Angeles are interred throughout the property. The cemetery is active and regularly hosts community events, including music, the cemetery, the only one actually in Hollywood, was founded in 1899 on 100 acres and called Hollywood Cemetery by F. W. </ref></ref> Incorporated. The Hollywood Cemetery Association filed articles of incorporation yesterday, </ref> The cemetery sold off large tracts to Paramount Studios, which, with RKO Studios, bought 40 acres by 1920. Part of the land was set aside for the Beth Olam Cemetery, a dedicated Jewish burial ground. In 1939, Jules Roth, a felon and millionaire, bought a 51% stake in the cemetery. He used the money from the operations to pay for personal luxuries while allowing the cemetery and crematory to fall into disrepair. At the time of her death, Hollywood Memorial, like other cemeteries, was segregated, on the 47th anniversary of McDaniels death, the cemeterys current owner dedicated a cenotaph in her honor at a prime location south of Sylvan Lake. The crematory was shut down in July,1974 after the cremation of singer Cass Elliot, according to the cemetery grounds supervisor Daniel Ugarte, the crematory was in such disrepair that bricks began falling in around Elliots body. By the 1980s, the California Cemetery Board began receiving complaints from the families of people interred there. Family members complained that the grounds were not kept up and were disturbed to hear stories about vandalism on the cemetery grounds, the heirs of well-known makeup artist Max Factor moved his and other Factor family remains after the mausoleum sustained water damage that discolored the walls. In the late 1980s, to settle tax bills and maintain his lavish lifestyle and those lawns are now strip malls which house, among other businesses, an auto parts store and a laundromat. After the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Roth couldnt afford to repair the roofs, by that time, Hollywood Memorial was no longer making money and only generated revenue by charging families $500 for disinterments. In 1997, Roth became ill after he fell in his Hollywood Hills home and he had been embroiled in a scandal regarding another cemetery he owned, Lincoln Memorial Park, in Carson, California. Roth died on January 4,1998, and he was interred next to his wife Virginia, his father, the state of California had revoked the cemeterys license to sell its remaining interment spaces. After Roths death, it was discovered that the cemeterys endowment care fund, meant to care for the cemetery in perpetuity, was missing about $9 million, according to the current owner. Those owners, Tyler and Brent Cassity, purchased the now 62-acre property which was on the verge of closure in a bankruptcy proceeding, in 1998 for $375,000
6.
Jean Acker
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Jean Acker was an American film actress with a career dating from the silent film era through the 1950s. She was perhaps best known as the wife of silent film star Rudolph Valentino. Acker was born Harriet “Hattie” Ackers on October 23,1893 in Trenton and her father was Joseph Ackers, said to be of Cherokee descent. In the 1900 census, Hattie is with Joseph and her grandparents, in fact, he is reported to be single. Growing up on a farm, she became an expert horsewoman and she attended the St. Mary’s Seminary in Springfield, New Jersey, for a time. Sometime prior to 1907, the moved to Lewistown, Pennsylvania. In the 1907 Lewistown Directory, Joseph is listed with a wife by the name of Eleanor, when he married Eleanor is not yet known, but it was after 1900 and before the family moved to Lewistown. Six years later, Joseph married Virginia Erb in Lewistown and he managed the Casino Bowling Alley and The Ritz restaurant, and later owned the Boston Shoe Store on Valley Street. He also managed several bowling alleys in the Philadelphia area, after arriving in Hollywood, Acker became the protegee and lover of Alla Nazimova, a film actress whose clout and contacts enabled Acker to negotiate a $200 per week contract with a movie studio. Acker appeared in films during the 1910s and 1920s, but by the early 1930s she began appearing in small. She made her last on-screen appearance in the 1955 film How to Be Very, Very Popular, after meeting and befriending the then-struggling actor Rudolph Valentino at a party, they entered a two-month courtship and married on November 6,1919. Acker quickly had regrets and locked him out of their bedroom on their wedding night. The marriage was never consummated. Acker then sued Valentino for the right to call herself Mrs. Rudolph Valentino. Valentino remained angry with her for years, but they mended their friendship before his death in 1926. Acker wrote a song about him soon after he died called We Will Meet at the End of the Trail. Acker had an affair with the actress Alla Nazimova, Nazimova included Acker in what was dubbed the Sewing circles, a group of actresses who were forced to conceal the fact that they were lesbian or bisexual, thus living secret lives. Another of her lovers was Grace Darmond, with whom she was involved during her relationship with Valentino
7.
Natacha Rambova
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Natacha Rambova was an American film costume and set designer, best known for her marriage to Rudolph Valentino. Although they shared interests such as art, poetry and spiritualism, his colleagues felt that she exercised too much control over his work. In later life, she continued her spiritualist activities, as well as studying Egyptology, Rambova was born Winifred Kimball Shaughnessy in Salt Lake City. Her father, Michael Shaughnessy, was an Irish Catholic who fought for the Union during the American Civil War and her mother, Winifred Kimball, was a granddaughter of Mormon leader Heber C. Winifred was four times married, settling eventually on millionaire perfume mogul Richard Hudnut, Rambova was adopted by her stepfather, making her legal name Winifred Hudnut. A rebellious teenager, Rambova was sent to a strict British boarding-school and her family had encouraged her to study ballet purely as a social grace, and were appalled when she chose it as her career. Although too tall to be a ballerina, she was given leading parts by Kosloff. Rambova’s mother was outraged at this affair with a married man. But when Rambova fled abroad, her mother relented and agreed to her continuing to perform with the company, when Kosloff was hired by Cecil B. DeMille as a performer and costume designer for Hollywood films, Rambova carried out much of the work as well as the historical research. Kosloff would then steal her sketches and claim credit for them as his own, both professionally and personally, her partnership with Kosloff was tempestuous. He was a controlling and abusive man with other lovers. When Kosloff started work for film producer Alla Nazimova at Metro Pictures Corporation. Nazimova requested some alterations, and was most impressed when Rambova was able to make these changes immediately in her own hand, so she offered Rambova a position on her production staff as an art director and costume designer, enabling her to leave Kosloff at last. Rambovas first film for Nazimova was Billions, followed by Uncharted Seas, on which she first met Rudolph Valentino, and they then had to pretend to separate until Valentino’s divorce was final, and they married on May 13,1922 in Mexicali, Mexico. But the law required a year to pass before remarriage, and Valentino was jailed for bigamy, however, their honeymoon at her adopted father’s romantic mountain hideaway at Johnsburg, NY, was an experience they would both treasure. They legally remarried on March 14,1923, both Rambova and Valentino were Spiritualists, and they visited psychics and took part in séances and automatic writing. Valentino wrote a book of poetry Daydreams with many poems about Rambova and she too wrote a book about the time she spent with him, claiming to be in contact with him in the afterlife via psychics
8.
Silent film
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A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
9.
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (film)
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The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse is a 1921 American silent epic war film produced by Metro Pictures Corporation and directed by Rex Ingram. Based on the Spanish novel The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, the film stars Pomeroy Cannon, Josef Swickard, Bridgetta Clark, Rudolph Valentino, Wallace Beery, and Alice Terry. Often regarded as one of the first true anti-war films, it had a cultural impact and became the top-grossing film of 1921. The film turned then-little-known actor Rudolph Valentino into a superstar and associated him with the image of the Latin Lover, the film also inspired a tango craze and such fashion fads as gaucho pants. The film was masterminded by June Mathis, who, with its success, the film is now in the public domain, having been made before 1923. A DVD version was released in 2000 but is now out of print, the film is now available for free download on the Internet Archive. Madariaga The Centaur, a harsh but popular Argentine landowner, has a German son-in-law whom he dislikes and he is particularly fond of his grandson Julio, with whom he often carouses at seedy dives in the Boca district of Buenos Aires. In one of these bars, the famous tango sequence occurs. A man and a woman are dancing the tango, Julio strides up and asks to cut in. The woman stares at Julio alluringly, the man brushes him off, and they resume dancing. Julio then challenges the man and strikes him, knocking him into some tables, Julio and the woman then dance a dramatic version of the tango that brings cheers from the people in the establishment. Following the dance, the woman sits on Julios lap, madariaga then slides to the floor, drunk. Julio casts her aside in scorn and helps his grandfather home, the extended family breaks up, one half returning to Germany and the other to France. In Paris, Julio enjoys a somewhat shiftless life as a would-be artist and he falls in love with Marguerite Laurier, the unhappy and much younger wife of Etienne Laurier, a friend of Julios father. The affair is discovered, and Marguerites husband agrees to give her a divorce to avoid a scandal and it seems as though Julio and Marguerite will be able to marry, but both end up getting caught up in the start of the Great War. Marguerite becomes a nurse in Lourdes, the bravery of Etienne is reported, and he is blinded in battle. Etienne happens to end up at the hospital where she is working, Julio travels to Lourdes to see Marguerite and instead sees her taking care of Etienne. Julio, ashamed of his life, enlists in the French Army
10.
The Sheik (film)
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The Sheik is a 1921 American silent romantic drama film produced by Famous Players-Lasky, directed by George Melford and starring Rudolph Valentino and Agnes Ayres, and featuring Adolphe Menjou. It was based on the romance novel of the same name by Edith Maude Hull and was adapted for the screen by Monte M. Katterjohn. The film was box office hit and helped propel Valentino to stardom, in the sequel The Son of the Sheik, Valentino played both the Sheik and his son, while Ayres reprised her role. In the North African town of Biskra, headstrong Lady Diana Mayo refuses a proposal because she believes it would be the end of her independence. Against her brothers wishes, she is planning a trip into the desert escorted only by natives. When Diana goes to the casino, she is informed it has been appropriated for the evening by an important Sheik. Annoyed at being told what she cannot do, and her curiosity piqued, Diana borrows an Arab dancers costume, inside, she finds men gambling for new wives. When she is selected to be the prize, she resists. Sheik Ahmed Ben Hassan intervenes, then realizes she is white, afterward, Mustapha Ali informs the Sheik she is the woman he has been hired to guide tomorrow. Early the next morning, he sneaks into her room and tampers with the bullets in her revolver as she is sleeping, as her brother leaves her to her desert excursion, she assures him he will see her in London next month. The Sheik and his men come upon Diana riding alone and she tries to flee while shooting at the Sheik, but he easily captures her. Back at his encampment, he orders her about and she is unused to such treatment, but the Sheik tells her she will learn and demands she dress like a woman for dinner. Diana tries again to escape, this time into a sand storm. The Sheik saves her from death, and tells her she will learn to love him. Later, he finds Diana alone in her quarters weeping, the Sheik considers forcing himself upon her, but decides against it and calls for a serving girl, Zilah. Zilah heads over to where Diana is, and offers her a hug, Diana accepts, and pours out her tears in Zilahs arms. After a week, the Sheik is delighted by the news that his friend from his days in Paris. Diana is dismayed at the thought of being seen in Arab dress by a Westerner and he does, however, return her gowns before his friend comes so she can wear them to dinner
11.
Blood and Sand (1922 film)
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Blood and Sand is a 1922 American silent drama film produced by Paramount Pictures, directed by Fred Niblo and starring Rudolph Valentino, Lila Lee and Nita Naldi. It was based on the 1909 Spanish novel Sangre y arena by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Juan Gallardo, a village boy born into poverty, grows up to become one of the greatest matadors in Spain. He marries a friend from his childhood, the beautiful and virtuous Carmen, but after he achieves fame and fortune he finds himself drawn to Doña Sol, a wealthy, seductive widow. They embark on an affair with rather sadomasochistic overtones, but Juan, feeling guilty over his betrayal of Carmen. Furious at being rejected, she exposes their affair to Carmen and Juans mother, growing more and more miserable and dissipated, Juan becomes reckless in the arena. He is eventually killed in a bullfight but does manage to reconcile with Carmen moments before he dies, ruiz The film was produced by Famous Players-Lasky Corporation and Paramount Pictures, and distributed by Paramount. June Mathis, who has credited as discovering Valentino, adapted the novel for the screen. Dorothy Arzner worked as the films editor, arnzer, who would later become one of the first female film directors, used stock footage of bullfights filmed in Madrid interspersed with close-ups of Valentino. Her work on the film helped to solidify her reputation of being an editor as her techniques also saved Paramount money. She would later say that working on the film was the first waymark to my claim to a recognition as an individual. Blood and Sand premiered at the Rialto Theater in Los Angeles on August 22,1922, the film was a box office hit and was one of the top-grossing films of 1922. The film, along with The Sheik and Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, in my judgement it is the best thing he has done, said Mary Pickford of Valentinos performance, and one of Mr. Niblos finest pictures. It is one of the few pictures I have been able to sit through twice, an earlier version of Blood and Sand was released in 1916, and filmed by Blasco Ibáñez himself, with the help of Max André. This earlier version was restored in 1998 by the Filmoteca de la Generalitat Valenciana, Blood and Sand has also been remade twice, a 1941 version was directed by Rouben Mamoulian and stars Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, and Rita Hayworth. The 1989 Spanish remake was directed by Javier Elorrieta and stars Chris Rydell, Sharon Stone, the film was the source of legendary football player Johnny Blood McNallys nickname - he started playing professional under an alias to protect his remaining college eligibility. He and a friend passed a theater where Blood and Sand was playing, suddenly, McNally exclaimed to his friend, Thats it. Blood and Sand was parodied by Stan Laurel in Mud and Sand, in the film, Laurel portrays a character named Rhubarb Vaselino. Will Rogers also parodied Blood and Sand in the Hal Roach short film Big Moments From Little Pictures, the film gave its name to a popular Prohibition-era cocktail, the Blood and Sand
12.
The Eagle (1925 film)
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The Eagle is a 1925 American silent film directed by Clarence Brown and starring Rudolph Valentino, Vilma Bánky, and Louise Dresser. Based on the novel Dubrovsky by Alexander Pushkin, the film is about a lieutenant in the Russian army who catches the eye of Czarina Catherine II, after he rejects her advances and flees, she puts out a warrant for his arrest, dead or alive. When he learns that his father has been persecuted and killed, he dons a black mask, prints currently exist in the film holdings of EmGee Film Library and in private film collections. Black Eagle does not exist in the novel and was inspired by the performance of Douglas Fairbanks as Zorro in The Mark of Zorro. Vladimir Dubrovsky, a Cossack serving in the Russian army, comes to the notice of the Czarina when he rescues Mascha, a young lady. He is delighted when the Czarina offers to him a general. He flees and the Czarina puts a price on his head, soon afterwards, he receives a letter from his father informing him that the evil nobleman Kyrilla Troekouroff has taken over his lands and is terrorizing the countryside. Hurrying home, Vladimir learns that his father has died, vowing to avenge his father and help the victimized peasantry, he adopts a black mask and becomes the Black Eagle, a Robin Hood figure. Discovering that Kyrilla is Maschas father, he takes the place of a tutor who has sent for from France. Vladimir is thus able to part of Kyrillas household. As Vladimirs love for Mascha grows, he more and more reluctant to continue seeking revenge against her father. The Eagle is also notable in history for its famous extended tracking shot of the food-laden table in the banquet scene. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists,2001, AFIs 100 Years
13.
The Son of the Sheik
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The Son of the Sheik is a 1926 American silent adventure/drama film directed by George Fitzmaurice and starring Rudolph Valentino and Vilma Bánky. The film is based on the 1925 romance novel of the name by Edith Maude Hull, and is a sequel to the 1921 hit film The Sheik. The Son of the Sheik is Valentinos final film and was released two weeks after his death from peritonitis at the age of 31. In 2003, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. He rose to stardom after the release of The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and The Sheik in 1921. He also squabbled over money with Famous Players-Lasky, the studio he was signed to, Famous Players-Lasky eventually released Valentino from his contract and he signed with United Artists in 1925. The novel was adapted for the screen by Frances Marion and Fred de Gresac, the film was shot on location in California and in the Yuma Desert in Arizona. An advanced screening of The Son of the Sheik was shown at the Million Dollar Theater in Los Angeles on July 9,1926, Valentino then embarked on a nationwide tour to promote the film. On August 15, he collapsed in his New York City hotel room and was rushed to the hospital, doctors discovered he had a perforated ulcer which required emergency surgery. After the surgery, Valentino developed peritonitis and died on August 23,1926, the Son of the Sheik was released nationwide on September 5,1926, nearly two weeks after Valentinos death. The film was an instant hit with audiences and grossed $1,000,000 within the first year of its release, eventually it more than doubled that. Some critics have heralded Valentinos performance in the film as one of the best of his career, image Entertainment released The Son of the Sheik along with The Sheik on DVD in 2002. Whitewashing in film The Son of the Sheik at the Internet Movie Database Son of the Sheik at SilentEra The Son of the Sheik at AllMovie
14.
Cultural icon
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A cultural icon is an artifact that is recognised by members of a culture or sub-culture as representing some aspect of cultural identity. Icons are judged by their ability to be an authentic proxy, when individuals perceives a cultural icon, they compare it with their perceptions of the culture identity it attempts to mimic. Cultural Icons can also be identified as a representation of the practices of one culture by another. In the media, many items of culture have been called iconic despite their lack of durability. Some commentators believe that the word is overused or misused, a subset of cultural icons are national icons. Some examples are, Big Ben, Cup of tea, Red telephone box, Red AEC Routemaster London double decker bus, Spitfire, matryoshka dolls are seen internationally as cultural icons of Russia. Thus an apple pie is an icon of the United States. Religious icons can become cultural icons in societies where religion and culture are deeply entwined. Describing something as iconic or as an icon has become common in the popular media. This has drawn criticism from some, a writer in Liverpool Daily Post calls iconic a word that makes my flesh creep, category, Lists of cultural icons Pop icon Popular culture Biedermann, Hans. Dictionary of Symbolism, Cultural Icons and the Meanings Behind Them, batman Unmasked, Analysing a Cultural Icon. Edwards, Peter, Karl Enenkel, and Elspeth Graham, the Horse as Cultural Icon, The Real and the Symbolic Horse in the Early Modern World. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Foudy, Julie, Leslie Heywood, built to Win, The Female Athlete as Cultural Icon. Titanic Century, Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon, titanic Century, Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon. Cles Pour la France en 80 Icones Culturelles, the DNA Mystique, The Gene as a Cultural Icon. Reydams-Schils, Gretchen J. Platos Timaeus as Cultural Icon and our New Icons by The Daily Telegraph Nothing and no one are Off Limits in an Age of Iconomania by The Age British Postal Museum & Archive, Icons of England Culture24, Icons of England
15.
Kingdom of Italy
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The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state. Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866, Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882, victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations. Fascist Italy is the era of National Fascist Party rule from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government, according to Payne, Fascist regime passed through several relatively distinct phases. The first phase was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, then came the second phase, the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper from 1925 to 1929. The third phase, with activism, was 1929–34. The war itself was the phase with its disasters and defeats. Italy was allied with Nazi Germany in World War II until 1943 and it switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas controlled by the Allied invaders. Shortly after the war, civil discontent led to the referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Italy claimed all of the territory which is modern-day Italy. The development of the Kingdoms territory progressed under Italian re-unification until 1870, the state for a long period of time did not include Trieste or Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, which are in Italy today, and only annexed them in 1919. After the Second World War, the borders of present-day Italy were founded, the Kingdom of Italy was theoretically a constitutional monarchy. Executive power belonged to the monarch, as executed through appointed ministers, two chambers of parliament restricted the monarchs power—an appointive Senate and an elective Chamber of Deputies. The kingdoms constitution was the Statuto Albertino, the governing document of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In theory, ministers were responsible to the king. However, in practice, it was impossible for an Italian government to stay in office without the support of Parliament, members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by plurality voting system elections in uninominal districts. A candidate needed the support of 50% of those voting, and of 25% of all enrolled voters, if not all seats were filled on the first ballot, a runoff was held shortly afterwards for the remaining vacancies. After a brief multinominal experimentation in 1882, proportional representation into large, regional, Socialists became the major party, but they were unable to form a government in a parliament split into three different factions, with Christian Populists and classical liberals
16.
French people
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The French are an ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France. This connection may be legal, historical, or cultural, modern French society can be considered a melting pot. To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of origin, race. The debate concerning the integration of this view with the underlying the European Community remains open. A large number of foreigners have traditionally been permitted to live in France, indeed, the country has long valued its openness, tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries, the European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector. Seeing itself as a nation with universal values, France has always valued. However, the success of such assimilation has recently called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves, the 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration, the name France etymologically derives from the word Francia, the territory of the Franks. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the Roman Empire, in the pre-Roman era, all of Gaul was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Gaul was militarily conquered in 58-51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar, the area then became part of the Roman Empire. Over the next five centuries the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture, the Gaulish vernacular language disappeared step by step to be replaced everywhere by Vulgar Latin, which would later develop under Frankish influence into the French language in the North of France. With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture, the Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as laeti, already during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands, at the beginning, they served in the Roman army and reached high commands. Their language is spoken as a kind of Dutch in northern France. Another Germanic people immigrated massively to Alsace, the Alamans, which explains the Alemannic German spoken there and they were competitors of the Franks, thats why it became at the Renaissance time the word for German in French, Allemand. By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France, the Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process
17.
Italians
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Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
18.
Genoa
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Genoa is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015,594,733 people lived within the administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of Genoa, over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera. Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba due to its glorious past, part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2006. The citys rich history in notably its art, music. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus, Niccolò Paganini, Giuseppe Mazzini, Genoa, which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of north-west Italy, is one of the countrys major economic centres. The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century, the Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the citys prosperity since the middle of the 15th century. Today a number of leading Italian companies are based in the city, including Fincantieri, Selex ES, Ansaldo Energia, Ansaldo STS, Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone, Piaggio Aerospace, the Genoa area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC. In ancient times this area was frequented and inhabited by Ligures, Phoenicians, Phocaeans, Greeks, and Etruscans. The city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries BC, testifies to the occupation of the site by the Greeks, but the fine harbour probably saw use much earlier, perhaps by the Etruscans. In the 5th century BC was founded the first oppidum at the foot of the today called the Castle Hill which now is inside the medieval old town. The ancient Ligurian city was known as Stalia, so referred to by Artemidorus Ephesius and Pomponius Mela, Ligurian Stalia was overshadowed by the powerful Marseille and Vada Sabatia, near modern Savona. Stalia had an alliance with Rome through a foedus aequum in the course of the Second Punic War, the Carthaginians accordingly destroyed it in 209 BC. The town was rebuilt and, after the Carthaginian Wars ended in 146 BC. it received municipal rights, the original castrum thenceforth expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Trades included skins, wood, and honey, goods were shipped to the mainland, up to major cities like Tortona and Piacenza. Among the archeological remains from the Roman period, an amphitheatre was also found, another theory traces the name to the Etruscan word Kainua which means New City and still another from the Latin word ianua, related to the name of the God Janus, meaning door or passage. The latter is in reference to its position at the centre of the Ligurian coastal arch. The Latin name, oppidum Genua, is recorded by Pliny the Elder as part of the Augustean Regio IX Liguria, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Ostrogoths occupied Genoa
19.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
20.
Ellis Island
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Ellis Island, in Upper New York Bay, was the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the United States as the nations busiest immigrant inspection station for over sixty years from 1892 until 1954. The island was expanded with land reclamation between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson. The island was part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965. Long considered part of New York state, a 1998 United States Supreme Court decision found that most of the island is in New Jersey. The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island. Ellis Island is located in Upper New York Bay, east of Liberty State Park and north of Liberty Island, in Jersey City, New Jersey, with a small section that is part of New York City. Largely created through land reclamation, the island has an area of 27.5 acres. The 2. 74-acre natural island and contiguous areas comprise the 3.3 acres that are part of New York, the entire island has been owned and administered by the U. S. federal government since 1808 and has been operated by the National Park Service since 1965. Since September 11,2001, the island is guarded by patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit, public access is by ferry from either Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park or from Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan. The ferry operator, Hornblower Cruises and Events, also service to the nearby Statue of Liberty. A bridge built for transporting materials and personnel during restoration projects connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park, proposals made in 1995 to use it or replace it with a new bridge for pedestrians were opposed by the city of New York and the private ferry operator at that time. Much of the island, including the south side, has been closed to the general public since 1954. The renovated area on the side was again closed to the public after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. The island was re-opened to the public and the museum partially re-opened on October 28,2013, there were several islands which were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of New Netherland, the oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries. During the colonial period Little Oyster Island was known as Dyres, in the 1760s, after some pirates were hanged from one of the islands scrubby trees, it became known as Gibbet Island. It was acquired by Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker and merchant possibly from Wales, in 1785 he unsuccessfully attempted to sell the island, TO BE SOLD By Samuel Ellis, no
21.
Chile
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Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres of Antarctica, the arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes, the southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. Spain conquered and colonized Chile in the century, replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic, in the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010. Chile is today one of South Americas most stable and prosperous nations and it leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile, another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. Another origin attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a locally known as trile. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such. The older spelling Chili was in use in English until at least 1900 before switching over to Chile, stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18,500 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys, settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Craters lava tube. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army, the result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, the Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarros lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chiles central valley
22.
John de Saulles
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John Gerard Longer de Saulles was an American football player and coach, real estate broker, and businessman whose murder by his millionaire wife led to a widely reported trial. He became a star quarterback and captain of the Yale Universitys varsity team of 1901, in 1902 he was appointed as head football coach at the University of Virginia, where he compiled an 8–1–1 record in one season. While there, the 32-year-old de Saulles met 16-year-old Chilean heiress Blanca Errázuriz and they were soon engaged and on December 14,1911 he married her at the English Catholic Church, in Paris, France. The married couple settled in New York City, where he became a partner of the real estate firm Heckscher & de Saulles. He participated very actively in the 1912 presidential election, where de Saulles organised 72,000 college men for Wilson, the evidence was flimsy at best and after a few days in jail, Valentinos bail was lowered from $10,000 to $1,500. The scandal was well publicized along with the trial and Valentino felt degraded, no one would hire him and his old friends would no longer talk to him. Blanca seemed to not even thank him for his testimony and she had legal claims over the custody of their son, since she and her husband had been given shared-custody over him, but de Saulles refused to acknowledge the courts decision. She arrived at The Box shortly after 8 PM, and found de Saulles sitting in the porch of the house and they started to argue, and she pointed a gun at his head demanding he immediately hand over the child to her. When he tried to disarm her, she shot him five times and he was rushed to the Nassau County Hospital, but died there at 10,20 PM of his injuries. In the meantime, she awaited at the house for the arrival of the police and she was charged with murder in the first degree and imprisoned in the Nassau County Jail at Mineola, New York, leading to a sensational trial. The widely reported case went on for months, relegating the First World War that was raging in Europe to the pages of the newspapers. Blanca Errázuriz was unanimously acquitted of the charges on December 1,1917 in what was called a popular verdict. After the trial, he moved to Hollywood, where he started his movie career. Years later he tried to contact her again, but she would neither respond his calls or agree to see him, Blanca Errázuriz, who later married and divorced from a Chilean businessman, lived until 1940, when she committed suicide. The case was the basis for the 1918 silent movie The Woman, the name De Saulles was changed to La Salle but the films opening credits admit to being based on the story. Producer William Fox wanted Miriam Cooper to play in the film, according to Cooper, people on the street would mistake her for Blanca De Saulles. It also helped that Raoul Walsh was her husband, WANTED TO GET HER SON I Am Glad I Did It, She Said, Because Father Had KeptBoy from Her. JOHN L. DE SAULLES SLAIN IN HIS HOME, mrs. De Saulless Kin On Way To New York
23.
Vice
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Vice is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered immoral, sinful, criminal, rude, taboo, depraved, or degrading in the associated society. In more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a character trait, a defect. Vices are usually associated with a transgression in a character or temperament rather than their morality. Synonyms for vice include fault, sin, depravity, iniquity, wickedness, the opposite of vice is virtue. The modern English term that best captures its original meaning is the word vicious, in this sense, the word vice comes from the Latin word vitium, meaning failing or defect. Depending on the country or jurisdiction, vice crimes may or may not be treated as a category in the criminal codes. In the United Kingdom, the term vice is used in law and law enforcement to refer to criminal offences related to prostitution. In the United States, the term is used to refer to crimes related to drugs, alcohol. A vice squad, also called a unit or a morality squad, is a police division. Vice squads do not concentrate on crimes like fraud and murder, in the Sarvastivadin tradition of Buddhism, there are 108 defilements, or vices, which are prohibited. These are subdivided into 10 bonds and 98 proclivities, Vices recognized as spiritual by Christians include blasphemy, apostasy, despair, hatred, and indifference. Christian theologians have reasoned that the most destructive vice equates to a type of pride or the complete idolatry of the self. It is argued that through this vice, which is essentially competitive, in Christian theology, it originally led to the Fall of Man, and, as a purely diabolical spiritual vice, it outweighs anything else often condemned by the Church. The Roman Catholic Church distinguishes between vice, which is a habit of sin, and the sin itself, which is a morally wrong act. Note that in Roman Catholicism, the word sin also refers to the state that befalls one upon committing a morally wrong act, in this section, the word always means the sinful act. It is the sin, and not the vice, that one of Gods sanctifying grace. Thomas Aquinas taught that absolutely speaking, the sin surpasses the vice in wickedness, on the other hand, even after a persons sins have been forgiven, the underlying habit may remain. In the Latin lists of the Seven Deadly Sins, pride is referred to as superbia, envy or jealousy, resentment of others for their possessions
24.
The Married Virgin
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The Married Virgin is a 1918 American silent drama film starring Vera Sisson, Kathleen Kirkham and Rudolph Valentino. During the early part of his career, Valentino was often cast as a villain or heavy, Mary McMillan is the daughter of tycoon John McMillan. She is deeply in love with Douglas McKee, a young lawyer. Marys dour evil stepmother, Ethel is carrying on an affair with the diabolical Count Roberto di San Fraccini, John McMillan is wracked with guilt over his involvement in a violent skirmish, in which a man was killed. While McMillan was not responsible for the murder, he did fire a weapon in the scuffle and he keeps the gun he used locked away in a safe in his office. Ethel knows the secret, and shares it with Roberto and they arrange to have the weapon stolen from the office and extort McMillan for money for its safe and quiet return. McMillan meets with Roberto, but refuses his demands for money, the lovers move on to Plan B, which involves the virtuous Mary. They plot to force Mary to marry Roberto, and use the dowry to escape to Argentina together, Mary is understandably reluctant to go along with the plan, but eventually acquiesces to save her father from a life sentence in prison. She writes to Douglas, calling off their engagement, sadly marries Roberto, Roberto, at first, promises to stay away from Mary until she comes to him of her own free will. Eventually, when it is apparent Mary wants nothing to do with him, he attempts to break into her room and she is saved only through the intervention of the kindly family servant, Annie. Ethel grows increasingly jealous of the attention, albeit unwanted, that Mary is receiving from Roberto, on a drive through the hills, she brandishes a bottle of poison and threatens to use it unless Roberto takes the next boat to South America with her. Roberto attempts to take the bottle away from her, a struggle ensues, meanwhile, Douglas works tirelessly to clear McMillan and save Mary. He meets with Roberto, who agrees to leave, dowry money in hand. He and Mary have a happy reconciliation, marys marriage to Roberto is annulled because it was never consummated, and she is free to marry Douglas. The rights to the film were acquired by Fidelity Pictures Company in 1920. The Married Virgin was subsequently re-edited and released under the title its original title, after Valentino became a star in 1921, the films director Joe Maxwell released the re-edited version again to capitalize on Valentinos fame. Film preservationist David Shepard later discovered the footage believed to have cut from the original release in Belgium, Luxembourg. Shepard re-added the footage to the print to recreate the original print of The Married Virgin
25.
Operetta
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Operetta is a genre of light opera, light in terms both of music and subject matter. By this time, the part of the genre name had become misleading. With this new connotation, opéra comique had dominated the French operatic stage since the decline of tragédie lyrique, most researchers acknowledge that the credit for creating the operetta form should go to Hervé, a singer, composer, librettist, conductor, and scene painter. In 1842 he wrote the little opérette, LOurs et le pacha, based on the vaudeville show by Scribe. In 1848, Hervé made his first notable appearance on the Parisian stage, with Don Quichotte et Sancho Pança, hervés most famous works are the Gounod-parody Le Petit Faust and Mamzelle Nitouche. Jacques Offenbach further developed and popularized operetta, giving it its enormous vogue during the Second Empire, Offenbachs earliest one-act pieces included Les deux aveugles, Le violoneux and Ba-ta-clan, and his first full-length operetta success was Orphée aux enfers. Offenbachs tradition was carried on by Robert Planquette, André Messager. What characterizes Offenbachs operettas is both the way they portray life, and the extremely frivolous way this is done. The character was modeled after Offenbachs female star Hortense Schneider. Considering how Zolas Nana describes an Offenbach-style operetta performance in Paris, it is not surprising that the mostly male, upper-class audiences in other cities like Vienna and Berlin longed to see these shows in their home towns as well, which inspired worldwide performance of Offenbachs works. The highly erotic way Offenbachs operettas were originally played, with stars like Hortense Schneider created a reaction from certain parts of the general public. Operetta was considered an art form. Indeed, together with its grotesque qualities, frivolity is one of the elements of authentic operetta à la Offenbach. It was only later, when audiences widened and became more middle and lower class, the most significant composer of operetta in the German language was the Austrian Johann Strauss II. His first operetta was Indigo und die vierzig Räuber and his third operetta, Die Fledermaus, became the most performed operetta in the world, and remains his most popular stage work. Its libretto was based on a written by Offenbachs librettists. In all, Strauss wrote 16 operettas and one opera, most with great success when first premiered, many of his lesser operettas are now largely forgotten, since his later librettists were less talented and he often composed independently of the plot. Strausss operettas, waltzes, polkas, and marches often have a strongly Viennese style, the Theater an der Wien never failed to draw huge crowds when his stage works were first performed
26.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
27.
Al Jolson
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Al Jolson was an American singer, film actor, and comedian. At the peak of his career, he was dubbed The Worlds Greatest Entertainer and his performing style was brash and extroverted, and he popularized a large number of songs that benefited from his shamelessly sentimental, melodramatic approach. Numerous well-known singers were influenced by his music, including Bing Crosby, David Bowie, Bob Dylan, Rod Stewart, Dylan once referred to him as somebody whose life I can feel. Broadway critic Gilbert Seldes compared him to the Greek god Pan, claiming that Jolson represented the concentration of our national health, in the 1930s, Jolson was Americas most famous and highest-paid entertainer. Between 1911 and 1928, Jolson had nine sell-out Winter Garden shows in a row, more than 80 hit records, and 16 national and international tours. Although he is best remembered today as the star of the first talking picture, The Jazz Singer, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, he was the first star to entertain troops overseas during World War II. After a period of inactivity, his stardom returned with The Jolson Story, for which Larry Parks played Jolson, the formula was repeated in a sequel, Jolson Sings Again. In 1950, he became the first star to entertain GIs on active service in the Korean War. He died just weeks after returning to the U. S. partly owing to the exertion of performing. Defense Secretary George Marshall posthumously awarded him the Medal of Merit, According to the St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, Jolson was to jazz, blues, and ragtime what Elvis Presley was to rock n roll. Being the first popular singer to make a spectacular event out of singing a song and his specialty was performing on stage runways extending out into the audience. According to music historian Larry Stempel, No one had heard anything quite like it before on Broadway, author Stephen Banfield agreed, writing that Jolsons style was arguably the single most important factor in defining the modern musical. Jolson also enjoyed performing in blackface makeup, a convention since the mid-19th century. With his unique and dynamic style of singing black music, such as jazz and blues, as early as 1911, he became known for fighting against black discrimination on Broadway. Al Jolson was born as Asa Yoelson in the Jewish village of Srednik now known as Seredžius, near Kaunas in Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. He was the fifth and youngest child of Moses Rubin Yoelson and Nechama Naomi Cantor, his four siblings were Rose, Etta, another sister who died in infancy, and Hirsch. Jolson claimed not to know when he was born, and later chose to claim he was born on May 26,1886. His one-time sister-in-law, Margaret Weatherwax, claimed Jolson was the age as their father, Ralph
28.
Norman Kerry
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Norman Kerry was an American actor whose career spanned over twenty-five years in the motion picture industry beginning in the silent era at the end of World War I. Born Arnold Kaiser in Rochester, New York to Isaac and Eunice Kaiser, around 1916 he befriended Rudolph Valentino, then an exhibition dancer of some renown, in New York City. He is said to have introduced Valentino to dancer Bonnie Glass who became Valentinos partner, Valentino in turn encouraged Kerry to try making a name for himself in film. Later, Kerry would help Valentino financially when the two met again in California, Kerry made his first film appearance in the 1916 Allan Dwan directed comedy Manhattan Madness, starring Douglas Fairbanks. He would rise to leading actor status the following year in the Marshall Neilan directed A Little Princess, in 1918, Kerry followed his success with A Little Princess in the William Desmond Taylor-directed Up the Road with Sallie, opposite Constance Talmadge. Kerrys career flourished during the silent film era of the late 1910s and throughout the 1920s, with his slicked back hair and thin, waxed moustache, he was often cast in the role of the heroic dashing swashbuckler or the exotic, seductive lothario. By 1923, Kerry was a very well-respected leading man and box-office draw, although the film was controversial at the time, it is now considered a classic. Kerry would again be paired with Lon Chaney and Mary Philbin in the 1925 horror classic The Phantom of the Opera, playing Philbins love-interest, the film was an enormous financial and critical success and solidified Kerrys position as a leading actor during the 1920s. That same year Kerry would star opposite Patsy Ruth Miller in the adventure film Lorraine of the Lions, in 1927 Kerry would again share the screen with Lon Chaney, Sr. in the Tod Browning directed horror film The Unknown with Joan Crawford. Kerry was cast as a strongman, despite his evident lack of a muscular physique. He would spend the decade appearing in high-profile roles opposite such actresses of the era as. Nilsson, Marion Davies, Bebe Daniels, Mildred Harris, ZaSu Pitts, Joan Crawford, Lillian Gish, at the beginning of the talkie era he and Mary Philbin reunited to film talking scenes for the 1930 sound reissue of Phantom of the Opera. On the surviving soundtrack both stars are stiff and awkward, speaking with exaggerated diction and this was Philbins only sound film, and the beginning of Kerrys decline. He was cast in the 1931 film Bachelor Apartment, opposite silent film star Mae Murray, the film was critically panned at the time of release and both Murray and Kerrys careers in the new medium of sound quickly waned. Kerry would only make three more appearances before retiring from acting. At the start of World War II Kerry joined the French Foreign Legion, Norman Kerry died in Los Angeles, California from a liver ailment at the age of 61 in 1956 and was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, Los Angeles County, California. For his contribution to the picture industry, Norman Kerry was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6724 Hollywood Blvd. in Hollywood. Norman Kerry at the Internet Movie Database Norman Kerry at Silents Are Golden Golden Silents Norman Kerry at Virtual History
29.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
30.
Sunset Boulevard
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From Downtown Los Angeles, it heads northwest, to Hollywood, through which it travels due west for several miles before it bends southwest towards the ocean. It passes through or near Echo Park, Silver Lake, Los Feliz, Hollywood, West Hollywood, Beverly Hills, in Bel-Air, Sunset Boulevard runs along the northern boundary of UCLAs Westwood campus. The boulevard continues through Brentwood to Pacific Palisades where it terminates at the Pacific Coast Highway intersection, the boulevard has curvaceous winding stretches, and can be treacherous for unaware drivers in some sections. It is at least four lanes wide along its entire route, Sunset is frequently congested with traffic loads beyond its design capacity. Sunset Boulevard historically extended farther east than it now does, starting at Alameda Street near Union Station and beside Olvera Street in the historic section of Downtown. In 1877, one of the real estate owners from back East Horace H. Wilcox, decided to subdivide his more than 20 acres of land along Sunset Boulevard, including what is today Hollywood. In 1890, Belgian diplomat Victor Ponet bought 240 acres of the former Rancho La Brea land grant and his son-in-law, Francis S. Montgomery, inherited this property and created Sunset Plaza. According to a 1901 article in the Los Angeles Herald, Sunset only extended from Hollywood in the west to Marion Avenue in the Echo Park district in the east. In late 1912 several properties along the route were condemned so that the boulevard could be changed in both its width and its alignment, with these changes completed, Sunset Boulevard now reached North Main Street and continued as Marchessault along the northern end of the Plaza. This section, variously marked and signed as Marchessault Street or East Sunset Boulevard, at that time Sunset was realigned one block north and Marchessault was closed to motor traffic. In 1921, an expansion of Sunset began, extending the road from the then-current terminus at Sullivan Canyon through Santa Monica to the coast. This land, a portion of the original 1838 holdings of Fransisco Marquez, stretched across a mesa, will Rogers, who had bought much of this land as an investment, later donated it to the State of California creating Will Rogers State Historic Park. Circa 1931, Sunset was a road from Horn Avenue to Havenhurst Avenue. The Sunset Strip portion of Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood has been famous for its active nightlife at least since the 1950s, in the 1970s, the area between Gardner Street and Western Avenue was a center for street prostitution. Shortly after a well publicized June 1995 incident, police raids drove out the majority of prostitutes on the Boulevard, the portion of Sunset Boulevard that passes through Beverly Hills was once named Beverly Boulevard. The boulevard is commemorated in Billy Wilders 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical of the name. Jan and Deans 1960s hit song Dead Mans Curve refers to a section of the road near Bel Air estates just north of UCLAs Drake Stadium where Jan Berry almost died in an accident in 1966. The Buffalo Springfield song For What Its Worth was written about a riot at Pandoras Box, Metro Local lines 2,175 and 302 operate on Sunset Boulevard
31.
Wallace Reid
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Wallace Reid was an American actor in silent film referred to as the screens most perfect lover. Reid was born William Wallace Halleck Reid in St. Louis, Missouri and his mother, Bertha Westbrook, was an actress and his father, James Halleck Hal Reid, worked successfully in a variety of theatrical jobs, mainly as playwright and actor, traveling the country. As a boy, Wallace Reid was performing on stage at an early age, Reid graduated from Perkiomen Seminary in Pennsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1909. A gifted all-around athlete, Reid participated in a number of sports while also following an interest in music, learning to play the piano, banjo, drums, as a teenager, he spent time in Wyoming, where he learned to be an outdoorsman. Reid was drawn to the motion picture industry by his father, who shifted from the theatre to acting, writing. In 1910, Reid appeared in his first film, The Phoenix, Reid used the script from a play his father had written and approached the very successful Vitagraph Studios, hoping to be given the opportunity to direct. Instead, Vitagraph executives capitalized on his sex appeal, and in addition to having him direct, cast him in a major role. Although Reids good looks and powerful physique made him the perfect matinée idol, he was happy with roles behind the scenes and often worked as a writer, cameraman. Wallace Reid appeared in films with his father, and as his career in film flourished, he was soon acting and directing with. In 1913, while at Universal Pictures, Reid met and married actress Dorothy Davenport, one of his auto-racing films, Across the Continent, was chosen as the opening night film for San Franciscos Castro Theatre, which opened 22 June 1922. To keep on filming, he was prescribed morphine for relief of his pain, Reid soon became addicted, but kept on working at a frantic pace in films that were growing more physically demanding and changing from 15–20 minutes in duration to as much as an hour. Reids morphine addiction worsened at a time when drug rehabilitation programs were nonexistent, Wallace Reid was interred in the Azalea Terrace of the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. His widow, Dorothy Davenport, co-produced and appeared in Human Wreckage, Reid and she had two children, a son, Wallace Reid, Jr. born in 1917, and a daughter, Betty Mummert, whom they adopted in 1922 at age three. Wallace Reids contribution to the industry has been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Reids name is mentioned by William Holden in Sunset Boulevard, a film in which Gloria Swanson, one of Reids original costars, appeared as a forgotten silent film star. In 2007, a biography Wallace Reid, Life and Death of a Hollywood Idol by author E. J. Fleming appeared, the first since his mothers personal recollections after Reids death. In 2011, his biography, Wally, The True Wallace Reid Story by David W. Menefee, was sanctioned by Reids surviving relatives. The biography was submitted for a 2011 Pulitzer Prize, notes Bibliography The First Male Stars, Men of the Silent Era by David W. Menefee
32.
Sessue Hayakawa
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Sessue Hayakawa was a Japanese actor who starred in Japanese, American, French, German, and British films. Hayakawa was one of the biggest stars in Hollywood during the silent era of the 1910s and 1920s and he was the first actor of Asian descent to find stardom as a leading man in the United States and Europe. During those years, Hayakawa was as well-known and popular as Charlie Chaplin and Douglas Fairbanks and his popularity, sex appeal, and extravagant lifestyle unsettled many segments of American society which were already filled with feelings of the yellow peril. With the rising tensions between Japan and the United States, Japanese actors were no longer welcome in Hollywood. Following the end of the war, Asian characters were depicted in a fashion in modern Hollywood and in the wider society. Hayakawa refused to adopt the negative stereotypes and he abandoned Hollywood for European cinema and there he was treated equally. Hayakawas friendships with American actors led him to return to Hollywood and he was one of the highest paid stars of his time, earning $5,000 per week in 1915, and $2 million per year through his own production company during the 1920s. He starred in over eighty movies, and two of his films stand in the United States National Film Registry and he also appeared in the 1950 film Three Came Home and as the pirate leader in Disneys Swiss Family Robinson in 1960. From an early age, Hayakawas family intended him to become an officer in the navy, however, while a student at the Naval Academy in Etajima, he swam to the bottom of a lagoon on a dare and ruptured his eardrum. The injury caused him to fail the physical and his father felt shame and embarrassment by his sons failure. The strained relationship drove the young Hayakawa to attempt seppuku, one evening, Hayakawa entered a shed on his parents property and prepared the venue. He put his dog outside and attempted to uphold his familys tradition by stabbing himself more than 30 times in the abdomen. The barking dog brought Hayakawas parents to the scene and his father used an axe to break down the door, after he recovered from the suicide attempt, Hayakawa began to study political economics at the University of Chicago to fulfill his familys new wish that he become a banker. He lived in the United States from 1911 until 1923, returned to Japan to attend his fathers funeral, after his second year of studies at the University of Chicago, Hayakawa decided to quit school and return to Japan. He traveled to Los Angeles and awaited a transpacific steamship, during his stay, he discovered the Japanese Theatre in Little Tokyo and became fascinated with acting and performing plays. It was around this time he first assumed the name Sessue Hayakawa, one of the productions in which Hayakawa performed was called The Typhoon. Film producer Thomas Ince saw the production and offered to turn it into a silent movie with the original cast. Anxious to return to his studies at the University of Chicago, Hayakawa decided to try to dissuade Ince by requesting the astronomic fee of $500 a week, but Ince agreed to his request
33.
Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
34.
June Mathis
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June Mathis was an American screenwriter. Mathis was the first female executive for Metro/MGM and at only 35, in 1926 she was voted the third most influential woman in Hollywood, behind Mary Pickford and Norma Talmadge. Mathis is best remembered for discovering Rudolph Valentino and writing such films as The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and Blood, born June Beulah Hughes in Leadville, Colorado, the only child of Virginia Ruth and Dr. Philip Hughes. Her parents divorced when she was seven and her mother remarried, this time to William D. Mathis and she had been a sickly child and believed she healed herself through her sheer force of will. She believed everything was mental and everyone had certain vibrations, stating, If you are vibrating in the right place and its like tuning in on your radio. If you get the right wave-length, you have your station, Mathis was educated in Salt Lake City and San Francisco. It was while in San Francisco she gained her first stage experience, at the age of 12 she joined a traveling company and at 17 became an ingenue, performing with Ezra Kendall in The Vinegar Buyer. Later she appeared in several Broadway shows and toured for four seasons with the female impersonator Julian Eltinge in the popular show The Fascinating Widow. Supporting her now twice-widowed mother, she would continue to perform in theatre for the next 13 years, Mathis was determined to become a screenwriter and, accompanied with her mother, she moved to New York City where she studied writing and went to the movies in the evenings. She entered a competition, but despite not winning, her entry was so impressive it did bring job offers. Her first script, House of Tears, would be directed by Edwin Carewe in 1915 and led to a contract in 1918 with Metro studios, later to be merged into MGM. As one of the first screenwriters to include such as stage directions and physical settings in her work. Much of the standard screenwriting styles can be attributed to her, Mathis later credited her success to a strong concentration on plot and theme, No story that did not possess a theme has ever really lived. Occasionally one may make money and perhaps be popular for a time, by 1919 Mathis and her mother had moved to Hollywood. After only a year of screenwriting, she had advanced to the head of Metros scenario department and she was one of the first heads of any film department and the only female executive at Metro. During her early years, she had an association with silent star Alla Nazimova. Their films together can be said to be marked by over-sentimentality, in 1921, Richard Rowland, the head of Metro, paid $20,000 and 10% of the gross earning for Vicente Blasco Ibáñezs novel The Four Horseman of the Apocalypse. Mathis had seen Rudolph Valentino in a bit part in Eyes of Youth, studio heads resisted hiring an unknown actor for a lead role
35.
The Delicious Little Devil
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The Delicious Little Devil is a 1919 American silent comedy-drama film starring Mae Murray and Rudolph Valentino. A35 mm print of the film is housed at the EYE Film Instituut Nederland, Mary McGuire is a working-class young girl who lives in a New York tenement and supports her mother and her shiftless father and uncle. Two items in the March 27,1919 edition of The New York Star catch her attention, the first is a news item about the famous dancer Gloria du Moine going into hiding over a scandal involving her relationship with the Duke de Sauterne. The second is an ad for the Peach Tree Inn. The Peach Trees ad seeks a female hostess and dancer, A Good Future For A Girl With A Past, to help cinch the deal, Mary tells Peach Tree manager Larry McKean that shes really Gloria du Moine. Larry asks her why shes dressed so shabbily, Mary replies that her servant absconded with all of her clothing, leaving her to wear the servants clothes. Mary—or rather, Gloria—gets the job, and the Peach Tree Inn promotes its grand opening night, in the audience for Gloria du Moines Peach Tree opening night is Jimmy Calhoun, scion of the millionaire contractor Michael Calhoun. The young Calhoun meets Gloria and finds her enchanting and he tells his father hed like to propose to her. Michael Calhoun arranges a small, private party at the Peach Tree Inn in honor of Gloria. The elder Calhoun hopes that Gloria will make some sort of faux pas that will discourage his son from seeking her hand in marriage. Meanwhile, the Duke de Sauterne has arrived in New York from Europe, the duke sets out to see her at the roadhouse, and his arrival coincides with Michael Calhouns dinner party. The duke is escorted into Calhouns private room and he gives no indication that Gloria du Moine is an imposter. At sunrise, the party guests are still at the Peach Tree Inn. Gloria/Mary wakes up and hurries upstairs to her lavish private suite, the duke also wakes up and follows her, and Jimmy follows him. Jimmy and the duke get into a fight, and the duke sends Jimmy tumbling down the staircase, Mary runs outside, gets into a car and heads for her familys tenement apartment in New York City. The duke and Jimmy follow her separately in their own cars, the duke arrives first, follows Mary up the stairs to the apartment and forces his way in. He grabs Mary and tries to kiss her, Jimmy arrives and engages the duke in another fight. A detective arrives and apprehends the duke for deportation to Europe on accusations of being a swindler, jimmys father arrives, notes Marys humble surroundings and grants his blessing for Jimmy to marry her
36.
Mae Murray
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Mae Murray was an American actress, dancer, film producer, and screenwriter. Murray rose to fame during the silent film era and was known as The Girl with the Bee-Stung Lips and she was born Marie Adrienne Koenig in New York City, the second-oldest child of Joseph and Mary Koenig. Her maternal grandparents had emigrated from France while her paternal grandparents had emigrated from Germany and she had two brothers, William Robert and Howard Joseph. The family eventually moved to an apartment in the Lower East Side, in May 1896, Joseph Koenig, Murrays father, died from acute gastritis due to his alcoholism. To support the family, Mary Koenig took a job as a housekeeper for Harry Payne Whitney and she first began acting on the Broadway stage in 1906 with dancer Vernon Castle. In 1908, she joined the line of the Ziegfeld Follies. Murray became a star of the circuit in both the United States and Europe, performing with Clifton Webb, Rudolph Valentino, and John Gilbert as some of her many dance partners. Murray made her motion picture debut in To Have and to Hold in 1916 and she became a major star for Universal, starring with Rudolph Valentino in The Delicious Little Devil and Big Little Person in 1919. At the height of her popularity, Murray formed her own company with her director. Critics were sometimes less than thrilled with her over-the-top costumes and exaggerated emoting, in 1925, Murray, Leonard, and Stahl produced films at Tiffany Pictures, with Souls for Sables, starring Claire Windsor and Eugene OBrien, as the first film made by Tiffany. For a brief period of time, Murray wrote a column for newspaper scion William Randolph Hearst. At her career peak in the early 1920s, Murray, along with other notable Hollywood personalities as Cecil B. DeMille, Douglas Fairbanks, William S. Hart, Jesse L, four decades later, Murray herself received aid from that organization. In the early 1920s, Murray was painted by the well known Hollywood portrait painter Theodore Lukits and this work titled Symphony in Jade and Gold depicted Murray in the nude, gazing in a mirror. It was exhibited at the Pacific Asia Museum in 1999 and two other venues as part of the exhibition Theodore Lukits, An American Orientalist, Murray appeared in the title role in the Erich von Stroheim directed film The Merry Widow, opposite John Gilbert. When silent films gave way to talkies, Murray made a debut in the new medium in Peacock Alley. In 1931, she was cast with newcomer Irene Dunne, leading man Lowell Sherman, the film was critically panned at the time of release and Murray made only one more film, High Stakes also with Sherman. The couple married on June 27,1926, and Mdivani became her manager, Murray took her husbands advice and walked out of her contract with MGM, making a powerful foe of studio boss Louis B
37.
Greenwich Village
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Greenwich Village, often referred to by locals as simply the Village, is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Greenwich Village has been known as a haven, the Bohemian capital, the cradle of the modern LGBT movement. Groenwijck, one of the Dutch names for the village, was Anglicized to Greenwich, two of New Yorks private colleges, New York University and the New School, are located in Greenwich Village. The neighborhoods surrounding it are the East Village and NoHo to the east, SoHo to the south, the East Village was formerly considered part of the Lower East Side and never associated with Greenwich Village. The western part of Greenwich Village is known as the West Village, some believe it starts at Seventh Avenue and its southern extension, a border to the west of which the neighborhood changes substantially in character and becomes heavily residential. The Far West Village is another sub-neighborhood of Greenwich Village that is bordered on its west by the Hudson River and on its east by Hudson Street. Greenwich Village is located in New Yorks 10th congressional district, New Yorks 25th State Senate district, New Yorks 66th State Assembly district, encyclopaedia Britannicas 1956 article on New York states that the southern border of the Village is Spring Street, reflecting an earlier understanding. The newer district of SoHo has since encroached on the Villages historic border, many of the neighborhoods streets are narrow and some curve at odd angles. This is generally regarded as adding to both the character and charm of the neighborhood. In addition, as the meandering Greenwich Street used to be on the Hudson River shoreline, much of the neighborhood west of Greenwich Street is on landfill, but still follows the older street grid. When Sixth and Seventh Avenues were built in the early 20th century, they were built diagonally to the street plan. Unlike the streets of most of Manhattan above Houston Street, streets in the Village typically are named rather than numbered, while some of the formerly named streets are now numbered, they still do not always conform to the usual grid pattern when they enter the neighborhood. The Districts convoluted borders run no farther south than 4th Street or St. Lukes Place, redevelopment in that area is severely restricted, and developers must preserve the main façade and aesthetics of the buildings during renovation. In the 16th century, Native Americans referred to its farthest northwest corner, by the cove on the Hudson River at present-day Gansevoort Street, the land was cleared and turned into pasture by Dutch and freed African settlers in the 1630s, who named their settlement Noortwyck. In the 1630s, Governor Wouter van Twiller farmed tobacco on 200 acres here at his Farm in the Woods, sir Peter Warren began accumulating land in 1731 and built a frame house capacious enough to hold a sitting of the Assembly when smallpox rendered the city dangerous in 1739. The building was designed by Joseph-François Mangin, who would later co-design New York City Hall, by 1821, the prison, designed for 432 inmates, held 817 instead, a number made possible only by the frequent release of prisoners, sometimes as many as 50 a day. The oldest house remaining in Greenwich Village is the Isaacs-Hendricks House, when the Church of St. Luke in the Fields was founded in 1820 it stood in fields south of the road that led from Greenwich Lane down to a landing on the North River. In 1822, a fever epidemic in New York encouraged residents to flee to the healthier air of Greenwich Village
38.
Bayside, Queens
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Bayside is an upper middle class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. CNN Money ranked Bayside as one of the most expensive housing markets nationally when analyzing comparable detached homes throughout the United States, despite its large housing stock of free-standing homes, it nationally ranks high to very high in population density. These homes give the neighborhood a similar feel to other wealthy Queens neighborhoods such as Douglaston, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 11. Baysides history dates back to 2000 B. C. E, when the Matinecock Native American tribe first settled there. In the late 17th century, the area was settled by English colonists, by the middle of the 18th century, early settlers left their homes in Flushing and developed a farming community, Bay Side. During the Revolutionary War, the Bayside-Little Neck area suffered raids by whaleboatmen from the Connecticut shores. In the 19th century Bayside was still mostly farmland, middle 20th century urban sprawl in New York City, with the help of more convenient and accessible transportation, led to its development. During the 1920s, many actors and actresses, such as Rudolph Valentino, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century Bayside saw an influx of people associated with the theater and movie industries. The town was established as a colony for stage and screen stars. However, this rumored studio never materialized, when Hollywood emerged as the capital of the movie industry during the 1920s, many actors left Bayside to pursue careers in California. The so-called Regatta Murder led to a widely publicized trial at the Flushing County Courthouse, peter Hains was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to eight years at Sing Sing, while Thornton Hains was acquitted. Bayside remains one of the safest and wealthiest neighborhoods in the borough of Queens, however, Bayside has been the setting to several organized crime incidents. Michael Pappadio, of Bayside, was a mobster who worked for the Lucchese crime family in secrecy from his wife and he managed the Lucchese family’s interests in the Garment District of Manhattan. In 1989, upon a falling out with his superiors, he was murdered at a shop called the Crown Bagel. His wife subsequently reported Michael as missing, three years later the FBI presented her with information about his death and his life in organized crime. In April 2002, Gambino crime family associate Darren D’Amico was shot in the leg outside of the Café on the Green restaurant in Bayside and it is speculated that Bonanno crime family associate Randolph Pizzolo was responsible for the crime. He was subsequently murdered on a hit called by Vincent Vinny Gorgeous Basciano, Basciano is now serving life in prison without parole. Bayside is bordered by the Bronx to the north across the Long Island Sound, the eastern land border is the Cross Island Parkway and Douglaston, the western is Francis Lewis Boulevard/Utopia Parkway and Auburndale, the southern is Long Island Expressway and Oakland Gardens
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