1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Metallica
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Metallica is an American heavy metal band based in San Rafael, California. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles when vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper, Metallicas current line-up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band, the bands fast tempos, instrumentals, and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding big four bands of thrash metal, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. The band expanded its musical direction and achieved commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica. The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, in 2000, Metallica joined with other artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the bands copyright-protected material without consent from the band. A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay-to-use service, the band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic, and in 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Metallica has released ten albums, four live albums, five extended plays,26 music videos. The band has won eight Grammy Awards and six of its albums have debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The bands eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States, Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time, having sold over 110 million records worldwide. Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, in 2012, Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos. The band is currently promoting Hardwired. to Self-Destruct, which was released on November 18,2016, guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement. Although he had not formed a band, Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the upcoming compilation album Metal Massacre. Slagel accepted and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar, the band was officially formed in October 1981, five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met. Ulrich talked to his friend Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a fanzine, Quintana had proposed the names MetalMania and Metallica. A second advertisement was placed in The Recycler for a position as lead guitarist, Dave Mustaine answered, Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment. In early 1982, Metallica recorded its first original song Hit the Lights for the Metal Massacre I compilation, Hetfield played bass on the song and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo. Metal Massacre I was released on June 14,1982, early pressings listed the band incorrectly as Mettallica, the bands first taste of live success came early, they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour. Metallica recorded its first demo, Power Metal, an inspired by Quintanas early business cards in early 1982
3.
San Francisco Symphony
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The San Francisco Symphony, founded in 1911, is an orchestra based in San Francisco, California. Since 1980, the orchestra has performed at the Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall in the Citys Hayes Valley neighborhood, the San Francisco Symphony Youth Orchestra and the San Francisco Symphony Chorus are part of the organization. Its current music director is Michael Tilson Thomas, who has held the position since September 1995, among various awards and honors for the orchestra are an Emmy Award and 15 Grammy Awards in the past 25 years. The orchestras first concerts were led by conductor composer Henry Hadley, there were sixty musicians in the Orchestra at the beginning of their first season. The first concert included music by Wagner, Tchaikovsky, Haydn, there were thirteen concerts in the 1911–1912 season, five of which were popular music. Hertz helped to refine the orchestra and arranged for the Victor Talking Machine Company to record it at their new studio in Oakland in early 1925. Hertz also led the orchestra during a number of broadcasts, including on the The Standard Hour. The series began in 1926 when the orchestra faced bankruptcy, Standard Oil of California paid the orchestras debts, the first broadcast aired on the NBC Pacific Network, on October 24,1926. and the broadcasts continued for more than 30 years. After Hertzs retirement in 1930, the orchestra was led by two conductors, Basil Cameron and Issay Dobrowen, the French maestro Pierre Monteux, who had conducted the world premiere of Igor Stravinskys The Rite of Spring, was hired to restore the orchestra. Monteux succeeded to the point where NBC began broadcasting some of its concerts, in 1949, Monteux invited Arthur Fiedler to lead summer pops concerts in the Civic Auditorium. Fiedler also conducted the orchestra at concerts in Sigmund Stern Grove in San Francisco. Fiedlers relationship with the orchestra continued until the mid-1970s, stokowski made a series of RCA Victor recordings with the orchestra in 1952 and 1953. In 1954 the board hired the young Spanish maestro Enrique Jordá as music director, surviving eyewitness and newspaper accounts describe him as having youthful enthusiasm, energy, and charm. Jordá sometimes conducted so vigorously that his baton flew from his hand, szells comments, along with growing dissatisfaction among musicians and the public, led the symphony board to dismiss Jordá. In the fall of 1963, the Austrian conductor Josef Krips became music director and he quickly became known as a benevolent autocrat, and would not tolerate sloppy playing. He soon began to refine the performance of the musicians, particularly of the standard German-Austrian repertoire. One of his innovations was a tradition on New Years Eve, A Night in Old Vienna. Similar concerts continued into the 2000s, though the format has changed in recent years, Krips would not make recordings with the orchestra, insisting they werent ready
4.
Berkeley Community Theatre
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Berkeley Community Theatre is a theatre located in Berkeley, California, on the campus of Berkeley High School. The theater is used by Berkeley High School and the Berkeley Unified School District, the theater building also holds the Florence Schwimley Little Theater, a smaller theater that is often used for Berkeley High School music and theater performances. The Art Deco-style theater has 3,491 seats, including a balcony section, a large stage is extended by an orchestra pit that can be raised or lowered. The theater was dedicated on June 5,1950 after sitting only partially completed for almost nine years, students attending Berkeley High during the war years often called it the Bird Cage since the exposed metal framework was a roost for many seagulls waiting for students to finish their lunches. The theater was designed to house a Theater organ, but one was not installed at the time of construction, in the 1980s, an organ was moved from the Paramount Theater in Toledo, Ohio and installed in the Berkeley Community Theater by the Nor-Cal Theater Organ Society. With 41 ranks, and two fully functional 4-manual consoles, this Wurlitzer is one of the largest and finest in existence, the organ is maintained solely by the volunteer work of the Society. The Mighty Wurlitzer can be heard being played by world-renowned professional theatre organists during each concert season, the theater is also the site where Metallicas S&M live album was recorded with the San Francisco Symphony, in 1999. In 1970, Jimi Hendrix and the Jimi Hendrix Experience played two shows, culminating in an album released in 2003. In 2004, the Berkeley Unified School District began to use the theater foyers, green rooms, stage shop, the stage shop was in the process of being made a computer lab, although that was moved to the green room due to security. The facility is now difficult to use due to the presence of classrooms, before every show, the desks, chairs. In recent years, the theater has hosted lectures from noted political activists Arundhati Roy, Al Franken. The theater is maintained by Valerie Pope Theater Manager and her student Tech Crew. However, the citizens of Berkeley have directed funds towards the theater on numerous occasions, Berkeley voters passed measure AA in 2000, allocating around $15 million to the theater for renovation. These funds were taken to build the new administration building at Berkeley High School. A few of the funds came back into the building in renovating the fire alarm system, yet during this process the grand curtain was damaged. It was finally replaced as well as all other goods in July 2009. In Spring 2010, a new system was installed in the theater
5.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
6.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
7.
Hard rock
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Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
8.
Thrash metal
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Thrash metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its fast tempo and overall aggression. The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, the lyrics often deal with social issues and reproach for The Establishment, using direct and denunciatory language, an approach borrowed from hardcore punk. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the fast drum beats and attitude of hardcore with the double bass drumming, heavy and complex guitar style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. Thrash metal was an inspiration for subsequent extreme genres such as death metal, Four American bands—Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica, and Slayer—are credited with pioneering and popularizing the genre. The Clash of the Titans tour, which featured Megadeth, Slayer, thrash metal has seen a resurgence in recent times, with many of the older bands returning to their roots with their new releases. A new generation of metal bands emerged in the early 2000s. Thrash metal generally features fast tempos, low-register, complex riffs, high-register guitar solos. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the drum beats of hardcore punk with the style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. The rhythm guitar parts are played with distortion and often palm muted to create a tighter. Vocally, thrash metal can employ anything from singing to shouted vocals. The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals, for example, the intro riff of Metallicas Master of Puppets is a chromatic descent, followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone. Speed, pacing and time-changes also define thrash metal, thrash tends to have an accelerating feel which may be due in large part to its aggressive drumming style. For example, drummers often use two drums, or a double-bass pedal, in order to create a relentless, driving beat. Cymbal stops/chokes are often used to transition from one riff to another or to precede an acceleration in tempo, to keep up with the other instruments, many bassists use a plectrum. However, some prominent thrash metal bassists have used their fingers, such as Frank Bello, Greg Christian, Steve DiGiorgio, Robert Trujillo, several bassists use a distorted bass tone, an approach popularized by Burton and Motörheads Lemmy. Lyrical themes in thrash metal include warfare, corruption, injustice, murder, suicide, isolation, alienation, addiction, in addition, politics, particularly pessimism and dissatisfaction towards politics, are common themes among thrash metal bands
9.
Symphonic metal
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Keyboards reminiscent of power metal also sometimes feature. The main musical influences on symphonic metal are early gothic metal, power metal, music workstation keyboards and orchestras are often the focal point of the music, which, in essence, distinguishes the subgenre from other metal subgenres. Other instruments including guitars, bass and drums typically play relatively simple parts in contrast to the complex and this is particularly characteristic of less-known bands on tighter budgets. This is particularly characteristic of bands that feature deeper and more complex arrangements that would be difficult for one or even two keyboardists to reproduce in a live performance. It is more difficult to generalise about the guitar and bass work found in this style, songs are often highly atmospheric, though more upbeat than those of other metal subgenres, even songs with morbid themes routinely feature prominent major-key fanfares. Particularly central to creating mood and atmosphere is the choice of keyboard sounds, lyrics cover a broad range of topics. As with two of symphonic metals otherwise most dissimilar influences, power metal and opera, fantasy and mythological themes are common, concept albums styled after operas or epic poems are not uncommon. Bands in this genre often feature a lead vocalist, most commonly a soprano. There is sometimes a second, male vocalist, as is common in gothic metal. Growling, death-metal-style vocals are not unknown, but tend to be used less frequently than in other genres that make use of this vocal style. Further backup up to and including a choir is sometimes employed. It is very common for bands, almost exclusively female-fronted bands, the operatic style is not exclusively tied to symphonic metal, and also appears in avant-garde metal, progressive metal, gothic metal and melodic metal. Also in the late 80s the Dutch band The Gathering started to make Symphonic metal songs, one of the earliest symphonic metal songs was Dies Irae by American thrash metal group Believer. Appearing on their 1990 album Sanity Obscure foreshadowed the approach used by the bands Therion. Another key early influence was Finnish progressive metal band Waltaris album Yeah, death Metal Symphony in Deep C. Following this, operatic vocals, classical instrumentation, and progressive elements became a staple in Dark Tranquillitys sound. In mid-1996 Rage released Lingua Mortis, the bands first collaboration with the Prague Symphony Orchestra, Nightwish and Within Temptation released their first albums in 1997, which were heavily inspired by Therions symphonic turn. Haggard, which started as a death metal band, had released some demos and EPs some years ago using only their death metal style
10.
Elektra Records
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Elektra Records is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group, founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt. It played an important role in the development of folk music. In 2004, it was consolidated into WMGs Atlantic Records Group, after five years of dormancy, the label was revived as an imprint of Atlantic in 2009. The label has been run by Gregg Nadel since 2015 who officially became its president in 2017, Elektra was formed in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt in Holzmans St. Johns College dorm room. The usual spelling of the Greek mythological Pleiad Electra was changed, Holzman famously explained, I gave her the ‘K’ that I lacked. He found the C in the name too soft but liked the solid bite of the letter K. The first Elektra LP, New Songs, was a collection of Lieder and similar art songs, Holzman also recorded Josh White, who was without a record deal as a result of McCarthyite blacklisting. In 1964, Elektra launched Nonesuch Records and this classical budget label was the best-selling budget classical label of the era. In 1965, Elektra began a joint venture with Survey Music called Bounty Records which was Elektras first foray into pop music. The most notable signing for Bounty was the Paul Butterfield Band who was moved over to Elektra when Bounty folded, the labels most important signings were the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the Los Angeles bands Love and The Doors, and the Detroit bands The Stooges and MC5. Included in Elektras LA signings were Tim Buckley and Bread, in 1968, the label also signed pioneering rock guitar soloist Lonnie Mack to a three-album deal. Also in 1967, Elektra launched its influential Nonesuch Explorer Series, excerpts from several Nonesuch Explorer recordings were later included on the two Voyager Golden Discs which were sent into deep space in 1977 aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes. Elektra, along with its Nonesuch Records subsidiary, was acquired by Kinney National Services in 1970, soon afterwards, Kinney consolidated their label holdings under the Warner-Elektra-Atlantic umbrella. Holzman remained in charge of Elektra until 1972, when it merged with Asylum Records to become Elektra/Asylum Records, Asylums founder, David Geffen, would head the newly combined label. Holzman, in the meantime, was appointed vice president and chief technologist for Warner — ushering the company into home video. Holzman also went on to acquire Discovery Records, in 1975, Geffen stepped down due to health problems. He would be replaced by Joe Smith, who went on to become CEO of Capitol Records. Although the company was listed as Elektra/Asylum Records on the label credits
11.
Vertigo Records
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Vertigo Records is a record company which originated in the UK. It was a subsidiary of the Philips/Phonogram record label, launched in 1969 to specialise in progressive rock, today it is operated by Universal Music UK. Vertigo was the brainchild of Olav Wyper when he was Creative Director at Phonogram and it was launched as a competitor to labels such as Harvest and Deram. It was the home to such as Colosseum, Jade Warrior, Affinity, Ben. The first Vertigo releases came with a black and white spiral label. Vertigo later became the European home to hard rock bands signed to Mercury in North America, such as Bon Jovi, Rush. Vertigo is a division of The Island Def Jam Music Group in the United States and operates as Virgin EMI Records in the UK and it distributes Cooking Vinyl, Metallica, Razorlight, Rush and Dire Straits. More recent signings include The Rapture, The Killers, One Night Only, Amy Macdonald, Noisettes and Thee Unstrung 2004-2005, black Sabbath have returned to the label in 2013 although former sister label Sanctuary Records Group had acquired international rights to their back catalogue in the interim. Official website Worldwide Vertigo Swirl Guide
12.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
13.
Bob Rock
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Rock began his music career in Langford, British Columbia as a guitarist playing with friends William Alexander and Paul Hyde in the formers household basement. In 1983, the Payola$ won the Juno Award for Single of the Year, Rock also worked as an assistant engineer at Little Mountain Sound in Vancouver. In 1987, the Payola$ again changed their name to Rock, the song also charted on Billboards Hot 100. In 2007, the Payola$ became briefly active once more as a touring and recording act, Rock is perhaps best known as a producer for bands such as Metallica and Mötley Crüe. Rock briefly returned to performing, forming the band Rockhead with ex-Payola$ drummer Chris Taylor, the band released one self-titled album and two singles before splitting up. Rock produced the five finalist songs of CBC Sportss Hockey Night in Canada Anthem Challenge in late 2008 and he became involved with a controversy having worked with Gerry Mosby, one of the semi-finalists, thus violating CBC rules on the Anthem Challenge. In 1990, Rock was chosen to produce Metallicas diamond-certified self-titled album, Rock would subsequently produce Load and ReLoad as well as the new material for the bands cover album Garage Inc. After Jason Newsted left Metallica in January 2001, Rock wrote and he also played bass during the bands few live performances until Robert Trujillo joined the band in February 2003. Rock was featured prominently in the 2004 documentary film Some Kind of Monster, the film dealt with Metallicas internal strife and their struggles with the creative process during the recording of St. Anger. In February 2006, Metallica chose producer Rick Rubin to produce their next album, at Metallicas 30th Anniversary Concert on 12 December 2011, Rock joined Metallica onstage and performed bass alongside Trujillo on the songs Dirty Window and Frantic. Rocks career both as a producer and musician was recognized at the 2007 Juno Awards Ceremony in Saskatoon for his contribution to popular music. He was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts, bob is a musical craftsman whose wide range of talents show no signs of slowing, said Melanie Berry, CARAS President. He has helped to define rock as we know it today and they are all giants of the industry, and to be recognized, means that I had to have worked with truly great artists. I thank them for their confidence and inspiration, Rock has received nominations for 17 Juno Awards in various categories including Producer of the Year, Recording Engineer of the Year, Composer of the Year, and Entertainer of the Year. He has won on numerous occasions for both his work and his work with the Payola$ and Rock and Hyde. Rock last won Producer of the Year in 2005 for Simple Plans Welcome to My Life and he has been nominated for 2007 Producer of the Year for his work on The Tragically Hips album World Container. In 2014, Rock won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for his work on Michael Bublés album To Be Loved. Feelgood 1992 – Rockhead – Rockhead - Guitar/backing vocals 2003 – Metallica – St. Anger 2004 – The Tea Party – Seven Circles 2004 – Simple Plan – Still Not Getting Any. O
14.
James Hetfield
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James Alan Hetfield is an American musician, singer, and songwriter known for being the co-founder, lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and main songwriter for the American heavy metal band Metallica. Hetfield is mainly known for his intricate rhythm playing, but occasionally lead guitar duties and solos. Hetfield co-founded Metallica in October 1981 after answering an advertisement by drummer Lars Ulrich in the Los Angeles newspaper The Recycler. Metallica has won nine Grammy Awards and released ten studio albums, three live albums, four extended plays and 24 singles. In 2009, Hetfield was ranked at no.8 in Joel McIvers book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists, and ranked at no.24 by Hit Parader on their list of the 100 Greatest Metal Vocalists of All Time. In Guitar Worlds poll, Hetfield was placed as the 19th greatest guitarist of all time, rolling Stone placed Hetfield as the 87th greatest guitarist of all time. Hetfield was born on August 3,1963 in Downey, California, the son of Cynthia Bassett, an opera singer, and Virgil Lee Hetfield. He is of English, German, Irish, and Scottish descent and he has two older half-brothers from his mothers first marriage and one younger sister. His parents divorced in 1976 when Hetfield was 13 and this upbringing became the inspiration for many of Hetfields lyrics during his career with Metallica, most notably in the song The God That Failed from their eponymous 1991 album, Metallica. Cynthia died of cancer in 1979 when Hetfield was 16 years old, after the death of his mother, Hetfield went to live with his older half-brother David. Virgil died in late 1996, during Metallicas Load tour, Hetfield attended Downey High School for his freshman and sophomore years. Hetfield was nine years old when he first began piano lessons, after which he took on his half-brother Davids drums and finally, at the age of 14 and he was also in a few bands as a teenager – one being Leather Charm and another, Obsession. Hetfield identifies Aerosmith as having been his musical influence as a child. Some of the options considered included adding another player, having John Roads play lead guitar. The finalized line-up of the band became Hetfield, Lars Ulrich, Dave Mustaine, Hetfield referred to their early sound as power metal. The term thrash metal was first used when Kerrang journalist Malcolm Dome described the Anthrax song Metal Thrashing Mad in an issue of Kerrang in February 1984, from 1982 to 1983, Mustaines alcoholism sparked heated altercations between himself and Hetfield. Mustaine also once poured beer onto McGovneys bass nearly causing serious damage, on April 1,1983, the band recruited lead guitarist Kirk Hammett from the band Exodus and 10 days later Hetfield and Ulrich officially removed Mustaine from the band due to his alcoholic tendencies. Mustaine was sent home on a 4-day bus journey, and went on to form the metal band Megadeth
15.
Lars Ulrich
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Lars Ulrich is a Danish musician, songwriter, actor, and record producer. He is best known as the drummer and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Metallica, the son of tennis player Torben Ulrich and grandson of tennis player Einer Ulrich, he also played tennis in his youth and moved to Los Angeles at age 16 to train professionally. However, rather than playing tennis, Ulrich began playing the drums, after publishing an advertisement in The Recycler, Ulrich met James Hetfield and formed Metallica. Ulrich was born into a family in Gentofte, Denmark the son of Lone. His paternal grandfather was professional tennis player Einer Ulrich and his paternal grandmother, Ulla Meyer, was from a Jewish family, as a result, Ulrichs grandfather was persecuted by the Nazis during World War II. Saxophonist Dexter Gordon was Ulrichs godfather, and he is a friend of musician Neneh Cherry. In February 1973, Ulrichs father obtained passes for five of his friends to a Deep Purple concert that was being held in the same Copenhagen stadium as one of his tennis tournaments. When one of the friends could not go, they gave their ticket to the nine-year-old Ulrich, the concert and album had a considerable impact on Ulrich, inspiring the start of his career in rock and roll and later heavy metal. As a result of his newfound interest in music, he received his first drum kit, Ulrich originally intended to play tennis, and he moved to the U. S. in the summer of 1980. In the documentary Anvil, The story of Anvil, Ulrich states that witnessing a Y&T show was his moment in deciding to become a musician. In 1981, he discovered British heavy metal band Diamond Head, Ulrich remains a fan of Diamond Head and would later go on to mix their album The Best of Diamond Head. Upon returning to America, Ulrich placed an advert in a newspaper looking for musicians to start a band with him. James Hetfield replied to the ad, and Metallica was formed, later in 1981, Ulrich met James Hetfield in Downey, California, and they formed the heavy metal band Metallica. He got the name Metallica from a friend, Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a heavy metal fanzine he was creating, and Metallica was one of the options, Ulrich encouraged him to choose Metal Mania, and used the name Metallica for himself. From Master of Puppets and Dyers Eve from. And Justice for All and he has since been considerably influential due to both the popularity of his band, as well as his drum techniques, such as the double bass drum in the song One and Dyers Eve. Since the release of Metallica, Ulrich adopted a focused and simplified style of drumming. Between 1998 and 2002, Ulrich tried running a record label, the company was a joint venture with Metallica accountant Tim Duffy. It failed to catch on and folded in the spring 2002 and his voice can be heard in the opening seconds of Leper Messiah and he also counts to four in his native Danish on the St. Anger music video
16.
Michael Kamen
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Michael Arnold Kamen was an American composer, orchestral arranger, orchestral conductor, songwriter, and session musician. Michael Arnold Kamen was born in New York City, the second of four sons and his father, Saul Kamen, was a dentist, and his mother, Helen, was a teacher. While attending the The High School of Music & Art in New York City, while studying the oboe, he formed a rock-classical fusion band called New York Rock & Roll Ensemble, together with classmates Fulterman and Dorian Rudnytsky. The group performed in white tie, as worn by classical musicians. In the middle of the concert, Fulterman and Kamen would play an oboe duet, the group backed up friend and classmate Janis Ian in a concert at Alice Tully Hall in late 1967. After graduating from school, Kamen attended The Juilliard School, in Manhattan. Kamen became a highly sought-after arranger in the realms of pop and his contemporaries in this field included Academy Award winner Anne Dudley, Richard Niles, and Nick Ingman. For Bush, Kamen delivered an orchestral backing for Moments of Pleasure from The Red Shoes album, in this instance, and many others, he conducted the orchestra personally for the recording. Lenny Kravitz recorded a cover of Fields of Joy on his 1991 CD Mama Said that Michael had co-written with Hal Fredricks, in 2002, Kamen took part in the Concert for George as strings conductor. Kamen had a partnership with Bryan Adams and R. J. The ballad I Do It for You for the 1991 film Robin Hood, other songs were All For Love for the movie The Three Musketeers in 1993, and Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman. The song from the film Don Juan DeMarco, in 1995, Kamen wrote eleven ballets, a saxophone concerto and an electric guitar concerto. Additionally, he wrote a work, Quintet, for the Canadian Brass. Hollands Opus, The Iron Giant, Splitting Heirs, Frequency and he also scored both the From the Earth to the Moon and Band of Brothers series on HBO. He also worked with metal band Metallica, on a two-day concert that was held in Berkeley, California. A recording of the concert, titled S&M, debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200, the same year Kamen and Metallica won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance for one of S&M compositions, The Call of Ktulu. Kamen was nominated for two Academy Awards and won three Grammy Awards, two Golden Globes, two Ivor Novello Awards, an Annie Award and an Emmy. His involvement with Mr. Hollands Opus, a film about a composer who finds fulfillment as a high school music teacher
17.
Live Shit: Binge & Purge
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Live Shit, Binge & Purge is a live album by the American heavy metal band Metallica. It was the bands first live album and was released in a box set format on November 23,1993 and it was originally released as a cardboard box depicting the style of a typical tour equipment transport box. Besides the audio and video media, the box featured additional bonus material, live Shit, Binge & Purge has been certified 15x platinum by the RIAA as a long-form video format. When the set was reissued in 3-CD / 2-DVD format, the box was abandoned in favor of a jewel case format, the booklet that was released in the initial set was made available as DVD-ROM content. Recorded at the Palacio de los Deportes, Mexico City, Mexico on February 25,26,27, recorded at the San Diego Sports Arena, San Diego, California on January 13 and 14,1992. Recorded at the Seattle Coliseum, Seattle, Washington on August 29 and 30,1989
18.
Cunning Stunts (video)
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Cunning Stunts is a concert video by heavy metal band Metallica released in 1998. It was released in DVD and VHS formats, the title is a spoonerism of the words stunning cunts. The DVD features concert footage, band interviews, a documentary, behind the scenes footage, three of the performances feature multiple angles. This is also one of the few Metallica concerts that did not feature Ecstasy of Gold as an intro
19.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
20.
Nothing Else Matters
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Nothing Else Matters is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica. It was released in 1992 as the single from their self-titled fifth studio album. The song peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart as well as positions on many European charts. Nothing Else Matters was featured as a track in the music video game Guitar Hero. Recognized as one of Metallicas best known and most popular songs, the song has been covered over forty times. Lead singer and rhythm guitarist James Hetfield wrote the song in 1990 while he was on the phone with his then girlfriend. Since he held the phone with one hand, he plucked the four strings of a standard E-minor chord with the other. The lyrics, which talk about being so close, no matter how far, were dedicated to his girlfriend. Initially, the song was not meant to be released, as Hetfield had written it for himself, the songs demo was also called Nothing Else Matters and was recorded in Lars Ulrichs home musical studio Dungeon on August 13,1990. Its intro is an E minor arpeggio beginning with the open low E followed by the open G, B and it is one of the few Metallica songs in which Hetfield, plays the guitar solo. The music video premiered on MTV on February 26,1992 and it was directed by Adam Dubin, and edited by Sean Fullan. The clip consists of parts of the A year and a half, video tape which was shot during the recordings of Metallica. One of them shows Hetfield playing the 12 string during one of the choruses, MTV will not air the video during daytime hours anymore because it features nudity in the form of pin-up posters and Playboy centerfolds that are taped up in the studio. It also has a picture of Kip Winger which Lars Ulrich is seen throwing darts at, on the bands 2006 music video compilation DVD, the posters are censored, as was done with the nudity featured in the music videos for Turn the Page and Whiskey in the Jar. The song has now become a staple in Metallicas live performances, and has been dedicated to their fans. When played live nowadays, Hammett does the first part of the intro, and Hetfield joins in for the second, to sing and play it alone until after the first chorus. Also, the last verse is left out, ending the song with the distorted guitar solo by Hetfield. A live version on which this can be heard can be found on the CD/DVD Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria, Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México
21.
No Leaf Clover
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No Leaf Clover is the eighth song on the live album S&M by Metallica and the San Francisco Symphony. The song was one of two new pieces completed for the collaboration with the San Francisco Symphony in 1999. It begins with an intro played by the orchestra, before entering into a clean guitar part by James Hetfield. The rest of the piece alternates between clean verses and choruses backed by heavily distorted guitars and it was the bands fourth No.1 hit on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It stayed at No.1 for seven consecutive weeks and it was also featured in the trailer created by the distributor A. D. Vision for their DVD releases of the TV series Farscape, the song No Leaf Clover appears in the 2009 music game Guitar Hero, Metallica
22.
Jason Newsted
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After leaving Metallica he continued with his project Echobrain, played with Ozzy Osbourne and joined heavy metal band Voivod. Newsted uses the pseudonym Jasonic, which serves as both his alias in Voivod and the name of his publishing company. He is also the founder of the Chophouse Records studio and label based in California, from 2012 to 2014 he played in his self-titled band Newsted, for which he provided lead vocals as well as bass. Jason Curtis Newsted was born into a family of musicians, his mother taught piano and he was exposed to music as a child, listening to the record collections of his older brothers. His first instrument was a guitar, which he started to play at 9 years old, Newsted cites Geezer Butler of Black Sabbath as his major influence. He lists Lemmy Kilmister of Motörhead, Steve Harris of Iron Maiden, Peter Baltes of Accept, Geddy Lee of Rush, Rob Grange of Ted Nugent and Bill Church of Montrose as other significant influences. The early part of Newsteds music career had him performing bass for Flotsam and Jetsam, Newsted wrote the majority of lyrics for the album. Following the death of Metallicas bassist Cliff Burton in September 1986 on the Europe leg of the Master of Puppets Tour, even David Ellefson of Megadeth was very briefly considered. Newsted was the last in line and ended up winning the role and he said in a 2015 interview that he learned about Metallicas plan to open for Ozzy Osbournes tour at the time. To his advantage, Newsted secretly procured the bands setlist, studied it and his first live performance with Metallica was at the Country Club in Reseda, California the 8th November 1986. His debut with Metallica was on The $5.98 E. P and this was followed by his first studio album with the band. And Justice for All, which was subject to controversy and criticism for its production, among other issues, for its murky bass sound. Newsted claims this was further hazing on the part of Lars Ulrich and James Hetfield, in addition, they claim that most/all of Newsteds bass lines closely followed the rhythm guitar lines to the point of being indiscernible from each other. However, Steve Thompson, who mixed the album, claims that Ulrich was squarely to blame for the inaudible bass, nonetheless, the album peaked at number 6 on the Billboard 200 and projected the band to higher success. Newsted also performed on the self-titled Metallica, which is the best-selling Metallica album to date and made the group a world-known band, as well as on Load and ReLoad. The live concert releases Live Shit, Binge & Purge and Cunning Stunts, produced in 1993 and 1997 respectively, also featured Newsted, Newsted also played bass on the song I Disappear in 2000. During his time in Metallica, Newsted also sang backing vocals on a number of Metallica songs and he is known for his bass solo which included parts of My Friend of Misery and bass parts from his former band, Flotsam and Jetsam. During a meeting between the members of Metallica in January 2001, Newsted proposed that the band should take a year-long hiatus, when the other band members rejected Newsteds proposals, he chose to quit the band. On January 17, as plans were being made for the band to enter the studio to record its eighth studio album
23.
Cliff Burton
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Clifford Lee Cliff Burton was an American musician, best known as the second bass guitarist for the American thrash metal band Metallica from December 1982 until his death in September 1986. Burton joined Metallica in 1982 and performed on the bands first three albums, Kill Em All, Ride the Lightning and Master of Puppets. He also received a writing credit for the song To Live Is to Die from the bands fourth studio album. And Justice for All. On September 27,1986, Burton died in a bus accident in Kronoberg County, Burton was replaced by bassist Jason Newsted the following month. He was also inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Metallica on April 4,2009. He was selected as the ninth greatest bassist of all time in a reader poll organized by Rolling Stone magazine in 2011. Clifford Lee Burton was born in Castro Valley, California, to Ray and he had two elder siblings, Scott and Connie. Burtons interest in music began when his father introduced him to classical music, in his teenage years, Burton had an interest in rock, classical, and eventually heavy metal. He began playing the bass at age 13, after the death of his brother and his parents quoted him as saying, Im going to be the best bassist for my brother. He practiced up to six hours per day, along with classical and jazz, Burtons other early influences varied from southern rock and country to the blues. Burton cited Geddy Lee, Geezer Butler, Stanley Clarke, Lemmy Kilmister, while still a student at Castro Valley High School, Burton formed his first band called EZ-Street. The band took its name from a Bay Area topless bar, other members of EZ Street included future Faith No More guitarist Big Jim Martin as well as Faith No More and Ozzy Osbourne drummer Mike Bordin. Burton and Martin continued their collaboration after becoming students at Chabot College in Hayward. Their second band, Agents of Misfortune, entered the Hayward Area Recreation Departments Battle of the Bands contest in 1981 and their audition was recorded on video and features some of the earliest footage of Burtons trademark playing style. The video also shows Burton playing parts of what would soon be two Metallica songs, his bass solo, - Pulling Teeth, and the chromatic intro to For Whom the Bell Tolls. Burton joined his first major band, Trauma, in 1982, Burton recorded the track Such a Shame with the band on the second Metal massacre compilation. In 1982, Trauma traveled to Los Angeles to perform at the Whisky a Go Go, among those in attendance were James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich, both members of Metallica, which had formed the previous year. Upon hearing, as Hetfield described it, this amazing shredding, when they learned that what they had heard was a bass solo by Burton, they decided to recruit him for their own band
24.
Johann Sebastian Bach
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Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and musician of the Baroque period. Bachs compositions include the Brandenburg Concertos, the Goldberg Variations, the Mass in B minor and his music is revered for its technical command, artistic beauty, and intellectual depth. He is now regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. Bach was born in Eisenach, in the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach and his father Johann Ambrosius Bach was the director of the town musicians, and all of his uncles were professional musicians. His father probably taught him to play the violin and harpsichord, apparently at his own initiative, Bach attended St. Michaels School in Lüneburg for two years. He received the title of Royal Court Composer from Augustus III in 1736, Bachs health and vision declined in 1749, and he died on 28 July 1750. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, in present-day Germany and he was the son of Johann Ambrosius Bach, the director of the town musicians, and Maria Elisabeth Lämmerhirt. He was the eighth and youngest child of Johann Ambrosius, who taught him violin. His uncles were all musicians, whose posts included church organists, court chamber musicians. One uncle, Johann Christoph Bach, introduced him to the organ, Bachs mother died in 1694, and his father died eight months later. The 10-year-old Bach moved in with his eldest brother, Johann Christoph Bach, there he studied, performed, and copied music, including his own brothers, despite being forbidden to do so because scores were so valuable and private and blank ledger paper of that type was costly. He received valuable teaching from his brother, who instructed him on the clavichord, also during this time he was taught theology, Latin, Greek, French and Italian at the local gymnasium. By 3 April 1700 Bach and his schoolfriend Georg Erdmann–who was two years Bachs elder–were enrolled in the prestigious St. Michaels School in Lüneburg, some two weeks travel north of Ohrdruf and their journey was probably undertaken mostly on foot. His two years there were critical in exposing Bach to a range of European culture. In addition to singing in the choir, he played the Schools three-manual organ and he came into contact with sons of aristocrats from northern Germany, sent to the highly selective school to prepare for careers in other disciplines. While in Lüneburg, Bach had access to St. Johns Church and possibly used the famous organ from 1553. His role there is unclear, but it probably included menial, non-musical duties, despite strong family connections and a musically enthusiastic employer, tension built up between Bach and the authorities after several years in the post. Bach was dissatisfied with the standard of singers in the choir and he called one of them a Zippel Fagottist
25.
Ride the Lightning
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Ride the Lightning is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on July 27,1984, by the independent record label Megaforce Records. The album was recorded in three weeks with producer Flemming Rasmussen at the Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen, Denmark, the artwork, based on a concept by the band, depicts an electric chair being struck by lightning flowing from the band logo. The title was taken from a passage in Stephen Kings novel The Stand, although rooted in the thrash metal genre, the album showcased the bands musical growth and lyrical sophistication. This was partly because bassist Cliff Burton introduced the basics of theory to the rest of the band and had more input in the songwriting. Instead of relying strictly on fast tempos as on its debut Kill Em All, Metallica broadened its approach by employing acoustic guitars, extended instrumentals, the overall recording costs were paid by Metallicas European label Music for Nations because Megaforce was unable to cover it. It was the last album to feature songwriting contributions from lead guitarist Dave Mustaine. Ride the Lightning received positive response from critics, who saw it as a more ambitious effort than its predecessor. Metallica promoted the album on the Bang That Head That Doesnt Bang European tour in late 1984, the band performed at a few major music festivals, such as Monsters of Rock and Day on the Green later that year. Two months after its release, Elektra Records signed Metallica to a multi-year contract, Ride the Lightning peaked at number 100 on the Billboard 200 with no radio exposure. Although 75,000 copies were pressed for the American market. It was certified 6× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2012 for shipping six million copies in the United States, many rock publications have ranked Ride the Lightning on their best album lists, saying it had a lasting impact on the genre. Metallica released their debut album Kill Em All on the independent label Megaforce Records in July 1983, the album helped to establish thrash metal, a heavy metal subgenre defined by its brisk riffs and intense percussion. After finishing its tour, Metallica began composing new material. Because the band had little money, its members often ate one meal a day, an incident occurred when part of Metallicas gear was stolen in Boston, and Anthrax lent Metallica its equipment to complete the remaining dates. When not gigging, the band stayed in a house in El Cerrito, California. Hetfield gradually built confidence as lead vocalist and kept his original role, Metallica started recording on February 20,1984 at Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen, Denmark. The album was produced by Flemming Rasmussen, founder of Sweet Silence, drummer Lars Ulrich chose Rasmussen because he liked his work on Rainbows Difficult to Cure and was keen to record in Europe. Rasmussen, who had not heard of Metallica, agreed to work on the album, Rasmussen listened to Metallicas tapes before the members arrived and thought the band had great potential
26.
Master of Puppets
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Master of Puppets is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on March 3,1986 by Elektra Records. Recorded at the Sweet Silence Studios with producer Flemming Rasmussen, it was the first Metallica album released on a record label. Master of Puppets was the bands last album to feature bassist Cliff Burton, the album peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 and became the first thrash metal album to be certified platinum. It was certified 6× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2003 for shipping six million copies in the United States, the album was eventually certified 6× platinum by Music Canada and gold by the British Phonographic Industry. Master of Puppets was released to acclaim and has been included in several publications best album lists. Its driving, virtuosic music, and angry political lyrics drew praise from critics outside the metal community, the album is considered the bands strongest effort of the period and is one of the most influential heavy metal albums. Critics credit it for consolidating the American thrash metal scene with its atmospheric, many bands from all genres of heavy metal have covered the albums songs, including tribute albums. Master of Puppets was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant enough for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the United States Library of Congress in 2016, only 450 recordings have earned this distinction, with Master of Puppets being the first metal selection. The cover was designed by Metallica and Peter Mensch and painted by Don Brautigam and it depicts a cemetery field of white crosses tethered to strings, manipulated by a pair of hands in a blood-red sky. Instead of releasing a single or video in advance of the albums release, the European leg was canceled after Burtons death in September 1986, and the band returned home to audition a new bassist. Metallica honored the albums 20th anniversary on the Escape from the Studio 06 tour, Metallicas 1983 debut Kill Em All laid the foundation for thrash metal with its aggressive musicianship and vitriolic lyricism. The album revitalized the American underground scene, and records by contemporaries followed in similar manner, the bands second album Ride the Lightning extended the limits of the genre with its more sophisticated songwriting and improved production. The album caught the attention of Elektra Records representative Michael Alago, Elektra reissued Ride the Lightning on November 19, and the band began touring larger venues and festivals throughout 1985. After parting with manager Jon Zazula, Metallica hired Q Prime executives Cliff Burnstein, during the summer, the band played the Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington, alongside Bon Jovi and Ratt in front of 70,000 fans. Metallica was motivated to make an album that would impress critics and fans, lead singer/rhythm guitarist James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich were the main songwriters on the album, already titled Master of Puppets. The two developed ideas at a garage in El Cerrito, California, before inviting bassist Cliff Burton, Hetfield and Ulrich described the songwriting process as starting with guitar riffs, assembled and reassembled until they start to sound like a song. After that, the band came up with a title and topic. Master of Puppets was Metallicas first album not to feature songwriting contributions from lead guitarist Dave Mustaine
27.
Deep Purple
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Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968. The band is considered to be among the pioneers of metal and modern hard rock. Originally formed as a rock band, the band shifted to a heavier sound in 1970. Deep Purple, together with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, have referred to as the unholy trinity of British hard rock. They were listed in the 1975 Guinness Book of World Records as the globes loudest band for a 1972 concert at Londons Rainbow Theatre, Deep Purple have had several line-up changes and an eight-year hiatus. The 1968–1976 line-ups are commonly labelled Mark I, II, III and their second and most commercially successful line-up featured Ian Gillan, Jon Lord, Roger Glover, Ian Paice, and Ritchie Blackmore. This line-up was active from 1969 to 1973, and was revived from 1984 to 1989, and again from 1992 to 1993. The bands line-up has been more stable in recent years. Deep Purple were ranked number 22 on VH1s Greatest Artists of Hard Rock programme, the band received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards. Deep Purple were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2016, in 1967, former Searchers drummer Chris Curtis contacted London businessman Tony Edwards, in the hope that he would manage a new group he was putting together, to be called Roundabout. Curtis vision was a supergroup where the members would get on and off. Impressed with the plan, Edwards agreed to finance the venture with two partners, John Coletta and Ron Hire, all of Hire-Edwards-Coletta Enterprises. The first recruit to the band was the classically trained Hammond organ player Jon Lord, Lord was currently performing in a backing band for the vocal group The Flower Pot Men, along with bassist Nick Simper and drummer Carlo Little. Simper had previously been in Johnny Kidd and the Pirates and survived the 1966 car crash that killed Kidd, Lord put the two on alert that hed been recruited for the Roundabout project, after which Simper and Little suggested guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, whom Lord had never met. Simper had known Blackmore since the early 1960s when his first band, the Renegades, debuted around the time as one of Blackmores early bands. HEC persuaded Blackmore to return from Hamburg to audition for the new group, Blackmore was making a name for himself as a studio session guitarist, and had also been a member of the Outlaws, Screaming Lord Sutch, and Neil Christian. Curtis erratic behaviour and lifestyle, fueled by LSD use, caused a sudden disinterest in the project he had started, but HEC was now intrigued with the possibilities Lord and Blackmore brought, while Lord and Blackmore were also keen to continue. The two carried on with recruiting members, keeping Tony Edwards as their manager
28.
Concerto for Group and Orchestra
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The Concerto for Group and Orchestra is a concerto composed by Jon Lord, with lyrics written by Ian Gillan. It was first performed by Deep Purple and The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Malcolm Arnold on 24 September 1969, after the score was lost in 1970, it was performed again in 1999 with a recreated score. These releases contained only the Concerto, with the second movement broken in two-halves, copies of the original US editions are rare as Tetragrammaton went bankrupt while the album was still being issued. In the following year, the Concerto became the only Tetragrammaton release to be reissued by Warner Bros, on 4 April 1970, the Concerto was shown on British television as The Best of Both Worlds. The 1990s saw a CD release including the songs Wring That Neck, in 2002 EMI released special edition DVD-A, SACD and 2-CD sets of Concerto for Group and Orchestra, featuring the entire program of music played that night. In 2003, a recording of this concert was released on DVD. However, four and a half minutes of the 1st Movement are missing in this video, the edit was in the original BBC broadcast. The Concerto was performed one time, with the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Lawrence Foster at the Hollywood Bowl on 25 August 1970. In an interview for hospital radio in Huddersfield in 1970, shortly after the Royal Albert Hall performance, what strikes me about Deep Purple is their tremendous musical integrity. This is so refreshing in a commercial world, theyre not trying to prove anything. They just like to play now and again with a Symphony Orchestra, theyre not trying to prove any deep philosophical problem. They just want to write music thats enjoyable, in a 1979 interview with Sounds magazine, Blackmore said, I was not into classical music then. I was very moody and just wanted to play very very loudly. I couldnt believe we were playing with orchestras and we kept getting lumbered playing with them. We started off in 68- this is my opinion- as a relatively competent band with a lot to say, in 69 we went into the classical stuff because it was Jon Lords big thing to write a concerto for group and orchestra. But I didnt like playing it or respect the fact that we were doing it, the orchestra was very condescending towards us, and I didnt like playing with them, so it was one big calamity onstage. But Jon was happy with it and management was happy with it because we had a press angle, in 1970 I said, right, were going to make a rock and roll LP. If this doesnt succeed Ill play in orchestras for the rest of my life, luckily it took off, so I didnt have to play with orchestras any more
29.
Reload (Metallica album)
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Reload is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on November 18,1997 by Elektra Records. The album is a follow-up to Load, released the previous year, Reload debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 436,000 copies in its first week. It was certified 4× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping four million copies in the United States, Reload was recorded at The Plant, a wood-panelled studio in Sausalito, California. The ringmaster for the session was Bob Rock, who produced Metallicas previous two albums, the album artwork displays a photo by Andres Serrano. The original idea was to release Load and Reload as a double album, also, if we did a double album, it would have been a lot more material for people to digest, and some of it might have gotten lost in the shuffle. It was the final Metallica studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted and this was the second album to feature most songs in E♭ tuning, with Bad Seed being played in D♭ tuning and Devils Dance in D tuning. D tuning was used for The Thing That Should Not Be on Master of Puppets, Sad but True on Metallica and later used for Sabbra Cadabra. Six songs from the album have been played live, including Fuel, The Memory Remains, Devils Dance, The Unforgiven II, Carpe Diem Baby, there were occasional jam sessions of songs such as Better Than You, Bad Seed, and Fixxxer. Carpe Diem Baby premiered at Metallicas 30th anniversary concert in 2011, songs that have not been played live in their entirety are Better than You, Slither, Bad Seed, Where the Wild Things Are, Prince Charming, Attitude, and Fixxxer. AllMusics Stephen Thomas Erlewine thought the record was worthwhile and noted it was influenced by Southern rock. He didnt approve the idea of doing the sequel The Unforgiven II, rolling Stones Lorraine Ali opined the album was rooted in heavy metal despite some songs being influenced by bluesy rock & roll. She said Reload was not Metallicas best, but named it a steppingstone in Metallicas legacy, on the other hand, Musician described the album as greasy, driving, full of fat grooves, lyric and rhythmic hooks, and sonic curveballs. The magazine felt it one of rocks greatest bands at its peak. Canadian journalist Martin Popoff lamented the dull, unfinished, unrealized songwriting in many songs, Reload sold 436,000 units in first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The album remained on the chart for 75 weeks, and sold just over four copies in the United States by December 2009. It was certified 4× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping four million copies in the United States, Reload peaked at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart, and was certified double platinum by Music Canada. All lyrics written by James Hetfield, credits are adapted from the albums liner notes
30.
Ennio Morricone
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Ennio Morricone, Grand Officer OMRI is an Italian composer, orchestrator, conductor, and former trumpet player. He composes a wide range of styles, making him one of the most versatile, experimental and influential composers of all time. Since 1946 Morricone has composed over 500 scores for cinema and television, after playing the trumpet in jazz bands in the 1940s, he became a studio arranger for RCA Victor and in 1955 started ghost writing for film and theatre. Throughout his career, he has composed music for such as Paul Anka, Mina, Milva, Zucchero. From 1960 to 1975, Morricone gained international fame for composing music for westerns and his score to 1966s The Good, the Bad and the Ugly is considered as one of the most influential soundtracks in history and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. With an estimated 10 million copies sold, Once Upon a Time in the West is one of the best-selling scores worldwide and he also scored seven westerns for Sergio Corbucci, Duccio Tessaris Ringo duology and Sergio Sollimas The Big Gundown and Face to Face. Morricone worked extensively for other genres with directors such as Mauro Bolognini, Giuliano Montaldo, Roland Joffé, Roman Polanski. His acclaimed soundtrack for The Mission was certified gold in the United States, the album Yo-Yo Ma Plays Ennio Morricone stayed 105 weeks on the Billboard Top Classical Albums. Morricones best-known compositions include The Ecstasy of Gold, Se Telefonando, Man with a Harmonica, Heres to You and he functioned during the period 1966–1980 as a main member of Il Gruppo, one of the first experimental composers collectives. In 1969, he co-founded Forum Music Village, a recording studio. In 1977, he composed the theme for the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He continued to compose music for European productions, such as Marco Polo, La Piovra, Nostromo, Fateless, Karol and En mai, fais ce quil te plait. Morricones music has been reused in television series, including The Simpsons and The Sopranos, as of 2013, Ennio Morricone has sold over 70 million records worldwide. In 1971, he received a Targa dOro for the sales of 22 million. In 2007, he received the Academy Honorary Award for his magnificent and he has been nominated for a further six Oscars. In 2016, Morricone received his first Academy Award for his score to Quentin Tarantinos film The Hateful Eight, Morricone was born in Rome, the son of Libera Ridolfi and Mario Morricone, a musician. His family came from Arpino, near Frosinone, Morricone, who had four siblings, Adriana, Aldo, Maria and Franca, lived in Trastevere, in the centre of Rome, with his parents. Mario was a player who worked professionally in different light-music orchestras
31.
Load (album)
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Load is the sixth studio album by the American heavy metal band Metallica, released on June 4,1996 by Elektra Records in the United States and by Vertigo Records internationally. The album showed more of a rock side of Metallica than the bands typical thrash metal style. It also featured influences from such as Southern rock, blues rock, country rock. Drummer Lars Ulrich said about Loads more exploratory nature, This album and what were doing with it – that, to me, is what Metallica are all about, the minute you stop exploring, then just sit down and fucking die. Load debuted and spent four weeks at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart. Load sold 680,000 units in its first week, making it the biggest opening week for Metallica as well as the biggest debut of 1996 and it was certified 5× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping five million copies in the United States. Four singles, Until It Sleeps, Hero of the Day, Mama Said, Load, released approximately five years after the commercially successful album Metallica, saw the band shifting toward hard rock and away from their thrash metal roots. As on previous releases, the fourteen songs began as rough demos created by principal songwriters James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich in Ulrichs basement recording studio. In early 1995, the took over thirty demos into The Plant Studios. Metallica worked with producer Bob Rock, who had been at the helm during the process for Metallica. The songwriting dispenses almost entirely with the metal style that characterized the bands sound in the 1980s. In place of staccato riffs, Hetfield and lead guitarist Kirk Hammett experimented with blues rock-based tones and styles, Hetfield displayed a lyrical evolution, writing what many said were his most personal and introspective lyrics. Until It Sleeps, the lead single, addressed his mothers unsuccessful battle with cancer. All of this marked a departure from the political and social overtones of. And Justice for All, at 78,59 minutes, Load is Metallicas longest studio album. Initial pressings of the album were affixed with stickers boasting of its long playtime, with our 14 songs, we were running about 30 seconds over, and something had to give, so the cool-ass jam at the end of Outlaw got chopped. Load was Metallicas first album on all tracks were down-tuned to E♭ tuning. Hammett states, I started tuning to E-flat for my riff tapes because I copied a lot of the Hendrix stuff and you know I used to try to figure out Jimi Hendrix solos, Stevie Ray Vaughan solos, Thin Lizzy solos and those three bands tune to E-flat. And so a lot of my riffs were in E-flat, and I guess when James would hear the riffs tuned in E-flat and hed try to sing to em and he liked the break it kind of gave his voice
32.
The Unforgiven (song)
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The Unforgiven is a power ballad by American metal band Metallica. It was released as the single from their eponymous fifth album Metallica. Though one of the tracks on the album, its chord progression is distinctly one of the heavier. The song deals with the theme of the struggle of the individual against the efforts of those who would subjugate him. The song has spawned two sequels, in the form of The Unforgiven II, from the album ReLoad, and The Unforgiven III. The opening section contains percussive instruments performed by Ulrich, and also an amount of keyboards. The horn intro was taken from The Unforgiven and then reversed so its source would be hidden, as Hetfield later explained on Classic Albums. The Unforgiven was played live as part of Metallicas Wherever We May Roam and Nowhere Else to Roam world tour lasted from 1991 to 1993. It was played again on the Madly in Anger with the World world tour in 2003 and 2004 and has continued to be played during all of the bands tours since. The live version of The Unforgiven includes a second solo near the end of the song which the recording did not have. An accompanying video was released for the song, the black and white video is themed around a boy born in captivity who spends his life in a windowless stone room. As the video progress, he ages into an adult and then an old man and he spends his entire life carving into the stone to create a window while occasionally grasping his one possession, a locket. It is implied that another captive lives on the side of the stone room. The video ends with the old man finally creating a window and he blocks off the tunnel through which he crawled to access the cell using the square of stone he created when he made the window, then lies down to die. An 11,33, theatrical version of the video exists and this version was featured on The Videos 1989-2004, the bands 2006 music video compilation. Both songs have similar musical themes, the chord progression during the verses is strikingly similar to the one used in the chorus on The Unforgiven. Over a decade later, the song was followed by a sequel, The Unforgiven III. The Unforgiven II video is similar to the first videos story and it begins with a shirtless boy stuck in a wall, showing the wall breaking piece by piece as the boy ages
33.
Fade to Black (song)
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Fade to Black is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the first promotional single from its second studio album, Ride the Lightning. The song was ranked as having the 24th best guitar solo ever by Guitar World readers, the song peaked at number 100 on Swiss Singles Chart in 2008. The song is certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, the songs lyrics address suicidal feelings. It begins with a guitar introduction and becomes progressively heavier as the song goes on, similar to their future songs, Welcome Home, One. James Hetfield commented on the song in a 1991 interview with Guitar World and it was pretty much our first ballad, so we knew it would freak people out. Recording that song, I learned how frustrating acoustic guitar can be and you could hear every squeak, so I had to be careful. I wrote the song at a house in New Jersey. I was pretty depressed at the time because our gear had just been stolen and its a suicide song, and we got a lot of flak for it, as if kids were killing themselves because of the song. But we also got hundreds of letters from kids telling us how they related to the song, since its release, Fade to Black has been a fixture in Metallicas live performances. It was also the last song that Metallica performed live with former bassist Jason Newsted before he left the band, newsteds last gig was at the VH1 Music Awards on November 30,2000. It was one of his favorite Metallica songs, and was said to be of great value to him. His previous band, Flotsam and Jetsam, performed a song called Fade to Black on their 1986 album Doomsday for the Deceiver before he left to join Metallica. Hetfields guitar protected him from the force of the blast, however. Fade to Black was the last song to be played on the Los Angeles heavy metal radio station KNAC and it would later sign off fellow longtime rock stations 94 WYSP in Philadelphia on September 2,2011 and Power 97 in Winnipeg on January 29,2015. Apocalyptica on their album Inquisition Symphony, apoptygma Berzerk on their studio album Welcome to Earth. Boy Sets Fire on Crush Em All Vol.1, a two song split extended play with Shai Hulud, disturbed on their Music as a Weapon II tour, but without the heavier second half of the song. Scott D. Davis on his Metallica tribute album Pianotarium Sonata Arctica on Victorias Secret and Takatalvi singles, steel Prophet covered the song on their album Genesis. The Lemonheads covered the song with a version as a B side on their 1997 single Its all true
34.
Harvester of Sorrow
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Harvester of Sorrow is a song by the American heavy metal band Metallica. It was released as the first single from their studio album. And Justice for All. The song debuted at a live performance prior to the release of. And Justice for All while on the summer Monsters of Rock Tour in 1988 with Van Halen, Scorpions, Dokken and Kingdom Come. The single contained two B-sides, both of which were songs, Breadfan, originally by Budgie, and The Prince. There was an error in the mastering of the recording, At the end of Breadfan and this was actually intended to be the intro to the next track, The Prince. However, it was separated in the wrong place, the band decided not to correct this error when the tracks were included on their 1998 Garage Inc. compilation. The songs subject matter refers to a man who descends into madness, at the end of the song, it is hinted his sanity snaps and he murders them. The song was covered by San Francisco–area alternative/ska band Link 80 for the 2000 compilation album Punk Goes Metal, apocalyptica covered the song for the A Tribute to the Four Horsemen cover album. German electronic group Funker Vogt also covered the song on The Blackest Album Vol.3 tribute album
35.
Mama Said (Metallica song)
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Mama Said is a power ballad by American heavy metal band Metallica from their sixth album Load, with music and lyrics by James Hetfield. The lyrics represent a man or boy who is learning to find his own way in life away from his mother, the song is directly written about Hetfields difficult relationship with his mother, who died of cancer when he was 16 years old. The song stands out among Metallicas predominantly metal catalog, its genre-blending style incorporates country, blues, Mama Said begins with acoustic guitar and, during the chorus, becomes flush with a country-flavored vocal harmony and steel guitar. Toward the end the song features power chords on electric guitar, Mama Said has never been featured as a part of Metallicas live setlist. Hetfield has performed this live, however, using a single steel-stringed acoustic guitar with no drum or bass accompaniment. He also performed it along with country singer Jessi Colter on CMTs Outlaw Concert, an early demo version is also entitled Mama Said which was recorded in Lars Ulrichs home musical studio Dungeon on April 14,1995. Lesser known among Metallicas music video catalog, the Mama Said video focuses on James Hetfield sitting in the backseat of a car while playing the song on an acoustic guitar. The vehicle appears to be driving along a Southwestern highway, as the song comes to an end, the view pulls back to reveal that Hetfield has been sitting in a stationary backseat inside a studio. He then walks over to a horse, takes its bridle, and walks off screen
36.
...And Justice for All (album)
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…And Justice for All is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on August 25,1988, by Elektra Records. It was the bands first studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986, …And Justice for All is musically progressive, with long and complex songs, fast tempos, and few verse-chorus structures. The album is noted for its production, which producer Flemming Rasmussen attributed to his absence during the mixing process. The lyrics feature themes of political and legal injustice seen through the prisms of censorship, war, the phrase …And Justice for All appears spray-painted in the lower right corner. The album title is derived from the American Pledge of Allegiance, three songs from the album were released as singles, Harvester of Sorrow, Eye of the Beholder, and One, while the title track was released as a promotional single. …And Justice for All was acclaimed by music critics and it was included in The Village Voices annual Pazz & Jop critics poll of the years best albums, and the single One earned Metallica its first Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1990. The groups best-selling album at the time, it was the first underground metal album to chart success in the United States. …And Justice for All was Metallicas first full-length studio album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986, Newsted had previously played on Metallicas The $5.98 E. P. Garage Days Re-Revisited, an extended play released in 1987, the band intended to record the album earlier, but was sidetracked by the large number of festival dates scheduled for the summer of 1987, including the European leg of the Monsters of Rock festival. Another reason was frontman James Hetfields arm injury in a skateboarding accident, the bands previous studio album, Master of Puppets, marked the end of Metallicas contract with the Music for Nations label. Manager Peter Mensch wanted the band to sign with British record distributor Phonogram Records, to persuade Metallica to choose his label Hooker offered them a bigger deal, worth well over £1 million, which at that time was the biggest deal wed ever offered anyone. His explanation was that the figure for combined British and European sales of all three Metallica albums was more than 1.5 million copies. The album title was revealed in April 1988, …And Justice for All, the artwork was created by Stephen Gorman, based on a concept developed by Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich. It depicts a statue of a blindfolded Lady Justice, bound by ropes with her breasts exposed. The title appears graffiti-style in the right corner. …And Justice for All was recorded from January to May 1988 at One on One Recording Studios in Los Angeles, Metallica produced the album with Flemming Rasmussen. Things did not work out as planned, and three weeks later Rasmussen became available after Ulrich gave him a call, Rasmussen listened to Clinks rough mixes for the album on his February 14 flight to Los Angeles, and upon his arrival Clink was fired. Hetfield explained that recording with Clink did not work out so well, however, Clink is credited with engineering the drums on two of the albums tracks, The Shortest Straw and Harvester of Sorrow
37.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
38.
Clef
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A clef is a musical symbol used to indicate the pitch of written notes. Placed on one of the lines at the beginning of the stave, it indicates the name and this line serves as a reference point by which the names of the notes on any other line or space of the stave may be determined. Only one clef that references a note in a rather than on a line has ever been used. There are three types of clef used in music notation, F, C, and G. Each type of clef assigns a different reference note to the line on which it is placed, once one of these clefs has been placed on one of the lines of the stave, the other lines and spaces can be read in relation to it. The use of three different clefs makes it possible to music for all instruments and voices, even though they may have very different tessituras. The use of different clefs for various instruments and voices allows each part to be written comfortably on the stave with a minimum of ledger lines, to facilitate writing for different tessituras, any of the clefs may theoretically be placed on any of the lines of the stave. The further down on the stave a clef is placed, the higher the tessitura it is for, conversely, the higher up the clef, since there are five lines on the stave, and three clefs, it might seem that there would be fifteen possible clefs. Six of these, however, are redundant clefs, each of these clefs has a different name based on the tessitura for which it is best suited. In modern music, only four clefs are used regularly, the treble clef, the bass clef, the alto clef, of these, the treble and bass clefs are by far the most common. Here follows a complete list of the clefs, along with a list of instruments, each clef is shown in its proper position on the stave, followed by its reference note. An obelisk after the name of a clef indicates that that clef is no longer in common use, where the G-clef is placed on the second line of the stave, it is called the treble clef. This is the most common used today, and the only G-clef still in use. For this reason, the terms G-clef and treble clef are often seen as synonymous, the treble clef was historically used to mark a treble, or pre-pubescent, voice part. Treble clef is the upper stave of the grand stave used for harp and it is also sometimes used, along with tenor clef, for the highest notes played by bass-clef instruments such as the cello, double bass, bassoon, and trombone. The viola also sometimes uses treble clef for very high notes, treble clef is used for the soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto, contralto and tenor voices. The tenor voice sounds an octave lower, and is written using an octave clef or double-treble clef. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a special clef was used for violin music, for this reason it is known as the French clef or French violin clef although it was more commonly used for flute music
39.
Guitar Center
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Guitar Center is the largest chain of musical instrument retailers in the world with 269 locations throughout the United States. Its headquarters is in Westlake Village, California, accordingly, Mitchell once again changed the name, this time to Guitar Center. The popularity of rock and roll in the 1970s allowed Mitchell to open stores in San Francisco and San Diego, Ray Scherr, previously the general manager of the San Francisco store, purchased the company from Mitchell in the late 1970s. Scherr owned and operated it until 1996 from its Westlake Village headquarters, Guitar Center took full advantage of this sales bonanza, and by the end of the decade began an ambitious program of expansion across the entire United States. Using its size as leverage over the instrument business, it developed into the largest musical instrument retailer in the country. In 2005, Guitar Center, Inc. started The Fender Music Foundation, activision partnered with Guitar Center in 2006, all purchases made during game play of Guitar Hero, beginning with the second installment, are made in a virtual Guitar Center store. On June 27,2007, Guitar Center agreed to a $1.9 billion buyout from Bain Capital, the deal was led by Goldman Sachs and amounted to a per-share price of $63, or a 26% premium on the June 26 closing price. The deal was approved by shareholders on September 18,2007, in mid-2009 Guitar Center opened the first of its rehearsal and lessons studio facility in Woodland Hills, California. The eight studios with full range in size from 350-550 square feet. Guitar Center also hosts events such as the Drum Off, King of the Blues, contests. In 2011, Guitar Center added equipment rentals to the store in San Diego, since, Guitar Center has opened rental departments in ten other existing locations and plans to offer rental services in various other stores across the country. In May 2013, Standard & Poors cut its rating on Bain Capital-owned Guitar Center Holdings Inc to junk bond status. The corporate credit rating on the company dropped from B- to CCC+, in April 2014, Ares Management took a controlling stake in Guitar Center. Bain Capital, Guitar Centers former owner, retained ownership of the company. According to Mike Pratt, the previous chief executive, the deal will reduce Guitar Centers total debt and provide it with the resources to expand its footprint. In August 2014, Guitar Center opened a new 28,000 square foot location in the heart of Times Square in New York City. The grand opening included a concert featuring the band The Roots. First debuting in 2010, each episode of Guitar Center Sessions showcases exclusive live performances by noteworthy artists captured in hi-definition at Guitar Centers iconic Hollywood, Guitar Center Sessions is hosted by Nic Harcourt, and was created, developed and produced by Guitar Center exclusively on DirecTV
40.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
