1.
South Dakota
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South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, South Dakota is the 17th most expansive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2,1889, Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 171,000, is South Dakotas largest city. South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, the state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as East River and West River. Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the states population, West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River, the Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are located in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there, South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome, humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a rush in the Black Hills. Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents. South Dakotas history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state, South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U. S. Census Bureau, it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest, South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles, making the state the 17th largest in the Union. Black Elk Peak, formerly named Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7,242 ft, is the states highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft. South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, the geographical center of the U. S. is 17 miles west of Castle Rock in Butte County. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located between Allen and Kyle,1,024 mi from the nearest coastline, the Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation. Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs, Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions, eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills. The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, at times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota, and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River
2.
Sitting Bull
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Sitting Bull was a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people during years of resistance to United States government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, Sitting Bulls leadership inspired his people to a major victory. S. A small remnant of his band under Waŋblí Ǧi decided to stay at Wood Mountain, after working as a performer with Buffalo Bills Wild West show, Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota. Because of fears that he would use his influence to support the Ghost Dance movement and his body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial. In 1953, his Lakota family exhumed what were believed to be his remains, reburying them near Mobridge, South Dakota, Sitting Bull was born on land later included in the Dakota Territory. In 2007, Sitting Bulls great-grandson asserted from family tradition that Sitting Bull was born along the Yellowstone River, south of present-day Miles City. He was named Jumping Badger at birth, and nicknamed Hunkesi, or Slow, said to describe his careful, when the boy was fourteen years old he accompanied a group of Lakota warriors in a raiding party to take horses from a camp of Crow warriors. Jumping Badger displayed bravery by riding forward and counting coup on one of the surprised Crow, upon returning to camp his father gave a celebratory feast at which he conferred his own name upon his son. The name, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotaŋka, which in the Lakota language means Buffalo Bull Who Sits Down, thereafter, Sitting Bulls father was known as Jumping Bull. Despite being embroiled in the American Civil War, the United States Army retaliated in 1863 and 1864, in 1864, two brigades of about 2200 soldiers under Brigadier General Alfred Sully attacked a village. The defenders were led by Sitting Bull, Gall and Inkpaduta, the Lakota and Dakota were driven out, but skirmishing continued into August. In September, Sitting Bull and about one hundred Hunkpapa Lakota encountered a party near what is now Marmarth, North Dakota. They had been left behind by a wagon train commanded by Captain James L. Fisk to effect repairs to an overturned wagon. When he led an attack, Sitting Bull was shot in the hip by a soldier. The bullet exited out through the small of his back, from 1866 to 1868, Red Cloud as a leader of the Oglala Lakota fought against US forces, attacking their forts in an effort to keep control of the Powder River Country of Montana. In support of him, Sitting Bull led numerous war parties against Fort Berthold, Fort Stevenson, Sitting Bull also made guerrilla attacks on emigrant parties and smaller forts throughout the upper Missouri River region. By early 1868, the U. S. government desired a settlement to Red Clouds War. It agreed to Red Clouds demands that the US abandon forts Phil Kearny, Gall of the Hunkpapa signed a form of the Treaty of Fort Laramie on July 2,1868 at Fort Rice
3.
Pawnee people
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The Pawnee are a Plains Indian tribe who are headquartered in Pawnee, Oklahoma. Pawnee people are enrolled in the federally recognized Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma, historically, they lived in Nebraska and Kansas. In the Pawnee language, the Pawnee people refer to themselves as Chaticks si Chaticks or Men of Men, historically, the Pawnee lived in large earth lodge villages with adjacent farmlands. With the arrival of horses, the Pawnee retained their agricultural lifestyle, in the early 19th century, the Pawnee numbered over 10,000 people and were one of the largest and most powerful tribes in the west. They had suffered losses due to diseases brought by the expanding Europeans. By 1860, the Pawnee population was reduced to 4000 and it further decreased, because of disease, crop failure and warfare, to approximately 2400 by 1873, at which time they were forced to move to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. Many Pawnee warriors enlisted to serve as Indian scouts in the US Army to track, there are approximately 3200 enrolled Pawnee and nearly all reside in Oklahoma. Their tribal headquarters is in Pawnee, Oklahoma and their tribal area is in parts of Noble, Payne. The tribal constitution establishes the government of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma and this government consists of the Nasharo Council, the Pawnee Business Council, and the Supreme Court. Enrollment into the tribe requires a minimum blood quantum. The Nasharo Council, also known as the Chiefs Council consists of eight members, each band has two representatives on the Nasharo Council selected by the members of the tribal bands, Chaui, Kitkehahki, Pitahawirata and Skidi. Current Pawnee Business Council, Marshall R. Gover, President Bruce Pratt, Vice President Misty M. Nuttle, the Pawnee operate two gaming casinos, three smoke shops, two fuel stations, and one truck stop. Their estimated economic impact for 2010 was $10.5 million, increased revenues from the casinos have helped them provide for education and welfare of their citizens. They issue their own vehicle tags and operate their housing authority. The Pawnee were divided into two large groupings—the Skidi living in the north and the South Bands, while the Skidi were the most populous group of Pawnee, the Chaui of the South Bands were generally the politically leading group, although each band was autonomous. As was typical of many Native American tribes, each band saw to its own, in response to pressures from the Spanish, French and Americans, as well as neighboring tribes, the Pawnee began to draw closer together. Archeology studies of ancient sites have demonstrated the people lived in this pattern for nearly 700 years, the Pawnee generally settled close to the rivers and placed their lodges on the higher banks. They built earth lodges that by historical times tended to be oval in shape, at earlier stages and they constructed the frame, made of 10–15 posts set some 10 feet apart, which outlined the central room of the lodge
4.
Sioux
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The Sioux /ˈsuː/ are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The term can refer to any group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nations many language dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on divisions, the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota. The Santee Dakota reside in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota, the Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota, collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena, reside in the Minnesota River area. They are considered to be the middle Sioux, and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota, the actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana. The Lakota, also called Teton, are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting, the name Sioux was adopted in English by the 1760s from French. It is abbreviated from Nadouessioux, first attested by Jean Nicolet in 1640, the name is sometimes said to be derived from an Ojibwe exonym for the Sioux meaning little snakes. The spelling in -x is due to the French plural marker, the Proto-Algonquian form *na·towe·wa, meaning Northern Iroquoian, has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake. An alternative explanation is derivation from an exonym na·towe·ssiw, from a verb meaning to speak a foreign language. The current Ojibwe term for the Sioux and related groups is Bwaanag, presumably, this refers to the style of cooking the Sioux used in the past. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered improper, the historical Sioux referred to the Great Sioux Nation as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, meaning Seven Council Fires. Each fire was a symbol of an oyate, the seven nations that comprise the Sioux are, Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute, Sisíthuŋwaŋ, the Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ, Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, and the Thítȟuŋwaŋ. The Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, the seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1850, today the Teton, Santee and the Minnesota Dakota, and Yankton/Yanktonai are usually known, respectively, as the Lakota, Eastern Dakota, or Western Dakota. In any of the three dialects, Lakota or Dakota translate to mean friend or ally, referring to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation. The Dakota are first recorded to have resided at the source of the Mississippi River during the seventeenth century, by 1700 some had migrated to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants, the French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudsons Bay Company. The first recorded encounter between the Sioux and the French occurred when Radisson and Groseilliers reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1659–60
5.
Fort Laramie National Historic Site
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It was founded in the 1830s to service the overland fur trade during the middle 19th century. It sat at the bottom of the long climb leading to the best and lowest crossing point at South Pass into western descending valleys and so was a primary stopping point on the Oregon Trail. Along with Bents Fort on the Arkansas River, the trading post, Fort William was a private fur trading post founded by William Sublette in 1834. In 1841 it was purchased by the American Fur Company and renamed Fort John, the name Fort Laramie came into gradual use, likely as a convenient shortening of Fort John at the Laramie River. The remaining structures are preserved as the Fort Laramie National Historic Site by the National Park Service, in 1815 or 1816, Jacques La Ramee and a small group of fellow trappers settled in the area where Fort Laramie would later be located. He went out alone to trap in 1819 or 1820 and was never seen again, arapahoe Indians were accused of killing La Ramie and putting his body in a beaver dam. The river was named “Laramie” in his honor, and the name would later be given to the Laramie Mountains, the fort, one of the early principal owner-trappers was William Sublette, and the fort was therefore called Fort William. For a period of time until it was sold to the American Fur Company in 1841 and it was later named Fort John after John B. The 1846 treaties established new desirable stable western territories just after viable routes west had become well published. By the time the migration by occasional wagon trains along the Oregon Trail became regular annual flood of migrants. The fort was located along the northward running Laramie River just south of its mouth out-letting onto the North Platte River. The forts site is located on the bank of the location of the town of Fort Laramie, Wyoming. Geographically the site is situated just east of the steeper, much more challenging, in 1845 the nearby Fort Bernard was established about 8 miles east farther down the North Platte River in hopes of cutting into the growing Emigrant Trail trade with western bound wagon trains. This much smaller fort undersold the Laramie trading operation, and did excellent business, fortunately for Fort Laramie, Fort Bernard burnt down in 1866, and was never rebuilt. The fort was purchased from Bruce Husband, a member of the American Fur Company, three companies of cavalry arrived at the fort that same month, and Company ‘G’, 6th Infantry, which was the post’s permanent garrison for many years, arrived on August 12,1849. The fort was taken over by the Army largely to protect, during the increasing strife of the 1860s, the fort took on a more military posture. Fort Laramie was never threatened by Indian attacks during the quarter-century of intermittent warfare sparked by the Grattan massacre. However, a number of civilians were killed in the immediate area, the last known death occurred in March 1877 on the Big Bitter Cottonwood Creek
6.
Bison hunting
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Bison were first hunted for their meat, but now they are hunted for sport. The steppe bison was found in North America more than a million years ago and it is believed to have evolved into the giant Ice Age bison which lived from 200,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. It was in turn replaced by Bison occidentalis, which is believed to have come from Eurasia, one of the few large survivors was B. antiquus, but its average size declined until it evolved into the smaller modern American bison around 5,000 years ago. The modern American bison is split into two subspecies, the bison in the boreal forests of what is now Canada. However, there is now some controversy over their interaction, mann discussed the evidence that Native Americans not only created the large grasslands that provided the bisons ideal habitat but also kept the bison population regulated. In this theory, it was only when the human population was devastated by wave after wave of epidemic after the 16th century that the bison herds propagated wildly. In such a view, the seas of bison herds that stretched to the horizon were a symptom of an out of balance. Other evidence of the arrival circa 1550–1600 in the savannas of the eastern seaboard includes the lack of places which southeast natives named after buffalo, Bison were the most numerous single species of large wild mammal on Earth. Working on foot, a few groups of Native Americans at times used fires to channel an entire herd of buffalo over a cliff, the Olsen-Chubbuck archaeological site in Colorado reveals some techniques, which may or may not have been widely used. The method involves skinning down the back in order to get at the tender meat just beneath the surface, after the removal of the hatched area, the front legs are cut off as well as the shoulder blades. Doing so exposes the hump meat, as well as the meat of the ribs, after everything was exposed, the spine was then severed and the pelvis and hind legs removed. Finally, the neck and head were removed as one and this allowed for the tough meat to be dried and made into pemmican. Religion also played a big role in Native American bison hunting, Plains Indians generally believed that successful hunts required certain rituals. To Plains Indians, the buffalo was the most sacred animal, when they were about to kill a buffalo, they would offer it a prayer. Failures in the hunt would often be attributed to poorly performed rituals, sometimes a herd would be killed just to get at the delicacies such as the fat-filled tongues. Bison that escaped the trap were hunted down and killed so they could not warn the other bison, both pound and jump archaeological sites are found in several places in the U. S. and Canada. In the case of a jump, large groups of people would herd the bison for several miles, in addition to using bison for themselves, these indigenous groups also traded meat and robes to village-based tribes. A good horseman could easily lance or shoot enough bison to keep his tribe and family fed, the bison provided meat, leather, and sinew for bows
7.
Jerky
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Jerky is lean meat that has been trimmed of fat, cut into strips, and then dried to prevent spoilage. Normally, this includes the addition of salt, to prevent bacteria from developing on the meat before sufficient moisture has been removed. The word jerky is derived from the Quechua word charki which means dried, salted meat, all that is needed to produce basic jerky is a low-temperature drying method, and salt to inhibit bacterial growth. Modern manufactured jerky is normally marinated in a spice rub or liquid. Some product manufacturers finely grind meat, mix in seasonings, the resulting jerky from the above methods would be a salty and/or savory snack. However, often a sweet or semi-sweet recipe is used, with sugar being a major ingredient, Jerky is ready-to-eat and needs no additional preparation. It can be stored for months without refrigeration, when the protein to moisture content ratio is correct, the resulting meat is cured, or preserved. There are many products in the marketplace which are sold as jerky which consist of highly processed, chopped and formed meat, rather than traditional sliced, whole-muscle meat. These products may contain more fat, but moisture content, like the whole-muscle product, chemical preservatives can be used to prevent oxidative spoilage, but the moisture to protein ratio prevents microbial spoilage by low water activity. Many jerky products are high in sugar and are therefore very sweet, unlike biltong. A typical 30 g portion of fresh jerky contains 10–15 g of protein,1 g of fat, since traditional jerky recipes use a basic salt cure, sodium can be a concern for some people. A30 g serving of jerky could contain more than 600 mg of sodium, any particular preparation or recipe for jerky typically uses only one type of meat. Around the world, meat from domestic and wild animals is used to make jerky, meats from domestic animals include beef, pork, goat and mutton or lamb. Wild animals including deer, kudu, springbok, kangaroo, recently, other animals such as turkey, ostrich, salmon, alligator, crocodile, tuna, emu, horse, camel, and earthworm. Most of the fat must be trimmed off prior to drying the meat, as fat does not dry, the meat must be dried quickly, to limit bacterial growth during the critical period where the meat is not yet dry. To do this, the meat is sliced, or pressed thinly. The strips of meat are dried at low temperatures, to cooking it. In factories in the 2010s, large ovens are built using insulated panels
8.
Pemmican
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Pemmican is a concentrated mixture of fat and protein used as a nutritious food. It is part of Canadian cuisine, the word comes from the Cree word pimîhkân, which itself is derived from the word pimî, fat, grease. It was invented by the peoples of North America. The specific ingredients used for pemmican were usually whatever was available, the meat was often bison, deer, elk, or moose. Fruits such as cranberries and saskatoon berries were sometimes added, blueberries, cherries, chokeberries, and currants were also used, but almost exclusively in ceremonial and wedding pemmican. Traditionally, pemmican was prepared from the meat of large game such as buffalo, elk, deer. The meat was cut in slices and dried, either over a slow fire or in the hot sun, until it was hard. Then it was pounded into small pieces, almost powder-like in consistency. The pounded meat was mixed with melted fat in an approximate 1,1 ratio by volume, in some cases, dried fruits, such as blueberries, choke cherries, cranberries, or saskatoon berries, were pounded into powder and then added to the meat/fat mixture. The resulting mixture was then packed into bags for storage. It can be stored for a maximum of 10 years, a bag of buffalo pemmican weighing about 90 lb was called a taureau by the Métis of Red River. These bags of taureaux, when mixed with fat from the udder, were known as fins, when mixed with bone marrow, as taureaux grand. It generally took the meat of one buffalo to fill a taureau and this was called rubaboo, the other was called by the plains hunters a rechaud. It was cooked in a pan with onions and potatoes or alone. Some persons ate pemmican raw, but I must say I never had a taste for it that way, the voyageurs of the Canadian fur trade had no time to live off the land during the short season when the lakes and rivers were free of ice. They had to carry their food with them if the distance traveled was too great to be resupplied along the way, a north canoe with six men and 25 standard 90-pound packs required about four packs of food per 500 miles. Montreal-based canoemen could be supplied by sea or with locally grown food and their main food was dried peas or beans, sea biscuit, and salt pork. In the Great Lakes, some maize and wild rice could be obtained locally, by the time trade reached the Winnipeg area, the pemmican trade was developed
9.
Fort Yates, North Dakota
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Fort Yates is a town in Sioux County, North Dakota in the United States. It is the headquarters of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. Since 1970 the population has declined markedly from more than 1100 residents, the population was 184 at the 2010 census. In 1878 the US Army renamed the fort to honor Captain George Yates, the town that developed was also known as Fort Yates. The Army post and fort were decommissioned in 1903, Fort Yates also served as the headquarters of the US Standing Rock Indian Agency, which in the late 19th century was headed by US Indian Service Agent James McLaughlin. Worried about the Hunkpapa Lakota chief Sitting Bull possibly taking part in the Ghost Dance movement, during the bungled event the chief was shot and killed at dawn in his log cabin by agency non-Hunkpapa Dakota police. Sitting Bull was buried at Fort Yates, in 1953, his family authorized his remains to be exhumed and transferred to a gravesite overlooking the Missouri River near his birthplace at Mobridge, South Dakota. A monument dedicated to Sitting Bull was installed at his site at Fort Yates. Another monument, with his bust on a pedestal, overlooks the Missouri River at the Mobridge burial site and this city has become the tribal headquarters of the federally recognized Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, whose reservation encompasses it. They founded Sitting Bull College in Fort Yates, a college now named for their noted 19th-century leader. Known also as Long Soldier, it is the most populous district of the reservation. Fort Yates is located at 46°5′6″N 100°37′49″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.06 square miles, all of it land. Fort Yates has a climate, with hot summers, cold and very dry winters. On February 2,1992 the city recorded 72 °F or 22.2 °C, as of the census of 2010, there were 184 people,66 households, and 43 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,066.7 inhabitants per square mile, there were 73 housing units at an average density of 1,216.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 5. 4% White,92. 4% Native American,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 2% of the population. 28. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.26. The median age in the city was 33.6 years
10.
Grand River (South Dakota)
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The Grand River is a tributary of the Missouri River in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States. The length of the branch is 110 mi. With its longest fork, its length is approximately 200 mi and it is formed by the confluence of the North Fork and the longer South Fork in northwestern South Dakota near Shadehill in Perkins County, near several parcels of the Grand River National Grassland. Shadehill Reservoir is located at this confluence and it flows east, through the Standing Rock Indian Reservation and joins the Missouri in Lake Oahe, approximately 2 mi northwest of Mobridge. The lower 15 mi of the form an arm of the Lake Oahe reservoir. It is the northernmost of South Dakotas major West River streams, the Grand, Moreau, Cheyenne, Bad, draining about 5,200 square miles of the northern plateaus of the state, the Grand receives most of its water from snowmelt. Water quality is high in sodium, and is less appropriate for irrigation. Sitting Bull, a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people as a chief, was born on the Grand River in or nearby Dakota Territory. Decades later, he was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Agency at his camp near the Grand River, the forks of the Grand was the site of a noted 1823 attack by a grizzly bear on frontiersman Hugh Glass. List of rivers of North Dakota List of rivers of South Dakota Grand River and certain tributaries uses at SD Legislative Research Council
11.
Standing Rock Indian Reservation
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The Standing Rock Indian Reservation is located in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States, and is occupied by ethnic Hunkpapa Lakota, Sihasapa Lakota and Yanktonai Dakota. The reservation has an area of 9,251.2 square kilometers. The largest communities on the reservation are Fort Yates, Cannon Ball, together with the Hunkpapa and Sihasapa bands, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe is part of what was known as the Great Sioux Nation. In 1868 the lands of the Great Sioux Nation were reduced in the Fort Laramie Treaty to the east side of the Missouri River, the Black Hills, considered by the Sioux to be sacred land, are located in the center of territory awarded to the tribe. In direct violation of the treaty, in 1874 General George A. Custer and his 7th Cavalry entered the Black Hills and discovered gold, starting a gold rush. The United States government wanted to buy or rent the Black Hills from the Lakota people and it was an overwhelming Native American victory. The U. S. with its superior resources was soon able to force the Native Americans to surrender, primarily by attacking and destroying their encampments, the Agreement of 1877 officially annexed Sioux land and permanently established Native American reservations. Under the Agreement of 1877 the U. S. government took the Black Hills from the Sioux Nation, in February 1890, the United States government broke a Lakota treaty by breaking up the Great Sioux Reservation, an area that formerly encompassed the majority of the state. It reduced it and divided it into five smaller reservations, on the reduced reservations, the government allocated family units on 320-acre plots for individual households. Generally, they forbade inclusion of Native American traditional culture and language, the children were beaten if they tried to do anything related to their native culture. The farming plan failed to take account the difficulty that Lakota farmers would have in trying to cultivate crops in the semi-arid region of South Dakota. By the end of the 1890 growing season, a time of intense heat and low rainfall, as the bison had been virtually eradicated a few years earlier, the Lakota were at risk of starvation. The people turned to the Ghost Dance ritual, which frightened the supervising agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, agent James McLaughlin asked for more troops. He claimed that spiritual leader Sitting Bull was the leader of the movement. If the Seventh-Day Adventists prepare the ascension robes for the Second Coming of the Savior, why should not the Indians have the same privilege. If the troops remain, trouble is sure to come, thousands of additional U. S. Army troops were deployed to the reservation. On December 15,1890, Sitting Bull was arrested for failing to stop his people from practicing the Ghost Dance, during his arrest, one of Sitting Bulls men, Catch the Bear, fired at Lieutenant Bull Head, striking his right side. He instantly wheeled and shot Sitting Bull, hitting him in the left side, the Hunkpapa who lived in Sitting Bulls camp and relatives fled to the south
12.
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
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The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Clouds War, in the treaty, the U. S. included all Ponca lands in the Great Sioux Reservation. Chief Manuelito sent his sons to school, believing that it would help them eventually protect their freedoms. Repeated violations of the exclusive rights to the land by gold prospectors led to the Black Hills War. Migrant workers seeking gold had crossed the borders in violation of the treaty. Indians had attacked these gold prospectors and war ensued, the U. S. government seized the Black Hills land in 1877. It later broke up the Great Sioux Reservation into several reduced reservations, more than a century later, the Sioux nation won a victory in court. On June 30,1980, in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians and it upheld an award of $15.5 million for the market value of the land in 1877, along with 103 years worth of interest at 5 percent, for an additional $105 million. The Lakota Sioux, however, have refused to accept payment, the treaty and its aftermath is the subject of a 1986 video by the Native American Public Broadcasting Consortium. Treaty with the Sioux — Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, ratified Feb.16,1868, proclaimed Feb.24,1868. In Charles J. Kappler, compiler and editor, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties — Vol. II, government Printing Office,1904, pp. 998–1007. Through Oklahoma State University Library, Electronic Publishing Center, nina Rehfeld, Lakota Nation files lawsuit against parties in sweat lodge incident, www. sedona. biz, 11/12/2009 Suzan Shown Harjo. Nation to Nation, Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations, national Museum of the American Indian. National Archives, Sioux treaty Text of the Fort Laramie treaty Map of treaty land
