The Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Spain, a member state of the European Union, have bilateral foreign relations. Spain and the Grand Duchy of Moscow first exchanged envoys in 1520s; regular embassies were established in 1722. The two countries share a long history of relations, characterized at times by close cooperation and at other times by deep hostility. Soviet-Spanish relations, once terminated after the Spanish Civil War, were gradually reestablished starting in 1963 and were fully established by 1977. Trade between the two countries amounted to two billion euros in 2008. In March 2009, the two countries signed an energy agreement providing national energy companies access to other party's domestic markets.

The 250th Infantry Division, better known as the Blue Division, was a unit of volunteers from Francoist Spain operating from 1941 to 1944 within the German Army on the Eastern Front during World War II. It was officially designated the Spanish Volunteer Division by the Spanish Army.