1.
Revolver
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A revolver is a repeating handgun that has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. Revolvers might be regarded as a subset of pistols, or as a subset of handguns. Though the term revolver usually only refers to handguns, other firearms may also have a revolving chamber and these include some models of grenade launchers, shotguns, and rifles. Most revolvers contain five or six rounds in the cylinder, though the original name was revolving gun, the short-hand revolver is universally used. The revolver allows the user to fire multiple rounds without reloading, each time the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next chamber and round with the hammer and barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name. In a single-action revolver, the user pulls the back with his free hand or thumb. In a double-action revolver, pulling the trigger moves the back, then releases it. Loading and unloading a double-action revolver requires the operator to swing out the cylinder and insert the proper ammunition, the first guns with multichambered cylinders that revolved to feed one barrel were made in the late 16th century in Europe. They were expensive and rare curiosities, not until the 19th century would revolvers become common weapons of industrial production. One of the first was a flintlock revolver patented by Elisha Collier in 1814, the first percussion revolver was made by Lenormand of Paris in 1820 and the first percussion cap revolver was invented by the Italian Francesco Antonio Broccu in 1833. He received a prize of 300 francs for his invention, although he did not patent it, however, in 1835 a similar handgun was patented by Samuel Colt, who would go on to make the first mass-produced revolver. The first cartridge revolvers were produced around 1854 by Eugene Lefaucheux, revolvers soon became standard for nearly all uses. In the early 20th century, semi-automatic pistols were developed, which can hold more rounds, Automatic pistols also have a flat profile, more suitable for concealed carry. Automatic pistols have almost completely replaced revolvers in military and law enforcement use, revolvers still remain popular as back-up and off-duty handguns among American law enforcement officers and security guards. Also, revolvers are still common in the American private sector as defensive, in the development of firearms, an important limiting factor was the time it took to reload the weapon after it was fired. While the user was reloading, the weapon was useless, several approaches to the problem of increasing the rate of fire were developed, the earliest being multi-barrelled weapons which allowed two or more shots without reloading. Later weapons featured multiple barrels revolving along a single axis, the earliest examples of what today is called a revolver were made in Germany in the late 16th century. These weapons featured a barrel with a revolving cylinder holding the powder
2.
Sturm, Ruger & Co.
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Sturm, Ruger & Co. Inc. is an American, Southport, Connecticut–based firearm manufacturing company, better known by the shortened name Ruger. The company was founded in 1949 by Alexander McCormick Sturm and William B, Ruger and has been publicly traded since 1969. Ruger produces bolt-action, semi-automatic, and single-shot rifles, shotguns, semi-automatic pistols, Sturm, Ruger & Company was founded by William B. Ruger and Alexander McCormick Sturm in 1949 in a small rented shop in Southport. Ruger is a dominant manufacturer in the.22 LR rimfire rifle market in the U. S. due primarily to the sales of its Ruger 10/22 semiautomatic rifle, the 10/22 is very popular due to being relatively inexpensive and of good quality. As a result, a wealth of after-market accessories and parts were available for it. The availability and variety of after-market parts makes it possible to build a 10/22 using only these parts, Ruger similarly dominates the.22 rimfire semi-automatic pistol market with the Ruger MK II and Ruger MK III, descendants of the Ruger Standard pistol. Like the 10/22, the MkII is supported with a variety of after-market accessories. The 22/45 is similar to the Ruger Standard family of pistols but features a different grip angle, Ruger Casting has plants in Newport, New Hampshire and Prescott, Arizona, making ferrous, ductile iron and commercial titanium castings. Ruger Golf makes steel and titanium castings for golf clubs made by a number of different brands, Sturm, Ruger stock has been publicly traded since 1969, and became a New York Stock Exchange company in 1990. After Alex Sturm’s death in 1951, William B, Ruger continued to direct the company until his death in 2002. From 1949 through 2004, Ruger manufactured over 20 million firearms, and currently offers models for hunting, target shooting, self-defense, collecting, and law enforcement. Sturm, Ruger & Co. is headquartered in Southport, Connecticut, and maintains manufacturing facilities in Newport, New Hampshire, Prescott, Arizona, and Mayodan, North Carolina. Rugers subsidiaries are Ruger Precision Metals LLC in Earth City, Missouri, Pine Tree Castings in Newport, New Hampshire, and Ruger Sportswear & Accessories in Mayodan, North Carolina. Of the total 2,288 makers of civilian firearms operating in the United States from 1986–2010, Ruger was ranked the number one U. S. firearms manufacturer from 2008–2011. In 2011, Ruger manufactured 1,114,687 firearms, as their promotion, the company has set a new goal of 2 million firearms produced per year. From 2009 to 2012, Ruger was the top-seller of handguns, list of modern armament manufacturers TALO Distributors Wilson, R. L. Ruger & His Guns, A History of the Man, the Company and Their Firearms. Sturm, Ruger & Co official site Ruger Official History
3.
Ruger Security-Six
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The Ruger Security-Six and its variants, the Service-Six and Speed-Six are a product line of double-action revolvers introduced in 1972 and manufactured until 1988 by Sturm, Ruger & Company. These revolvers were marketed to law enforcement duty issue, military, the introduction of the Security-Six and its variants marked Sturm Rugers first attempt to enter the double-action revolver market. The corporations earlier designs had been Colt Peacemaker-style single-action revolvers, Ruger used investment casting for most parts in an effort to hold down production costs. As with all Ruger firearms, the Security-Six revolvers were designed with large, heavy-duty parts for durability. The six series line enjoyed sales success because of their features, solid construction. Various models were issued by US government agencies as diverse as the former Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Postal Service, the Border Patrol, and numerous police agencies. The Security-Six and its derivatives became the standard issue service weapons of a large number of police departments. The GP100 replaced the Security-Six in the Ruger product line, the Security-Six and its variants were more or less identical in basic design, with minor differences in sights and frame. All Security-Six series revolvers came with original equipment manufacturer supplied service-style wooden grips, the wood grips were all manufactured for Ruger by W. F. Lett Manufacturing in New Hampshire, a now-defunct contractor, most of these wood grips featured a diamond-shaped panel of pressed checkering, though smooth walnut grips with uncheckered panels were shipped with some commemorative models. Oversized walnut target/combat grips were also available as a factory option, during the 1980s, some of the Speed- and Service-Six models were also shipped with rubber Pachmayr grips containing the silver Ruger emblem. Another feature of the Security-Six was straightforward disassembly, which required no tools with the exception of a screwdriver, coin. Disassembly of the Security-Six is as follows,1, Make sure the firearm is unloaded,5, Insert pin and decompress main spring. 9, Release and remove trigger assembly, introduced in 1972, the Security-Six was the original model of the new series. The majority of guns were manufactured with adjustable sights, though a few early models were sold with fixed sights. Security-Sixes could be ordered with either service or target -style square butt grips, nearly all Security-Sixes were chambered for the.357 Magnum cartridge, which also permitted the use of the shorter.38 Special cartridge. Ruger also chambered the Security-Six in.38 Special for some police orders by fitting different cylinders that could accommodate the.38 Special cartridge. Barrel lengths available on the Security-Six included 2.75,4, the.357 Magnum, four inch barreled model was standard issue to uniformed officers of the former U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as well as Patrol Agents of the U. S
4.
Gun barrel
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A gun barrel is a part of firearms and artillery pieces. The hollow interior of the barrel is called the bore, a gun barrel must be able to hold in the expanding gas produced by the propellants to ensure that optimum muzzle velocity is attained by the projectile as it is being pushed out by the expanding gas. Modern small arms barrels are made of known and tested to withstand the pressures involved. Artillery pieces are made by various techniques providing reliably sufficient strength, early firearms were muzzle-loading, with powder, and then shot loaded from the muzzle, capable of only a low rate of fire. During the 19th century effective mechanical locks were invented that sealed a breech-loading weapon against the escape of propellant gases, the early Chinese, the inventors of gunpowder, used bamboo, a naturally tubular stalk, as the first barrels in gunpowder projectile weapons. Early European guns were made of iron, usually with several strengthening bands of the metal wrapped around circular wrought iron rings. The Chinese were the first to master cast-iron cannon barrels, early cannon barrels were very thick for their caliber. Bore evacuator Bore snake Cannon Muzzle Polygonal rifling Rifling Slug barrel Smoothbore
5.
Cartridge (firearms)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
6.
.38 S&W
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The.38 S&W is a revolver cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson in 1877 for use in the S&W.38 Single Action. Though similar in name, it is not interchangeable with the later.38 Smith & Wesson Special due to a different case shape, the British military adopted a loading of this cartridge as the Cartridge, S. A. Revolver Ball,380 in, MkI. 38-200, with the 200 referring to the weight of the bullet in grains, in 1937, this cartridge was replaced in British Service by the Cartridge, S. A. The main difference between it and the round was that it had a 178 gr FMJ bullet. The.38 Colt New Police was Colts Manufacturing Companys proprietary name for what was essentially the.38 S&W with a flat-nosed bullet, mKEs 9.65 mm Normal cartridge has an 177 gr lead-antimony alloy bullet with a gilding-metal full metal jacket and a Boxer-primed brass case. The Normal designation differentiates it from their 9. 65mm Special round and it has a muzzle velocity of 590 ft/s and a muzzle energy of 21,335 lbs/inch2. Currently only Ruger makes limited runs of revolvers in this caliber for overseas sales, the majority that do offer it in only a 145 gr lead round nose bullet, though Fiocchi still markets FMJ rounds. Some companies such as Buffalo Bore manufacture self-defense or hunting variants, Colt. 38/200 Revolver Colt Police Positive Revolver Enfield No.2 Mk I Revolver S&W Victory Revolver Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Webley Mk IV revolver
7.
.38 Special
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The.38 Smith & Wesson Special is a rimmed, centerfire cartridge designed by Smith & Wesson. It is most commonly used in revolvers, although some semi-automatic pistols, in other parts of the world, it is known by its metric designation of 9×29. 5mmR or 9. 1×29mmR. Noted for its accuracy and manageable recoil, the.38 Special remains the most popular cartridge in the world more than a century after its introduction. It is used for shooting, formal target competition, personal defense. Despite its name, the caliber of the.38 Special cartridge is actually. 357–.358 inches, except for case length, the.38 Special is identical to the.38 Short Colt.38 Long Colt, and.357 Magnum. This allows the.38 Special round to be fired in revolvers chambered for the.357 Magnum. Upon its introduction, the.38 Special was originally loaded with black powder and this.38 Special variant incorporated a 200 grains round-nosed lead Lubaloy bullet, the.38 Super Police. Remington-Peters also introduced a similar loading, testing revealed that the longer, heavier 200 grains. 357-calibre bullet fired at low velocity tended to keyhole or tumble upon impact, providing more shock effect against unprotected personnel. This cartridge was called the.38 S&W Super Police or the. 38/200, britain would later adopt the. 38/200 as its standard military handgun cartridge. In 1930, Smith & Wesson introduced a large frame.38 Special revolver with a 5-inch barrel and fixed sights intended for police use, the following year, a new high-power loading called the. That same year, Colt Firearms announced that their Colt Official Police would also handle high-speed.38 Special loadings, the. 38/44 high-speed cartridge came in three bullet weights,158 grains,150 and 110 grains, with either coated lead or steel jacket, metal-piercing bullets. The media attention gathered by the. 38/44 and its ammunition eventually led Smith & Wesson to develop a new cartridge with a longer case length in 1934—this was the.357 Magnum. During World War II, some U. S. aircrew were issued.38 Special S&W Victory revolvers as sidearms in the event of a forced landing, the new military.38 Special loading propelled its 158 grains bullet at a standard 850 ft/s from a 4-inch revolver barrel. During the war, many U. S. naval and marine aircrew were also issued red-tipped.38 Special tracer rounds using either a 120 or 158 gr bullet for emergency signaling purposes. In 1956, the U. S. Air Force adopted the Cartridge, Caliber.38, Ball M41, a military variant of the.38 Special cartridge designed to conform to the rules of land warfare. By 1961, a slightly revised M41.38 cartridge specification known as the Cartridge, Caliber.38 Ball, Special, a variant of the standard M41 cartridge with a semi-pointed, unjacketed lead bullet was later adopted for CONUS police and security personnel. At the same time.38 tracer cartridges were reintroduced by the US Navy, Marines, tracer cartridges in.38 Special caliber of different colors were issued, generally as part of a standard aircrew survival vest kit. A request for more powerful.38 Special ammunition for use by Air Police and security personnel resulted in the Caliber.38 Special, Ball, in 1972, the Federal Bureau of Investigation introduced a new.38 +P loading that became known as the FBI Load
8.
.357 Magnum
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The.357 S&W Magnum, or simply.357 Magnum, is a revolver cartridge with a. 357-inch bullet diameter. It was created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B, Wesson of firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester. It is based upon Smith & Wessons earlier.38 Special cartridge, the.357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934, and its use has since become widespread. This cartridge started the Magnum era of handgun ammunition, the.357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its stopping power. The.357 Magnum was collaboratively developed over a period in the early to mid-1930s by a group of individuals in a response to Colts.38 Super Automatic. Tests at the revealed that those vests defeated any handgun cartridge traveling at less than about 1,000 feet per second. Colts.38 Super Automatic just edged over that velocity and was able to penetrate car doors and vests that bootleggers and gangsters were employing as cover. Though.38 and.357 would seem to be different diameter chamberings, they are in fact identical, the.38 Special nomenclature relates to the previous use of heeled bullets, which were the same diameter as the case. Thus, the only difference in the two cartridges is a slight difference in length, solely for safety purposes. Much credit for the. 357s early development is given to hunter and experimenter Elmer Keith, the. 38-44 HV load used the. 38-Special cartridge loaded to a much higher velocity than standard. 38-Special ammunition. The. 38-44 revolvers were made by using a.44 Special size gun with the barrel bored to accept. 357-caliber bullets, since the frame, cylinder, and barrel were much stronger than the standard.38 Special components, it was capable of withstanding much higher pressures. The. 38-44 HV round, while no longer available, was in most cases the equal of the later.357 Magnum, which works at more than double the pressure of standard.38 Special. Elmer Keith also contributed the Keith-style bullet, which increased the mass of bullet located outside the cartridge, the Keith bullet also employed a large, flat meplat, thus enabling rapid energy transfer for greater wounding properties. At the same time, this design does not deform like a hollow point. These characteristics of the Keith bullet make it suitable for hunting applications as well as for target shooting. In order to reassert itself as the leading law-enforcement armament provider, Smith & Wesson developed the.357 Magnum, Wesson leading the effort within Smith & Wesson, along with considerable technical assistance from Phillip B. Sharpe, a member of the Technical Division staff of the National Rifle Association, the new round was developed from Smith & Wessons existing.38 Special round. It used a different powder load, and ultimately the case was extended by 1⁄8 inch, the case extension was more a matter of safety than of necessity
9.
Action (firearms)
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In firearms terminology, an action is the mechanism that handles the ammunition or the method by which that mechanism works. Breech-loading weapons have actions, actions are not present on muzzleloaders. The mechanism that fires a muzzle-loader is called the lock, actions can be categorized in several ways, including single action versus double action, break action versus bolt action, and others. The term action can also short, long, and magnum if it is in reference to the length of the rifle’s receiver. The short action rifle usually can accommodate a cartridge length of 2.8 in or smaller, the long action rifle can accommodate a cartridge of 3.34 in, and the magnum action rifle can accommodate cartridges of 3.6 in, or longer in length. Manual operation is a term describing any type of firearm action that is loaded one shot at a time by the user rather than automatically. For example, break action is a form of operation using a simple hinge mechanism that is manually unlatched by the operator. These are actions wherein the breechblock lowers or drops into the receiver to open the breech, there are two principal types of dropping block, the tilting block and the falling block. In a tilting or pivoting block action, the breechblock is hinged on a pin mounted at the rear, when the lever is operated, the block tilts down and forward, exposing the chamber. The best-known pivoting block designs are the Peabody, the Peabody–Martini, the original Peabody rifles, manufactured by the Providence Tool Company, used a manually cocked side-hammer. The 1871 Martini–Henry which replaced the trapdoor Snider–Enfield was the standard British Army rifle of the later Victorian era, charles H. Ballards self-cocking tilting-block action was produced by the Marlin Firearms Company from 1875, and earned a superlative reputation among long-range Creedmoor target shooters. Surviving Marlin Ballards are today highly prized by collectors, especially those mounted in the elaborate Swiss-style Schützen stocks of the day. A falling-block action is a firearm action in which a solid metal breechblock slides vertically in grooves cut into the breech of the weapon. Examples of firearms using the falling block action are the Sharps rifle, in a rolling block action the breechblock takes the form of a part-cylinder, with a pivot pin through its axis. The operator rotates or rolls the block to open and close the breech, it is a simple, rugged, a break action is a type of firearm where the barrel are hinged and can be broken open to expose the breech. The earliest metallic-cartridge breechloaders designed for military issue began as conversions of muzzle-loading rifle-muskets. The upper rear portion of the barrel was filed or milled away, an internal angled firing pin allowed the re-use of the rifles existing side-hammer. The Allin action made by Springfield Arsenal in the US hinged forward, france countered in 1866 with its superior Chassepot rifle, also a paper-cartridge bolt action
10.
Trigger (firearms)
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A trigger is a mechanism that actuates the firing sequence of a firearm or crossbow, a trigger may also start another mechanism such as a trap or a quick release. A small amount of energy applied to the causes the release of much more energy. In double action firearm designs, the trigger is used to cock the firearm -. Firearms use triggers to initiate the firing of a cartridge in the chamber of the weapon. This is accomplished by actuating a striking device through a combination of spring and kinetic energy operating through a pin to strike. There are two types of striking mechanisms, hammers and strikers. Hammers are spring-tensioned masses of metal that pivot on a pin when released, strikers are, essentially, spring-loaded firing pins that travel on an axis in-line with the cartridge eliminating the need for a separate hammer. The connection between the trigger and the hammer is generally referred to as the sear surface, variable mechanisms will have this surface directly on the trigger and hammer or have separate sears or other connecting parts. There are numerous types of action, where action refers to the mechanism or to the logic of how it is built and they are categorized according to which functions the trigger is to perform. Most modern firearms use the trigger to deactivate passive safeties but this does not change how they are identified, a single-action trigger is the earliest and mechanically simplest of trigger types. Almost all rifles and shotguns use this type of trigger, the term single-action wasnt in use until weapons with double-action triggers were invented, which didnt occur until the mid-19th century, before that, all triggers were single-action. Although these weapons dont require the user to physically cock the hammer, manually cocked hammers lasted a while longer in some break-action shotguns, and in dangerous game rifles, where the hunter didnt want to rely on an unnecessarily complex or fragile weapon. In modern usage, the terms single-action and double-action almost always refer to handguns, while a single-action revolver or semi-automatic must always be cocked prior to firing, most double-action handguns are capable of firing in both single- and double-action modes. Only double-action only weapons are incapable of firing from a cocked hammer. Thereafter, every time a round is fired, the hammer is recocked by the cycling slide, after the first shot, they would fire as single-actions. These double action, or double action, pistols rapidly gained popularity. A double-action/single-action firearm combines the features of both mechanisms, and is called traditional double-action. In simple terms, double-action refers to a gun trigger mechanism that both cocks the hammer and then releases the sear, thus performing two actions, hence double action
11.
Service pistol
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A service pistol is any handgun issued to military personnel or law enforcement officers. Pistols are not typically issued to front-line infantry, before firearms were commonplace, officers typically carried swords instead. Traditionally, soldiers and officers had carried swords for both protection and use in combat. Training was also a factor—it took a long time to train new recruits in the use of longbows. As a result, swords were retained only by officers and by cavalry, the invention of the revolver in 1836 finally made a service pistol practical, as prior to this pistols had largely been single-shot weapons usually of no particular standardized pattern. Although officers traditionally had been obligated to buy their own weapons, non-commissioned officers, service pistols, on the other hand, were generally issued to officers, NCO, and others who needed to carry personal weapons as part of their duties. Hence, it was common for officers to carry government-issued service pistols in combat. Special operations soldiers often carry a handgun as a weapon to serve in a supplementary capacity to their primary weapon. Soldiers who do not serve in a combat role are often issued a pistol. Service pistols are issued to police and other soldiers acting in a law enforcement capacity as part of their duties. The tradition of issuing pistols to officers as a weapon is being phased out by many nations. The United States Marine Corps, for example, recently began requiring all enlisted personnel and all officers below the rank of Lieutenant Colonel to carry the M4 Carbine as their primary weapon
12.
Colt Single Action Army
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The Colt SAA has been offered in over 30 different calibers and various barrel lengths. Its overall appearance has remained consistent since 1873, Colt has discontinued its production twice, but brought it back due to popular demand. The revolver was popular with ranchers, lawmen, and outlaws alike and its design has influenced the production of numerous other models from other companies. The Colt SAA revolver is a piece of Americana, known as The Gun That Won the West. For the design, Colt turned to two of its best engineers, William Mason and Charles Brinckerhoff Richards who had developed a number of revolvers and black powder conversions for the company. Their effort was designed for the United States government service revolver trials of 1872 by Colts Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, production began in 1873 with the Single Action Army model 1873, also referred to as the New Model Army Metallic Cartridge Revolving Pistol. The very first production Single Action Army, serial number 1, thought lost for years after its production, was found in a barn in Nashua. It was chambered in.45 Colt, a centerfire design containing charges of up to 40 grains of fine-grained black powder, relative to period cartridges and most later handgun rounds, it was quite powerful in its full loading. The Colt Single Action Army revolver, along with the 1870 and 1875 Smith & Wesson Model 3 Schofield revolver, the Colt.45 is a famous piece of American history, known as The Gun That Won the West. The Single Action Army became available in barrel lengths of 4¾, 5½ as well as the Cavalry standard. The shorter barrelled revolvers are sometimes called the Civilian or Gunfighter model, there was also a variant with a sub 4 barrel, without an ejector rod unofficially referred to as the Sheriffs Model, Bankers Special, or Storekeeper. From 1875 until 1880 Colt marketed a single-action revolver in.44 rimfire Henry caliber in a number range from no.1 to 1,863. A Flattop Target Model was listed in Colts catalogs from 1890 to 1898, Colt manufactured 914 of these revolvers with a frame which was flat on top and fitted with an adjustable leaf rear sight. The front sight consisted of a base with an interchangeable blade, in 1920, larger, highly visible sights replaced the original thin blade and notch. The revolvers remained essentially unchanged from that point until cessation of manufacture at the beginning of World War II, from 1873 through 1940, production of the Colt Single Action Army reached 357,859. This is identified as the Pre War or First Generation of the model, calibers, at least thirty in all, ranged from.22 rimfire through.476 Eley, with approximately half, or 158,884, chambered for.45 Colt. The next most prevalent were the. 44-40 Winchester Center fire at 71,392, 38-40 at 50,520, 32-20 Winchester at 43,284 and, the 41 Colt at 19,676. All original, good condition, U. S. Cavalry and Artillery Single Action Armies are among the most valuable to collectors, especially valuable, often going for well over $10,000, are the OWA and the rare Henry Nettleton inspected Single Action Army Colts
13.
Investment casting
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Investment casting is an industrial process based on lost-wax casting, one of the oldest known metal-forming techniques. The term lost-wax casting can also refer to modern investment casting processes, Investment casting has been used in various forms for the last 5,000 years. In its earliest forms, beeswax was used to form necessary for the casting process. Today, more advanced waxes, refractory materials and specialist alloys are used for making patterns. Investment casting is valued for its ability to produce components with accuracy, repeatability, versatility and integrity in a variety of metals, the fragile wax patterns must withstand forces encountered during the mold making. Much of the wax used in investment casting can be reclaimed and reused, lost-foam casting is a modern form of investment casting that eliminates certain steps in the process. Investment casting derives its name from the pattern being invested with a refractory material, many materials are suitable for investment casting, examples are stainless steel alloys, brass, aluminium, carbon steel and glass. The material is poured into a cavity in a material that is an exact duplicate of the desired part. Due to the hardness of materials used, investment casting can produce products with exceptional surface qualities. The process can be used for small castings of a few ounces and large castings weighing several hundred pounds. It can be more expensive than die casting or sand casting, Investment casting can produce complicated shapes that would be difficult or impossible with other casting methods. It can also produce products with exceptional qualities and low tolerances with minimal surface finishing or machining required. Castings can be made from a wax model or from wax replicas of an original pattern that need not be made from wax. The following steps describe the process, which can take two to seven days to complete. Produce a master pattern, An artist or mould-maker creates a pattern from wax, clay, wood, plastic. Create a mould, A mould, known as the die, is made to fit the master pattern. If the master pattern was made from steel, the die can be cast directly from the pattern using metal with a lower melting point. Rubber moulds can also be cast directly from the master pattern, alternatively, a master die can be machined independently—without creating a master pattern
14.
Cost-of-production theory of value
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In economics, the cost-of-production theory of value is the theory that the price of an object or condition is determined by the sum of the cost of the resources that went into making it. The cost can comprise any of the factors of production and taxation, the theory makes the most sense under assumptions of constant returns to scale and the existence of just one non-produced factor of production. These are the assumptions of the so-called non-substitution theorem, under these assumptions, the long-run price of a commodity is equal to the sum of the cost of the inputs into that commodity, including interest charges. Historically, the proponent of such theories is probably Adam Smith. Piero Sraffa, in his introduction to the first volume of the Collected Works of David Ricardo, Smith contrasted natural prices with market price. Smith theorized that prices would tend toward natural prices, where outputs would stand at what he characterized as the level of effectual demand. At this level, Smiths natural prices of commodities are the sum of the rates of wages, profits. David Ricardo mixed this cost-of-production theory of prices with the theory of value, as that latter theory was understood by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. This is the theory that prices tend toward proportionality to the necessary labor embodied in a commodity. Ricardo sets this theory at the start of the first chapter of his Principles of Political Economy and he also refutes the labor theory of value in later sections of that chapter. This alleged refutation leads to what became known as the transformation problem. Karl Marx later takes up that theory in the first volume of Capital and this has led to all sorts of arguments over what both David Ricardo and Karl Marx really meant. Nevertheless, it seems undeniable that all the classical economics. A somewhat different theory of cost-determined prices is provided by the neo-Ricardian School of Piero Sraffa, shiozawa presented a modern interpretation of Ricardos cost-of-production theory of value. The Polish economist Michał Kalecki distinguished between sectors with cost-determined prices and those with demand-determined prices, market price is a familiar economic concept, it is the price that a good or service is offered at, or will fetch, in the marketplace. It is of interest mainly in the study of microeconomics, market value and market price are equal only under conditions of market efficiency, equilibrium, and rational expectations. In economics, returns to scale and economies of scale are related terms that describe what happens as the scale of production increases and they are different, non-interchangeable the terms. The labor theories of value are economic theories according to which the values of commodities are related to the labor needed to produce them
15.
Immigration and Naturalization Service
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The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service was an agency of the U. S. Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003. Referred to by some as former INS and by others as legacy INS, the agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1,2003, prior to 1933, there were separate offices administering immigration and naturalization matters. The INS was established on June 10,1933, merging these previously separate areas of administration, reflecting changing governmental concerns, immigration was transferred to the purview of the United States Department of Commerce and Labor after 1903 and the Department of Labor after 1913. In 1940, with increasing concern about security, immigration and naturalization was organized under the authority of the Department of Justice. S. The investigative and enforcement functions of the INS were combined with the U. S. Customs investigators to create U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The border functions of the INS, which included the Border Patrol and INS Inspectors, were combined with U. S. Customs Inspectors to create U. S. Customs, the INS also adjudicated applications for permanent residency, change of status, naturalization, and similar matters. At the head of the INS was an appointed by the President who reported to the Attorney General in the Department of Justice. The INS worked closely with the United Nations, the Department of State, the INS was a very large and complex organization that had four main divisions—Programs, Field Operations, Policy and Planning, and Management—that were responsible for operations and management. The operational functions of the INS included the Programs and Field Operations divisions, the Field Operations division was responsible for overseeing INS many offices operating throughout the country and the world. The Field Operations division implemented policies and handled tasks for its three offices, which in turn oversaw 33 districts and 21 border areas throughout the country. Internationally, the Field Operations division oversaw the Headquarters Office of International Affairs which in turn oversaw 16 offices outside the country, managerial functions of the INS included the Policy and Planning and Management divisions. The Office of Policy and Planning coordinated all information for the INS and communicated with other cooperating government agencies, the office was divided into three areas, the Policy Division, the Planning Division, and the Evaluation and Research Center. These duties were handled by the offices of Information Resources Management, Finance, Human Resources and Administration, and Equal Employment Opportunity. Shortly after the U. S. Civil War, some started to pass their own immigration laws. The Immigration Act of 1891 established an Office of the Superintendent of Immigration within the Treasury Department and this office was responsible for admitting, rejecting, and processing all immigrants seeking admission to the United States and for implementing national immigration policy. Immigrant Inspectors, as they were called then, were stationed at major U. S. ports of entry collecting manifests of arriving passengers and its largest station was located on Ellis Island in New York harbor. Among other things, a tax of fifty cents was collected on each immigrant. This made immigration more a matter of commerce than revenue. S, each year, the U. S. State Department issued a limited number of visas, only those immigrants who could present valid visas were permitted entry
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United States Postal Service
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The United States Postal Service, is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution, Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, where Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees, the USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world. The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans, regardless of geography, at uniform price, the USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked U. S. The USPS lost $5.5 billion in fiscal year 2014 and $5.1 billion in 2015, in the early years of the North American colonies, many attempts were made to initiate a postal service. These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony for example, for example, informal independently-run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639, with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672. A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691, when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service, the patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. The tax was repealed a year later, Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton, Governor of New Jersey, as his deputy postmaster. The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692, rates of postage were fixed and authorized, and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia. Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed laws, and a very imperfect post office system was established. Neales patent expired in 1710, when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies, the chief office was established in New York City, where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic. Before the Revolution, there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies, most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London. The Revolution made Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, News, new laws, political intelligence, and military orders circulated with a new urgency, and a postal system was necessary. Journalists took the lead, securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost, overthrowing the London-oriented imperial postal service in 1774-1775, printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership, and created a new postal system. The United States Post Office was created on July 26,1775, the official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department. It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress To establish post offices, the 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network, and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate. The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence, and provided the country with low-cost access to information on public affairs. Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger, Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi
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United States Border Patrol
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The United States Border Patrol is an American federal law enforcement agency. Its mission is to detect and prevent illegal aliens, terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering the United States and it is the mobile, uniformed law enforcement arm of U. S. Customs and Border Protection, a component of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. With over 21,000 agents, the U. S, Border Patrol is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the United States. The inspectors, usually called mounted guards, operated out of El Paso, though they never totaled more than 75, they patrolled as far west as California trying to restrict the flow of illegal Chinese immigration. In March 1915, Congress authorized a group of mounted guards. Most rode on horseback, but a few operated automobiles, motorcycles, although these inspectors had broader arrest authority, they still largely pursued Chinese aliens trying to avoid the National Origins Act and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. These patrolmen were Immigration Inspectors, assigned to stations. U. S. Army soldiers along the southwest border performed intermittent border patrolling, aliens encountered illegally in the U. S. by the Army were directed to the immigration inspection stations. Texas Rangers were also assigned to patrol duties by the state. Border Patrol was founded on May 28,1924 as an agency of the United States Department of Labor to prevent illegal entries along the Mexico–United States border, the first Border Patrol station began operations in Detroit, Michigan in June 1924. A second station in El Paso, Texas began operations in July 1924, additional operations were established along the Gulf Coast in 1927 to perform crewman control to ensure that foreign crewmen departed on the same ship on which they arrived. In 1932, the Border Patrol was divided into two offices, Mexican border operations were directed from El Paso, Texas and Canadian border operations were directed from Detroit, Michigan. The Canadian border operations from Detroit employed more men than the El Paso operations along the Mexican border because of a focus on the prevention of smuggling during prohibition. Franklin Delano Roosevelts Executive Order 6166 formed the Immigration and Naturalization Service in 1933 by consolidation of the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization. Following the outbreak of World War II in Europe, Border Patrol staffing doubled to 1,500 in 1940, and the INS was moved from the Department of Labor to the U. S. Department of Justice. INS was decommissioned in March 2003 when its operations were divided between CBP, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, and U. S. Immigration, the Border Patrol also erected 33 permanent interior checkpoints near the southern border of the United States. Agents are assigned primarily to the Mexico–United States border, where they control drug trafficking, the Border Patrols priorities have changed over the years. In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act placed renewed emphasis on controlling illegal immigration by going after the employers that hire illegal aliens, the belief was that jobs were the magnet that attracted most illegal aliens to come to the United States
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Ruger GP100
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The GP100 is a family/line of double action six-shot seven-shot or ten-shot revolvers made by Sturm, Ruger & Co. manufactured in the United States. It was introduced in 1985 as a generation of the Ruger double-action. It was made stronger with the intent to fire a number of full-power. The GP100 was an evolution of an earlier Ruger double-action revolver, the first significant change was introduced with the Ruger Redhawk and that involved a new locking mechanism with a lever on the crane rather than using the end of the ejector rod to lock. Another change was the shape of the frame, traditional revolver frames had exposed metal at the front and rear of the grips, with the frame determining the shape of the grips. This meant that to have a round butt concealed carry version, the GP100 series, instead, used a small rectangular peg grip large enough to enclose the hammer spring and strut. The grips could then be any shape desired, as long as they were enough to enclose the peg. This was not a new innovation having been used by Dan Wesson and, to some degree, the Dan Wesson patent was granted in 1972 and Rugers patent was granted in 1986. The stock grips are made of Santoprene, a soft, chemical resistant elastomer that helped absorb the recoil of firing, panels on the side, made of black plastic, goncalo alves wood or rosewood, provide contrast to the flat black of the Santoprene. The grips are now Hogue one piece rubber grips standard, the GP100 shared the crane lock from the Redhawk that was later used in the small frame SP101 revolver. All of these use the same thickness on the solid frame. Because of these features, the GP100 series is described as one of the strongest medium frame revolvers ever made. The GP100 is manufactured in.357 Magnum.38 Special.22 Long Rifle.44 Special, available Barrel lengths are 3,4.2 and 6 with partial or full length underlugs. Blued Steel, or Stainless Steel finishes are available with model numbers preceded by a K. The Firing pin of the GP100 is mounted inside the frame, the Transfer bar of the GP100 is connected directly to the trigger. The transfer bar must be present between the hammer and the pin in order for the cartridge to be fired. The transfer bar only assumes the position when the trigger is pulled completely rearward. GP100 models are available with fixed or adjustable sights, fixed sight models are designated by a F suffix model number
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Receiver (firearms)
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For the purposes of United States law, the receiver or frame is legally the firearm, and as such it is the controlled part. The definition of assembly is the legal receiver varies from firearm to firearm. For an AR-15 rifle, the assembly is considered the legal receiver. In a rifle such as the FN-FAL, it is the receiver that is serialized. For a FAL rifle, the assembly is considered the legal receiver. Generally, the law requires licensed manufacturers and importers to mark the designated receiver with a number, the manufacturer or importer. In addition, makers of receivers are restricted by International Traffic in Arms Regulations, thus, in the case of a firearm that has multiple receivers, the legally controlled part is the one that is serialized. Unfinished receivers, also called 80 percent receivers or blanks, are partially completed receivers with no serial numbers, purchasers must perform their own finishing work in order to make the receiver usable. The finishing of receivers for sale or distribution by unlicensed persons is against US law, because an unfinished 80% receiver is not a firearm, purchasers do not need to pass a background check. The resulting firearm is called a ghost gun. An AR-15 variant made from an 80% receiver was used in the 2013 Santa Monica shooting, two 3D printed polymer lower receivers for the AR-15 have been released, the AR Lower V5 and the Charon
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Bluing (steel)
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Bluing is a passivation process in which steel is partially protected against rust, and is named after the blue-black appearance of the resulting protective finish. True gun bluing is a conversion coating resulting from an oxidizing chemical reaction with iron on the surface selectively forming magnetite. Black oxide provides minimal protection against corrosion, unless treated with a water-displacing oil to reduce wetting. A distinction can be made between traditional bluing and some more modern black oxide coatings, although bluing is a subset of black oxide coatings. In comparison, rust, the red oxide of iron, undergoes a large volume change upon hydration, as a result. Cold, Hot, Rust Blue and Fume Blue are oxidizing processes simply referred to as bluing, cold bluing is generally a selenium dioxide based compound that colours steel black, or more often a very dark grey. It is a product to apply evenly, offers minimal protection and is generally best used for small fast repair jobs. The Hot process is a salt solution, referred to as Traditional Caustic Black. This method was adopted by larger companies for large scale. It does provide good rust resistance which is improved with the use of oil, Rust Bluing and Fume Bluing provide the best rust and corrosion resistance as the process continually converts any metal that is capable of rusting into magnetite. Treating with an oiled coating enhances the protection offered by the bluing and this process is also the only process safely used to re-blue vintage shotguns. Many double barrelled shotguns are soft soldered / silver brazed together, the higher temperatures of the other processes as well as their caustic nature will weaken the soldered joints and make the gun hazardous to use. Bluing can also be done in a furnace, for example for a sword or other item traditionally made by a blacksmith or specialist such as a weaponsmith. Blacksmith products to this day may occasionally be made from blued steel by traditional craftsmen in cultures. Bluing is most commonly used by gun manufacturers, gunsmiths, and gun owners to improve the appearance of. It was also used by machinists, who protected and beautified tools made for their own use, Bluing also helps to maintain the metal finish by resisting superficial scratching, and also helps to reduce glare to the eyes of the shooter when looking down the barrel of the gun. All blued parts still need to be oiled to prevent rust. Bluing, being a conversion coating, is not as robust against wear and corrosion resistance as plated coatings
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Carbon steel
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The term carbon steel may also be used in reference to steel which is not stainless steel, in this use carbon steel may include alloy steels. As the carbon percentage content rises, steel has the ability to become harder and stronger through heat treating, however, regardless of the heat treatment, a higher carbon content reduces weldability. In carbon steels, the carbon content lowers the melting point. Mild steel, also known as steel and Low carbon steel. It is now the most common form of steel because its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications, mild steel contains approximately 0. 05–0. 25% carbon making it malleable and ductile. Mild steel has a low tensile strength, but it is cheap and easy to form. It is often used large quantities of steel are needed. The density of steel is approximately 7.85 g/cm3. Low-carbon steels suffer from yield-point runout where the material has two yield points, the first yield point is higher than the second and the yield drops dramatically after the upper yield point. If a low-carbon steel is only stressed to some point between the upper and lower yield point then the surface develop Lüder bands, low-carbon steels contain less carbon than other steels and are easier to cold-form, making them easier to handle. Carbon steels which can successfully undergo heat-treatment have a content in the range of 0. 30–1. 70% by weight. Trace impurities of other elements can have a significant effect on the quality of the resulting steel. Trace amounts of sulfur in particular make the steel red-short, that is, brittle, low-alloy carbon steel, such as A36 grade, contains about 0. 05% sulfur and melts around 1, 426–1,538 °C. Manganese is often added to improve the hardenability of low-carbon steels and these additions turn the material into a low-alloy steel by some definitions, but AISIs definition of carbon steel allows up to 1. 65% manganese by weight. Carbon steel is broken down into four classes based on content,0.05 to 0. 25% carbon content. Balances ductility and strength and has good resistance, used for large parts, forging. Very strong, used for springs, swords, and high-strength wires, steels that can be tempered to great hardness. Used for special purposes like knives, axles or punches, most steels with more than 2. 5% carbon content are made using powder metallurgy
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Stainless steel
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In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable, is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10. 5% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel is notable for its resistance, and it is widely used for food handling. Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does, however, it is not fully stain-proof in low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor air-circulation environments. There are various grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure, Stainless steel is used where both the properties of steel and corrosion resistance are required. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present, unprotected carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film is active and accelerates corrosion by making it easier for more iron oxide to form, since iron oxide has lower density than steel, the film expands and tends to flake and fall away. In comparison, stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to undergo passivation and this layer prevents further corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and stops corrosion from spreading into the bulk of the metal. Passivation occurs only if the proportion of chromium is high enough, Stainless steel’s resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance, and familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications. Storage tanks and tankers used to transport orange juice and other food are made of stainless steel. This also influences its use in kitchens and food processing plants, as it can be steam-cleaned and sterilized. High oxidation resistance in air at ambient temperature is achieved with addition of a minimum of 13% chromium. The chromium forms a layer of chromium oxide when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, and the metal remains lustrous, the layer is impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath, and this layer quickly reforms when the surface is scratched. This phenomenon is called passivation and is seen in other metals, corrosion resistance can be adversely affected if the component is used in a non-oxygenated environment, a typical example being underwater keel bolts buried in timber. When stainless steel parts such as nuts and bolts are forced together, when forcibly disassembled, the welded material may be torn and pitted, a destructive effect known as galling. Galling can be avoided by the use of materials for the parts forced together, for example bronze and stainless steel. However, two different alloys electrically connected in a humid, even mildly acidic environment may act as a voltaic pile, nitronic alloys, made by selective alloying with manganese and nitrogen, may have a reduced tendency to gall. Additionally, threaded joints may be lubricated to provide a film between the two parts and prevent galling, low-temperature carburizing is another option that virtually eliminates galling and allows the use of similar materials without the risk of corrosion and the need for lubrication
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Cylinder (firearms)
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In firearms, the cylinder is the cylindrical, rotating part of a revolver containing multiple chambers. The cylinder revolves around an axis in the revolver to bring each individual chamber into alignment with the barrel for firing. Each time the gun is cocked, the cylinder indexes by one chamber, cylinders typically hold six cartridges, but some small frame revolvers only hold 5 cartridges, due to the smaller overall size of the gun and reduced space availability. The Nagant M1895 revolver has a 7 shot cylinder, the Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver has an 8-shot cylinder in.38 caliber, several models of.22 rimfire caliber revolvers have cylinders holding 9 or 10 rounds. As a general rule, cylinders are not designed to be detached from the firearm, rapid reloading is instead facilitated by the use of a speedloader or moon clip, although these only work on break-top and swing-out cylinder revolvers, for obvious reasons. The first generation of cartridge revolvers were converted caplock designs, in many of these, the pin on which the cylinder revolved was removed, and the cylinder taken from the gun for loading. Most revolvers using this method of loading are single action revolvers, because of this, many modern large caliber hunting revolvers tend to be based on the fixed cylinder design. The next method used for loading and unloading cartridge revolvers was the top break design, in a top break revolver, the frame is hinged at the bottom front of the cylinder. Releasing the lock and pushing the barrel down brings the cylinder up - this exposes the rear of the cylinder for reloading, fresh rounds are then placed into the cylinder, either one at a time or all at once with either a speedloader or a moon clip. The barrel and cylinder are then rotated back and locked in place, since the frame is in two parts, held together by a latch on the top rear of the cylinder, top break revolvers cannot handle high pressure or magnum-type rounds. Top break designs are largely extinct in the world of firearms, one of the most famous break top revolvers is the Webley service revolver, used by the British military from 1889-1963. The most modern method of loading and unloading a revolver is by means of the swing out cylinder, the cylinder is mounted on a pivot that is coaxial with the chambers, and the cylinder swings out and down. An extractor is fitted, operated by a rod projecting from the front of the cylinder assembly, when pressed, it will push all fired rounds free simultaneously. The cylinder may then be loaded, singly or again with a speedloader, closed, the pivoting part that supports the cylinder is called the crane, it is the weak point of swing-out cylinder designs. Lack of alignment between chamber and barrel is a condition, as it can impede the bullets transition from chamber to barrel. This gives rise to higher pressures in the chamber, bullet damage, the shock of firing can exert a great deal of stress on the crane, as in most designs the cylinder is only held closed at one point, the rear of the cylinder. Stronger designs, such as the Ruger Super Redhawk, use a lock in the crane as well as the lock at the rear of the cylinder and this latch provides a more secure bond between cylinder and frame, and allows the use of larger, more powerful cartridges. Swing out cylinders are rather strong, but not as strong as fixed cylinders, Firearm cylinders were first developed in the 16th century and, over time, had anywhere from three to twelve chambers bored into them
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Centerfire ammunition
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A centerfire cartridge is a cartridge with a primer located in the center of the cartridge case head. Unlike rimfire cartridges, the primer is a separate and replaceable component, centerfire cartridges have supplanted the rimfire variety in all but the smallest cartridge sizes. The stronger base of a cartridge is able to withstand higher pressures which in turn give a bullet greater velocity. Larger caliber rimfire cartridges require greater volumes of priming explosive than centerfire cartridges, reducing the amount of priming explosive would reduce the reliability of rimfire cartridge ignition, and increase the probability of misfire or dud cartridges. Economies of scale are achieved through interchangeable primers for a variety of centerfire cartridge calibers. The expensive individual brass cases can be reused after replacing the primer, gunpowder, the forward portion of some empty cases can be reformed for use as obsolete or wildcat cartridges with similar base configuration. Modern cartridges larger than.22 caliber are mostly centerfire, actions suitable for larger caliber rimfire cartridges declined in popularity until the demand for them no longer exceeded manufacturing costs, and they became obsolete. An early form of ammunition, without a percussion cap, was invented between 1808 and 1812 by Jean Samuel Pauly. This was also the first fully integrated cartridge, true centerfire ammunition was invented by the Frenchman Clement Pottet in 1829. However, Pottet would not perfect his design until 1855, the centerfire cartridge was improved by Benjamin Houllier, Gastinne Renette, Charles Lancaster, George Morse, Francois Schneider, Hiram Berdan and Edward Mounier Boxer. The identifying feature of centerfire ammunition is the primer which is a cup containing a primary explosive inserted into a recess in the center of the base of the cartridge. The firearm firing pin crushes this explosive between the cup and an anvil to produce hot gas and a shower of incandescent particles to ignite the powder charge, Berdan priming is less expensive to manufacture and is much more common in military-surplus ammunition made outside the United States. Berdan primers are named after their American inventor, Hiram Berdan of New York who invented his first variation of the Berdan primer and patented it on March 20,1866, in U. S. A small copper cylinder formed the shell of the cartridge, and this system worked well, allowing the option of installing a cap just before use of the propellant-loaded cartridge as well as permitting reloading the cartridge for reuse. S. Berdan primers have remained essentially the same functionally to the present day, Berdan primers are similar to the caps used in the caplock system, being small metal cups with pressure-sensitive explosive in them. Modern Berdan primers are pressed into the pocket of a Berdan-type cartridge case. Inside the primer pocket is a bump, the anvil, that rests against the center of the cup. Berdan cases are reusable, although the process is rather involved, the used primer must be removed, usually by hydraulic pressure or a pincer or lever that pulls the primer out of the bottom
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Wood
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Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees, and other woody plants. It is a material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers which are strong in tension embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, in a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots, Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. In 2005, the stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy, in 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction, a 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick discovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created. People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging, artworks. Constructions using wood date back ten thousand years, buildings like the European Neolithic long house were made primarily of wood. Recent use of wood has changed by the addition of steel. The year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the climate at that time. This process is known as growth, it is the result of cell division in the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem. These cells then go on to form thickened secondary cell walls, composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, if the distinctiveness between seasons is annual, these growth rings are referred to as annual rings. Where there is little seasonal difference growth rings are likely to be indistinct or absent, if the bark of the tree has been removed in a particular area, the rings will likely be deformed as the plant overgrows the scar. It is usually lighter in color than that near the portion of the ring. The outer portion formed later in the season is known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are differences, depending on the kind of wood
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Pistol grip
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For firearms, the pistol grip is generally used by the hand that operates the trigger. Rifles and shotguns without pistol grips are generally referred to as having straight or upland style stocks, some firearms, such as some versions of the Thompson submachine gun, have a forward pistol grip which is used to stabilize the firearm in operation. The pistol grip often serves multiple functions such as a housing, bipod. In some firearms, like the Finnish light machine gun Kk 62, pistol grips are a defining feature in United States gun law. A forward pistol grip on a pistol is restricted under the National Firearms Act, pistol grips which protrude below the weapon and are not integrated with the shoulder stock are currently regulated in some states and were regulated by the now-expired Federal Assault Weapons Ban. In the context of law, the National Rifle Association deemed pistol grips a cosmetic feature. Tools with pistol grips run the range from hand saws to pneumatic nailers, often the word gun appears in the name of pistol-gripped tools such as the glue gun, caulking gun and nail gun. A number of tools, like firearms, have a pistol grip. Drills and grinders often include this feature for added control, one of the reasons the pistol grip style is so common in machinery is because it is possible to ergonomically position the operating controls. The first rifle ever to use a pistol grip was the DELVIGNE PATENT carbine made by LESOINNE ET PIRLOT FILS, LIEGE in 1840
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Iron sights
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Iron sights are typically composed of two component sights, formed by metal blades, a rear sight mounted perpendicular to the line of sight and a front sight that is a post, bead, or ring. Open sights use a notch of some sort as the rear sight, civilian, hunting, and police firearms usually feature open sights, while many military battle rifles employ aperture sights. The earliest and simplest iron sights are fixed and cannot be easily adjusted, many iron sights are designed to be adjustable, so that the sights can be adjusted for elevation or windage. On many firearms it is the sight that is adjustable. For precision applications such as hunting or sniping, the sights are usually replaced by a telescopic sight. Iron sights may still be fitted alongside other sighting devices for back-up usage, iron sights provide horizontal and vertical reference points that allow the shooter to train the weapon. Rear sights are mounted in a dovetail on the barrel or receiver, closer to the eye of the shooter. Front sights are mounted to the barrel by dovetailing, soldering, screwing, or staking close to the muzzle, frequently on a ramp. Some front sight assemblies include a detachable hood intended to reduce glare, with typical blade or post iron sights, the shooter would center the front post in the notch of the rear sight and the tops of both sights should be level. Since the eye is capable of focusing on one plane, and the rear sight, front sight. At 1,000 m, that same misalignment would be magnified 100 times, sights for shotguns used for shooting small, moving targets work quite differently. The rear sight is completely discarded, and the reference point is provided by the correct. A brightly colored round bead is placed at the end of the barrel, often, this bead will be placed along a raised, flat rib, which is usually ventilated to keep it cool and reduce mirage effects from a hot barrel. This method of aiming is not as precise as that of a front sight/rear sight combination, but it is faster. Some shotguns also provide a mid-bead, which is a smaller bead located halfway down the rib, open sights generally are used where the rear sight is at significant distance from the shooters eye. They provide minimum occlusion of the view, but at the expense of precision. Open sights generally use either a square post or a bead on a post for a front sight, to use the sight, the post or bead is positioned both vertically and horizontally in the center of the rear sight notch. For a center hold, the front sight is positioned on the center of the target, for a 6oclock hold, the front sight is positioned just below the target and centered horizontally
28.
NRA Precision Pistol
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Bullseye, also known as precision pistol, formerly known as conventional pistol, is a shooting sport in which participants shoot handguns at paper targets at fixed distances and time limits. A number of organizations, including the NRA and Civilian Marksmanship Program in the United States, have established rules, emphasis is on accuracy and precision. The sport is popular in United States and Canada. Bullseye specifies three classes of pistol, a.22 caliber rimfire, a handgun of.32 caliber or greater. Since the format includes a fire stage, a semi-automatic pistol or revolver with a capacity of at least 5 rounds is needed. Any type of sight can be used, except laser sights, many competitors use iron sights, but the recent trend has been towards red dot sights, which many shooters find easier to use. Telescopic sights, while legal, are rare, as magnification is not considered an advantage, iron sights are usually adjustable Patridge type sights, carefully treated to reduce glare that might impact sight alignment. The most common centerfire pistol is the M1911 design, usually built, while many shooters use the M1911 for the centerfire stages of competition, some shooters prefer a third gun. One advantage of.45 caliber over.38 caliber is that the larger diameter hole made will be able cut a higher scoring ring over the smaller caliber given the point of impact near the higher ring. Smith & Wesson revolvers are most common among shooters who prefer revolvers, S&W makes revolvers in.22 Long Rifle.38 Special, custom gunsmithing is common here as well to increase reliability and usability all leading to improved accuracy. Relatively low velocity ammunition is preferred for precision Bullseye target shooting in both the slow and sustained fire disciplines because the.22 bullet can travel at or near the speed of sound. If a bullet transitions between supersonic speed and subsonic speed before striking the target, its path is slightly disturbed. To avoid this phenomenon, strictly subsonic ammunition is preferred, centerfire ammunition is often handloaded, with very careful selection of components so maximum precision can be obtained. Lighter weight bullets and lower velocities are often selected to minimize recoil, handloading must always be done following the manufacturers recommendations. For any given handgun or rifle there is a combination that delivers the peak or maximum possible accuracy. All courses of fire are from a position using a one-handed grip at two different targets depending on the distance and type of match. The slow-fire targets have the 8–10 rings inside the bullseye and the rapid fire targets have only the 9 and 10 rings inside the black, depending on the match format, the competitor may be required to shoot as many as 90 rounds from each of three handguns. Each shot scores a maximum of 10 points, hence, a one-gun competition is often referred to as a 900 whereas a three-gun competition is a 2700
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Accurizing
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Accurizing is the process of improving the accuracy of a firearm or airgun. For firearms, accuracy is defined as the ability to hit exactly what one is aiming at, further, accuracy and precision, or the ability to hit the same place over and over again in a repeatable fashion, are the goals of accurizing. Accurizing generally concentrates on four different areas, Usability, Enhancements that give the shooter a more consistent hold on the firearm, tolerances, Parts that fit together better will shift less or shift more consistently under recoil. Harmonics, Barrels vibrate under the shock of firing and these vibrations can be minimized or tuned to minimize their effect on accuracy. Generally the harmonic effects are proportional to the square of the barrel length, projectile propulsion consistency, Unlike firearms, airguns provide the propulsive force themselves, instead of relying on a cartridge. The source of power is open to accurizing operations along with the bullet itself. Consistent ammunition performance is critical for accuracy with firearms, as well. While some manufacturers produce match-grade ammunition, it is common for high-precision shooters to handload their own ammunition, the key to an accurate firearm is consistency. Getting everything to happen the way for every shot is key to producing small groups. The keys to firing an accurate shot are a firm but not overtight grip, the ability to get a sight picture. The ability to manage recoil is also important in heavily recoiling calibers, determining accuracy is not always a straightforward task, as it depends on a large number of variables. The accuracy of a shot relies on different factors, which can be broken down into three broad categories, the firearm, the cartridge, and the shooter. Accurizing generally refers to the processes that are applied to the firearm and its common to use a benchrest or a vise when evaluating ammunition or a weapon for accuracy in order to eliminate human error. An ideal group would be one where all land in a hole no larger than the diameter of a single bullet. This can be expressed in linear measures or in angular measures, groups for rifles are traditionally shot at 100 yards, where a minute of arc equals 1.047 inches, and the one MOA group is a traditional benchmark of accuracy. Handguns are generally used at closer ranges, and are tested for accuracy at their intended range of use, also of importance is the number of shots fired. Statistical likelihood says the fewer shots that are fired, the smaller the dispersion will be,3 or 5-shot groups are acceptable for zeroing the sights and rough accuracy estimates, but most shooters consider 10-shot groups to be the minimum for accuracy comparisons. Even defining accuracy can be problematic, an example of this can be shown by the following tests, run by Performance Shooter magazine in December,1996
30.
Smith & Wesson Model 10
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In production since 1899, it is a six-shot double-action revolver with fixed sights. Over its long run it has been available with barrel lengths of 2 in,3 in,4 in,5 in. Barrels of 2.5 inches are also known to have made for special contracts. Some 6,000,000 of the type have been produced over the years, making it the most popular centerfire revolver of the 20th century. In 1899, the United States Army and Navy placed orders with Smith & Wesson for two to three thousand Model 1899 Hand Ejector revolvers chambered for the M1892.38 Long Colt U. S, in 1902 the.38 Military & Police was introduced, featuring substantial changes. These included major modification and simplification of the internal lockwork and the addition of a locking underlug on the barrel to engage the previously free-standing ejector rod, barrel lengths were 4,5,6, and 6.5 inches with a rounded butt. Serial numbers for the Military & Police ranged from number 1 in the series to 20,975, most of the early M&P revolvers chambered in.38 Special appear to have been sold to the civilian market. By 1904, S&W was offering the.38 M&P with a rounded or square butt, and 4-, 5-, heat treating of cylinders began in 1919. The S&W Model 10 military revolvers produced from 1942 to 1944 had serial numbers with a V prefix and it is noteworthy that early Victory Models did not always have the V prefix. Most Victory Models sent to Britain were fitted with 4-inch or 5-inchbarrels, the Victory Model was used by United States forces during World War II, being chambered in the well-known and popular.38 Special cartridge. Some of these remained in service well into the 1990s with units of the United States Armed Forces. Until the introduction of the Beretta M9 9mm pistol in 1990, U. S. Army helicopter crew members, criminal Investigation Division agents were issued.38 caliber revolvers with two inch barrels. The Victory Model remained in use with Air National Guard tanker, rechambering of. 38-200 cylinders to.38 Special results in oversized chambers, which may cause problems. Lee Harvey Oswald was carrying a re-chambered Victory Model when he was apprehended on November 22,1963, other distinguishing features of the Victory Model revolver are the lanyard loop at the bottom of the grip frame, and the use of smooth walnut grip panels. However some early models did use a grip, most notably the pre-1942 manufacture. After World War II, Smith & Wesson returned to manufacturing the M&P series, in 1957, Smith & Wesson adopted the convention of using numeric designations to distinguish their various models of handguns, and the M&P was renamed the Model 10. The M&P/Model 10 has been available in blued steel finish and nickel finish for most of its production run. The model has also offered throughout the years with both the round butt and square butt, i. e. grip patterns
31.
Military police
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Military police are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In the Second World War, the police of the German Army still used a metal gorget as an emblem. Naval police members are sometimes called masters-at-arms and shore patrol, Military police in Brazil has two meanings. There are provost corps for each of the Brazilian Armed Forces, Army Police for the Army, Navy Police for the Navy, the second type are the civilian preventative police, with military organization comparable to gendarmerie, called the Military Police. Each State has their own Military Police, there is also a joint National Public Security Force, created in 1999. This force is composed of the most qualified State Military Police personnel from all the states and they have the power to arrest anyone who is subject to the Code of Service Discipline, regardless of position or rank under the National Defence Act. If in fact a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, MP have the power to arrest and charge the offender, military or civilian, under the Criminal Code. It is important to note though that the purpose of the CFMP is not to replace the job of a police officer. MP also have the power to enforce the Provincial Highway Traffic Acts on all military bases in Canada pursuant to the Government Property Traffic Regulations, in Colombia, MPs are very common. They can be seen guarding closed roads, museums, embassies, government buildings, in the National Army of Colombia they are assigned to the 37 Military Police Battalions, wearing green uniforms with the military police helmet. A Naval Police battalion is in service in the Colombian Marine Corps, Each branch of the military of the United States maintains its own police force. The U. S. CGIS primarily investigates and charges those in its own population with serious crimes, such as rape, assault or forgery, Navy, designated as Naval Security Force, primarily responsible for law enforcement and force protection. NSF personnel are led by Naval commissioned officers from the Limited Duty Officer and Chief Warrant Officer communities, additionally, a host installations Security Force are augmented by Sailors on Temporary Assignment of Duty from their parent units, as part of the Auxiliary Security Force. Prior to the 1970s, Master-at-Arms and Shore Patrol were used synonymously to refer to Sailors assigned to law enforcement. Air Force Security Forces —United States Air Force Each service also maintains uniformed civilian police departments and they are referred to as Department of Defense Police. These police fall under each directorate they work for within the United States Department of Defense, for example, the Department of the Air Force Police operate under the Air Provost Marshal. The police officers duties are similar to those of civilian police officers. They enforce the Uniform Code of Military Justice, federal and state laws, the United States Constabulary was a gendarmerie force used to secure and patrol the American Zone of West Germany immediately after World War II
32.
Patent
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A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property, the procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right and these claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country, the word patent originates from the Latin patere, which means to lay open. More directly, it is a version of the term letters patent. Similar grants included land patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and printing patents, a precursor of modern copyright. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the granted to anyone who invents any new, useful. The additional qualification utility patent is used to distinguish the primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular species of patents for inventions include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents, the period of protection was 10 years. These were mostly in the field of glass making, as Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries, by the 16th century, the English Crown would habitually abuse the granting of letters patent for monopolies. After public outcry, King James I of England was forced to revoke all existing monopolies, the Statute became the foundation for later developments in patent law in England and elsewhere. Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of Queen Anne, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access. Influenced by the philosophy of John Locke, the granting of patents began to be viewed as a form of property right. The English legal system became the foundation for patent law in countries with a common law heritage, including the United States, New Zealand, in the Thirteen Colonies, inventors could obtain patents through petition to a given colonys legislature
33.
Moon clip
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A moon clip is a ring-shaped or star-shaped piece of metal designed to hold multiple cartridges together as a unit, for simultaneous insertion and extraction from a revolver cylinder. Moonclips may either hold an entire cylinders worth of cartridges together, half a cylinder, moon clips can be used either to chamber rimless cartridges in a double-action revolver, or to chamber multiple rimmed cartridges simultaneously. Moon clips are made from spring grade steel, although plastic versions have also been produced. Unlike a speedloader, a moon clip remains in place during firing, the modern moon clip was devised shortly before World War I. The device then became widespread during the war, when the relatively new M1911 semi-automatic pistol could not be manufactured fast enough for the war effort, War Department asked Smith & Wesson and Colt to devise ways to use the M1911s.45 ACP rimless cartridge in their revolvers. The result was the M1917 revolver, employing moon clips to chamber the military-issue.45 ACP ammunition. Smith & Wesson invented and patented the half-moon clip, but at the request of the Army allowed Colt to also use the free of charge in their own version of the M1917 revolver. Moon Clips can be formed by stamped high carbon steel, heat treated and finished to prevent rust, alternatively they can be made from pre-heat treated stainless steel and cut out using either wire EDM or Laser machinery. They can also be made by injection molding plastic, each process has its benefits and drawbacks such as cost and durability. Moon clips may be faster to use than a speedloader. This feat was possible by using moon clips to allow quick and reliable ejection of the rounds
34.
.40 S&W
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The.40 S&W is a rimless pistol cartridge developed jointly by major American firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester. It uses 0. 40-inch diameter bullets ranging in weight from 105 to 200 grains, the semi-automatic pistol offered two advantages over the revolver, 1) increased ammunition capacity and 2) increased ease of reloading during a firefight. The FBI was satisfied with the performance of its.38 Special +P158 gr L. S. W. C. H. P, cartridge based on decades of dependable performance. Ammunition for the new semi-automatic pistol had to deliver terminal performance equal or superior to the.38 Special FBI Load, during tests of the 9×19mm and. During this collaboration with the FBI, S&W realized that downsizing the 10mm full power to meet the FBI medium velocity specification meant less powder, S&W then teamed with Winchester to produce a new cartridge, the.40 S&W. It uses a small pistol primer whereas the 10mm cartridge uses a large pistol primer, the.40 S&W cartridge debuted January 17,1990, along with the new Smith & Wesson Model 4006 pistol, although it was several months before the pistols were available for purchase. Beat Smith & Wesson to the shelves in 1990, with pistols chambered in.40 S&W which were announced a week before the 4006. Glocks rapid introduction was aided by its engineering of a pistol chambered in 10mm Auto, since the.40 S&W uses the same bore diameter and case head as the 10mm Auto, it was merely a matter of adapting the 10mm design to the shorter 9×19mm Parabellum frames. The new guns and ammunition were an immediate success, the.40 S&W case length and overall cartridge length are shortened, but other dimensions except case web and wall thickness remain identical to the 10mm Auto. Both cartridges headspace on the mouth of the case, thus in a semi-auto they are not interchangeable. Fired from a 10mm semi-auto, the.40 Smith & Wesson cartridge will headspace on the extractor, if the cartridge is not held by the extractor, the chances for a ruptured primer are great. Smith & Wesson does make a double-action revolver that can fire either at will using moon clips, a single-action revolver in the. 38–40 chambering can also be modified to fire the.40 or the 10mm if it has an extra cylinder. Some.40 caliber handguns can be converted to 9mm with a purpose made barrel, magazine change. The.40 S&W has 1.25 ml cartridge case capacity. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 millimetres,6 grooves, ∅ lands =9.91, mm, ∅ grooves =10.17 mm, land width =3.05 mm and the primer type is small pistol. Guidelines, the.40 S&W case can handle up to 225 megapascals piezo pressure, in C. I. P. -regulated countries every pistol/cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the.40 S&W is set at 241.32 megapascals piezo pressure, the.40 S&W cartridge has been popular with law enforcement agencies in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Marshall & Sanow contend that with good jacketed hollow point bullets, apart from the imperfect relationship between ordnance gelatin ballistics and actual stopping power, critics pointed to the reduced power of the round compared with the 10mm Auto it was based on
35.
Ruger M77
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The Ruger M77 is a bolt-action rifle produced by Sturm, Ruger & Company. It was designed by Jim Sullivan during his three years with Ruger, the rifle features a traditional Mauser-style two-lugged bolt with a claw extractor. From the beginning, the Ruger M77 was intended as a modernized Mauser 98, bill Ruger wanted to use investment casting in place of a forged receiver. The Sullivan-designed bolt dispensed with the Mauser blade type ejector and instead used the simpler style of ejector. A two-position tang safety and redesigned trigger system were designed from scratch. Perhaps the most novel feature of the M77 is the one that has not been redesigned. The front action screw of traditional bolt-action rifles draws the receiver directly down against the stock, the M77 uses an angled screw that draws the action down and to the rear, tightly bedding it against the stock. The M77 has undergone one minor and two major redesigns, the first change involved incorporating a proprietary scope mount milled integral with the receiver. The first rifles had simple rounded-top receivers drilled and tapped for scope mounts. The M77 was retooled almost entirely and reintroduced in 1991 as the Mark II, the safety, bolt, and trigger were completely redesigned. The claw extractor was retained, but the face was opened up to allow controlled-round feeding. The plunger ejector was replaced with a Mauser style blade ejector, finally, a three-position safety allowed the bolt to be operated while the gun was still on safe, making unloading of the rifle less hazardous. Ruger also eliminated the adjustable trigger that came stock on the original M77, in 2006, Ruger introduced new features and a new name for their rifle, the Hawkeye. Major changes were made to the system and the stock was recontoured. The LC6 trigger addressed complaints from consumers about the Mark II trigger to make it safer than the earlier design, the LC6 trigger is lighter and smoother. The SAR Rifle. 30-06 calibre, RUGER, Model M77 is a designed for use by Canadas search and rescue technicians. The SAR Rifle is designed to be a survival rifle chambered in. 30-06 Springfield. The rifle is based on the standard Ruger M77 Mk II rifle, the orange coloured buttstock has been modified so that it can fold along the left hand side of the stock and it also can hold six additional rounds of ammunition
36.
Ruger Gunsite Scout
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The Ruger Gunsite Scout is a bolt-action rifle introduced by Sturm, Ruger & Co. at the 2011 SHOT Show. It is a scout rifle based on their Model 77 action. To develop the Gunsite Scout, Ruger worked closely with Gunsite Academy in the development of the rifle, the rifle features a matte black receiver, a 16. Matte Stainless, features a barrel length of 18 inches, weight of 7.10 pounds. Left-Handed Versions, both the standard 16. 5-inch barrel blued and 18-inch barrel matte stainless models are available in left-handed configurations, export Model, the Canadian and Australian version of the Ruger Gunsite Scout have a stainless steel barrel and action with an 18-inch barrel without the flash hider. It also lacks the Gunsite Scout Rifle name and logo found on the grip cap. As of 2013, the standard model Ruger Gunsite Scout rifle with the 16.5 inch barrel and flash hider, in addition, a model chambered in 5. 56×45mm NATO was announced in 2014
37.
Ruger American Rifle
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The Ruger American Rifle is a bolt-action magazine-fed rifle made by Sturm, Ruger & Co. as an entry-level hunting and target-shooting rifle. The Ruger American has a made from 4140 chrome-moly bar stock. Rather than using a recoil lug, the rifle is secured in the stock by means of two aluminum action blocks in a system known as power bedding. The bolt feeds rounds from the detachable, rotary magazine to the chamber via a push-feed mechanism employing dual cocking cams, the trigger is an adjustable type, allowing the user to change the weight of pull by means of a set-screw. The rifle comes with a safety and a black polymer composite stock
38.
Ruger Mini-14
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The Mini-14 is a lightweight.223 caliber semi-automatic rifle manufactured by Sturm, Ruger & Co. that is popular with law enforcement, security personnel, hunters, ranchers and target shooters. It is made in a number of variants including the Ranch Rifle with a scope base on the receiver, the Mini Thirty which is chambered for 7. 62×39mm, and the AC-556. The Mini-14 was first introduced in 1973 by Sturm, Ruger & Co, the name Mini-14 was coined because it resembles a smaller version of the military M14 rifle. Designed by L. James Sullivan and William B, Ruger, it incorporated numerous innovations and cost-saving engineering changes. The Mini-14 rifle employs an investment cast, heat-treated receiver and is similar to the M1 Garand rifle, with a self-cleaning. Initial rifles were produced with a complex, exposed bolt hold open device with no button for manual engagement, stocks were somewhat angular and heat shields were made of wood. These rifles, with serial number prefixes before 181, were tooled and redesigned with a new stock, new bolt hold-open mechanism, the original Mini-14 rifle had a rear aperture sight with large protective wings, and no integral scope bases. In 1982, Ruger introduced the Ranch Rifle with a scope base on the receiver. It introduced a heat shield and ejected spent cartridge cases at a lower angle to avoid hitting low-mounted scopes. In 1987, Ruger introduced the Mini Thirty rifle chambered for the Russian 7. 62×39mm cartridge, at the time, large quantities of surplus military ammunition were being imported into the United States at rock bottom prices. Also, the 7. 62×39mm is ballistically similar to the. 30-30 Winchester cartridge, as a result, the Mini Thirty proved to be an effective deer rifle. The design was overhauled to improve accuracy and update the styling while at the same time reducing production costs, the standard Mini-14 was discontinued and the name became the family name for all Mini-14 type rifles. These upgraded rifles have serial numbers beginning with 580 and are referred to as 580 series Ranch Rifles. They have new iron sights and a gas system designed to reduce barrel vibration and are capable of shooting 2 inch groups at 100 yards or 2 minute of angle accuracy. Sometime between 2007 and 2008, Ruger added a heavier tapered barrel to the Mini series, the heavier barrel had an overall larger diameter with the barrel visibly becoming thicker in the final inches as the barrel approaches the gas block from the muzzle. These changes combined with tighter tolerances result in greater potential accuracy, all Mini-14 type rifles are available in stainless steel or blued finish with hardwood, synthetic, or laminated stocks with 16. 12-inch or 18. 5-inch barrels. Most Mini-14s have a classic sporter appearance in contrast to comparable autoloading rifles such as the AK-47, however, Ruger now offers some Mini-14 rifles in a black ATI-brand adjustable folding stock with a pistol grip. Also, Ruger factory-made 5-, 10-, 20- and 30-round steel magazines are available along with numerous aftermarket options
39.
Ruger Model 44
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The Ruger Model 44 is a semi-automatic rifle chambered in.44 Remington Magnum. It was built with a 4-round tubular magazine and produced from 1961 to 1985, the design influenced the smaller and more popular Ruger 10/22 model chambered in.22 LR that would debut in 1964. The rifle was discontinued in 1985 due to production costs. A near-clone of the Ruger Model 44 was introduced in 2000 and produced until 2006 using a gas system closer to the Ruger Mini-14 and known as the Ruger Deerfield Carbine. The standard model featured a stock and a barrel band similar to the Ruger 10/22 and the M1 Carbine. The front sight was a gold bead and the sight was a folding leaf-type. The receiver was drilled and tapped for scope mounts, the rifle was fed via a fixed 4-shot tubular magazine. The chief complaint of the rifle was that the gas ports quickly fouled when using lead ammunition and this became less of an issue as manufacturers of.44 Magnum ammunition offered jacketed rounds instead of traditional lead. Ruger offered several variants including the RS model that had factory sling swivels, the International Model was similar, but lacked the rear peep sight and had a Mannlicher-type stock. The Sporter was the same, but made use of a Monte-Carlo style of stock and these three variants were dropped from production in 1971. In the final year of production, Ruger offered a 25th Anniversary Edition that featured a Ruger medallion embedded in the stock
40.
Ruger Police Carbine
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The Ruger Police Carbine is a pistol caliber carbine designed as a companion to the Ruger P Series pistols. As of 2007, Ruger has discontinued production citing low demand and it is a semi-automatic carbine using a blowback action. The Carbine uses the same ammunition and magazines as the Ruger P Series 9mm, both the PC9 and the PC4 are patterned after the highly successful Ruger 10/22 carbine. The Carbine is intended as a weapon for police use. The intent is that an officer will carry a Ruger P Series pistol as a sidearm, since the carbine has a 16-inch barrel, it provides more power with the same ammunition used by the 4-inch barreled pistol. The carbine also provides additional accuracy and range over the pistol, the Carbine has some unique design features. The action is a blowback design, which requires a fairly massive bolt to handle the pressure of 9mm. These two parts are held together by strong, rigid steel bars, the combined mass serves to hold the breech safely closed during firing, while keeping the center of gravity forward, so the gun handles well. Another unique feature is the bolt lock, to prevent this, the Carbine uses a lock that locks the bolt securely closed so that a fall will not dislodge it. A slight pressure on the trigger or on the handle, however. In addition to caliber, the Carbine also comes with a choice in sights, the standard model uses notch and post sights, while the GR models are equipped with ghost ring sights. The Carbine also has Ruger style scope bases built into the receiver, allowing optical sights to be easily and securely mounted
41.
Ruger Deerfield Carbine
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The Deerfield Carbine or Model 99/44 is a.44 Magnum semi-automatic rifle produced by Sturm, Ruger & Co. introduced in 2000. The 1961-1962 Model 44 was marked as the Deerstalker, the rifle was reclassified as a carbine and renamed Deerfield due to the notable lawsuit brought by the Ithaca Gun Company. The Model 44 featured a solid-topped receiver, while the modern Deerfield has a design more resembling the M1 Carbine. Unusual for a modern firearm, the Deerfield uses a rotary magazine similar to that used on Rugers.22 LR 10/22 rifle. The Deerfield was discontinued in 2006
42.
Ruger Model 96
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The Ruger Model 96 is a series of lever-action rifles produced by Sturm, Ruger & Co. They featured a short-throw lever action, cross button safety and a cocking lever. The 4 different variants of the Model 96 represented the four calibers the rifle came in, 96/17 for.17 HMR, 96/22 for.22 LR, 96/22M for.22 Magnum, all four models had a hard wood stock. The.22 LR 96/22 feeds from the magazines as the popular Ruger 10/22 series. From the factory, it comes with the standard flush-fitting 10-round rotary magazine, since it shares the magazine with the 10/22, the capacities available for the 96/22 include 10,25,50, etc. It utilizes the same v-block and barrels from the late model v-block style Ruger 77/22, because of this, with an allen wrench, the owner can replace the barrel with a 77/22 barrel. To use a 10/22 barrel, the process is the same as converting a 10/22 barrel for use in a 77/22, both the 77/22 and 96/22 have dual, opposed extractors. A slot for the left side extractor must be cut into a 10/22 barrel to use it in a 96/22 or 77/22, the.44 Remington Magnum 96/44 feeds from a four-round rotary magazine. It does not share magazines with the Ruger 77/44, the action of the 96/44 does not anchor itself directly to the stock with an action screw as almost all rifles do. There is a block on the underside of the barrel that is threaded for the action screw, the stock is attached to the barrel, and the barrel to the action. The rifled barrel has a twist rate of 1 turn in 20 and this is relatively rare for.44 Magnum firearms, which usually are rifled at a rate of 1 turn in 38 inches. The 1,20 twist enables the use of 325gr ammunition for hunting large game
43.
Ruger 10/22
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The Ruger 10/22 is a semi-automatic rimfire rifle chambered in.22 Long Rifle. It has a removable 10-round rotary magazine which allows the magazine to fit flush with the bottom of the stock, higher capacity magazines are also available. A magnum version, chambered for the.22 WMR cartridge, was made from 1998 to 2006, and a.17 HMR version, the 10/17 was announced in 2004, the standard version has been in production continuously since 1964. The 10/22 was immediately popular upon its release and it was designed as a quality adult gun and not a cheap youth rifle. However, its handling characteristics, negligible recoil and inexpensive ammunition nonetheless make it ideal for young or inexperienced shooters. It is very popular for small-game hunters and those who want an inexpensive rifle firing inexpensive ammunition for target, custom manufacturers also make clones of the 10/22, which are similar in design but built to much higher specifications and costs. The 10/22 barrel uses a unique two-screw, V-block system to attach the barrel to the receiver, making removal, the 10/22 is available in a wide variety of configurations. In 2015, the Ruger 10/22 came in 11 different models, the Carbine came in 3 models, the Tactical, Takedown and Target each had 2 models, the Sporter and Compact each had 1 model. The discontinued 10/22 International model was fitted with a Mannlicher stock, standard barrel lengths are 20 in the 10/22 Rifle, 18 1⁄2 in the 10/22 Carbine, and 16 1⁄8 in the 10/22 Compact Rifle which is also fitted with a shorter stock. All.22 Long Rifle versions use an aluminum receiver, while the discontinued.22 Magnum version used a steel receiver with integral scope bases, offered with hardwood or black synthetic stocks, black alloy or stainless steel receivers and a model fitted with LaserMax laser sight. On March 28,2012 Ruger introduced the 10/22 Takedown model and this model disassembles into barrel and action/buttstock components easily. It is shipped in a backpack style case that has room for the rifle, ammunition, the MSRP is higher than the basic carbine models. The standard Takedown model has an aluminum receiver made to resemble stainless steel and 18.5 barrel with a black synthetic stock. Also offered in an alloy receiver and 16.12 threaded barrel with flash suppressor or with a threaded, fluted target barrel. Target shooting model with heavy 20 bull barrel with no iron sights, Model with 18.5, alternatively 20 or 22, barrel and checkered walnut stock with sling swivels. Model with 16.12 fitted with flash suppressor, also offered with 16.12 heavy target barrel with Hogue OverMolded stock fitted with bipod. In 2009, Ruger released the SR-22 Rifle model, a 10/22 receiver embedded in a chassis that mimics the dimensions of an AR-15 style rifle such as their own SR-556, the SR-22 Rifle uses standard 10/22 rotary magazines, in addition to most aftermarket 10/22 magazines. The positions of the release, the safety and the charging handle are all more similar to a standard 10/22 than an AR-15
44.
Ruger SR-556
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The SR-556 is a semi-automatic rifle carbine manufactured by U. S. firearms company Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. The rifle was introduced in 2009, marking Rugers entry into the popular AR-15 market, and it would continue with a.308 AR-10 variant and it is one of several new AR-15 rifles to use gas piston operation. In January 2016 Ruger discontinued all SR-556 rifles and introduced a new Takedown variant with a lightweight Keymod handguard, the rifle features a patent-pending, two stage piston mechanism as opposed to the standard AR-15 direct impingement system. Gas flow is controlled by a four position regulator, several key parts, such as the short stroke gas piston, gas regulator, and bolt/carrier group are chrome plated. The bolt carrier features an integral lug in place of the AR-15s gas key, the flash hider is similar to Rugers AC-556 and Mini-14GB. The SR-556SC comes with three 10-round magazines and does not have the flash hider or collapsible stock, making it compliant in several states with restrictive assault rifle laws. The barrel is 409 millimetres, chrome lined, and features a six groove, in August 2010, Ruger announced that the rifle would be offered in the 6. 8mm Remington SPC cartridge. Pricing suggests that its intended to compete with other entry level AR-15s such as the Smith & Wesson M&P15 Sport, Rugers introduction of the SR-556 was met with some criticism for its high price tag. The SR-556 was also criticized for its weight than other AR-15s. Ruger addressed these shortcomings by introducing a lighter and less expensive rifle, Ruger Official Site Gunblast Article Ruger AR-556 official site
45.
Ruger MP9
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The Ruger MP9 is a 9×19mm submachine gun/machine pistol introduced by Sturm, Ruger & Co. in 1995. The MP9 was designed by Uziel Gal, the designer of the Uzi. In the late 1980s Uzial Gal, designer of the Uzi, during this time, American gun manufacturer Sturm, Ruger & Co. bought the rights to the Uzi. New materials such as Zytel polymer were used in the design to bring the Uzi up to modern standards, the MP9 entered Rugers catalogs in 1995. However, despite having been recognized as the improved Uzi by its creator, the failure of the MP9 has meant that Ruger has yet to have re-entered the submachine gun market since the MP9 left production in 1996, focusing instead on its renowned line of pistols and revolvers. The MP9 had been intended to be sold to police and military forces across the United States, as such the MP9 was a short lived and very rare modern firearm, while the older Uzi lived on under production across the globe. The MP9 was designed by Uziel Gal as an attempt to improve upon the original Uzi, as such the basic design elements, such as the blowback operating action remained virtually the same, bar some minor improvements to make the design more efficient. Like the original Uzi, the MP9 was designed around simplicity, other changes that Ruger and Uziel Gal made to his original design included a change of materials used. The development of strong polymers through the years after the Second World War provoked the designers to change the used in the design. Therefore, the receiver and pistol grip of the MP9 are manufactured from Zytel. The butt-stock is also made from a polymer, connected to the frame via a nylon hinge, the MP9 was fitted with a three-position switch, designed to incorporated the safety and fire selector. Safety was a key feature on the MP9 as Rugers reputation for producing safe firearms, the cocking handle was mounted on top of the new stainless steel receiver. BXP BSM/9 M1 MPA submachine gun Patria submachine gun Modern Firearms - Ruger MP9 SMG Janes Guide Entry patent
46.
Ruger Red Label
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The Ruger Red Label is an over and under shotgun that was built by Sturm, Ruger & Co. It came about when William B, Ruger wanted to introduce an American made over and under shotgun to the US shooting public. The Red Label was introduced in 1977 in 20 Gauge with a 26 barrel, in 1979, Ruger began to offer the Red Label in 12 Gauge and eventually a scaled-down version in 28 Gauge. The design was born of William B, rugers desire to produce a quality US made over and under shotgun. In order to achieve this and put quality on par with European hand-made shotguns, the Red Label has a stainless steel receiver and two hammer forged barrels. The shooter can determine which barrel to fire by means of a selector mounted on the tang, the front sight is typically a brass bead. Most Red Labels are tapped to accept choke tubes for various purposes, the butt stock and forend are oil-finished American walnut with checkering on the grip and forend. The Red Label is primarily used as a shotgun for waterfowling, upland game hunting as well as in skeet. Critics of the Red Label mostly complain about the weight of the shotgun or the fitting of the metal to wood
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Ruger Gold Label
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The Ruger Gold Label is a double-barreled shotgun that was made by Sturm, Ruger & Company, Incorporated, at their manufacturing facility in Newport, New Hampshire. It was designed to be similar to traditional English shotguns used for bird hunting. The Gold Label has a steel receiver and blued barrels. The stock and fore-end are made of AAA-grade American walnut, at 6½ pounds, the Gold Label is relatively lightweight for a double barreled shotgun. Equipped with a trigger, a barrel selector mechanism is used to choose whether the left or right barrel fires first. The second shot can be fired if the first shot was a misfire. The barrel selector is combined with the safety and is located at the top rear of the receiver. Opening the action automatically engages the safety mechanism, only produced in 12 gauge, the chambers are three inches in length, to accommodate either 2¾ inch or 3 inch shells. The Gold Label uses screw-in choke tubes that are steel shot compatible, there are two models of Gold Label. One has an American style pistol grip stock, the other has an English style straight grip stock. Both models have a splinter style fore-end, the Gold Label was produced from 2004 to 2006 and has not been produced since. While the shotgun was still pictured in Rugers 2008 Catalog, it was listed as current production sold out, according to most reports, the Gold Label will not be produced again due to its high cost of manufacturing. In 2002, the Gold Label was named Shotgun of the Year by Shooting Industry News, in 2005, it won the Golden Bullseye Shotgun of the Year award from American Rifleman, a magazine published by the National Rifle Association. Ruger Gold Label official website Ruger Gold Label Instruction Manual
