1.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
2.
Rumpelstiltskin
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Rumpelstiltskin is a fairy tale popularly associated with Germany. The tale was one collected by the Brothers Grimm in the 1812 edition of Childrens, according to researchers at Durham University and the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, the story originated around 4,000 years ago. In order to make himself appear superior, a miller lies to the king, telling him that his daughter can spin straw into gold. The king calls for the girl, shuts her in a room filled with straw and a spinning wheel. When she has given up all hope, an imp-like creature appears in the room, when next morning the king takes the girl to a larger room filled with straw to repeat the feat, the imp spins in return for the girls ring. He extracts from her a promise that she give him her firstborn child. The king keeps his promise to marry the millers daughter, but when their first child is born, the imp returns to claim his payment, Now give me what you promised. She offers him all the wealth she has to keep the child and he finally consents to give up his claim to the child if she can guess his name within three days. Her many guesses fail, but before the night, she wanders into the woods searching for him and comes across his remote mountain cottage and watches, unseen, as he hops about his fire. In his songs lyrics, tonight tonight, my plans I make, tomorrow tomorrow, the queen will never win the game, for Rumpelstiltskin is my name, he reveals his name. Some versions have the imp limiting the number of daily guesses to three and hence the number of guesses allowed to a maximum of nine. When the imp comes to the queen on the day, after first feigning ignorance, she reveals his name, Rumpelstiltskin. In the 1812 edition of the Brothers Grimm tales, Rumpelstiltskin then ran away angrily, Other versions have Rumpelstiltskin driving his right foot so far into the ground that he creates a chasm and falls into it, never to be seen again. In the oral version originally collected by the Brothers Grimm, Rumpelstiltskin flies out of the window on a cooking ladle, all these tales are Aarne–Thompson type 500, The Name of the Helper. Another of the Grimms tales revolves about a girl trapped by false claims about her spinning abilities, however, the three women who assist that girl do not demand her firstborn, but instead ask that she invite them to her wedding and say that they are relatives of hers. She complies, and when the three appear at the wedding, amazing the king with their ugliness, they tell the king that their various deformities are the result of their years of spinning, the horrified king decrees that the bride will spin no more. In contrast to Rumpelstiltskins self-seeking, therefore, these helpers ask only the payment of extending their benevolence to the heroine, and ensure that she will not need their help again. In one Italian variant, the girl must discover their names, as with Rumpelstiltskin, but not for the reason, she must use their names to invite them
3.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
4.
Camp (style)
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Camp is an aesthetic style and sensibility that regards something as appealing because of its bad taste and ironic value. Camp can also be a social practice, for many it is considered a style and performance identity for several types of entertainment including film, cabaret and pantomime. Where high art necessarily incorporates beauty and value, camp necessarily needs to be lively, audacious, Camp opposes satisfaction and seeks to challenge. Camp art is related to—and often confused with—kitsch, and things with camp appeal may also be described as cheesy, American writer Susan Sontags essay Notes on Camp emphasized its key elements as, artifice, frivolity, naive middle-class pretentiousness, and shocking excess. Camp as an aesthetic has been popular from the 1960s to the present, Camp aesthetics were popularised by filmmakers George and Mike Kuchar, Jack Smith and his film Flaming Creatures, and later John Waters, including the lasts Pink Flamingos, Hairspray, and Polyester. Celebrities that are associated with camp personas include drag queens and performers such as Dame Edna Everage, Divine, RuPaul, Paul Lynde, and Liberace. Camp was a part of the defense of popular culture in the 1960s and gained popularity in the 1980s with the widespread adoption of postmodern views on art. So as a noun, camp behaviour, mannerisms, et cetera, according to the dictionary, this sense is etymologically obscure. Camp in this sense has been suggested to derive from the French term se camper. Later, it evolved into a description of the aesthetic choices. Finally, it was made mainstream, and adjectivised, by Susan Sontag in a landmark essay, the rise of post-modernism made camp a common perspective on aesthetics, which was not identified with any specific group. The attitude originally was a factor in pre-Stonewall gay male communities. It originated from the acceptance of gayness as effeminacy, two key components of camp were originally feminine performances, swish and drag. It was this version of the concept that was adopted by literary and art critics, moe Meyer still defines camp as queer parody. Television shows such as Are You Being Served, much of the cult following of camp today grew rapidly during the transition from black and white to color television in the early 1960s. Network programming during that time was seeking entertainment content that would display the new medium with the use of bright colors, some of these shows were developed tongue-in-cheek by their producers. TV soap operas, especially those that air in primetime, are often considered camp, even the villains of shows as divergent as Batman and The Mod Squad were costumed as to take advantage of new colors and changing fashion styles, in ways that took advantage of camp. The over-the-top excess of Dynasty and Dallas were popular in the 1980s, mentos television commercials during the 1990s developed a cult following due to their camp Eurotrash humor
5.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
6.
Studio City, Los Angeles
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Studio City is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California, in the San Fernando Valley. It is named after the lot that was established in the area by film producer Mack Sennett in 1927. Originally known as Laurelwood, the area Studio City occupies was part of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. In 1899, however, the area lost most water rights to Los Angeles and therefore subdivision, construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct began in 1908 and water reached the San Fernando Valley in November,1913. Whitley platted the area of present-day Studio City from portions of the town of Lankershim as well as the eastern part of the new acquisition. In 1927, Mack Sennett began building a new studio on 20 acres donated by the land developer, the area around the studio was named Studio City. In 1955, Studio Citys Station 78 became the first racially integrated station in the Los Angeles City Fire Department, in 2008, the city estimated that the resident population had increased to 37,201. In 2000, the age for residents,38, was considered old for city and county neighborhoods. The neighborhood was considered not especially diverse ethnically, with a percent of White residents. The breakdown was whites, 78%, Latinos,8. 7%, Asians,5. 4%, blacks,3. 7%, and others,4. 1%. Iran and the United Kingdom were the most common places of birth for the 21. 1% of the residents who were born abroad—a low percentage for Los Angeles, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $75,657, considered high for the city. The percent of households earning $125,000 and up was high for Los Angeles County, the average household size of 1.9 people was low when compared to the rest of the city and the county. Renters occupied 55. 9% of the stock and house- or apartment-owners held 44. 1%. In 2000, there were 837 families headed by single parents, there were 2,591 veterans,8. 8% of the population, a high figure for the city. The percentages of residents with a masters degree was also high for the county. Schools within the Studio City boundaries are, Harvard-Westlake School, private, the Studio City Recreation Center is in Studio City. Moorpark Park, a pocket park in Studio City, has a childrens play area. Woodbridge Park on the border of Studio City has a children
7.
Brothers Grimm
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Their first collection of folk tales, Childrens and Household Tales, was published in 1812. The brothers spent their formative years in the German town of Hanau and their fathers death in 1796 caused great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years after. They both attended the University of Marburg where they developed a curiosity about German folklore, which grew into a dedication to collecting German folk tales. The rise of romanticism during the 19th century revived interest in folk stories. With the goal of researching a scholarly treatise on folk tales, between 1812 and 1857, their first collection was revised and republished many times, growing from 86 stories to more than 200. The popularity of the Grimms best folk tales has endured well, Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm was born on 4 January 1785 and his brother Wilhelm Carl Grimm on 24 February 1786. They were the second- and third-eldest surviving siblings in a family of nine children, in 1791, the family moved to the countryside town of Steinau, when Philipp was employed there as district magistrate. The family became prominent members of the community, residing in a home surrounded by fields. Biographer Jack Zipes writes that the brothers were happy in Steinau, the children were educated at home by private tutors, receiving strict instruction as Lutherans that instilled in both a lifelong religious faith. In 1796, Philipp Grimm died of pneumonia, plunging his family into poverty, Dorothea depended on financial support from her father and sister, first lady-in-waiting at the court of William I, Elector of Hesse. Jacob was the eldest living son, and he was forced at age 11 to assume adult responsibilities for the two years. The two boys adhered to the advice of their grandfather, who continually exhorted them to be industrious, the brothers left Steinau and their family in 1798 to attend the Friedrichsgymnasium in Kassel, which had been arranged and paid for by their aunt. By then, they were without a provider, forcing them to rely entirely on each other. The two brothers differed in temperament, Jacob was introspective and Wilhelm was outgoing, sharing a strong work ethic, they excelled in their studies. In Kassel, they became aware of their inferior social status relative to high-born students who received more attention. Still, each brother graduated at the head of his class, Jacob in 1803, after graduation from the Friedrichsgymnasium, the brothers attended the University of Marburg. The university was small with about 200 students and there they became aware that students of lower social status were not treated equally. They were disqualified from admission because of their standing and had to request dispensation to study law
8.
Turner Classic Movies
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Turner Classic Movies is an American movie-oriented basic cable and satellite television network owned by the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner. TCM is headquartered at the Techwood Campus in Atlanta, Georgias Midtown business district, historically, the channels programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. and occasionally shows more recent films. The channel is available in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Latin America, France, Spain, Nordic countries, Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific. In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, concerns over Turner Entertainments corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGMs library of films released up to May 9,1986, Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies, Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co. The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the form of programming for TCM upon the networks launch. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release. Turner Classic Movies debuted on April 14,1994, at 6,00 p. m. Eastern Time, the date and time were chosen for their historical significance as the exact centennial anniversary of the first public movie showing in New York City. The first movie broadcast on TCM was the 1939 film Gone with the Wind, at the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. AMC had broadened its content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002. In the early 90s AMC abandoned its format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption. In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies, in March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video. In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting, in April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Graumans Chinese Theater and the Graumans Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. In 2007, some of the films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCMs website. The networks programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any video release
9.
Republic Pictures
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Republic Pictures Corporation was an American motion picture production-distribution corporation in operation from 1935 through 1959, based in Los Angeles, California. It had studio facilities in Studio City and a ranch in Encino. It was best known for specializing in Westerns, movie serials, Republic Pictures was also notable for developing the careers of John Wayne, Gene Autry, and Roy Rogers. It was also responsible for the financing and distributing of several John Ford-directed films during the 1940s and early 1950s and one Shakespeare film, Macbeth, created in 1935 by Herbert J. In the depths of the Great Depression of the 1930s, Yates laboratory was servicing many studios, in 1935 Yates saw a chance to become a studio head himself. Six established Poverty Row companies were all in debt to Yates lab and he prevailed upon these studios to merge under his leadership. Yates new company, Republic Pictures Corporation, was established as an enterprise focused on low-budget product. The largest of Republics components was Monogram Pictures, run by producers Trem Carr and W. Ray Johnston, mascot also had just discovered Gene Autry and signed him to a contract as a singing cowboy star. Larry Darmours Majestic Pictures had developed a following, with big-name stars, Republic took its original Liberty Bell logo from M. H. Hoffmans Liberty Pictures. Chesterfield Pictures and Invincible Pictures, two companies under the same ownership, were skilled in producing low-budget melodramas and mysteries. In exchange for merging, the principals were promised independence in their productions under the Republic aegis, after he had learned the basics of film production and distribution from his partners, Yates began asserting more and more authority over their film departments, and dissension arose in the ranks. Republic also acquired Brunswick Records to record their singing cowboys Gene Autry and Roy Rogers, in its early years Republic was itself sometimes labelled a poverty row company, as its primary products were B movies and serials. Republic, however, showed more interest in, and provided larger budgets to, these films than many of the studios were doing. The heart of the company was its westerns, and its many western-film leads, among them John Wayne, Gene Autry, Rex Allen and Roy Rogers, became recognizable stars at Republic. However, by the mid-1940s, Yates was producing better-quality pictures, even mounting big-budget fare like The Quiet Man, Sands of Iwo Jima, Johnny Guitar and The Maverick Queen. Another distinguishing aspect of the studio was Yates avoidance of any subject matter. In 1947, Republic incorporated animation into its Gene Autry feature film Sioux City Sue and it turned out well enough for the studio to dabble in animated cartoons. Cartoons in 1946, Bob Clampett approached Republic and wound up directing a single cartoon, Its a Grand Old Nag, Republic management, however, had second thoughts owing to dwindling profits, and discontinued the series
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