1.
Ottawa, Illinois
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Ottawa is a city located at the confluence of the navigable Illinois River and Fox River in LaSalle County, Illinois, United States. The Illinois River is a conduit for river barges and connects Lake Michigan at Chicago, to the Mississippi River, the population estimate was 18,562 as of 2013. It is the county seat of LaSalle County and it is part of the Ottawa-Peru, Ottawa was the site of the first of the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. During the Ottawa debate Stephen A. Douglas, leader of the Democratic Party, the John Hossack House was a station on the Underground Railroad, and Ottawa was a major stop because of its rail, road, and river transportation. Citizens in the city were active within the abolitionist movement, Ottawa was the site of a famous 1859 extrication of a runaway slave named Jim Gray from a courthouse by prominent civic leaders of the time. Three of the leaders, John Hossack, Dr. Joseph Stout and James Stout. Ottawa was also important in the development of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, on February 8,1910, William Dickson Boyce, then a resident of Ottawa, incorporated the Boy Scouts of America. Five years later, also in Ottawa, Boyce incorporated the Lone Scouts of America, Boyce is buried in Ottawa Avenue Cemetery. The Ottawa Scouting Museum, on Canal Street, opened to the public on December 6,1997, the museum features the history of Boy Scouting, Girl Scouting and Camp Fire. In 1922, the Radium Dial Company moved from Peru, Illinois to a high school building in Ottawa. The company employed hundreds of women who painted watch dials using a paint called Luna for watch maker Westclox. RDC went out of business in 1936, two years after the president, Joseph Kelly Sr. left to start a competing company. According to the 2010 census, Ottawa has an area of 12.799 square miles. Because of numerous silica sand deposits Ottawa has been a major sand, transportation of the sand is facilitated by the navigable Illinois river and the Illinois Railway Ottawa Line. One of its largest employers is Pilkington Glass works, a successor to LOF, formerly concentrated in automotive glass, the plant now manufactures specialty glass and underwent a $50 million renovation in 2006. Ottawa sand continues to be extracted from quarries in the area. Sabic recently purchased GE Plastics, a successor to Borg Warner automotive glass manufacture, operates a plastics facility in Ottawa. Ottawa sand is a testing medium in geotechnical engineering
2.
Austin, Texas
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
3.
Photographer
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A photographer is a person who makes photographs. As in other arts, the definitions of amateur and professional are not entirely categorical, a professional photographer is likely to take photographs to make money, by salary or through the display, sale or use of those photographs. An amateur photographer may take photographs for pleasure and to record an event, emotion, place, as a person without a monetary motivation. A professional photographer may be an employee, for example of a newspaper, or may contract to cover a planned event such as a wedding or graduation. Others, including paparazzi and fine art photographers, are freelancers, first making a picture, some workers, such as crime scene detectives, estate agents, journalists and scientists, make photographs as part of other work. Photographers who produce moving rather than still pictures are often called cinematographers, videographers or camera operators, an amateur may make considerable sums entering work in contests for prize money or through occasional inclusion of their work in magazines or the archive of a photo agency. The term professional may also imply preparation, for example, by academic study, Photographers are also categorized based on the subjects they photograph. Some photographers explore subjects typical of such as landscape, still life. The exclusive right of photographers to copy and use their products is protected by copyright, countless industries purchase photographs for use in publications and on products. This is usually referred to as usage fee and is used to distinguish from production fees, an additional contract and royalty would apply for each additional use of the photograph. The contract may be for one year, or other duration. The photographer usually charges a royalty as well as a one-time fee, the contract may be for non-exclusive use of the photograph or for exclusive use of the photograph. The contract can also stipulate that the photographer is entitled to audit the company for determination of royalty payments. A royalty is also based on the size at which the photo will be used in a magazine or book. Photos taken by a photographer working on assignment are often work for hire belonging to the company or publication unless stipulated otherwise by contract. There are major companies who have maintained catalogues of stock photography and images for decades, such as Getty Images, commercial photographers may also promote their work to advertising and editorial art buyers via printed and online marketing vehicles. Many people upload their photographs to social networking websites and other websites and those interested in legal precision may explicitly release them to the public domain or under a free content license. Some sites, including Wikimedia Commons, are punctilious about licenses, the dictionary definition of photographer at Wiktionary Media related to Photographers at Wikimedia Commons
4.
Photojournalism
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Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now understood to refer only to still images. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a format that is not only informative. Timeliness The images have meaning in the context of a published record of events. Objectivity The situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone, narrative The images combine with other news elements to make facts relatable to the viewer or reader on a cultural level. Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter, but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, the practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred in the mid 19th century. The illustrations were printed with the use of engravings, during the Crimean War, the ILN pioneered the birth of early photojournalism by printing pictures of the war that had been taken by Roger Fenton. Other photographers of the war included William Simpson and Carol Szathmari, similarly, the American Civil War photographs of Mathew Brady were engraved before publication in Harpers Weekly. Disaster, including wrecks and city fires, was also a popular subject for illustrated newspapers in the early days. The printing of images in newspapers remained an isolated occurrence in this period, Photos were used to enhance the text rather than to act as a medium of information in its own right. This began to change with the work of one of the pioneers of photojournalism, John Thomson, in collaboration with the radical journalist Adolphe Smith, he began publishing a monthly magazine, Street Life in London, from 1876 to 1877. The project documented in photographs and text, the lives of the people of London. On March 4,1880, The Daily Graphic published the first halftone reproduction of a news photograph, in March 1886, when General George Crook received word that the Apache leader Geronimo would negotiate surrender terms, photographer C. S. Fly took his equipment and attached himself to the military column, during the three days of negotiations, Fly took about 15 exposures on 8 by 10 inches glass negatives. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the known photographs taken of American Indians while still at war with the United States. Fly coolly posed his subjects, asking them to move and turn their heads and faces, the popular publication Harpers Weekly published six of his images in their April 24,1886 issue
5.
Farm Security Administration
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The FSA is famous for its small but highly influential photography program, 1935–44, that portrayed the challenges of rural poverty. The projects that were combined in 1935 to form the RA started in 1933 as an assortment of programs tried out by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the RA was headed by Rexford Tugwell, an economic advisor to President Roosevelt. However, Tugwells goal moving 650,000 people into 100,000,000 acres of exhausted and this goal seemed socialistic to some and threatened to deprive influential farm owners of their tenant workforce. The main focus of the RA was to now build relief camps in California for migratory workers and this move was resisted by a large share of Californians, who did not want destitute migrants to settle in their midst. After facing enormous criticism for his management of the RA. On January 1,1937, with hopes of making the RA more effective, on July 22,1937, Congress passed the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act. This law authorized a modest credit program to assist tenant farmers to purchase land, following the passage of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, Congress passed the Farm Security Act into law. The Farm Security Act officially transformed the Resettlement Administration into the Farm Security Administration, the FSA expanded through funds given by the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act. They were not allowed to purchase their farms for fear that they would back into inefficient practices not guided by RA. The Dust Bowl in the Great Plains displaced thousands of tenant farmers, sharecroppers, the FSA operated camps for them, such as Weedpatch Camp as depicted in The Grapes of Wrath. The RA and the FSA gave educational aid to 455,000 farm families during the period 1936-1943, in June,1936, Roosevelt wrote, You are right about the farmers who suffer through their own fault. I wish you would have a talk with Tugwell about what he is doing to educate this type of farmer to become self-sustaining, during the past year his organization has made 104,000 farm families practically self-sustaining by supervision and education along practical lines. That is a pretty good record, the FSAs primary mission was not to aid farm production or prices. Roosevelts agricultural policy had, in fact, been to try to decrease agricultural production in order to increase prices, however, when production was discouraged, the tenant farmers and small holders suffered most by not being able to ship enough to market to pay rents. Many renters wanted money to buy farms, but the Agriculture Department realized there already were too many farmers, instead they used education to help the poor stretch their money further. Congress however demanded that the FSA help tenant farmers purchase farms, and purchase loans of $191 million were made, a much larger program was $778 million in loans to 950,000 tenant farmers. The goal was to make the more efficient so the loans were used for new machinery, trucks, or animals. At all times the borrower was closely advised by a government agent, family needs were on the agenda, as the FSA set up a health insurance program and taught farm wives how to cook and raise children
6.
Culver Academies
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Henry Harrison Culver founded Culver Military Academy 123 years ago in 1894 for the purpose of thoroughly preparing young men for the best colleges, scientific schools and businesses of America. Coeducational since 1971, Culver Girls Academy was founded in year by Mary Francis England for the purpose of encouraging young women to attain the highest degree of self-development. Culver Summer Schools and Camps consists of the Culver Summer Naval School for boys, Culver Summer School for Girls, the Cavalry Troop program, the Aviation School, and the Woodcraft Camp. The summer schools began operations in 1902 and today bring over 1,300 campers from around the world to Culver to learn skills that improve personal confidence. Culver is one of the largest boarding schools in the United States, with over 800 students, an endowment of over $380 million, Culver Military Academy and Culver Girls Academy have a rich sports tradition and offer a variety of athletic programs and sports teams. The hockey team has a history of success, and the boys. The boys Varsity team won in 1999,2000,2002,2004,2007, &2008 and the team has won four times, in 2002,2003,2004,2007. Culver had state champions in golf, wrestling, cross country, Culver was home to the 2006 Youth National Rowing Champion in the Mens Single Scull. CMAs Black Horse Troop is one of the nations elite horsemanship groups for school students and is usually invited to participate in the Presidential Inauguration Parade. The Black Horse Troop participated in the inaugural of the World Equestrian Games in Kentucky in 2010, recently Culvers sailing team went to several national events. The Culver Academies Girls Soccer team is ranked 5th in the state, Culver is also considered one of the top fencing schools in the nation. In 2009, the basketball team will be competing in the State Farm Holiday Classic basketball tournament in Bloomington-Normal. Eppley Foundation donated the funds for three buildings that comprise the Gignilliat Memorial Quadrangle. Eppley Auditorium, built 58 years ago in 1959, seats 1,492 people, the new Steinbrenner Performing Arts Center consists of a scene shop, dance studio, and private dance studio. The ethos of the Culver Academies was augmented with the dedication of the 47,000 sq. ft. Huffington Library on October 1,1993, physically, the building provides a southern terminus to the academic quadrangle while affording library patrons a view of Lake Maxinkuckee. It houses a collection of approximately 55,000 volumes and, with it, henderson Arena is home to Culver Military Academy and Culver Girls Academy hockey teams. Elwood Hillis, US House of Representatives, grandson of Elwood Haynes, hal Holbrook, actor Tim Holt, actor Robert J. Huber, Michigan politician and businessman Michael Huffington, former U
7.
Culver, Indiana
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Culver is a town in Marshall County, Indiana, United States. Culver is part of Union Township that also includes the communities of Burr Oak, Hibbard, Maxinkuckee, the population was 1,353 at the 2010 census. Culver was originally called Union Town, and under the name was laid out in 1844. It was later renamed for the Henry Harrison Culver, head of the Culver Academies, the Culver Commercial Historic District and Forest Place Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Arrival of the Mail in Culver was completed in 1938 and featured students from the military academy, Culver is located at 41°13′2″N 86°25′18″W. According to the 2010 census, Culver has an area of 0.9 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,353 people,598 households, the population density was 1,503.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 897 housing units at a density of 996.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 95. 8% White,1. 2% African American,0. 4% Asian,0. 9% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 4% of the population. 37. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.77. The median age in the town was 47.7 years. 19. 2% of residents were under the age of 18, 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 6% were from 25 to 44,29. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 25. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 45. 4% male and 54. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,539 people,655 households, and 410 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,961.7 people per square mile, there were 932 housing units at an average density of 1,188.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 04% White,0. 91% African American,0. 65% Native American,0. 58% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,0. 71% from other races, and 1. 04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 21% of the population,35. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the family size was 2.88. In the town, the population was out with 22. 5% under the age of 18,5. 8% from 18 to 24,23. 9% from 25 to 44,24. 6% from 45 to 64
8.
Chemical engineering
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A chemical engineer designs large-scale processes that convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms and energy into useful forms and products. A1996 British Journal for the History of Science article cites James F. Donnelly for mentioning an 1839 reference to chemical engineering in relation to the production of sulfuric acid. In the same however, George E. Davis, an English consultant, was credited for having coined the term. The History of Science in United States, An Encyclopedia puts this at around 1890, Chemical engineering, describing the use of mechanical equipment in the chemical industry, became common vocabulary in England after 1850. By 1910, the profession, chemical engineer, was already in use in Britain. Chemical engineering emerged upon the development of operations, a fundamental concept of the discipline of chemical engineering. Most authors agree that Davis invented the concept of operations if not substantially developed it. He gave a series of lectures on unit operations at the Manchester Technical School in 1887, three years before Davis lectures, Henry Edward Armstrong taught a degree course in chemical engineering at the City and Guilds of London Institute. Armstrongs course failed simply because its graduates, were not especially attractive to employers. Employers of the time would have rather hired chemists and mechanical engineers, starting from 1888, Lewis M. Norton taught at MIT the first chemical engineering course in the United States. Nortons course was contemporaneous and essentially similar with Armstrongs course, both courses, however, simply merged chemistry and engineering subjects. Its practitioners had difficulty convincing engineers that they were engineers and chemists that they were not simply chemists, unit operations was introduced into the course by William Hultz Walker in 1905. By the early 1920s, unit operations became an important aspect of engineering at MIT and other US universities. For instance, it defined chemical engineering to be a science of itself, unit operations in a 1922 report, and with which principle, it had published a list of academic institutions which offered satisfactory chemical engineering courses. Meanwhile, promoting chemical engineering as a science in Britain lead to the establishment of the Institution of Chemical Engineers in 1922. IChemE likewise helped make unit operations considered essential to the discipline, by the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone was insufficient in developing chemical reactors. While the predominance of unit operations in chemical engineering courses in Britain, along with other novel concepts, such process systems engineering, a second paradigm was defined. Transport phenomena gave an analytical approach to chemical engineering while PSE focused on its elements, such as control system
9.
Lehigh University
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Lehigh University is an American private research university located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It was established in 1865 by businessman Asa Packer and has grown to include studies in a variety of disciplines. Its undergraduate programs have been coeducational since the 1971–72 academic year, as of 2014, the university had 4,904 undergraduate students and 2,165 graduate students. Lehigh is considered one of the twenty-four Hidden Ivies in the Northeastern United States, Lehigh has four colleges, the P. C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science, the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Business and Economics, the College of Arts and Sciences is the largest college today, home to roughly 40% of the universitys students. Asa Packer named his university Lehigh after his passion, the railroad. It was founded to provide an education for young men, combining a liberal. Mr. Packer also provided for the first structure ever to be built by the young University on campus, Packer Hall, now known also as the University Center. An unusual Mansard Gothic edifice featuring a prominent bell tower, at which, upon a suggestion that it be composed of the less expensive brick, in the construction, a branch of the railroad was diverted to bring stone to the site. From 1871 to 1891, Packers endowment allowed the institution to offer its education free of charge by competitive exam, in 1879, Lehigh became the wealthiest institution of higher learning in the country, surpassing Harvard and Yale. This, plus its blend of engineering and liberal arts, attracted some of the nations brightest students, many of whom went on to distinguished careers in industry and engineering. The formation of a College for engineering, or technical university, was quite a difficult project, as the entire subject of engineering education was obscure. A small number of colleges had commenced this, such as Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey and Harvard, Yale, the University of Pennsylvania opened a small school in 1852, for mining and materials, but which had closed at the onset of the Civil War. As W. Ross Yates notes, No one knew with certainty how many years a course in engineering should take, the relationship between theory and practice was hazy. A statement made later by industrialist and Lehigh Trustee Eckley B. Coxe summarizes the problem succinctly, Not knowing exactly what you want to do or the material you have to do it with, initially there were five schools, four scientific and one of general literature. The latter would shortly evolve into Courses in Arts and Science, as it was known then, Engineering curricula were both merged and expanded. During this period of time, the first Latino student organization at a college or university in the United States, was founded at Lehigh, the Club Hispano Americano was established by international Latin American students that attended the university in 1887
10.
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
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Bethlehem is a city in Lehigh and Northampton counties in the Lehigh Valley region of the eastern portion of the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 74,982, making it the seventh largest city in Pennsylvania, after Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, Reading. Of this,55,639 were in Northampton County, and 19,343 were in Lehigh County, Bethlehem lies in the center of the Lehigh Valley, a region of 731 square miles that is home to more than 800,000 people. Smaller than Allentown but larger than Easton, Bethlehem is the Lehigh Valleys second most populous city, in turn, this metropolitan area comprises Pennsylvanias third-largest metropolitan area and the states largest and most populous contribution to the greater New York City metropolitan area. There are four sections of the city, central Bethlehem, the south side, the east side. Each of these sections blossomed at different times in the citys development, ZIP codes that use the address Bethlehem totaled 116,000 in population in the year 2000. These ZIP codes include Bethlehem Township and Hanover Township, the Norfolk Southern Railways Lehigh Line, runs through Bethlehem heading east to Easton, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey across the Delaware River. The Norfolk Southern Railways Reading Line runs through Bethlehem heading west to Allentown, in July 2006, Money magazine placed Bethlehem as number 88 on its Top 100 Best Places to Live. The areas along the Delaware River and its tributaries in eastern Pennsylvania were long inhabited by peoples of various cultures. By the time of European contact, these areas were the historic territory of the Algonquian-speaking Lenape Nation and they traded with the Dutch and then English colonists in the mid-Atlantic area. They came to set up missionary communities among the Native Americans and they named the settlement after the Biblical town Bethlehem of Judea, the birthplace of Jesus. Count Zinzendorf said, Brothers, how more fittingly could we call our new home than to name it in honor of the spot where the event we now commemorate took place and we will call this place Bethlehem. And so was Bethlehem named after the birthplace of the Man of Peace, originally it was a typical Moravian Settlement Congregation, where the Church owned all the property. Until the 1850s, only members of the Moravian Church were permitted to land plots in Bethlehem. The historic Brethrens House, Sisters House, Widows House and Gemeinhaus with the Old Chapel are remnants of this period of communal living, the Moravians ministered to regional Lenape Native Americans through their mission in the area, as well as further east in the New York colony. In the historic Bethlehem Gods Acre cemetery, converted Lenape lie buried alongside the Moravians, in 1762, Bethlehem built the first water-works in America to pump water for public use. While George Washington and his troops stayed in Valley Forge, Washington stored his personal effects at the farm of James Burnside in Bethlehem – as of 1998 a historical museum, the prosperous village was incorporated into a free borough in the County of Northampton in 1845. After the Unity Synod of 1848, Bethlehem became the headquarters of the Northern Province of the Moravian Church in North America
