1.
Auburn University
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Auburn University is a public research university in Auburn, Alabama, United States. Auburn was chartered on February 1,1856, as East Alabama Male College, in 1872, under the Morrill Act, it became the states first public land-grant university and was renamed as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama. In 1892, it became the first four-year coeducational school in Alabama, in 1960, its name was changed to Auburn University to acknowledge the varied academic programs and larger curriculum of a major university. In 1964, under Federal Court mandate, AU admitted its first African American student, Auburn is among the few American universities designated as a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant research center. The Alabama Legislature chartered the institution as the East Alabama Male College on February 1,1856 and its first president was Reverend William J. Sasnett, and the school opened its doors in 1859 to a student body of eighty and a faculty of ten. Auburns early history is linked with the Civil War and the Reconstruction-era South. Classes were held in Old Main until the college was closed due to the war, the campus was a training ground for the Confederate Army, and Old Main served as a hospital for Confederate wounded. It sits today on the next to Samford Hall. The school reopened in 1866 after the end of the Civil War, in 1872, control of the institution was transferred from the Methodist Church to the State of Alabama for financial reasons. Alabama placed the school under the provisions of the Morrill Act as a land-grant institution and this act provided for 240,000 acres of Federal land to be sold to provide funds for an agricultural and mechanical school. As a result, in 1872 the school was renamed the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama, under the Acts provisions, land-grant institutions were also supposed to teach military tactics and train officers for the United States military. In the late 19th century, most students at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama were enrolled in the program, learning military tactics. Each county in the state was allowed to nominate two cadets to attend the free of charge. The universitys original curriculum focused on engineering and agriculture and this trend changed under the guidance of William Leroy Broun, who taught classics and sciences and believed both disciplines were important for growth of the university and the individual. In 1892, two events occurred, women were admitted to the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama. Eventually, football replaced polo as the sport on campus. The college was renamed the Alabama Polytechnic Institute in 1899, largely because of Brouns influence, on October 1,1918, nearly all of Alabama Polytechnic Institutes able-bodied male students 18 or older voluntarily joined the United States Army for short-lived military careers on campus. The student-soldiers numbered 878, according to API President Charles Thach, the vocational section was composed of enlisted men sent to Auburn for training in radio and mechanics
2.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
3.
Black Belt (region of Alabama)
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The Black Belt is a region of the U. S. state of Alabama. The term originally referred to the rich, black topsoil. The term took on a meaning in the 19th century. After the American Civil War, many stayed in the area as sharecroppers and tenant farmers. In the antebellum and Jim Crow eras, the elites of the Black Belt were powerful in Alabama state politics. Rural elites continued to power in state politics through the 1960s. Montgomery, the Black Belts largest city, has been the capital of Alabama since 1846, Montgomery and Selma and other parts of the Black Belt were important centers of public activism during the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s to 1968. Since the mid-20th century, white conservatives have shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party, the region is underlain by a thin layer of rich, black topsoil developed atop the chalk of the Selma Group, a geologic unit dating to the Cretaceous. The soils have developed continuously at least since the Pliocene Epoch, because the underlying chalk is nearly impermeable to groundwater, the black soils tend to dry out during the summer. The natural vegetation of the belt consisted mainly of oak-hickory forest interspersed with shortgrass prairie. Beginning in the 1830s, cotton produced the commodity crop that became Alabamas greatest source of wealth. Before the American Civil War, these plantations were worked by thousands of African American slaves, the region attained the highest density of population in the state and was majority-black. Birmingham, the largest and most industrialized city in the state, was among those that had been underrepresented for decades in the state legislature, the Black Belts largest city, Montgomery, was designated as the capital of Alabama in 1846. Because Alabama was geographically central to the states, Montgomery was also the original capital of the Confederate States of America. The regions distance from the front lines during the American Civil War saved it from much of the ravages of war, many of the Greek Revival mansions of the 19th-century planters have survived, as have some of the plantations slave quarters. Gaineswood in Demopolis and Magnolia Grove in Greensboro, Alabama are among those that can be visited by tourists today. Around 1910–20, the infestation of the crop by the boll weevil destroyed much of the crops and plantation system. But, African Americans continue to make up the majority proportion of the population in most rural Black Belt counties, today the term Black Belt is commonly used by scholars and the media as a demographic characterization, as well as a geologic one
4.
Hale County, Alabama
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Hale County is a county of the U. S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,760 and it is named in honor of Confederate officer Stephen Fowler Hale. Hale County is part of the Tuscaloosa, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area, Hale County was established following the end of the American Civil War, on January 30,1867. Located in the section of the state, it was created from portions of Greene, Marengo, Perry. The vast majority came from Greene County, the first American settlers hailed from Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and the Carolinas. Hale County is connected to three major twentieth century artists, Walker Evans photographed the area in 1936 while he collaborated with James Agee on the 1941 book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Since the 1960s, artist William Christenberry, born in Tuscaloosa, has been photographing various structures in Hale County as part of his multi-media artistic investigations and it is also the birthplace of Eugene Sawyer, the second African American mayor of Chicago. Since the American Civil War, whites controlled economic and political power in Hale County, however, in 1997 after a highly contested mayoral election the city of Greensboro elected its first black mayor, John E. Owens Jr. The first African American chief of police was appointed in 2000, in 2006, both black and white county residents came together and elected their first black sheriff, Kenneth W. Ellis, who was formerly the Moundville police chief. Like many Blackbelt counties, Hale County has experienced economic decline, many businesses and manufacturing plants have closed in and around Greensboro. Tuscaloosa County Bibb County Perry County Marengo County Greene County Talladega National Forest As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 15,760 people residing in the county. 59. 0% were Black or African American,39. 8% White,0. 2% Asian,0. 2% Native American,0. 3% of some other race and 0. 6% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,185 people,6,415 households, the population density was 27 people per square mile. There were 7,756 housing units at a density of 12 per square mile. 0. 91% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the family size was 3.19. In the county, the population was out with 29. 60% under the age of 18,9. 10% from 18 to 24,26. 70% from 25 to 44,21. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 89.40 males
5.
Perry County, Alabama
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Perry County is a county of the U. S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,591, the county was established in 1819 and is named in honor of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry of Rhode Island and the United States Navy. In 2008, the county voted to establish a Barack Obama Day, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 724 square miles, of which 720 square miles is land and 4.2 square miles is water. U. S.68. 7% were Black or African American,30. 3% White,0. 3% Asian,0. 2% Native American,0. 2% of some other race and 0. 4% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 11,861 people,4,333 households, the population density was 16 people per square mile. There were 5,406 housing units at a density of 8 per square mile. Nearly 0. 86% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, nearly 27. 90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63, and the family size was 3.23. In the county, the population was out with 29. 80% under the age of 18,11. 10% from 18 to 24,23. 60% from 25 to 44,20. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females, there were 83.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.40 males, the median income for a household in the county was $20,200, and the median income for a family was $26,150. Males had an income of $26,272 versus $16,839 for females. The per capita income for the county was $10,948, about 31. 20% of families and 35. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48. 90% of those under age 18 and 25. 80% of those age 65 or over. Perry County is considered to be the poorest county, in terms of household income, Marion Uniontown Perry County is home to Perry Lakes Park, part of the Talladega National Forest, and the Alabama Womens Hall of Fame located at Judson College. Perry County is home to Marion Military Institute and Judson College
6.
Marengo County, Alabama
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Marengo County is a county of the U. S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 21,027, the largest city is Demopolis and the county seat is Linden. It is named in honor of the battlefield of the site of Battle of Marengo near Turin, Italy, where the Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Austrians on June 14,1800. Marengo County was created by the Alabama Territorial legislature on February 6,1818, the name of the county commemorates Napoleons victory at the Battle of Marengo over the Austrian armies on June 14,1800. This name was chosen in honor of the first European-American settlers, Bonapartists exiled from France after Napoleons downfall and they were trying to develop a Vine and Olive Colony. The county seat was known as the Town of Marengo. Linden is a version of Hohenlinden, scene of the Battle of Hohenlinden. County courthouse fires occurred in 1848 and 1965, but most of the records were in a vault. Situated in Alabamas Black Belt and having a rich soil. The population was majority black, and overwhelmingly enslaved, decades before the American Civil War, in 1860 the population consisted of 24,409 slaves,6761 free whites, and one free person of color, for a total combined population of 31,171. At this time there were 778 plantations and farms in the county, Demopolis was home to the fourth-oldest Jewish congregation in Alabama, Bnai Jeshurun. After the American Civil War, the continued to be based on agriculture. In the transition to free labor, many turned to sharecropping as a way to establish some independence. They did not want to work in owner-controlled field gangs, the population began to diminish rapidly after World War II. People left the farms for manufacturing jobs elsewhere, particularly with the buildup of the defense industry on the West Coast. The movement of blacks out of Mississippi and other parts of the Deep South was considered part of their Great Migration, the former cotton fields were gradually converted to other uses. Some were used for pastures for cattle and horses, others for woodlands for timber, beginning in the 1960s industry began to move into the area, and the work force started to work in paper mills, lumber mills, and chemical plants. Marengo County is situated in the area of the state
7.
Newbern, Alabama
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Newbern is a town in Hale County, Alabama, United States. The population as of the 2010 U. S. Census was 186 and this was its lowest population since the census reported figures for the community beginning in 1880. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area, the community was named for New Bern, North Carolina. It is in the Central Standard Time Zone, Newbern is located at 32°35′41″N 87°32′8″W. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the town has an area of 1.2 square miles. Many areas of the rural Black Belt are still majority African American in population, as of the census of 2000, there were 231 people,91 households, and 59 families residing in the town. The population density was 198.5 people per square mile, there were 110 housing units at an average density of 94.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 22. 94% White and 77. 06% Black or African American,33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the family size was 3.28. In the town, the population was out with 32. 0% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 0% from 25 to 44,18. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $20,682, and the median income for a family was $31,042. Males had an income of $25,625 versus $11,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,476. About 17. 5% of families and 31. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, henry Watson, Jr. owned a cotton plantation in Newbern. Charles Adams was one of the oldest residents, an African American born in 1903 and he and his wife joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He later served in the presidency and as elders quorum president. He was serving in the capacity in 2006 when 102
8.
Black Warrior River
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The Black Warrior River is a waterway in west-central Alabama in the southeastern United States. The river rises in the southern edges of the Appalachian Highlands and flows 178 miles to the Tombigbee River. The river is named after the Mississippian paramount chief Tuskaloosa, whose name meant Black Warrior in Muskogean, the river flows through the Black Warrior Basin, a region historically important for the extraction of coal and methane. The cities of Tuscaloosa and Northport grew at the head of navigation at the Fall Line between the Appalachian Highlands and the Gulf Coastal Plain. Birmingham actually grew up around a junction of north-south and east-west railroads, just as Atlanta, Georgia. Overall, the watershed of the Black Warrior has an area of 6,275 square miles, Bankhead Lake drains directly into Holt Lake, formed by the Holt Lock and Dam, which itself then drains into Oliver Lake, formed by the Oliver Lock and Dam. These three reservoirs encompass the entire course of the river for its upper 60 miles stretching southeast into central Tuscaloosa County and Tuscaloosa, the largest city on the river. Past Oliver Dam, immediately west of downtown Tuscaloosa, the Black Warrior flows generally south in a meandering course. The lower 30 miles of the river are part of the long, the Black Warrior River receives its largest tributary, the North River, from the north about one mile northeast of Tuscaloosa. North River was dammed in 1968 to form Lake Tuscaloosa, and is the source for drinking water for the cities, towns. Outside Tuscaloosa County, only three crossings of the Black Warrior River exist. Within Tuscaloosa County are seven, though none upstream of the Paul Bryant Bridge in Tuscaloosa, historically, the river was called the Warrior River above Tuscaloosa and the Black Warrior River below Tuscaloosa. Though unofficial, this convention is still often used by the public. However, the name of the entire river from Bankhead Lake south is the Black Warrior River. To develop the industries of central Alabama, the US government in the 1880s began building a system of dressed rock locks. The first 16 locks and dams were constructed of sandstone quarried from the banks of the river, huge blocks of stone were hand shaped with hammer and chisel to construct the locks and dams, and a few of these dams were in service until the 1960s. One example of the craftsmanship of the locks is at University Park on Jack Warner Parkway in Tuscaloosa. The bank side wall of Lock 3 is the last remnant of the old dams made of dressed rock from the 1880s-90s
9.
Rural Housing Service
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The Rural Housing Service is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture. RHS administers direct loans, loan guarantees and grants, direct loans are made and serviced by USDA staff, loan guarantees are made to banks or other private lenders, and grants are made directly to a person or organization. RHS works with federal agencies, and a number of both nonprofit and private organizations nationally, in order to pool resources to help Americas rural residents most effectively. The RHS National Office is located in Washington, D. C. and is responsible for setting policy, developing regulations, and performing oversight. In the field, RHS operations are carried out through the USDAs state and local Rural Development offices and service centers, several of which are located in each state and Puerto Rico. The Centralized Servicing Center, located in St. Louis, Missouri, provides loan origination, RHS programs are available to eligible applicants in rural areas, typically defined as open country or rural towns with no more 20,000 in population. The US Census Changes in 2010 will significantly impact the USDA eligibility maps effective January 15,2014, for all Rural Development programs, the rural area definition was revised by the 2014 Farm Bill. Specifically, the Farm Bill allows some areas with populations up to 35,000 to remain eligible until receipt if the 2020 decennial census, effective February 2,2015, areas with populations greater than 35,000 no longer qualify for Rural Housing Program assistance. An exception to the eligibility requirements is the Farm Labor Housing Program. This program is available in rural and urban areas. Rural Housing Service Rural Housing Service in the Federal Register
10.
Greensboro, Alabama
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Greensboro is a city in Hale County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,731, the city is the county seat of Hale County. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area, Greensboro was incorporated as a town in December 1823 as Greensborough. It was named in honor of American Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene, the name was soon simplified to Greensboro. The community was known as Troy prior to incorporation, several sites on the National Register of Historic Places are in or near Greensboro. These include Glencairn, the Greensboro Historic District, Magnolia Grove, the McGehee-Stringfellow House, Millwood, and the Payne House. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.4 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,731 people,1,026 households, the population density was 1,146.5 people per square mile. There were 1,142 housing units at a density of 479.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 38. 30% White,60. 89% Black or African American,0. 04% Native American,0. 88% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 31. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was out with 28. 6% under the age of 18,10. 5% from 18 to 24,20. 9% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $22,930, and the median income for a family was $28,990. Males had an income of $36,071 versus $23,224 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,271, about 27. 2% of families and 35. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 47. 1% of those under age 18 and 26. 2% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,497 people,1,045 households, the population density was 1,040.4 people per square mile. There were 1,195 housing units at a density of 497.9 per square mile
11.
Talladega National Forest
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The Talladega National Forest is located in the U. S. state of Alabama and covers 392,567 acres at the southern edge of the Appalachian Mountains. Before it was bought by the government in the 1930s. Pine forest regrowth now hosts a diverse eco-system, the tiny 7,400 acre Cheaha Wilderness preserves a portion of this natural wealth on Talladega Mountain. The forests second wilderness area, the Dugger Mountain Wilderness protects the area around Alabamas second-highest mountain peak. Animals that inhabit the forest include coyote, black bear, white-tailed deer, gray and red fox, bobwhite quail, gray and fox squirrel, turkey, rabbit, raccoon, and various waterfowl. The four forests are home to a number of threatened, endangered and sensitive species including the gopher tortoise, flattened musk turtle and this forest is headquartered in Montgomery, as are all four of Alabamas National Forests. The other National Forests in the state are Conecuh, Tuskegee and it consists of level to moderately sloping, broad ridges with stream terraces and broad floodplains. The ranger station is located in Brent and this district lies within the Southeastern mixed forests ecoregion and supports mixed forests of pine and oak. The Shoal Creek and Talladega Districts are located in the part of the state in Cherokee, Calhoun, Cleburne, Talladega. They consist of hills and low mountains with predominantly moderately steep slopes. They support Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests, the Shoal Creek ranger station is located in Heflin and the Talladega ranger station in its namesake city of Talladega. The forest covers parts of counties in Alabama. In descending order of forest land area they are Cleburne, Clay, Bibb, Talladega, Perry, Hale, Calhoun, Chilton, Tuscaloosa, Cherokee, Forest Service website on Talladega National Forest
12.
Rural Studio
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The Rural Studio is a design-build architecture studio run by Auburn University. The studio was founded in 1993 by architects Samuel Mockbee and D. K. Ruth and it is led by UK-born architect Andrew Freear. Each year the program builds five or so projects - a house by the second-year students, the Rural Studio has built more than 80 houses and civic projects in Hale, Perry and Marengo counties. The Rural Studio is based in Newbern, a town in Hale County. Many of its projects are in the tiny community of Masons Bend. The $20K House is a research project at the Rural Studio that seeks to address the pressing need for decent and affordable housing in Hale County. Nearly 30% of individuals in Hale County live in poverty, unlike a house, which is an asset for its owner, trailers deteriorate very quickly and depreciate in value over time. Mobile homes are linked with higher cancer rates due to the use of formaldehydes in their construction. The $20k house project intends to produce a home that could be reproduced on a large scale. The challenge is to build a house for $20,000, ten to twelve thousand of which go towards materials. Once a truly successful model has been designed, the aim is to sell the houses in conjunction with the “502 Direct Loan” provided by the Rural Housing Service, the project began in 2005, and there have been 16 iterations of the house so far. The project is carried out by four outreach students, international post-graduates with a background in architecture or design. Lions Park - Phase III, Greensboro Joey Aplin, Lindsay Butler, Anthony Vu, Adam Woody Woodward. Akron Boys & Girls Club - II Danny Wicke, Whitney Hall, Adam Pearce, John Marusich $20K House - Phase III - Greensboro, Alabama Karamjit Birk, Sabina Nieto, Jane Sloss, Jeremy Aranoff, ISBN 1-56898-500-2 Samuel Mockbee, David Moos and Gail Trechsel. Samuel Mockbee and the Rural Studio, ISBN 0-931394-52-X Andrea Oppenheimer Dean, photographer, Timothy Hursley. Rural Studio, Samuel Mockbee and an Architecture of Decency, ISBN 1-56898-292-5 official Rural Studio Website Rural Studio film — Rural Studio documentary website. NPR Speaking of Faith, An Architecture of Decency — public radio program about project, includes map of selected projects. Citizen Architect - Rural Studio film — documentary about Samuel Mockbee, made by former students Jack Sanders, hortus — Larchitettura della decenza — by Federico De Matteis
13.
Faunsdale, Alabama
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Faunsdale is a town in Marengo County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 98, up from 87 in 2000, Faunsdale is home to a medium-sized community of Holdeman Mennonites and the only Holdeman Mennonite community in this area of Alabama outside of Greensboro, Alabama. The town is home to the only Holdeman Mennonite Church in the area. A post office called Faunsdale has been in operation since 1841, Faunsdale was incorporated as a town in 1907. Faunsdale is located at 32°27′33″N 87°35′36″W, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.2 square miles, all land. Every spring the town sponsors the annual Faunsdale Crawfish Festival, serving authentic Southern cooking on the street, with music, the same week, the bi-annual Faunsdale Biker Rally is within walking distance. It is an event, with bikers from all over the state in attendance. A number of National Register of Historic Places-listed plantations are located a few miles from Faunsdale and they include Battersea, Bermuda Hill, Cedar Crest, Cedar Grove Plantation, Cedar Haven, Cuba Plantation, Faunsdale Plantation, and Roseland Plantation. As of the census of 2000, there were 87 people,34 households, the population density was 389.2 people per square mile. There were 36 housing units at a density of 161.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 42. 98% White and 57. 02% Black or African American,4. 60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 20. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.04. In the town, the population was out with 29. 9% under the age of 18,3. 4% from 18 to 24,28. 7% from 25 to 44,19. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $50,417. Males had an income of $30,833 versus $19,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,697, there were no families and 3. 2% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64
14.
Cahaba, Alabama
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Cahaba, also spelled Cahawba, was the first permanent state capital of Alabama from 1820 to 1825. It is now a ghost town and state historic site, the site is located in Dallas County, southwest of Selma. Cahawba was listed on the 1860-1880 U. S. Censuses, although it remained incorporated until as late as 1989, it did not show up on the census rolls after 1880. Cahaba had its beginnings as a town site at the confluence of the Alabama. At the old capital of St. Stephens, a commission was formed on 13 February 1818 to select the site for Alabamas state capital. Cahaba was the chosen and was approved on 21 November 1818. Due to the capital being nothing more than wilderness, Alabamas constitutional convention was forced to find temporary accommodations in Huntsville until a statehouse could be built. Governor William Wyatt Bibb reported in October 1819 that the town had been laid out, the town was planned on a grid system with streets running north and south named for trees and those running east and west named for famous men. The new statehouse was a brick structure, measuring 40 feet wide by 58 feet long. By 1820 Cahaba had become a state capital. Cahabas low elevation at the confluence of two rivers gave it a reputation for flooding and having an unhealthy atmosphere. A major flood struck the town in 1825, causing a portion of the statehouse to collapse, people who were opposed to the capitals location at Cahaba used this as an argument for moving the capital to Tuscaloosa, which was approved by the legislature in January 1826. The town would remain the county seat of Dallas County for several more decades, the town eventually recovered from losing the capital and reestablished itself as a social and commercial center. Cahaba, centered in the fertile Black Belt, became a distribution point for cotton shipped down the Alabama River to the port of Mobile. The addition of a line in 1859 triggered a building boom in the town of Cahaba. On the eve of the American Civil War, more than 3,000 people called Cahaba home, during the Civil War, the Confederate government seized Cahabas railroad and reappropriated the iron rails to extend another nearby railroad of military importance. A large cotton warehouse on the riverbank along Arch Street was stockaded for use as a prison, in February 1865 another flood inundated the town, causing much additional hardship for the roughly 3000 Union soldiers held in the prison, and for the towns citizens. Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest and Union General James H. Wilson discussed an exchange of prisoners, captured during the Battle of Selma, in 1866, the county seat was moved to nearby Selma, with businesses and families following
15.
Thomaston, Alabama
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Thomaston is a town in Marengo County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 417, up from 383 in 2000, Thomaston was platted in 1901 when the railroad was extended to that point. Thomaston was named for C. B, a post office called Thomaston has been in operation since 1892. It was incorporated on November 15,1901, Thomaston has one historic district, the Thomaston Central Historic District, which encompasses the core of the town. Additionally, there are three listed properties on the National Register of Historic Places, the Thomaston Colored Institute. Golden House, and Patrick Farrish House, the town is home to the Alabama Rural Heritage Center, and the Thomaston Community Market, both community projects of Auburn Universitys Rural Studio. Thomaston is located at 32°16′10″N 87°37′30″W, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.0 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 383 people,163 households, the population density was 190.3 people per square mile. There were 212 housing units at a density of 105.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 50. 13% Black or African American,48. 56% White,2. 35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 33. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 25. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.01. In the town, the population was out with 24. 0% under the age of 18,9. 4% from 18 to 24,24. 0% from 25 to 44,20. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 79.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $25,972, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had an income of $32,404 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,390, about 22. 1% of families and 29. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43. 2% of those under age 18 and 33. 8% of those age 65 or over. Police protection is provided by the Thomaston Police Department and fire and emergency services are provided by the Thomaston Volunteer Fire. Town of Thomaston Website Thomaston Volunteer Fire & Rescue Department Alabama Rural Heritage Foundation
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Marion, Alabama
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Marion is a city in, and the county seat of, Perry County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city is 3,686, first known as Muckle Ridge, the city was renamed after a hero of the American Revolution, Francis Marion. Marion is the 152th most populous city in the state of Alabama, formerly the territory of the Creek Indians, it was founded shortly after 1819 as Muckle Ridge. The city was renamed in honor of Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox, hero of the American Revolutionary War and it incorporated as a town the same year and also became the second county seat after the hamlet of Perry Ridge was unsuitable. In 1829, it upgraded from a town to a city, from the very early days, Marion created considerable history for a small town on the western frontier of Alabama. The old City Hall is but one of many public buildings, churches. General Sam Houston, while between terms as 1st and 3rd President of the Republic of Texas, married Margaret Lea of Marion in the city in 1840, at the 1844 meeting of the Alabama Baptist State Convention in Marion, the Alabama Resolutions were passed. This was one of the factors that led to the 1845 formation of the Southern Baptist Convention in Augusta, judson College was founded in 1838 and Marion Military Institute after Howard College moved in 1887. Howard College, initially the location of the current Marion Military Institute, was founded in Marion in 1842, a groundbreaking school for African Americans, the Lincoln Normal School, was founded here in 1867. The associated Lincoln Normal University for Teachers moved to Montgomery and became Alabama State University, in 1889, Marion Military Institute was chartered by the State of Alabama and today is the oldest military junior college in the nation. In December 1857, Andrew Barry Moore of Marion was elected the sixteenth Governor of Alabama, george Doherty Johnson served as mayor of Marion in 1856, state legislator from 1857-58 and rose to the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. Moore of Marion, to design a flag for the new Confederacy, at the turn of the century in 1900, Perry County peaked in population at 31,783 or three times the population of the county in 2010 census. In 1909, Marion became the county seat, Hal Kemp, a jazz alto saxophonist, clarinetist, bandleader, composer, and arranger. was born in Marion in 1904 and died in Madera, California, following an auto accident in 1940. His major recordings were Theres a Small Hotel, Where or When, This Years Kisses, When Im With You, Got a Date With an Angel and his band was very popular from 1934 until 1939. In 1936, he was one for two weeks with Theres a Small Hotel and two weeks with When Im With You. In 1937, his number one hits were This Years Kisses, which was one for four weeks, and Where or When. In 1992, Hal Kemp was inducted into the Big Band, coretta Scott King, wife of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in Marion in 1927 and spent her childhood there. She graduating from Lincoln Normal School as valedictorian in 1945, the couple was married on the front lawn of her mothers home north of Marion in 1953
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
