1.
Whisky
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Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains are used for different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, generally made of charred white oak. Whisky is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide with many classes and types, the typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels. The word whiskey is an anglicisation of the Classical Gaelic word uisce meaning water, distilled alcohol was known in Latin as aqua vitae. This was translated to Classical Gaelic as uisce beatha, which became uisce beatha in Irish, early forms of the word in English included uskebeaghe, usquebaugh, usquebath, and usquebae. Much is made of the two spellings, whiskey and whisky. There are two schools of thought on the issue, there is general agreement that when quoting the proper name printed on a label, the spelling on the label should not be altered. Some writers refer to whisky or whisky/whiskey to acknowledge the variation, the spelling whiskey is common in Ireland and the United States, while whisky is used in all other whisky producing countries. In the US, the usage has not always been consistent, from the late eighteenth century to the mid twentieth century, American writers used both spellings interchangeably until the introduction of newspaper style guides. Since the 1960s, American writers have increasingly used whiskey as the spelling for aged grain spirits made in the US. Scotch is the internationally recognized term for Scotch whisky, the earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks in Alexandria in the 1st century AD, but these were not distillations of alcohol. The medieval Arabs adopted the technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century. Distilling technology passed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, the earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century, where alcohol was distilled from wine. An early description of the technique was given by Ramon Llull and its use spread through medieval monasteries, largely for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of colic and smallpox. The art of distillation spread to Ireland and Scotland no later than the 15th century, the practice of medicinal distillation eventually passed from a monastic setting to the secular via professional medical practitioners of the time, The Guild of Barber Surgeons. The earliest Irish mention of whisky comes from the seventeenth-century Annals of Clonmacnoise, between 1536 and 1541, King Henry VIII of England dissolved the monasteries, sending their monks out into the general public. Whisky production moved out of a setting and into personal homes. The distillation process was still in its infancy, whisky itself was not allowed to age, renaissance-era whisky was also very potent and not diluted
2.
Rye
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Rye is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop. It is a member of the tribe and is closely related to barley. Rye grain is used for flour, rye bread, rye beer, crisp bread, some whiskeys, some vodkas and it can also be eaten whole, either as boiled rye berries or by being rolled, similar to rolled oats. Rye is a grain and should not be confused with ryegrass, which is used for lawns, pasture. Rye is one of a number of species grow wild in central and eastern Turkey. It is possible that rye traveled west from Turkey as an admixture in wheat. Since the Middle Ages people have cultivated rye widely in Central and it serves as the main bread cereal in most areas east of the French-German border and north of Hungary. In Southern Europe, it was cultivated on marginal lands, claims of much earlier cultivation of rye, at the Epipalaeolithic site of Tell Abu Hureyra in the Euphrates valley of northern Syria remain controversial. Critics point to inconsistencies in the dates, and identifications based solely on grain. Winter rye is any breed of rye planted in the fall to provide cover for the winter. It grows during warmer days of the winter when sunlight temporarily warms the plant above freezing and it is sometimes used in winter gardens and is a common nurse crop. Rye is grown primarily in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe, the main rye belt stretches from northern Germany through Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia into central and northern Russia. Rye is also grown in North America, in South America, in Oceania, in Turkey, in Kazakhstan, production levels of rye have fallen in most of the producing nations, as of 2012. For instance, production of rye in Russia fell from 13.9 million metric tons in 1992 to 2.1 t in 2012, most rye is consumed locally or exported only to neighboring countries, rather than being shipped worldwide. Rye is highly susceptible to the ergot fungus, consumption of ergot-infected rye by humans and animals results in a serious medical condition known as ergotism. Ergotism can cause physical and mental harm, including convulsions, miscarriage, necrosis of digits, hallucinations. Historically, damp northern countries that have depended on rye as a staple crop were subject to epidemics of this condition. There have been occurrence of ergotism with periods where there were incidents of people persecuted for being witches
3.
Canadian whisky
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Canadian whisky is a type of whisky produced in Canada. Most Canadian whiskies are blended multi-grain liquors containing a large percentage of corn spirits, while the lighter and smoother Canadian whiskies are the most widely familiar, the range of products is actually broad and includes some robust whiskies as well. Historically, in Canada, whisky that had some rye grain added to the bill to give it more flavour came to be called rye. Occasionally barley whisky is used for flavouring. Flavour may also be derived in other ways, such as flavour development from the aging process and it is a common misconception that Canadian whiskies are primarily made using just rye grain. The use of rye grain is not dictated by law, canadas Food and Drugs Act require that whisky labeled as Canadian Whisky, Canadian Rye Whisky or Rye Whisky be mashed, distilled and aged at least three years in Canada. As with Scotch whisky and Irish whiskey, the content of the spirits used may exceed 90%. Thus, much of the used in making a Canadian whisky, prior to aging. To improve marketability, it may contain caramel colour and flavouring, all spirits used in making a Canadian whisky must be aged for at least three years in wooden barrels of not greater than 700 L capacity. The final whisky must contain at least 40 percent alcohol by volume, no distinction is made between the quality of the barrels – new or used, charred or uncharred barrels may be filled for aging. Canadian whisky is recognized internationally as a product of Canada. Products labelled as Canadian whisky in the United States must satisfy the laws of Canada that regulate the manufacture of Canadian whisky for consumption in Canada. Canadian products aged less than three years or not in small wood barrels cannot be called Canadian whisky within Canada and in other countries. Canadian whisky featured prominently in rum-running into the U. S. during Prohibition, hiram Walkers distillery in Windsor, Ontario, directly across the Detroit River from Detroit, Michigan, easily served bootleggers using small, fast smuggling boats
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Mashing
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In brewing and distilling, mashing is the process of combining a mix of milled grain, known as the grain bill, and water, known as liquor, and heating this mixture. Mashing allows the enzymes in the malt to break down the starch in the grain into sugars, mashing involves pauses at certain temperatures, and takes place in a mash tun—an insulated brewing vessel with a false bottom. The end product of mashing is called a mash, the term mashing probably originates from the Old English noun masc, which means soft mixture, and the Old English verb mæscan which means to mix with hot water. The terms use to refer to anything reduced to a pulpy consistency is recorded as early as the late 16th century. Most breweries use infusion mashing, in which the mash is heated directly to go from rest temperature to rest temperature, some infusion mashes achieve temperature changes by adding hot water, and there are also breweries that do single-step infusion, performing only one rest before lautering. Decoction mashing is where a proportion of the grains are boiled and then returned to the mash, the boiling extracts more starch from the grain by breaking down the cell walls of the grain. It can be classified into one-, two-, and three-step decoctions and it is a traditional method, and is common in German and Central European breweries. It was used out of necessity before the invention of thermometers allowed simpler step mashing, in large breweries, in which optimal utilization of the brewery equipment is economically necessary, there is at least one dedicated vessel for mashing. In decoction processes, there must be at least two, a spray ball for clean-in-place operation should also be included for periodic deep cleaning. Sanitation is not a major concern before wort boiling, so a rinse-down should be all that is necessary between batches, smaller breweries will often use a boil kettle or a lauter tun for mashing. The latter case either limits the brewer to single-step infusion mashing or leaves the brewer with a lauter tun that is not completely appropriate for the lautering process. Mixing of the water, water used for mashing in. This was traditionally done by first adding water to the mash vessel and this has led to a lot of oxygen absorption, and loss of flour dust to the surrounding air. A premasher, which mixes the grist with mash-in temperature water while it is still in the tube, reduces oxygen uptake. Mashing in is typically done between 35 and 45 °C, but, for single-step infusion mashes, mashing in must be done between 62–67 °C for amylases to break down the starch into sugars. In step-infusion and decoction mashing, the mash is heated to different temperatures at which specific enzymes work optimally, the table at right shows the optimal temperature ranges for the enzymes brewers pay the most attention to and what material those enzymes break down. There is some contention in the industry as to just what the optimal temperature is for these enzymes, as it is often very dependent on the pH of the mash. A thicker mash acts as a buffer for the enzymes, once a step is passed, the enzymes active in that step are denatured by the increasing heat and become permanently inactive
6.
Maize
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Maize, also known as corn, is a large grain plant first domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The six major types of corn are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, the leafy stalk of the plant produces separate pollen and ovuliferous inflorescences or ears, which are fruits, yielding kernels or seeds. Maize kernels are used in cooking as a starch. Most historians believe maize was domesticated in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico, recent research modified this view somewhat, scholars now indicate the adjacent Balsas River Valley of south-central Mexico as the center of domestication. The Olmec and Mayans cultivated maize in numerous varieties throughout Mesoamerica, cooked and its believed that beginning about 2500 BC, the crop spread through much of the Americas. The region developed a network based on surplus and varieties of maize crops. Nevertheless, recent data indicates that the spread of maize took place even earlier, according to Piperno, A large corpus of data indicates that it was dispersed into lower Central America by 7600 BP and had moved into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia between 7000 and 6000 BP. Since then, even earlier dates have been published, the study also demonstrated that the oldest surviving maize types are those of the Mexican highlands. Later, maize spread from this region over the Americas along two major paths and this is consistent with a model based on the archaeological record suggesting that maize diversified in the highlands of Mexico before spreading to the lowlands. Before they were domesticated, maize plants only grew small,25 millimetres long corn cobs, Maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the Americas, with 361 million metric tons grown in the United States in 2014. Approximately 40% of the crop—130 million tons—is used for corn ethanol, genetically modified maize made up 85% of the maize planted in the United States in 2009. After the arrival of Europeans in 1492, Spanish settlers consumed maize and explorers and traders carried it back to Europe, Spanish settlers far preferred wheat bread to maize, cassava, or potatoes. Maize flour could not be substituted for wheat for bread, since in Christian belief only wheat could undergo transubstantiation. At another level, Spaniards worried that by eating indigenous foods, which they did not consider nutritious, that not only would they weaken, despite these worries, Spaniards did consume maize and archeological evidence from Florida sites indicate they cultivated it as well. Maize spread to the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates and it was cultivated in Spain just a few decades after Columbuss voyages and then spread to Italy, West Africa and elsewhere. The word maize derives from the Spanish form of the indigenous Taíno word for the plant and it is known by other names around the world. The word corn outside North America, Australia, and New Zealand refers to any cereal crop, in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, corn primarily means maize, this usage started as a shortening of Indian corn. Indian corn primarily means maize, but can more specifically to multicolored flint corn used for decoration
7.
Barley
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Barley, a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago, Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures, Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In 2014, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced behind corn, rice, the Old English word for barley was bære, which traces back to Proto-Indo-European and is cognate to the Latin word farina flour. The direct ancestor of modern English barley in Old English was the derived adjective bærlic, the first citation of the form bærlic in the Oxford English Dictionary dates to around 966 CE, in the compound word bærlic-croft. The underived word bære survives in the north of Scotland as bere, the word barn, which originally meant barley-house, is also rooted in these words. Barley is a member of the grass family and it is a self-pollinating, diploid species with 14 chromosomes. The wild ancestor of domesticated barley, Hordeum vulgare subsp, spontaneum, is abundant in grasslands and woodlands throughout the Fertile Crescent area of Western Asia and northeast Africa, and is abundant in disturbed habitats, roadsides and orchards. Outside this region, the barley is less common and is usually found in disturbed habitats. However, in a study of genome-wide diversity markers, Tibet was found to be a center of domestication of cultivated barley. Wild barley has a spike, upon maturity, the spikelets separate. Domesticated barley has nonshattering spikes, making it easier to harvest the mature ears. The nonshattering condition is caused by a mutation in one of two linked genes known as Bt1 and Bt2, many cultivars possess both mutations. The nonshattering condition is recessive, so varieties of barley that exhibit this condition are homozygous for the mutant allele, spikelets are arranged in triplets which alternate along the rachis. In wild barley, only the central spikelet is fertile, while the two are reduced. This condition is retained in certain cultivars known as two-row barleys, a pair of mutations result in fertile lateral spikelets to produce six-row barleys. Recent genetic studies have revealed that a mutation in one gene, two-row barley has a lower protein content than six-row barley, thus a more fermentable sugar content. High-protein barley is best suited for animal feed, Malting barley is usually lower protein which shows more uniform germination, needs shorter steeping, and has less protein in the extract that can make beer cloudy
8.
Distillation
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Distillation is a process of separating the component or substances from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation. Distillation may result in complete separation, or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components of the mixture. In either case the process exploits differences in the volatility of the mixtures components, in industrial chemistry, distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance, but it is a physical separation process and not a chemical reaction. For example, In the fossil fuel industry distillation is a class of operation in obtaining materials from crude oil for fuels. Distillation permits separation of air into its components — notably oxygen, nitrogen, Distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a high alcohol content, or separates out other fermentation products of commercial value. An installation for distillation, especially of alcohol, is a distillery, the distillation equipment is a still. Distillation is an old method of artificial desalination. Aristotle wrote about the process in his Meteorologica and even that ordinary wine possesses a kind of exhalation, later evidence of distillation comes from Greek alchemists working in Alexandria in the 1st century AD. Distilled water has been known since at least c,200, when Alexander of Aphrodisias described the process. Work on distilling other liquids continued in early Byzantine Egypt under the Greek-Egyptian Zosimus of Panopolis, Distillation in China could have begun during the Eastern Han Dynasty, but archaeological evidence indicates that actual distillation of beverages began in the Jin and Southern Song dynasties. A still was found in a site in Qinglong, Hebei province dating to the 12th century. Distilled beverages were more common during the Yuan dynasty, arabs learned the process from the Alexandrians and used it extensively in their chemical experiments. Clear evidence of the distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in the 12th century, fractional distillation was developed by Tadeo Alderotti in the 13th century. In 1500, German alchemist Hieronymus Braunschweig published Liber de arte destillandi the first book dedicated to the subject of distillation. In 1651, John French published The Art of Distillation the first major English compendium of practice and this includes diagrams with people in them showing the industrial rather than bench scale of the operation. As alchemy evolved into the science of chemistry, vessels called retorts became used for distillations, riveted joints were often kept tight by using various mixtures, for instance a dough made of rye flour. These alembics often featured a system around the beak, using cold water for instance. Today, the retorts and pot stills have largely supplanted by more efficient distillation methods in most industrial processes
9.
U.S. proof
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Alcohol proof is a measure of the content of ethanol in an alcoholic beverage. The term was used in the United Kingdom and was equal to about 1.75 times the alcohol by volume. The UK now uses the ABV standard instead of alcohol proof, in the United States, alcohol proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV. The measurement of alcohol content and the statement of content on bottles of alcoholic beverages is regulated by law in many countries, the term proof dates back to 16th century England, when spirits were taxed at different rates depending on their alcohol content. Spirits were tested by soaking a pellet of gunpowder in them, if the gunpowder could still burn, the spirits were rated above proof and taxed at a higher rate. As gunpowder would not burn if soaked in rum that contained less than 57. 15% ABV, the gunpowder test was officially replaced by a specific-gravity test in 1816. From the 18th century until 1 January 1980, the UK measured alcohol content by proof spirit, defined as spirit with a gravity of 12⁄13 that of water, or 923 kg/m3, the value 57. 15% is very close to the fraction 4⁄7 =0.5714. Thus, the amounts to declaring that 100° proof spirit has an ABV of 4⁄7. From this, it follows that to convert the ABV to degrees proof, thus pure, 100% alcohol will have 100× = 175° proof, and a spirit containing 40% ABV will have 40× = 70° proof. The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity, 50% alcohol was defined as 100 proof. The use of proof as a measure of alcohol content is now mostly historical, today, liquor is sold in most locations with labels that state its alcohol content as its percentage of alcohol by volume. The European Union follows recommendations of the International Organization of Legal Metrology, oIMLs International Recommendation No.22 provides standards for measuring alcohol strength by volume and by mass. The document does not address alcohol proof or the labeling of bottles, since 1 January 1980, the United Kingdom has used the ABV standard to measure alcohol content, as prescribed by the European Union. The OIML system measures alcohol strength as a percentage of alcohol by volume at a temperature of 20 °C and it replaced the Sikes system of measuring the proof strength of spirits, which had been used in Britain for over 160 years. Britain, which used to use the Sikes scale to display proof and this scale, for all intents and purposes the same as the Gay-Lussac scale previously used by much of mainland Europe, was adopted by all the countries in the European Community in 1980. Using the OIML scale or the Gay-Lussac scale is essentially the same as measuring alcohol by volume except that the figures are expressed in degrees, in the United States, alcohol content is measured in terms of the percentage of alcohol by volume. The Code of Federal Regulations requires that liquor labels must state the percentage of ABV, the regulation permits, but does not require, a statement of the proof provided that it is printed close to the ABV number. For bottled spirits over 100 mL containing no solids, actual alcohol content is allowed to vary within 0. 15% of ABV stated on the label, alcohol proof in the United States is defined as twice the percentage of alcohol by volume
10.
Alcohol by volume
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Alcohol by volume is a standard measure of how much alcohol is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage. It is defined as the number of millilitres of pure ethanol present in 100 millilitres of solution at 20 °C, the number of millilitres of pure ethanol is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20 °C, which is 0.78924 g/ml. The ABV standard is used worldwide, the International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures. In some countries, such as the U. K and France, alcohol by volume is referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac and this results in the slight difference in marked % noted later in this article. Mixing two solutions of alcohol of different strengths usually causes a change in volume, mixing pure water with a solution less than 24% by mass causes a slight increase in total volume, whereas the mixing of two solutions above 24% causes a decrease in volume. The phenomenon of volume due to mixing dissimilar solutions is called partial molar volume. Details about typical amounts of alcohol contained in various beverages can be found in the articles about them. Another way of specifying the amount of alcohol is alcohol proof, for example, 40% abv is 80 proof in the US and 70 proof in the UK. However, since 1980, alcohol proof in the UK has been replaced by abv as a measure of alcohol content, in the United States, a few states regulate and tax alcoholic beverages according to alcohol by weight, expressed as a percentage of total mass. Some brewers print the ABW on beer containers, particularly on low-point versions of domestic beer brands. However, because of the miscibility of alcohol and water, the factor is not constant. 100% ABW, of course, is equivalent to 100% ABV, during the production of wine and beer, yeast is added to a sugary solution. During fermentation, the yeasts consume the sugars and produce alcohol, the density of sugar in water is greater than the density of alcohol in water. A hydrometer is used to measure the change in gravity of the solution before. The volume of alcohol in the solution can then be estimated, there are a number of empirical formulae which brewers and winemakers use to estimate the alcohol content of the liquor made. The simplest method for wine has been described by English author C. J. J, the number 0.7936 is the specific gravity of a 100% ethanol solution. The difference between the starting SG and the final SG measures the specific gravity lost to CO2 release
11.
Barrel
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A barrel, cask, or tun is a hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of wooden staves bound by wooden or metal hoops. Traditionally, the barrel was a size of measure referring to a set capacity or weight of a given commodity. For example, in the UK a barrel of beer refers to a quantity of 36 imperial gallons, wine was shipped in barrels of 119 litres. Modern barrels and casks can also be made of aluminum, stainless steel, someone who makes barrels is called a barrel maker or cooper. Barrels are only one type of cooperage, other types include, but are not limited to, buckets, tubs, butter churns, hogsheads, firkins, kegs, kilderkins, tierces, rundlets, puncheons, pipes, tuns, butts, pins, and breakers. An aging barrel is used to age wine, distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum, beer, tabasco sauce, when a wine or spirit ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in. Oxygen enters a barrel when water or alcohol is lost due to evaporation, in an environment with 100% relative humidity, very little water evaporates and so most of the loss is alcohol, a useful trick if one has a wine with very high proof. Most beverages are topped up from other barrels to prevent significant oxidation, although others such as vin jaune, beverages aged in wooden barrels take on some of the compounds in the barrel, such as vanillin and wood tannins. The presence of these depends on many factors, including the place of origin, how the staves were cut and dried. After roughly three years, most of a barrels flavor compounds have been leached out and it is well on its way to becoming neutral, barrels used for aging are typically made of French or American oak, but chestnut and redwood are also used. Some Asian beverages use Japanese cedar, which imparts an unusual, in Peru and Chile, a grape distillate named pisco is either aged in oak or in earthenware. Some wines are fermented on barrel, as opposed to in a container like steel or wine-grade HDPE tanks. Wine can also be fermented in large tanks, which—when open to the atmosphere—are called open-tops. Other wooden cooperage for storing wine or spirits range from smaller barriques to huge casks, the tastes yielded by French and American species of oak are slightly different, with French oak being subtler, while American oak gives stronger aromas. To retain the desired measure of oak influence, a winery will replace a certain percentage of its barrels every year, some winemakers use 200% new oak, where the wine is put into new oak barrels twice during the aging process. Bulk wines are more cheaply flavored by soaking oak chips in them instead of being aged in a barrel. Sherry is stored in 600-litre casks made of North American oak, the casks, or butts, are filled five-sixths full, leaving the space of two fists empty at the top to allow flor to develop on top of the wine. NOTE, This section uses both the U. S. –Irish typical spelling whiskey and the British–Canadian typical spelling whisky, laws in several jurisdictions require that whiskey be aged in wooden barrels
12.
Oak
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An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks, the common name oak also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus, as well as in those of unrelated species such as Grevillea robusta and the Casuarinaceae. North America contains the largest number of oak species, with approximately 90 occurring in the United States, the second greatest center of oak diversity is China, which contains approximately 100 species. Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with lobate margins in many species, also, the acorns contain tannic acid, as do the leaves, which helps to guard from fungi and insects. Many deciduous species are marcescent, not dropping dead leaves until spring, in spring, a single oak tree produces both male flowers and small female flowers. The fruit is a nut called an acorn, borne in a structure known as a cupule, each acorn contains one seed and takes 6–18 months to mature. The live oaks are distinguished for being evergreen, but are not actually a distinct group, the oak tree is a flowering plant. Oaks may be divided into two genera and a number of sections, The genus Quercus is divided into the following sections, Quercus, the white oaks of Europe, Asia and North America. Styles are short, acorns mature in 6 months and taste sweet or slightly bitter, the leaves mostly lack a bristle on their lobe tips, which are usually rounded. The type species is Quercus robur, Mesobalanus, Hungarian oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia. Styles long, acorns mature in about 6 months and taste bitter, the section Mesobalanus is closely related to section Quercus and sometimes included in it. Cerris, the Turkey oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia, styles long, acorn mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the shell is hairless. Its leaves typically have sharp tips, with bristles at the lobe tip. Protobalanus, the live oak and its relatives, in southwest United States. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter, the inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. Leaves typically have sharp tips, with bristles at the lobe tip. Lobatae, the red oaks of North America, Central America, styles long, acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter
13.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
14.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
15.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
16.
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
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Allegheny County is a county in the southwestern quarter of the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of 2014 the population was 1,231,225, making it the second-most populous county in Pennsylvania, Allegheny County is included in the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is in the Pittsburgh Designated Market Area, Allegheny County was the first in Pennsylvania to be given a Native American name, being named after the Allegheny River. The word Allegheny is of Lenape origin, with uncertain meaning and it is usually said to mean fine river, but sometimes said to refer to an ancient mythical tribe called Allegewi that lived along the river long ago before being destroyed by the Lenape. Not a great deal is known about the inhabitants of the region prior to European contact. During the colonial era various native groups claimed or settled in the area, resulting in a mix that included Iroquois, Lenape, Shawnee. European fur traders such as Peter Chartier established trading posts in the region in the eighteenth century. In 1749 Captain Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville, claimed the Ohio Valley, the captain traveled along the Ohio and Allegheny rivers inserting lead plates in the ground to mark the land for France. Since most of the towns during that era were developed along waterways, therefore, the British sent Major George Washington to try to compel the French to leave their posts, with no success. Having failed in his mission, he returned and nearly drowned crossing the ice-filled Allegheny River, in 1754, the English tried again to enter the area. This time, they sent 41 Virginians to build Fort Prince George, the French got news of the plan and sent an army to take over the fort, which they then resumed building with increased fortification, renaming it Fort Duquesne. The loss of the fort cost the English dearly because Fort Duquesne became one of the points of the French. The first attempt to retake the fort, the Braddock Expedition and it was not until General John Forbes attacked in 1758, four years after they had lost the original fort, that they recaptured and destroyed it. They subsequently built a new fort on the site, including a moat, the site is now Pittsburghs Point State Park. Both Pennsylvania and Virginia claimed the region that is now Allegheny County, Pennsylvania administered most of the region as part of its Westmoreland County. Virginia considered everything south of the Ohio River and east of the Allegheny River to be part of its Yohogania County, in addition, parts of the county were located in the proposed British colony of Vandalia and the proposed U. S. state of Westsylvania. The overlapping boundaries, multiple governments, and confused deed claims soon proved unworkable, in 1780 Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed to extend the Mason–Dixon line westward, and the region became part of Pennsylvania. From 1781 until 1788, much of what had been claimed as part of Yohogania County, Virginia, was administered as a part of the newly created Washington County, Allegheny County was officially created on September 24,1788, from parts of Washington and Westmoreland counties
17.
Monongahela, Pennsylvania
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The population was 4,300 at the 2010 census. The City is served by Ringgold School District, Monongahela is located at 40°12′2″N 79°55′42″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.1 square miles. The city receives 37.65 inches of rainfall annually and has an annual temperature of 63 °F. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,761 people,2,139 households, the population density was 2,472.4 people per square mile. There were 2,382 housing units at a density of 1,237.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 94% White,3. 26% African American,0. 08% Native American,0. 19% Asian,0. 42% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 71% of the population. 36. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.87. In the city, the population was out with 20. 1% under the age of 18,6. 9% from 18 to 24,27. 4% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $29,060, and the median income for a family was $36,528. Males had an income of $31,250 versus $23,911 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,903, about 11. 1% of families and 13. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 9% of those under age 18 and 7. 2% of those age 65 or over. What is now the City of Monongahela was founded in 1769 on a tract of land near the confluence of Pigeon Creek and it is the oldest settlement in the Monongahela River Valley and most likely the oldest in Washington County. The original tract of land was owned by three different men, who named their land areas Eden, Paradise, and Gloucester. Joseph Parkison, who operated a ferry on the west bank of the Monongahela River, is recognized as the founder of Monongahela, Parkison built the town’s first post office, and in 1782 the town was officially recognized as Parkison’s Ferry. Adam Wickerham took claim to 130 acres on the Parkison Ferry tract, on this tract he laid out Georgetown in 1807. Georgetown was made part of Williamsport by him on February 23,1816, in 1833 the first borough officers were elected for Williamsport
18.
Prohibition in the United States
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Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. One result was that many communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries introduced alcohol prohibition, Prohibition supporters, called drys, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Promoted by the dry crusaders, a movement was led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Prohibition, Democratic and it gained a national grass roots base through the Womans Christian Temperance Union. After 1900 it was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, Prohibition was mandated in state after state, then finally nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban, for example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law, in the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Opposition mobilized nationwide, and Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant. Some researchers contend that its failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself. Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations, as an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929. The U. S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18,1917, upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16,1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30,1919, with July 1,1919, on October 28,1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilsons veto. The act established the definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them. Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the government lacked resources to enforce it. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, by 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs. While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized, many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes, when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime. On March 22,1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with a content of 3. 2%
19.
Old Overholt
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Old Overholt, said to be Americas oldest continually-maintained brand of whiskey, was founded in West Overton, Pennsylvania in 1810. Old Overholt is a rye whiskey distilled by A. Overholt & Co. currently a subsidiary of Beam Suntory and it is produced at the Jim Beam distillery in Clermont, Kentucky. It is one of the most commonly available straight rye whiskies in the U. S. where it is available at most liquor stores and it is aged for three years and bottled at 80 proof. Old Overholt has been called a stone of American whiskey because of its long history. Henry Oberholzer, a German Mennonite farmer, moved to West Overton and his family came from the area of Germany which specialized in distilling korn, or rye whiskey, and Henry took up the tradition. In 1810, Henrys son Abraham Overholt took over management of the distillery, by the 1820s, the distillery was putting out 12 to 15 gallons of rye whiskey per day. Abraham grew the company rapidly, by 1843, Baltimore newspapers were advertising Overholts Old Rye, at that time, by 1859, Overholt incorporated his business as A. Overholt & Co. He operated out of a new building that was six stories high,100 feet long. In 1881, Abrahams grandson Henry Clay Frick took over the company, as one of the countrys wealthiest people, the distillery was a sentimental side-business for Frick. Frick took on Andrew Mellon and one Charles W. Mauck as partners, in 1888, Mauck adopted the name Old Overholt as the official name of the company, adding a picture of Abraham as the logo. Around that time, the company started selling its product in bottles instead of barrels, by 1900, Old Overholt became a national brand. In the early years of the 20th Century, Old Overholt became one of the largest and most respected whiskeys in the country, Frick died in December 1919, and left his share to Andrew Mellon. This ended family ownership in the company, the national prohibition of alcohol in 1920 hit most American breweries and distilleries hard, putting many out of business. Perhaps because of its association with Mellon, who was secretary of the treasury under Warren G. Harding. This permit allowed Overholt to sell existing whiskey stocks to druggists for medicinal use, in 1925, under pressure from prohibitionists, Mellon sold his share of the company to a New York grocer, thus ending local ownership. The company was again in 1932 to National Distillers Products Co. which owned more than 200 brands. During World War II, Overholt and other distilleries were ordered by the government to make industrial alcohol. After wars end, whiskey fell out of favor with the American public generally, Rye whiskey especially fell out of favor, and by the 1960s, Old Overholt was the only nationally distributed straight rye whiskey
20.
Campari Group
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Davide Campari-Milano S. p. A. trading as Gruppo Campari, is an Italian company active since 1860 in the branded beverage industry. It produces spirits, wines, and soft drinks, from its signature product, Campari Bitter, its portfolio has extended to include over 50 brands, including Aperol, Appleton, Campari, Dreher, Cinzano, SKYY Vodka and Wild Turkey. Gruppo Campari also owns four wineries, three in Italy and one in France, local distributors are additionally used in over 180 other markets. Gruppo Campari improved its performance over the years, doubling its size since the year of its listing on Piazza Affari in 2001, combining organic and external growth. Sales for 2012 amounted to €1,340.8 million,76. 7% of which in spirits,14. 6% in wines, the Garavoglia family owns 51% of the share capital of the company. Gruppo Campari traces its beginnings back to 1860, with the birth of its brand and signature. Born in 1828, Gaspare Campari, the inventor of the recipe, was the 10th child of a simple farmer. At 14 he started working as a waiter and started developing a strong interest for peoples drinking habits, coming to create the product that would have taken his name. Deciding to open his own bar, it became so successful that he opened another in the heart of Milan, making his own cordials, in 1904 The historic production site at Sesto San Giovanni was inaugurated. In 1926 Davide, Gaspare’s son, transformed the company by dropping the production of all other than a Campari bitter. Davide dedicated his energy and determination to making the brand known across the world. In 1932 Camparisoda, the first single serve aperitif in the world, was launched, the bottle was designed by Fortunato Depero, one of the most famous Futurist artists of the time. The iconic bottle, unchanged to this day, has become a symbol of everyday “usable” design objects in Italy, according to Italy’s important newsmagazine La Domenica del Corriere the new object was a “genuine novelty and wonder of the season. ”Depero’s invention had many highly innovative features. It was the first single-dose product, it was ready for consumption and it contained the perfect pre-dinner drink mix of Campari, the bottles striking design resembled an upside down glass. Davide Campari died in 1936, ten years later, the company incorporated as Davide Campari-Milano S. p. A, the company remained concentrated on this core product for most of the rest of the century, even after Domenico Garavoglia gained control of it in the 1970s. The first step towards building a portfolio on the global market came in 1995 with the acquisition of the Italian business of the Dutch Group BolsWessanen. This brought a number of front-ranking names such as Crodino, Cynar, Lemonsoda, Oransoda, Biancosarti, later in 1998 the Group gained the Italian distribution rights of Lipton Ice Tea, from Unilever Group. In 1999, expansion continued with the acquisition of Ouzo 12, in 1999 the Group also acquired Cinzano, producing vermouth and sparkling wines and one of the most internationally known Italian brands
21.
Wild Turkey (bourbon)
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Wild Turkey is a brand of Kentucky straight bourbon whiskey distilled and bottled by the Austin Nichols division of Campari Group. The distillery is located near Lawrenceburg, Kentucky and it offers tours, and is part of the American Whiskey Trail and the Kentucky Bourbon Trail. In 1891, Thomas Ripy built the Old Hickory Distillery in Tyrone, Kentucky, near Lawrenceburg, after Prohibition, the Ripy family repaired the distillery and began to again produce bourbon. The Ripys sold the bourbon produced at this distillery to various wholesalers who bottled bourbon under their own brands, Austin Nichols was one of these wholesalers. The Ripys were bought out in 1949 by Robert and Alvin Gould, Austin Nichols began to bottle Wild Turkey in 1942. For the next three decades, Austin Nichols remained a non-distiller producer - bottling bourbon purchased on the market under their Wild Turkey brand. Much of this whiskey was purchased from the Ripys distillery in Tyrone, in 1971, Austin Nichols purchased the Ripys distillery in Tyrone, KY. The name was changed to the Wild Turkey Distillery, in 1980, the distillery and the Wild Turkey brand were purchased by Pernod Ricard. In 2009, the Campari Group acquired the distillery and the Wild Turkey brand from Pernod Ricard, in 2011, Wild Turkey began to be distilled at a newly constructed facility near the old distillery. The new distillery sits where the old bottling facility was previously located, in 2013, Campari opened a new bottling facility at the Wild Turkey Distillery. For the previous 13 years Wild Turkey had been bottled offsite in Indiana and, later, the legend of the origin of the Wild Turkey brand is that Thomas McCarthy took some warehouse samples on a wild turkey hunting trip in 1940. The bourbon proved such a hit that his friends continued to ask him for that wild turkey bourbon, Campari bottles bourbon and rye under the Wild Turkey and the Russels Reserve brands. Wild Turkey 101 earned an Editors Choice award from Whisky Magazine, proof66. com, aggregator of reviews from various expert bodies, places the 101 Single Barrel in the 97th percentile of all rated bourbons. On May 9,2000, a fire destroyed a seven-story aging warehouse at the company in Anderson County and it contained more than 17,000 wooden barrels of whiskey. Burning whiskey flowed from the warehouse, setting the woods on fire, firefighters saved Lawrenceburgs water treatment plant from destruction. However, an estimated 20% of the whiskey flowed into the Kentucky River, the river contamination required the temporary shutdown of the water treatment plant. Businesses and schools were closed because of the water shortage, the alcohol spill also depleted the oxygen in the river, killing an estimated 228,000 fish along a 66-mile stretch. The EPA and the Coast Guards Gulf Strike Team aerated the river using equipment mounted on barges, the company paid $256,000 to the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife in an effort to restore the fish population in the river
22.
Diageo
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Diageo plc is a British multinational alcoholic beverages company, with its headquarters in London, United Kingdom. It is the worlds largest producer of spirits and a producer of beer. Diageos brands include Smirnoff, Johnnie Walker, Baileys, and Guinness and it also owns 34% of Moët Hennessy, which owns brands including Moët & Chandon, Veuve Clicquot and Hennessy. It sells its products in over 180 countries and has offices in around 80 countries, Diageo has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. Diageo is a name that was created by the branding consultancy Wolff Olins in 1997. The name is composed of the Latin word dia, meaning day, and the Greek root geo, meaning world, Diageo was formed in 1997 from the merger of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan. The creation was driven by the executives Anthony Greener and Philip Yea at Guinness plus George Bull, Anthony Greener was the first executive chairman. Shares in Diageo began trading on the London Stock Exchange on 17 December 1997, Diageo owned Pillsbury until 2000 when it was sold to General Mills. In 2002, Diageo sold the Burger King fast food restaurant chain to a consortium led by US firm Texas Pacific for $1.5 billion, in February 2011 Diageo agreed to acquire the Turkish liquor company Mey Icki for US$2.1 billion. In May 2012, Diageo agreed to acquire Ypioca, the brand of premium cachaça in Brazil. This did not, however, involve retaining the original Johnnie Walker plant, in Kilmarnock, in November 2012 Diageo agreed to acquire a 53. 4% stake in the Indian spirits company United Spirits for £1.28 billion. In 2013 Diageo joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers commitments to reducing harmful drinking, in November 2014 Diageo agreed to sell Bushmills Irish whiskey in exchange for $408 million and full ownership of tequila brand Don Julio. In October 2015, Diageo announced the sale of most of its business to Treasury Wine Estates. Other brands, such as Navarro Correas and Chalone Vineyard, were sold separately, in March 2016 the company sold Grand Marnier, a cognac and bitter orange-based liqueur, to Italian aperitif maker Campari Group. In February 2017, Diageo announced plans to open a Guinness brewery and tourist attraction Baltimore County, the brewery could potentially create 70 new jobs and host as many as 300,000 visitors per year. It also has a large distillery at Roseisle in Speyside. Furthermore, Diageo owns a 34% stake in the Moet Hennessy drinks division of French luxury goods company LVMH, Diageos head office is in Park Royal, London Borough of Brent, on a former Guinness brewery property
23.
George Dickel Rye
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George Dickel is a brand of Tennessee whiskey that is distilled, mellowed, and aged in Cascade Hollow, Tennessee, near Tullahoma. The brand name is used for a rye whiskey. The brand is now owned by Diageo PLC and its distillery is part of the American Whiskey Trail and offers tours to the public. The brands labels use the traditional Scottish spelling of whisky, as opposed to whiskey, according to the company, this is because Dickel believed his product to be as smooth and high in quality as the best Scotch whiskies. He founded a business in Nashville, Tennessee, in the 1850s. After the Civil War, he operated a store on South College Street in Nashville. In the late 1860s, he founded George A. Dickel and Company, in 1871, Meier Saltzkotter, who had worked as a superintendent for Dickel, became a partner in the company. Victor Emmanuel Shwab, a brother-in-law of Dickel who had worked for the company as a bookkeeper. Whiskey was being produced in Cascade Hollow, near Tullahoma, Tennessee, by the 1870s, in 1879, Matthew Sims, a local businessman, bought Browns share of the operation. In 1883, another businessman, McLin Davis, joined the partnership. Davis became the operations distiller, and is credited with the whiskeys recipe, by the early 1890s, Cascade Whisky was one of the more popular brands in the region. The Cascade label included the phrase, Mellow as Moonlight, which was rooted in Daviss method of cooling mash at night, following an accident in 1886, Dickels health declined, and Shwab gradually took control of the wholesaling firms daily operations. In 1888, Shwab purchased Simss share of the Cascade Distillery, whose whiskey Dickel, the terms of the purchase made Dickel and Company the sole distributor of Cascade. Shwab also purchased the popular Climax Saloon in Nashville, and afterward advertised the saloon as the headquarters of Cascade Whisky. After Daviss death in 1898, his son, Norman Davis, briefly ran the distillery, following Dickels death in 1894, his share of Dickel and Company was willed to his wife, Augusta. Though he had advised her to out, she retained her share of the company. Upon her death in 1916, she willed her share to Shwab, in spite of his efforts, Tennessee enacted prohibition in 1910, forcing the Cascade operation to relocate to the Stitzel Distillery in Louisville, Kentucky. It was produced here until Kentucky enacted statewide prohibition in 1917, the operation shut down altogether with the onset of nationwide prohibition in 1920
24.
Bulleit Bourbon
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Bulleit Bourbon is a Diageo brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon whiskey that is characterized by having a high rye content for a bourbon and being aged at least six years. The bottle is clear glass with raised lettering and a label with black print. The Bulleit brand is owned by Diageo, and the bourbon is produced at the Kirin Brewing Company Four Roses Distillery in Lawrenceburg and it is bottled at 45% abv for the US, Canadian, British, Dutch and Mexican markets. For Australia and Danish markets, it is bottled at 40% abv and it is also sold in Germany, Norway and Sweden. In the U. S. and other markets, the Bulleit brand name is used for a rye whiskey as well as a bourbon. The current recipe is substantially different from the original by Augustus Bulleit, in 1987, Tom Bulleit, the great-great-grandson of the original creator, oversaw the distillation of the first batch of the modern-day Bulleit bourbon. In characterizing the recipe, Bulleit remarked on its relatively high rye content and its relatively lengthy aging, the low phenol content is attributed to the use of a filtering process. In 1997, the Bulleit brand name was bought by Seagram, the brand was introduced to US markets in 1999, and to Australia, UK and Germany in 2000. Following an acquisition of various Seagrams assets, the Bulleit brand is now owned by Diageo and is produced at the Kirin Brewing Company Four Roses distillery in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky. The Four Roses distillery had also been a Seagram facility, and was owned by Diageo before being sold to Kirin. On March 14,2017, Diageo opened a new Bulleit distillery, the 300-acre $115 million facility is located just east of Shelbyville in Shelby County, Kentucky. It is designed to operate at a peak capacity of 1.8 million proof gallons annually. The current mash bill contains 68% corn, 28% rye, Bulleit Bourbon Barrel Strength is a blend of barrels which are 5 to 8 years old. As it is being bottled straight from the barrel the ABV varies by batch, the product is only available in Kentucky for now. Bulleit Bourbon 10 Year is the only age dated Bulleit whiskey and it is bottled at 91.2 U. S. proof and has the same mash bill as the original Bulleit Bourbon. It won a Double Gold Medal at the 2013 San Francisco World Spirits Competition, in addition to its use for a brand of bourbon, Bulleit is also used as the name of a rye whiskey, which was released in March 2011. The rye has a bill of 95% rye and 5% malted barley. The bottle for the rye variation uses a label and is otherwise similar to the bourbon bottling
25.
Heaven Hill
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Its current distillery facility, called the Heaven Hill Bernheim distillery, is in Louisville, Kentucky. Heaven Hill was founded by several investors shortly after the repeal of Prohibition in 1935, including a prominent distiller, Joseph L. Beam, as the company developed, the five brothers of the Shapira family bought out the other investors. Joe Beam remained as Master Distiller, along with his youngest son, descendants of the Shapira brothers own and run the company to this day. All of the Master Distillers at Heaven Hill since its founding have been members of the Beam family, the original Master Distiller was Joseph L. Beam, Jim Beams first cousin. He was followed by his son, Harry, who was followed by Earl Beam, Earl Beam was succeeded by the current Master Distillers, Parker Beam and his son, Craig Beam. The original name was Old Heavenhill Springs distillery, the company was founded as a bourbon distillery, and for most of its existence has concentrated on its flagship bourbon labels, Evan Williams and Elijah Craig. However, in the past two decades the company has expanded its portfolio significantly, acquiring brands or obtaining import rights for gins, malt whiskey, vodkas, on November 7,1996, Heaven Hills production plant was almost completely destroyed by fire. The fire started in a warehouse and spread to other buildings. 90,000 barrels of flammable bourbon were consumed, a river of fire flowed from the warehouses. From one account of the fire, Flames leapt hundreds of feet into the air, witnesses reported seeing whiskey barrels explode and rocket across the sky like shooting stars. A two-mile long stretch of the creek that supplied water to the distillery was set ablaze for a brief time. While fermenting, mashing, and distilling occurs at the new distillery, aging, bottling, with the 2003 acquisition of distribution rights to Hpnotiq, Heaven Hill greatly expanded their product base beyond bourbon. Hpnotiq is now the fourth highest selling imported liqueur in the US, while bourbon is still its main focus, Heaven Hill now distributes a wide variety of different products. In 2004, the Heaven Hill Distilleries Bourbon Heritage Center was opened on the old grounds, featuring historical exhibits. The company also hosts the annual Kentucky Bourbon Festival, and several of the brands are named after famous local distillers. As noted, Heaven Hills traditional product has been bourbon, however, the companys labels include, Bourbon brands Cabin Still Bourbon Echo Spring Bourbon Elijah Craig Bourbon Evan Williams Bourbon Fighting Cock Bourbon Heaven Hill Bourbon Henry McKenna Bourbon J. T. S. Brown Bourbon J. W. Dant Bourbon Kentucky Supreme Bourbon Larceny Bourbon Old Fitzgerald Bourbon Private Cellar Parkers Heritage Collection T. W
26.
Beam Suntory
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Beam Suntory, Inc. is an American manufacturer of spirits headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois. It is a subsidiary of Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd, which itself is a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. The companys principal products include bourbon whiskey, tequila, Scotch whisky, Irish whiskey, Canadian whisky, vodka, cognac, rum, cordials, as a distinct entity, the company was established as Beam Inc. On December 16,2011, Beam Inc. agreed to buy the only independent Irish whiskey distiller that existed at the time, on April 23,2012, Beam announced it would acquire the Pinnacle vodka and Calico Jack rum brands for $600 million. On January 13,2014, Suntory announced a deal to buy Beam Inc. for about $13.6 billion. The acquisition was completed on April 30,2014, for a final cost of about $16 billion – when it was announced that Beam would become a subsidiary named Beam Suntory. Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd trades on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Chicago Cubs and Beam Suntory announced a long-term sponsorship deal in January 2017, making Beam the official spirits partner of the Cubs and Wrigley Field. In addition to brands produced directly by the company and its subsidiaries, it imports and markets some brands produced by others, additionally, Beam facilities produce spirits for brands owned by other companies, such as Calvert Extra blended whiskey, now owned by Luxco. Beam Suntory – official company website
27.
Jim Beam
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Jim Beam is a brand of bourbon whiskey produced in Clermont, Kentucky, by Beam Suntory, a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. It is one of the best selling brands of bourbon in the world, since 1795, seven generations of the Beam family have been involved in whiskey production for the company that produces the brand, which was given the name Jim Beam in 1933 in honor of James B. Beam, who rebuilt the business after Prohibition ended, previously produced by the Beam family and later owned by the Fortune Brands holding company, the brand was purchased by Suntory Holdings in 2014. During the late 18th century, members of the Böhm family, johannes Reginald Beam was a farmer who began producing whiskey in the style that became known as bourbon. Jacob Beam sold his first barrels of corn whiskey around 1795, the whiskey was first called Old Jake Beam Sour Mash, and the distillery was known as Old Tub. David Beam took on his fathers responsibilities in 1820 at the age of 18, david M. Beam in 1854 moved the distillery to Nelson County to capitalize on the growing network of railroad lines connecting states. James Beauregard Beam managed the business before and after Prohibition, rebuilding the distillery in 1933 in Clermont, Kentucky. Beam Distilling Company was founded in 1935 by Harry L. Homel, Oliver Jacobson, H. Blum, jeremiah Beam started working at the Clear Springs distillery in 1913, later becoming the master distiller and overseeing operations at the new Clermont facility. Jeremiah Beam eventually gained full ownership and opened a distillery near Boston, Kentucky. Jeremiah later teamed up with childhood friend Jimberlain Joseph Quinn, to expand the enterprise. Booker Noe, birth name Frederick Booker Noe II, grandson of Jim Beam, was the Master Distiller at the Jim Beam Distillery for more than 40 years, working closely with Master Distiller Jerry Dalton. In 1987 Booker introduced his own namesake bourbon, Bookers, the companys first uncut, straight-from-the-barrel bourbon, fred Noe, birth name Frederick Booker Noe III, became the seventh generation Beam family distiller in 2007 and regularly travels for promotional purposes. The Beam family has played a major role in the history of the Heaven Hill Distillery. All of the Master Distillers at Heaven Hill since its founding have been members of the Beam family, the original Master Distiller at Heaven Hill was Joseph L. Beam, Jim Beams first cousin. He was followed by his son, Harry, who was followed by Earl Beam, Earl Beam was then succeeded by the current Heaven Hill Master Distillers, Parker Beam and his son, Craig Beam. In 1987, Jim Beam purchased National Brands, acquiring brands including Old Crow, Bourbon de Luxe, Old Taylor, Old Grand-Dad, Old Taylor was subsequently sold to the Sazerac Company. On August 4,2003, a fire destroyed a Jim Beam aging warehouse in Bardstown and it held about 19,000 barrels of bourbon. Flames rose more than 100 feet from the burning structure, burning bourbon spilled from the warehouse and set a nearby creek on fire
28.
Sazerac Company
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The Sazerac Company is a large privately held alcoholic beverages company with headquarters in Metairie, Louisiana. Its distilleries include the Barton Brands distillery, the Buffalo Trace Distillery, the former Glenmore Distillery, and the A. Smith Bowman Distillery. The products of the company and its subsidiaries include various types of whiskey, vodka, gin, tequila, rum, brandy, cognac, cocktails, cordials, liqueurs, shooters, and wine. The company was founded after the purchase of a bar known as the Sazerac Coffee House in 1869 by Thomas H. Handy, after this purchase, Handys company began to acquire and market brands of liquor. The company publishes a Sazerac recipe and produces a Peychauds Bitters named after Peychaud, in 2016 Sazerac completed the purchase of the historic Southern Comfort brand of bourbon liqueur from Brown-Forman, Inc. best known as the maker of Jack Daniels. In January of 2017, Sazerac Company broke ground for Sazerac House, the museum, which is scheduled to open in October 2018, will be free to the public. The company said it expects 100,000 people to visit in its first year, the company sells 33 different brands of alcoholic beverages, as of January 2017
29.
Col. E. H. Taylor
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Old Taylor Bourbon is a bourbon whiskey produced in Frankfort, Kentucky by the Sazerac Company. The brand is sold as a straight bourbon and it is sold in glass in 200ml and 375ml bottles, 750ml bottles, 1-liter bottles, and in PET1. 75L bottles. Old Taylor Bourbon was named in honor of the historic distiller Col. Edmund Haynes Taylor, Old Taylor Bourbon was named in honor of Colonel Edmund Haynes Taylor, Jr. who was born in Columbia, Kentucky in 1832. Taylor started and owned seven different distilleries throughout his career, the most successful being the O. F. C. and Carlisle distilleries, the forerunners of todays Buffalo Trace Distillery. Colonel Taylor is said to have fought in favor of the Bottled-in-Bond Act, Taylor was a contemporary of and acquaintance with Dr. James C. Crow, Oscar Pepper, Judge William B, McBrayer, John H. McBrayer and W. F. Bond, and apparently was a businessman and public relations professional when it came to packaging and promoting his bourbon. The distillery attracted tourists and pinickers who were given complementary tenth pint bottles of Old Taylor, as of April,2014, the historic castle distillery structure is abandoned, but still standing. Some of the materials from the houses is being reclaimed for construction. Plans have been proposed to refurbish the castle and gardens as of 2014, in the late 1940s, Old Taylor bourbon was promoted with the slogan, Sign of a good host. The product line changed hands in an agreement where Beam bought the Effen Vodka brand from Buffalo Trace parent company Sazerac, as of 2015 the building is being renovated and was expected to be opened in 2016 as the Castle & Key Distillery. Castle & Key Distillery Old Taylor Distillery at Abandoned
30.
Sazerac Rye
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Buffalo Trace Distillery is a distillery located in Frankfort, Kentucky. It has historically been known by names, including most notably, the George T. Stagg Distillery. Its namesake bourbon brand, Buffalo Trace Kentucky Straight Bourbon whiskey, was introduced in August 1999, the company claims the distillery is the oldest continuously-operating distillery in the United States. Located on what the company claims was once an ancient buffalo crossing on the banks of the Kentucky River in Franklin County, the distillery is named after the American bison. The Sazerac Company, an American family-owned producer and importer based in New Orleans, Louisiana, purchased the distillery in 1992 and is now the parent company of Buffalo Trace Distillery. Under its old name, George T. Stagg Distillery, the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 2,2001, the company claims the distillery to be the oldest continuously operating distillery in the United States. Another distillery with similar historical extent is Burks distillery, now used for production of Makers Mark, records indicate that distilling started on the site that is now the Buffalo Trace Distillery in 1775 by Hancock Lee and his brother Willis Lee who died in 1776. The oldest building on the site, the Riverside house, was constructed in 1792 by Commodore Richard Taylor and is still standing, the first distillery was constructed in 1812 by Harrison Blanton. In 1870 the distillery was purchased by Edmund H. Taylor and given its first name, Taylor sold the distillery eight years later to George T. Stagg along with the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery. This second distillery was sold within the year to James Graham, in 1886, Stagg installed steam heating in the storage warehouses, the first climate controlled warehouse for aging whiskey in the nation. During Prohibition, the distillery was allowed to remain operational, in order to make whiskey for medicinal purposes, in 1972 Gary Gayheart became the master distiller. After his retirement in 2005, he was succeeded by Harlen Wheatley, in 2016 Buffalo Trace Distillery announced plans to expand operations with a capital investment of $200 million. Production capacity at Buffalo Trace is estimated at about 2,650,000 US gallons of whiskey per year and this is carried out at a beer still with a capacity of 60,000 US gallons. While Buffalo Trace Distillery is mainly known for its bourbon, it produces other spirits such as rye whiskey. Buffalo Trace is a brand made by the Distillery. It was introduced in August 1999, two months after the changed its name from the George T. Stagg Distillery. Approximately 25–30 barrels are selected and mixed before bottling and it has won several awards since its introduction. Whiskey writer Jim Murray named Sazerac Rye 18 Year Old the Third Finest Whisky in the World in his Jim Murrays Whisky Bible 2015, eagle Rare won the inaugural Bourbon Trophy at the 2013 IWSC, as well as a Gold Outstanding Medal
31.
Thomas H. Handy
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Buffalo Trace Distillery is a distillery located in Frankfort, Kentucky. It has historically been known by names, including most notably, the George T. Stagg Distillery. Its namesake bourbon brand, Buffalo Trace Kentucky Straight Bourbon whiskey, was introduced in August 1999, the company claims the distillery is the oldest continuously-operating distillery in the United States. Located on what the company claims was once an ancient buffalo crossing on the banks of the Kentucky River in Franklin County, the distillery is named after the American bison. The Sazerac Company, an American family-owned producer and importer based in New Orleans, Louisiana, purchased the distillery in 1992 and is now the parent company of Buffalo Trace Distillery. Under its old name, George T. Stagg Distillery, the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 2,2001, the company claims the distillery to be the oldest continuously operating distillery in the United States. Another distillery with similar historical extent is Burks distillery, now used for production of Makers Mark, records indicate that distilling started on the site that is now the Buffalo Trace Distillery in 1775 by Hancock Lee and his brother Willis Lee who died in 1776. The oldest building on the site, the Riverside house, was constructed in 1792 by Commodore Richard Taylor and is still standing, the first distillery was constructed in 1812 by Harrison Blanton. In 1870 the distillery was purchased by Edmund H. Taylor and given its first name, Taylor sold the distillery eight years later to George T. Stagg along with the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery. This second distillery was sold within the year to James Graham, in 1886, Stagg installed steam heating in the storage warehouses, the first climate controlled warehouse for aging whiskey in the nation. During Prohibition, the distillery was allowed to remain operational, in order to make whiskey for medicinal purposes, in 1972 Gary Gayheart became the master distiller. After his retirement in 2005, he was succeeded by Harlen Wheatley, in 2016 Buffalo Trace Distillery announced plans to expand operations with a capital investment of $200 million. Production capacity at Buffalo Trace is estimated at about 2,650,000 US gallons of whiskey per year and this is carried out at a beer still with a capacity of 60,000 US gallons. While Buffalo Trace Distillery is mainly known for its bourbon, it produces other spirits such as rye whiskey. Buffalo Trace is a brand made by the Distillery. It was introduced in August 1999, two months after the changed its name from the George T. Stagg Distillery. Approximately 25–30 barrels are selected and mixed before bottling and it has won several awards since its introduction. Whiskey writer Jim Murray named Sazerac Rye 18 Year Old the Third Finest Whisky in the World in his Jim Murrays Whisky Bible 2015, eagle Rare won the inaugural Bourbon Trophy at the 2013 IWSC, as well as a Gold Outstanding Medal
32.
Brown-Forman
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The Brown-Forman Corporation is one of the largest American-owned companies in the spirits and wine business. Brown-Forman formerly owned Southern Comfort and Tuaca before selling them off in 2016, as of fiscal 2016 the company had sales of $3.08 billion. The roughly 40 members of the Brown family, cousins that are descendants of founder George Garvin Brown, the company was founded in 1870 by George Garvin Brown, a young pharmaceuticals salesman in Louisville, who had the then-novel idea of selling top-grade whiskey in sealed glass bottles. In 2005, the company sold its Lenox division, which had acquired in 1983. The income generated by the sale was distributed to the shareholders in the form of a one time special dividend, in 2006, the company acquired the Chambord liqueur brand for $US255 million. One year later, it sold the Bolla and Fontana Candida Italian wine brands to Gruppo Italiano Vini, the terms of neither sale were disclosed. In 2011, the company sold Fetzer Vineyards and associated brands to the Chilean wine producer Viña Concha y Toro S. A. for $US238 million, in 2013, the company joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers commitments to reducing harmful drinking. In 2016, the Southern Comfort and Tuaca brands were sold to Sazerac Company for $543 Million, in 2016, Brown-Forman also reached an agreement to purchase The BenRiach Distillery Company Limited for approximately £285 million. The purchase brought GlenDronach, BenRiach, and Glenglassaugh to Brown-Formans portfolio, Brown Forman has two classes of common stock, both of which are traded publicly on the New York Stock Exchange. The Class A shares carry voting privileges and are thinly traded due to control by the Brown family while the Class B shares are Non-voting stock, in 2011, Brown-Forman was accused of illegally subsidizing its distributors in China, and subsequently delaying payment to them as agreed under contract. The Shanghai Administration for Industry and Commerce fined Brown-Forman 2 million renminbi for illegal subsidization, in 2009, Newsweek magazine ranked Brown-Forman in their Green Rankings which examines 500 of the largest corporations on their environmental track record. Brown-Forman was ranked 63rd out of 500 overall, and was ranked 3rd in their industry, list of major employers in Louisville, Kentucky Official website
33.
Jack Daniel's
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Jack Daniels is a brand of Tennessee whiskey and the top selling American whiskey in the world. It is produced in Lynchburg, Tennessee, by the Jack Daniel Distillery, as defined in the North American Free Trade Agreement, Tennessee Whiskey is classified as a straight bourbon authorized to be produced in the state of Tennessee. Packaged in square bottles, a total of 11 million cases of the flagship Black Label product were sold in the companys 2012 fiscal year, which ended April 30,2013. The Jack Daniels brands official website suggests that its founder, Jasper Newton Jack Daniel, was born in 1850, the company website says it is customary to celebrate his birthday in September. The Tennessee state library website said in 2013 that records list his date as September 5,1846. In the 2004 biography Blood & Whiskey, The Life and Times of Jack Daniel, Jack was one of 13 children fathered by Calaway Daniel and was the youngest of his mothers 10 children. After Daniels mother, Lucinda Cook Daniel, died, his father remarried and had more children. Jack Daniels grandfather, Joseph Job Daniel, emigrated from Wales along with his Scottish wife, Elizabeth Calaway and he was of Welsh, Scottish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Daniels father died in the Civil War, and he despised his step-mother, in 1875, on receiving an inheritance from his fathers estate, Daniel founded a legally registered distilling business with Call. He took over the distillery shortly afterward when Call quit for religious reasons, the brand label on the product says Est. & Reg. in 1866, but his biographer has cited official registration documents to assert that the business was not established until 1875, after taking over the distillery, in 1884 Daniel purchased the hollow and land where the distillery is now located. By the 1880s, Jack Daniels was one of 15 distilleries operating in Moore County, and he began using square-shaped bottles in 1897, with the square shape of the bottle intended to convey a sense of fairness and integrity. According to Daniels biographer, the origin of the Old No.7 brand name was the assigned to Daniels distillery for government registration. He was forced to change the number when the federal government redrew the district. However, he continued to use his original number as a brand name, Jack Daniel never married and did not have any children. However, he took his nephews under his wing – one of whom was Lemuel Lem Motlow, Lem, a son of Daniels sister, Finetta, was skilled with numbers and was soon doing all of the distillerys bookkeeping. In 1907, due to failing health, Jack Daniel gave the distillery to two of his nephews, Motlow soon bought out the other nephew and went on to operate the distillery for about 40 years. Tennessee passed a prohibition law in 1910, effectively barring the legal distillation of Jack Daniels within the state
34.
Mount Vernon
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Mount Vernon was the plantation house of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and his wife, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington. The estate is situated on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County, Virginia, near Alexandria, across from Prince Georges County, the Washington family had owned land in the area since the time of Washingtons great-grandfather in 1674. In 1739 they embarked on an expansion of the estate that continued under George Washington, who came into possession of the estate in 1754, the mansion is built of wood in a loose Palladian style, and was constructed by George Washington in stages between 1758 and 1778. It occupies the site of an earlier, smaller house built by George Washingtons father Augustine and it remained Washingtons country home for the rest of his life. Following his death in 1799, under the ownership of successive generations of the family. Escaping the damage suffered by many plantation houses during the American Civil War, Mount Vernon was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is today listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is still owned and maintained in trust by The Mount Vernon Ladies Association, allowing the public to see the estate is not an innovation, but part of a 200-year-old tradition started by George Washington himself. In 1794 he wrote, I have no objection to any sober or orderly persons gratifying their curiosity in viewing the buildings, Gardens, when George Washingtons ancestors acquired the estate, it was known as Little Hunting Creek Plantation, after the nearby Little Hunting Creek. Vernon had been Lawrences commanding officer in the British Royal Navy, when George Washington inherited the property, he retained the name. The current property consists of 500 acres, the main buildings, the present house was built in phases from 1758, by an unknown architect, on the site of the Washingtons former farmhouse. This staggered and unplanned evolution is indicated by the main door. As completed and seen today, the house is in a loose Palladian style, the principal block, dating from 1758, is a two-storied corps de logis flanked by two single-story secondary wings, built in 1775. These secondary wings, which house the hall on the northern side. The corps de logis and secondary wings have hipped roofs with dormers, the rooms at Mount Vernon have mostly been restored to their appearance at the time of George and Martha Washingtons occupancy. These rooms include Washingtons study, two dining rooms, the West Parlour, the Front Parlour, the kitchen and some bedrooms, instead they range from severe Palladianism to a finer and later neoclassicism in the style of Robert Adam. This varying of the style is best exemplified in the doorcases. Today, visitors to Mount Vernon are shown Washingtons study, a room to which in the century only a privileged few were granted entrée. It is a furnished room Washington used as a combined bathroom, dressing room and office
35.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
36.
Bourbon whiskey
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Bourbon whiskey /bɜːrbən/ is a type of American whiskey, a barrel-aged distilled spirit made primarily from corn. The name is derived from the French Bourbon dynasty, although it is disputed whether Bourbon County in Kentucky or Bourbon Street in New Orleans inspired the whiskeys name. Bourbon has been distilled since the 18th century, the use of the term bourbon for the whiskey has been traced to the 1820s, and the term began to be used consistently in Kentucky in the 1870s. While bourbon may be anywhere in the United States, it is strongly associated with the American South. The origin of bourbon is not well documented, there are many conflicting legends and claims, some more credible than others. Across the county line in Bourbon County, an early distiller named Jacob Spears is credited with being the first to label his product as Bourbon whiskey, Spears home, Stone Castle, warehouse and spring house survive, one can drive by the Spears home on Clay-Kiser Road. Although still popular and often repeated, the Craig legend is apocryphal, similarly, the Spears story is a local favorite, rarely repeated outside the county. There likely was no single inventor of bourbon, which developed into its present form only in the late 19th century. Essentially any type of grain can be used to make whiskey, the late date of the Bourbon County etymology has led Louisville historian Michael Veach to dispute its authenticity. He proposes that the whiskey was named after Bourbon Street in New Orleans, distilling probably was brought to present-day Kentucky in the late 18th century by Scots, Scots-Irish, and other settlers who began to farm the area in earnest. The spirit they made evolved, and became known as bourbon in the early 19th century due to its association with the geographic area known as Old Bourbon. This area included the current Bourbon County of Kentucky, which became a county of Kentucky when Kentucky was separated from Virginia as a new state in 1792, when American pioneers pushed west of the Allegheny Mountains following the American Revolution, the first counties they founded covered vast regions. One of these original, huge counties was Bourbon, established in 1785, while this vast county was being carved into many smaller ones, early in the 19th century, many people continued to call the region Old Bourbon. Located within Old Bourbon was the port on the Ohio River, Maysville, Kentucky, from which whiskey. Old Bourbon was stencilled on the barrels to indicate their port of origin, Old Bourbon whiskey was different because it was the first corn whiskey most people had ever tasted. In time, bourbon became the name for any corn-based whiskey, a refinement often dubiously credited to James C. Crow was the sour mash process, by each new fermentation is conditioned with some amount of spent mash. Spent mash is also known as spent beer, distillers spent grain, stillage, the acid introduced by using the sour mash controls the growth of bacteria that could taint the whiskey and creates a proper pH balance for the yeast to work
37.
Whiskey sour
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The whiskey sour is a mixed drink containing whiskey, lemon juice, sugar, and optionally, a dash of egg white. With the egg white, it is called a Boston Sour. It is shaken and served straight up or over ice. The traditional garnish is half a slice and a maraschino cherry. A variant of the whiskey sour is the Ward 8, which often is based with bourbon or rye whiskey, the egg white sometimes employed in other whiskey sours is generally not included in this variation. The oldest historical mention of a whiskey sour was published in the Wisconsin newspaper, Waukesha Plain Dealer, in 1962, the Universidad del Cuyo published a story, citing the Peruvian newspaper El Comercio de Iquique, which indicated that Elliott Stubb created the whisky sour in 1872. Will You Marry Me Kiddy Pools & Whiskey Sours, corrigan, Mickey J. Whiskey Sour Noir. The Whiskey Sour Stumper, A Sammy the Cat Mystery, why Do Men Fall Asleep After Sex. More Questions Youd Only Ask a Doctor After Your Third Whiskey Sour, cS1 maint, Uses authors parameter Pottinger, George
38.
Manhattan (cocktail)
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A Manhattan is a cocktail made with whiskey, sweet vermouth, and bitters. Commonly used whiskeys include rye, Canadian whisky, bourbon, blended whiskey, the cocktail is often stirred and strained into a cocktail glass, where it is garnished with a Maraschino cherry with a stem. A Manhattan can also be served on the rocks in a lowball glass, the Manhattan is one of six basic drinks listed in David A. Emburys classic The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks. The success of the made the drink fashionable, later prompting several people to request the drink by referring to the name of the club where it originated—the Manhattan cocktail. However, Lady Randolph was in France at the time and pregnant, however, there are prior references to various similar cocktail recipes called Manhattan and served in the Manhattan area. By one account it was invented in the 1860s by a bartender named Black at a bar on Broadway near Houston Street, the original Manhattan cocktail was a mix of American Whiskey, Italian Vermouth and Angostura bitters. During Prohibition Canadian whisky was used because it was available. An early record of the cocktail can be found in William Schmidts The Flowing Bowl, in it, he details a drink containing 2 dashes of gum,2 dashes of bitters,1 dash of absinthe, 2/3 portion of whiskey and 1/3 portion of vermouth. On the small North Frisian island of Föhr, the Manhattan cocktail is a drink at almost every cafe restaurant. The story goes, that many of the people of Föhr emigrated to Manhattan during deep sea fishing trips, took a liking to the drink, and brought it back to Föhr with them. The drink is usually mixed 1 part vermouth to 2 parts whiskey, with a dash of bitters, served ice cold, in an ice cold glass, or with ice and a cherry garnish. There is a belief that Manhattans are always stirred and never shaken. However such foaming now indicates either dirty equipment or less than premium quality ingredients, traditions for both preparations go back to the late 1800s. Traditional views insist that a Manhattan be made with American rye whiskey, however, more often than not, it is made with bourbon or Canadian whisky. The Manhattan is subject to variation and innovation, and is often a way for the best bartenders to show off their creativity. Some shake the ingredients with ice in a cocktail shaker instead of stirring it, Angostura is the classic bitters, but orange bitters or Peychauds Bitters may be used. Some make their own bitters and syrups, substitute comparable digestifs in place of vermouth, specialize in local or rare whiskeys, a lemon peel may be used as garnish. Some add juice from the jar or Maraschino liqueur to the cocktail for additional sweetness
39.
Old Fashioned
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The Old Fashioned is a cocktail made by muddling sugar with bitters, then adding alcohol, such as whiskey or brandy, and a twist of citrus rind. It is traditionally served in a short, round, 8–12 U. S. fl oz tumbler-like glass, the Old Fashioned, developed during the 19th century and given its name in the 1880s, is an IBA Official Cocktail. It is also one of six basic drinks listed in David A. Emburys The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks. In the May 13,1806, issue, the editor wrote that it was a potent concoction of spirits, bitters, water. By the 1860s, it was common for orange curaçao, absinthe, the original concoction, albeit in different proportions, came back into vogue, and was referred to as old-fashioned. The most popular of the in-vogue old-fashioned cocktails were made with whiskey, according to a Chicago barman, quoted in the Chicago Daily Tribune in 1882, the recipe he describes is a similar combination of spirits, bitters, water and sugar of seventy-six years earlier. The first use of the name Old Fashioned for a Bourbon whiskey cocktail was said to have been at the Pendennis Club, with its conception rooted in the citys history, in 2015 the city of Louisville named the Old Fashioned as its official cocktail. George Kappeler provides several of the earliest published recipes for Old Fashioned cocktails in his 1895 book, recipes are given for Whiskey, Brandy, Holland gin, and Old Tom gin. The Whiskey Old Fashioned recipe specifies the following, By the 1860s, as illustrated by Jerry Thomas 1862 book, basic cocktail recipes included Curaçao and these Old Fashioned cocktail recipes are literally for cocktails done the old-fashioned way. Two additional recipes from the 1900s vary in the precise ingredients, orange bitters were a popular ingredient in the late 19th century. The original Old Fashioned recipe would have showcased the whiskey available in America in the 19th century, Irish, but in some regions, especially Wisconsin, brandy is substituted for whiskey. Eventually the use of other spirits became common, such as a gin recipe becoming popularized in the late 1940s. Common garnishes for an Old Fashioned include a slice or a maraschino cherry or both, although these modifications came around 1930, some time after the original recipe was invented. While some recipes began making use of the orange zest for flavor. In John Updikes novel Rabbit, Run, the title character resents the job he works at to earn a living to buy sugar for to put into her rotten old Old-Fashioneds. The drunkard played by Jim Backus in Stanley Kramers film Its a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World steps away from the controls of the airplane he is flying to mix himself an Old Fashioned. The Old Fashioned is the cocktail of choice of Don Draper, the use of the drink in the series coincides with a renewed interest in this and other classic cocktails in the 2000s. In the film Crazy, Stupid, Love, Jacob Palmer portrayed by Ryan Gosling enjoys this drink as his beverage of choice, list of cocktails Cuisine of Kentucky History of Louisville, Kentucky Clarke, Paul
40.
Alberta Premium
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Alberta Premium is one of the few remaining 100% rye grain rye whiskies produced in North America. The brand is owned by Beam Suntory Alberta Premium won Canadian Whisky of the Year in Jim Murrays 2006,2007,2008 and 2009 Whisky Bibles, the whisky is quite strongly flavoured for a Canadian whisky, and could be considered less approachable. There is a firm, somewhat acid note from the rye grain. Unlike its 10-year-old blended stablemate, Alberta Springs, Alberta Premium is only aged for five years – perhaps accounting for some of the comparative feistiness, Alberta Premium is currently only available in Canada. Despite its unique composition, it occupies the same shelving and price bracket as the staple Canadian whisky brands, although blurred out for copyright reasons, the distinctive bottle can be seen in the Trailer Park Boys series as Jim Laheys brand of choice. In the episode Jump the Cheeseburger, the label on Laheys bottle reads Jeddore Premium, Jeddore is a small community in Nova Scotia near Cole Harbour where Trailer Park Boys is filmed. Other 100% rye whiskies, Century Distillings Century Reserve 13 Year Old Anchor Brewing Old Potrero Woody Creek Distillers Colorado Straight Rye Whiskey
41.
Canadian Club
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Canadian Club is a brand of whiskey from Canada. Popularly known as CC, Canadian Club began production in 1858 and it was created by Gooderham and Worts, based in Toronto. G&W merged with Hiram Walker and the new entity was known as Hiram Walker-Gooderham & Worts, the brand is now produced by Beam Suntory. Hiram Walker founded his distillery in 1858 in Detroit and he first learned how to distill cider vinegar in his grocery store in the 1830s before moving on to whisky and producing his first barrels in 1854. However, with the prohibition movement gathering momentum and Michigan already becoming dry, Walker decided to move his distillery across the Detroit River to Windsor, Ontario. From here, he was able to export his whisky and start to develop Walkerville, Walkers whisky was particularly popular in the late 19th century gentlemens clubs of the United States and Canada, hence it became known as Club Whisky. Walker originally positioned the whisky as a liquor, pitching it not only on its smoothness and purity. This was revolutionary at the time, as all of the US bourbons and this backfired, only making Club Whisky more exclusive. Walker saw this and changed the label again in 1889 adding the word Canadian to the top of the label, in 1890, the word Canadian was moved down from the top of the label and incorporated into the name of the whisky. Walkers distillery went to his sons upon his death in 1899, at one point, the Walkers employed almost the entire population of Walkerville, where they built police and fire stations, brought in running water and installed street lights. In 1890, the Canadian government acknowledged Walkerville as a legal town and it was incorporated into Windsor in 1935. During the years of Prohibition, one of the distillerys most important clients was Chicago gangster Al Capone and he smuggled in thousands of cases of Canadian Club via a route from Windsor to Detroit. Canadian Club has received the royal warrants of Queen Victoria, Edward VII, George V, George VI, Hiram Walker & Sons was the only North American distiller to have been granted a royal warrant. The Walker distillery remains in production in Windsor, Canadian Club is now part of the Jim Beam portfolio. 4-selling alcoholic product, behind Jim Beam bourbon whiskey, Sauza tequila, locations included Mount Kilimanjaro, Angel Falls, Mount St. Helens, and the Swiss Alps. The Mount Kilimanjaro case was not discovered until a Dutch journalist happened upon it in the mid-1970s, a small number of cases, such as one hidden above the Arctic Circle, were never found. The first Hide A Case campaign officially ended in 1971, and this campaign used cases hidden in locations intended to be easier to access, such as in Death Valley and on top of a skyscraper in New York City. This second advertising campaign ended in 1981, between it and the first effort, a total of 22 cases were hidden and at least 16 recovered, the Hide A Case campaign was revived in 2010
42.
United States Government Publishing Office
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The United States Government Publishing Office is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. Following signature by the President, the change took effect on December 17,2014, the Government Publishing Office was created by congressional joint resolution on June 23,1860. It began operations March 4,1861, with 350 employees, for its entire history, GPO has occupied the corner of North Capitol Street NW and H Street NW in the District of Columbia. An additional structure was attached to its north in later years, the activities of GPO are defined in the public printing and documents chapters of Title 44 of the United States Code. The Public Printer, who serves as the head of GPO, is appointed by the President with the advice, the Public Printer selects a Superintendent of Documents. The Superintendent of Documents is in charge of the dissemination of information at the GPO, adelaide Hasse was the founder of the Superintendent of Documents classification system. GPO first used 100 percent recycled paper for the Congressional Record and Federal Register from 1991-1997, under Public Printers Robert Houk, GPO resumed using recycled paper in 2009. In March 2011, GPO issued a new illustrated official history covering the agencys 150 years of Keeping America Informed, following signature of this legislation by President Barack Obama, the name change took place on December 17,2014. By law, the Public Printer heads the GPO, Public Printers, Almon M. Clapp John D. Defrees Sterling P. Rounds Thomas E. Benedict Frank W. Palmer Thomas E. Benedict Frank W. Palmer, O. J. Tapella William J. United States Code United States Statutes at Large House Journal, the United States Department of State began issuing e-passports in 2006. GPO produces the blank e-Passport, while the Department of State receives and processes applications, GPO ceased production of legacy passports in May 2007, shifting production entirely to e-passports. In March 2008, the Washington Times published a story about the outsourcing of electronic passports to overseas companies. GPO designs, prints, encodes and personalizes Trusted Traveler Program cards for the Department of Homeland Security, Customs, cumulative Copyright Catalogs Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion Official Records of the American Civil War US Congressional Serial Set United States. Military Information Division, p. Publications, Issues 33-34, slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanga Chaffee. Reports on military operations in South Africa and China, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Stephan LH. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanza Chaffee, United States, Reports on military operations in South Africa and China. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list United States, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, United States. Commercial relations of the United States with foreign countries during the years, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list United States
43.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
44.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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