1.
Daily newspaper
–
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
Daily newspaper
–
Front page of
The New York Times on
Armistice Day, 11 November 1918.
Daily newspaper
–
Journalism
Daily newspaper
–
Title page of Carolus'
Relation from 1609, the earliest newspaper
Daily newspaper
–
Diario de Pernambuco, founded in November 1825 is the second oldest circulating newspaper in South America, after
El Peruano, founded in October of that same year.
2.
Newspaper format
–
Newspaper formats vary substantially, with different formats more common in different countries. The size of a newspaper format refers to the size of the paper page, manfred Werfel Research Director and Vice President of IFRA predicts a trend towards the Berliner format. In a recent trend, many newspapers have been undergoing what is known as web cut down, in extreme examples, some broadsheet papers are nearly as narrow as traditional tabloids. An average roll of 26.4 lb,45 in diameter newsprint rolled out is 9.7 mi long
Newspaper format
–
Comparison of some newspaper sizes with metric paper sizes. Approximate nominal dimensions are in millimetres.
3.
Progressive liberalism
–
Social liberalism is a political ideology that believes individual liberty requires a level of social justice. Under social liberalism, the good of the community is viewed as harmonious with the freedom of the individual, Social liberal policies have been widely adopted in much of the capitalist world, particularly following World War II. Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered centrist or centre-left, a reaction against social liberalism in the late twentieth century, often called neoliberalism, led to monetarist economic policies and a reduction in government provision of services. However, governments continued to provide services and retained control over economic policy. In American political usage, the social liberalism describes progressive stances on socio-political issues like abortion, same-sex marriage or gun control. A social liberal in this sense may hold either liberal or conservative views on fiscal policy, some Victorian writers—including Charles Dickens, Thomas Carlyle, and Matthew Arnold—became early influential critics of social injustice. John Stuart Mill contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that individual would have an equal opportunity of success. What they proposed is now called social liberalism, in their view, the poverty, squalor and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed that conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented. What was new in these reforms was the assumption that the state could be a positive force. Was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals, schulze-Delitzsch is also known as the founding father of the German cooperative movement and is credited as the organiser of the worlds first credit unions. But their ideas found relatively few supporters among the liberal politicians, one of the first German authors to propose the term and concept of social liberalism was the historian and economist Ignaz Jastrow. He published the manifesto Social-liberal, Tasks for Liberalism in Prussia in 1893 and this project was however rejected by Social Democrats and failed. Naumann called this a proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism, the new group advocated, among other things, increased social welfare legislation, the right to strike, and profit-sharing in industry. Although the party was unable to win any seats and soon dissolved, the left-liberal German Democratic Party during the Weimar Republic included both classically and economically liberal and social-liberal currents. They explained that a division of labor caused greater opportunity and individualism. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works, however, they wanted the state to coordinate rather than to manage, and they encouraged cooperative insurance schemes among individuals
Progressive liberalism
–
L.T. Hobhouse
Progressive liberalism
–
T.H. Green
Progressive liberalism
–
Friedrich Naumann
Progressive liberalism
–
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd
President of the United States, his
New Deal domestic policies defined
American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.
4.
Munich
–
Munich is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, the Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city, the name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning by the monks. It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich, Munich was first mentioned in 1158. From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes, black and gold—the colours of the Holy Roman Empire—have been the citys official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian, when it was an imperial residence. Following a final reunification of the Wittelsbachian Duchy of Bavaria, previously divided and sub-divided for more than 200 years, like wide parts of the Holy Roman Empire, the area recovered slowly economically. In 1918, during the German Revolution, the house of Wittelsbach, which governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich. In the 1920s, Munich became home to political factions, among them the NSDAP. During World War II, Munich was heavily bombed and more than 50% of the entire city, the postwar period was characterised by American occupation until 1949 and a strong increase of population and economic power during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder after 1949. The city is home to corporations like BMW, Siemens, MAN, Linde, Allianz and MunichRE as well as many small. Munich is home to national and international authorities, major universities, major museums. Its numerous architectural attractions, international events, exhibitions and conferences. Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany and it is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location, despite being the municipality with the highest density of population in Germany. Munich nowadays hosts more than 530,000 people of foreign background, the year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date, which is the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in Augsburg, by that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge. In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification, in 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of Freising. In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the position by granting it the salt monopoly
Munich
–
From left to right: The
Munich Frauenkirche, the
Nymphenburg Palace, the
BMW Headquarters, the
New Town Hall, the
Munich Hofgarten and the
Allianz Arena.
Munich
–
Munich city
coat of arms
Munich
–
Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the
Frauenkirche in the background
Munich
–
Bombing damage to the Altstadt. Note the roofless and pockmarked Altes Rathaus looking up the Tal. The roofless Heilig-Geist-Kirche is on the right of the photo. Its spire, without the copper top, is behind the church. The Talbruck gate tower is missing completely.
5.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
6.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
–
ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
7.
German language
–
German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
German language
–
Old Frisian (Alt-Friesisch)
German language
–
The widespread popularity of the
Bible translated into German by
Martin Luther helped establish modern German
German language
–
Examples of German language in
Namibian everyday life
German language
–
German-language newspapers in the U.S. in 1922
8.
Bavaria
–
Bavaria is a free state and one of 16 federal states of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres and its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germanys second most populous state. Munich, Bavarias capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany, the Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century CE, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War, Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the states Catholic majority and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes such as Oktoberfest. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia, Upper Palatinate and Swabia. The Bavarians emerged in a north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, the name Bavarian means Men of Baia which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BCE. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria and their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibalds successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the frontier against the expansion of Slavs. Tassilos son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616, after Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and his son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodos death the duchy was divided among his sons, at Hugberts death the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748, saint Boniface completed the peoples conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was in ways affected by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
Bavaria
–
Prehistoric Heunischenburg, in the vicinity of
Kronach
Bavaria
–
Flag
Bavaria
–
Kingdom of Bavaria 900
Bavaria
–
Bavarian stamps during the German empire period
9.
Newspaper
–
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
Newspaper
–
Front page of
The New York Times on
Armistice Day, 11 November 1918.
Newspaper
–
Journalism
Newspaper
–
Title page of Carolus'
Relation from 1609, the earliest newspaper
Newspaper
–
Diario de Pernambuco, founded in November 1825 is the second oldest circulating newspaper in South America, after
El Peruano, founded in October of that same year.
10.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
11.
U.S. military
–
The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
U.S. military
–
The U.S. Joint Service Color Guard on parade at
Fort Myer, Virginia in October 2001.
U.S. military
–
U. S. Armed Forces Career Center in
Times Square.
U.S. military
–
Service members of the U.S. at an
American football event, L-R:
U.S. Marine Corps,
U.S. Air Force,
U.S. Navy and
U.S. Army personnel.
U.S. military
–
From 2005, the first all female
C-130 Hercules crew to serve a combat mission for the
U.S. Air Force.
12.
Nazi Germany
–
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
Nazi Germany
–
Hitler became Germany's head of state, with the title of
Führer und Reichskanzler, in 1934.
Nazi Germany
–
Flag
Nazi Germany
–
Joseph Goebbels,
Reich Minister of Propaganda
Nazi Germany
–
Ethnic Germans in
Saaz, Czechoslovakia, greet German soldiers with the
Nazi salute, 1938
13.
Popular science
–
Popular science is interpretation of science intended for a general audience. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad-ranging and it may be written by professional science journalists or by scientists themselves. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, Popular science is a bridge between scientific literature as a professional medium of scientific research, and the realms of popular political and cultural discourse. The goal of the genre is often to capture the methods and accuracy of science, the purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers as to the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders of the significance of data and conclusions, by contrast, popular science emphasizes uniqueness and generality, taking a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature. The Literature of Science, Perspectives on Popular Scientific Writing, the University of Georgia Press, Athens,1993
Popular science
–
An image from the March 1883 issue of Popular Science Monthly. The article from this issue is called "Queer Phases of Animal Life", and the image is captioned "
Total depravity ".
Popular science
–
Art
14.
Liberalism
–
Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberalism first became a political movement during the Age of Enlightenment. Liberalism rejected the social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a philosophical tradition. Locke argued that man has a natural right to life, liberty and property. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy, prominent revolutionaries in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution, the 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America, and North America. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread even further as liberal democracies found themselves on the side in both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state, today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout the world. Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means free. One of the first recorded instances of the word occurs in 1375. The words early connection with the education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someones generosity or indiscretion, in Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of a liberal villaine who hath. confest his vile encounters. With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as free from narrow prejudice in 1781, in 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English. In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the label in a political context. From 1820 to 1823, during the Trienio Liberal, King Ferdinand VII was compelled by the liberales to swear to uphold the Constitution, by the middle of the 19th century, liberal was used as a politicised term for parties and movements worldwide. Over time, the meaning of the word began to diverge in different parts of the world. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, In the United States, liberalism is associated with the policies of the New Deal programme of the Democratic administration of Pres
Liberalism
–
The
Agreement of the People (1647) was a manifesto for political change, proposed by the
Levellers during the
English Civil War. It called for
freedom of religion, frequent convening of
Parliament and equality under the law.
Liberalism
–
John Locke was the first to develop a liberal philosophy, including the right to
private property and the
consent of the governed.
Liberalism
–
The
Bill of Rights was a landmark piece of liberal legislation.
Liberalism
–
The
Philadelphia Convention in 1787 adopted the
United States Constitution, which is still in effect.
15.
Christian Social Union of Bavaria
–
The Christian Social Union in Bavaria is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Germany. The CSU operates only in Bavaria, while its larger counterpart, the CSU has 56 seats in the Bundestag making it the smallest of the five parties represented. The CSU was founded in some ways as a continuation of the Weimar-era Catholic Bavarian Peoples Party, at the federal level, the CSU forms a common CDU/CSU faction in the Bundestag with the CDU, which is frequently referred to as the Union Faction. Until the 2013 federal election, the CDU/CSU formed federal government in coalition with the Free Democratic Party. In the state of Bavaria, the CSU has governed alone with a majority since 1966 until 2008-2013. The CSU differs from their partners, the CDU, by being more conservative in social matters while the CSU is economically a bit more pro-interventionist. The CSU is a member of the European Peoples Party and the International Democrat Union, franz Josef Strauß had left behind the strongest legacy as a leader of the party, having led the party from 1961 until his death in 1988. His political career in the cabinet was unique in that he had served four ministerial posts in the years between 1953 and 1969. From 1978 until his death in 1988, Strauß served as the Minister-president of Bavaria, Strauß was the first leader of the CSU to be a candidate for the German chancellery, in 1980. Before the 2008 elections in Bavaria, the CSU perennially achieved absolute majorities at the level by itself. This level of dominance is unique among Germanys 16 states, edmund Stoiber took over the CSU leadership in 1999. He ran for Chancellor of Germany in 2002, but his preferred CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lost against the SPD candidate Gerhard Schröders SPD-Green alliance, in the 2003 Bavarian state election, the CSU won 60. 7% of the vote and 124 of 180 seats in the state parliament. This was the first time any party had won a 2/3 majority in a German state parliament, the Economist later suggested that this exceptional result was due to a backlash against Schröders government in Berlin. The CSUs popularity declined in subsequent years, Stoiber stepped down from the posts of Minister-President and CSU chairman in September 2007. A year later, the CSU lost its majority in the 2008 Bavarian state election, the CSU remained in power by forming a coalition with the Free Democratic Party. In the 2009 general election, the CSU received only 42. 5% of the vote in Bavaria in the 2009 election, the CSU made gains in the 2013 Bavarian state election and the 2013 federal election, which were held a week apart in September 2013. The CSU regained their majority in the Bavarian Landtag and remained in government in Berlin and they have three ministers in Angela Merkels current cabinet, Christian Schmidt, Alexander Dobrindt and Gerd Müller. The CSU is the party of the Christian Democratic Union
Christian Social Union of Bavaria
–
Chairman Franz Josef Strauß in 1976
Christian Social Union of Bavaria
–
Christian Social Union in Bavaria Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern
16.
German election, 2013
–
The 2013 German federal election was held on Sunday,22 September, to elect the members of the 18th Bundestag of Germany. At stake were all 598 seats to the Bundestag, plus 33 overhang seats determined thereafter, the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union of Chancellor Angela Merkel won their best result since 1990, with nearly 42% of the vote and nearly 50% of the seats. Merkels party reached an agreement with the then-main opposition party, the Social Democrats, to form a grand coalition. The SPD leadership conducted a vote by their broader membership before the agreement was made final. The date of the German federal election is governed by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, article 39 of the Basic Law states that the Bundestag shall be elected between 46 and 48 months after the beginning of the legislative period. As the 17th Bundestag convened on 27 October 2009, the election was scheduled between 27 August and 27 October 2013, to avoid school holidays, a date in late September is usually chosen, this made 15 or 22 September 2013 the most likely dates. Indeed, the Federal President ordered 22 September 2013 to be the day upon the recommendation of the federal government. Polling stations were open from 8,00 to 18,00, in 2008, some modifications to the electoral system were required under an order of the Federal Constitutional Court. The court allowed three years for these changes, so the 2009 federal election was not affected, the changes were due by 30 June 2011, but appropriate legislation was not completed by that deadline. The Bundestag approved and enacted the new reform in February 2013. The Sainte-Laguë/Schepers method is used to convert the votes into seats, first, the number of seats to be allocated to each state is calculated, based on the proportion of the German population living there. Then the seats in state are allocated to the party lists in that state. The minimum number of seats for each party at federal level is then determined, the higher of these two figures is the party’s minimum number of seats in that state. Adding together the number of seats to which the party is entitled in all of the states produces a total representing its guaranteed minimum number of seats in the country as a whole. Then it must be ensured that the seats are distributed to the parties in line with their share of the second votes. Balance seats are also necessary to ensure that each party requires roughly the number of second votes per seat. Once the number of seats each party is entitled to receive across the country has been determined. Each state list must receive at least as many seats as the number of constituencies which the party won in the state in question, although the chancellor-candidates play a very important role in election campaigns, their office is not regulated in any law
German election, 2013
–
All 598 seats in the
Bundestag, as well as 33
overhang seats 316 seats needed for a majority
German election, 2013
German election, 2013
German election, 2013
17.
SPD
–
The Social Democratic Party of Germany is a social-democratic political party in Germany. The party, led by Chairman Martin Schulz since 2017, has one of the two major contemporary political parties in Germany, along with the Christian Democratic Union. The SPD has governed at the level in Germany as part of a grand coalition with the CDU. The SPD participates in 14 state governments, nine of them governed by SPD Minister-Presidents, the SPD is a member of the Party of European Socialists and of the Socialist International, and became a founding member of the Progressive Alliance on 22 May 2013. Established in 1863, the SPD is the oldest extant political party represented in the German Parliament and was one of the first Marxist-influenced parties in the world. The General German Workers Association, founded in 1863, and the Social Democratic Workers Party, founded in 1869, merged in 1875, under the name Socialist Workers Party of Germany. From 1878 to 1890, any grouping or meeting that aimed at spreading socialist principles was banned under the Anti-Socialist Laws, in 1890, when the ban was lifted and it could again present electoral lists, the party adopted its current name. In the years leading up to World War I, the party remained ideologically radical in official principle, by 1912, the party claimed the most votes of any German party. Despite the agreement of the Second International to oppose the First World War, after 1918 the SPD played an important role in the political system of the Weimar Republic, although it took part in coalition governments only in few years. Adolf Hitler prohibited the party in 1933 under the Enabling Act – party officials were imprisoned, killed or went into exile, in exile, the party used the name Sopade. In the Soviet Zone of Occupation, the Soviets forced the Social Democrats to form a party with the Communists. In the Western zones, the Communist Party was later banned by West Germanys Federal Constitutional Court, since 1949, in the Federal Republic of Germany, the SPD has been one of the two major parties, with the other being the Christian Democratic Union. From 1969 to 1982 and 1998 to 2005 the Chancellors of Germany were Social Democrats whereas the other years the Chancellors were Christian Democrats, the SPD was established as a Marxist party in 1875. After World War II, under the leadership of Kurt Schumacher, the SPD re-established itself as a socialist party, representing the interests of the working class and the trade unions. With the Godesberg Program of 1959, however, the party evolved from a socialist working-class party to a modern social-democratic party working within capitalism. The current party platform of the SPD espouses the goal of social democracy, according to the party platform, freedom, justice, and social solidarity, form the basis of social democracy. The coordinated social market economy should be strengthened, and its output should be distributed fairly, the party sees that economic system as necessary in order to ensure the affluence of the entire population. The SPD also tries to protect the poor with a welfare state
SPD
–
Sigmar Gabriel
SPD
–
Social Democratic Party of Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
18.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
19.
International New York Times
–
From 1967 to 2013, the paper was known as the International Herald Tribune, and was renamed The International New York Times on October 15,2013. In October 2016, the newspaper was integrated with its parent. Autumn that year saw the closing of editing and preproduction operations in the Paris newsroom. The Paris Herald was founded on 4 October 1887, as the European edition of the New York Herald by the parent paper’s owner, James Gordon Bennett, the company was based in Neuilly-sur-Seine, a suburb of Paris, France. After the death of Bennett in 1918, Frank Andrew Munsey bought the New York Herald, Munsey sold the Herald newspapers in 1924 to the New York Tribune, and the Paris Herald became the Paris Herald Tribune, while the New York paper became New York Herald Tribune. The newspaper became a mainstay of American expatriate culture in Europe, in Jean-Luc Godard’s 1960 film Breathless, the female lead character Patricia is an American student journalist who sells the New York Herald Tribune on the streets of Paris. Pages from the paper can be seen tacked up through the office windows. In 1959 John Hay Whitney, a businessman and United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, bought the New York Herald Tribune and its European edition. In 1966 the New York Herald Tribune was merged into the short-lived New York World Journal Tribune and ceased publication, in December 1966 The Washington Post became a joint owner. The New York Times became a joint owner of the Paris Herald Tribune in May 1967, in 1974, the IHT began transmitting facsimile pages of the paper between nations and opened a printing site near London. In 1977 the paper opened a site in Zürich. The IHT began transmitting electronic images of pages from Paris to Hong Kong via satellite in 1980. This was the first such intercontinental transmission of an English-language daily newspaper, in 1991, The Washington Post and The New York Times became sole and equal shareholders of the IHT. In February 2005 it opened its Asia newsroom in Hong Kong, in April 2001, the Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun tied up with the IHT and published an English-language newspaper, the International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun. After The Washington Post sold their stake in the IHT, it continued being published under the name International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun, on 30 December 2002 The New York Times Company took control of the paper by buying the 50% stake owned by The Washington Post Company. The takeover ended a 35-year partnership between the two US domestic competitors, the Post was forced to sell when the Times threatened to pull out and start a competing paper. As a result, the Post entered into an agreement to publish selected Post articles in The Wall Street Journal’s European edition, after the takeover the IHT was subtitled The Global Edition of the New York Times. In 2008, the NYT Company announced the merger of the New York Times, in March 2009 the IHT website became the global version of NYTimes. com
International New York Times
International New York Times
–
Sample front page of the International Herald Tribune, before it was renamed the International New York Times
20.
Heribert Prantl
–
Heribert Prantl is a German journalist and jurist. He is the head of the policy department of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. Prantl was born in Nittenau in Bavaria on 30 July 1953, a stipendiary of the Catholic Cusanuswerk, he studied law, philosophy and history at the University of Regensburg and earned his juris doctor. Afterwards he studied journalism and worked as a judge as well as a public prosecutor, Prantl lives together with journalist Franziska Augstein. In 1988, Prantl started working for the Süddeutsche Zeitung in the department for domestic policy with focus on legal policy, in 1992 he was promoted to deputy head of the department and 1995 he became the head of the department where he works until today. Considered a social liberal by many, Prantl has achieved a reputation of being a defender of a liberal, apart from his work as a journalist, Prantl is a critically acclaimed author of political commentary, especially concerning basic liberties and the rule of law. He also appears often on ARD radio stations as a commentator for current domestic affairs, since 2002 he is lecturer for law at the University of Bielefeld and since 2004 he is on the advisory board of Pro Justitia. i. S. d. P. Eine Studie zum sogenannten Nachrichtenschutz, zum mittelbaren Schutz der journalistischen Information durch §1 UWG und zum Exklusivvertrag über journalistische Informationen, gieseking, Bielefeld 1983, ISBN 3-7694-0199-9 Deutschland - leicht entflammbar. Carl Hanser Verlag, München/Wien 1994, ISBN 3-446-17691-8 Heribert Prantl, hoffmann und Campe Verlag, Hamburg 1997, ISBN 3-455-10365-0 Sind wir noch zu retten. Anstiftung zum Widerstand gegen eine gefährliche Politik, carl Hanser Verlag, München/Wien 1998, ISBN 3-446-18541-0 Rot-Grün – Eine erste Bilanz. Hoffmann und Campe Verlag, Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-455-10383-9 Hans Leyendecker, Heribert Prantl, Michael Stiller, Helmut Kohl, steidl Verlag, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-88243-738-3 Heribert Prantl, Thomas Vormbaum, Juristisches Zeitgeschehen 2000 in der Süddeutschen Zeitung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2001, ISBN 3-7890-7540-X Arthur Kaufmann/Heribert Prantl, carl Heymanns Verlag, Köln/Berlin/Bonn/München, Sonderdruck 2001 Verdächtig – Der starke Staat und die Politik der inneren Unsicherheit. Europa Verlag, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-203-81041-7 Heribert Prantl, Thomas Vormbaum, nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2002, ISBN 3-7890-8298-8 Heribert Prantl, Thomas Vormbaum, Juristisches Zeitgeschehen 2002 in der Süddeutschen Zeitung. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8305-0618-X Heribert Prantl, Thomas Vormbaum, berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8305-0882-4 Heribert Prantl, Thomas Vormbaum, Juristisches Zeitgeschehen 2004 in der Süddeutschen Zeitung. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-8305-1062-4 Heribert Prantl, Kein schöner Land – Die Zerstörung der sozialen Gerechtigkeit, droemer Verlag, München 2005, ISBN 3-426-27363-2 Heribert Prantl im Gespräch mit Hans-Jochen Vogel, Politik und Anstand. Warum wir ohne Werte nicht leben können, herder Verlag, Freiburg/Basel/Wien 2005, ISBN 3-451-28608-4 Heribert Prantl, Nina von Hardenberg, Schwarz Rot Grau. München 2008, ISBN 978-3-86615-616-6 Der Terrorist als Gesetzgeber, wie man mit Angst Politik macht
Heribert Prantl
–
Prantl in August 2009
Heribert Prantl
–
Heribert Prantl
Heribert Prantl
–
Heribert Prantl (2013)
21.
Investigative journalism
–
Investigative journalism is a form of journalism in which reporters deeply investigate a single topic of interest, such as serious crimes, political corruption, or corporate wrongdoing. An investigative journalist may spend months or years researching and preparing a report, Investigative journalism is a primary source of information. Most investigative journalism is conducted by newspapers, wire services, practitioners sometimes use the term accountability reporting. In many cases, the subjects of the wish the matters under scrutiny to remain undisclosed. There are currently university departments for teaching investigative journalism, conferences are conducted presenting peer reviewed research into investigative journalism. American journalism textbooks point out that muckraking standards promoted by McClures Magazine around 1902, furthermore, the successes of the early muckrakers continued to inspire journalists. John M. Crewdson of the Chicago Tribune wrote a 1996 article proposing the installment of defibrillators on American airliners, Crewdson argued that based on his research and analysis, Medical kits and defibrillators would be economically justified if they saved just 3 lives each year. Soon after the publication, airlines began installing defibrillators on planes. Ten years after installing defibrillators, American Airlines reported that 80 lives had been saved by the machines. S, since the 1980s has been accompanied by massive cuts in the budgets for investigative journalism. A2002 study concluded that investigative journalism has all but disappeared from the nations commercial airwaves, the major media conglomerates have found ways to retain their audience without the risks of offending advertisers inherent in investigative journalism. C. Raising Hell, Straight Talk with Investigative Journalists, by Ron Chepesiuk, Haney Howell, tell Me No Lies, Investigative Journalism That Changed the World, John Pilger, ed.2005
Investigative journalism
–
Journalism
22.
Der Spiegel
–
Der Spiegel is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg. It is one of Europes largest publications of its kind, with a circulation of 840,000. Spiegel Online, the sibling of Der Spiegel, was launched in 1994 with an independent editorial staff. Typically, the magazine has a content to advertising ratio of 2,1, Der Spiegel is known in German-speaking countries mostly for its investigative journalism. It has played a key role in uncovering many political scandals such as the Spiegel scandal in 1962, according to The Economist, Der Spiegel is one of continental Europes most influential magazines. The first edition of Der Spiegel was published in Hanover on Saturday,4 January 1947 and its release was initiated and sponsored by the British occupational administration and preceded by a magazine titled Diese Woche, which had first been published in November 1946. After disagreements with the British, the magazine was handed over to Rudolf Augstein as chief editor, from the first edition in January 1947, Augstein held the position of editor-in-chief, which he retained until his death on 7 November 2002. After 1950, the magazine was owned by Rudolf Augstein and John Jahr, in 1969, Augstein bought out Gruner + Jahr for DM42 million and became the sole owner of Der Spiegel. In 1971, Gruner + Jahr bought back a 25% share in the magazine, in 1974, Augstein restructured the company to make the employees shareholders. All employees with more than three years seniority were offered the opportunity to become an associate and participate in the management of the company, since 1952, Der Spiegel has been headquartered in its own building in the old town part of Hamburg. From 15,000 copies in 1947, it grew to 65,000 in 1948 and 437,000 in 1961 and it was nearly 500,000 copies in 1962. By the 1970s, it had reached a plateau at about 900,000 copies, when the German re-unification in 1990 made it available to a new readership in former East Germany, the circulation exceeded one million. Since 1988, it has produced the TV programme Spiegel TV, during the second quarter of 1992 the circulation of Der Spiegel was 1.1 million copies. In 1994, Spiegel Online was launched and it has separate and independent editorial staff from Der Spiegel. In 1999 the circulation of Der Spiegel was 1,061,000 copies, Der Spiegel had an average circulation of 1,076,000 copies in 2003. In 2007 the magazine started a new regional supplement in Switzerland and it was the first regional supplement of the magazine which covers 50-page review of Switzerland. In 2010 Der Spiegel was employing the equivalent of 80 full-time fact checkers, the same year it was the third best-selling general interest magazine in Europe with a circulation of 1,016,373 copies. When Stefan Aust took over in 1994, the magazines readers realised that his personality was different from his predecessor, in 2005, a documentary by Stephan Lamby quoted him as follows, We stand at a very big cannon
Der Spiegel
–
1 May 2004 issue
Der Spiegel
–
Old Spiegel headquarters,
Hamburg
Der Spiegel
–
New Spiegel headquarters since 2011,
Hamburg
23.
Christian Democratic Union (Germany)
–
The Christian Democratic Union of Germany is a Christian democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany. It is the major party of the centre-right in German politics. The CDU forms the CDU/CSU grouping, also known as the Union, the leader of the CDU, Angela Merkel, is the current Chancellor of Germany. The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International, International Democrat Union, immediately following the collapse of the Nazi dictatorship at the end of World War II, the need for a new political order in Germany was paramount. Simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout Germany, each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party, the Christlich-Demokratische Union was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945, and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year. The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of members of the Centre Party, German Democratic Party, German National Peoples Party. In the Cold War years, after World War II up to the 1960s, a prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board. One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party. It was therefore crucial to create a party of Christian Democrats – a Christian Democratic Union. The result of meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism. The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification, even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union, the Western powers appreciated the CDUs moderation, its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the Communists, which appealed to European voters at the time. Also, Adenauer was trusted by the British, the party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state. Adenauer staunchly defended his position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents. He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-Communist position, the CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949. Konrad Adenauer remained the leader until 1963, at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him. As the Free Democratic Party withdrew from the coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy. Consequently, a coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger. The CDU continued its role as opposition until 1982, when the FDP’s withdrawal from the coalition with the SPD allowed the CDU to regain power, CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU-FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election
Christian Democratic Union (Germany)
–
Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany and leader of the CDU
Christian Democratic Union (Germany)
–
Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
Christian Democratic Union (Germany)
–
The election poster of 1957: "No experiments", featuring then Chancellor
Konrad Adenauer.
Christian Democratic Union (Germany)
–
East German CDU leader
Lothar de Maizière (left) with West German CDU leader Helmut Kohl, September 1990
24.
Plutonium
–
Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is a metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states and it reacts with carbon, halogens, nitrogen, silicon and hydrogen. When exposed to moist air, it forms oxides and hydrides that can expand the sample up to 70% in volume and it is radioactive and can accumulate in bones, which makes the handling of plutonium dangerous. Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14,1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new element with atomic number 94. Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto, wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the capture of natural uranium-238. Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons. Plutonium-240 exhibits a high rate of fission, raising the neutron flux of any sample containing it. The presence of plutonium-240 limits a plutonium samples usability for weapons or its quality as reactor fuel, plutonium-238 has a half-life of 88 years and emits alpha particles. It is a source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power some spacecraft. Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized reactors, producing plutonium in useful quantities for the first time was a major part of the Manhattan Project during World War II that developed the first atomic bombs. The Fat Man bombs used in the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945, Human radiation experiments studying plutonium were conducted without informed consent, and several criticality accidents, some lethal, occurred after the war. Disposal of plutonium waste from power plants and dismantled nuclear weapons built during the Cold War is a nuclear-proliferation. Other sources of plutonium in the environment are fallout from numerous above-ground nuclear tests, Plutonium, like most metals, has a bright silvery appearance at first, much like nickel, but it oxidizes very quickly to a dull gray, although yellow and olive green are also reported. At room temperature plutonium is in its α form and this, the most common structural form of the element, is about as hard and brittle as gray cast iron unless it is alloyed with other metals to make it soft and ductile. Unlike most metals, it is not a conductor of heat or electricity
Plutonium
–
Plutonium, 94 Pu
Plutonium
–
A ring of
weapons-grade 99.96% pure electrorefined plutonium, enough for one
bomb core. The ring weighs 5.3 kg, is ca. 11 cm in diameter and its shape helps with
criticality safety.
Plutonium
–
Various oxidation states of plutonium in solution
Plutonium
–
Plutonium
pyrophoricity can cause it to look like a glowing ember under certain conditions.
25.
Bundesnachrichtendienst
–
The Federal Intelligence Service (German, Bundesnachrichtendienst is the foreign intelligence agency of Germany, directly subordinated to the Chancellors Office. Its headquarters are in Pullach near Munich, and Berlin, the BND has 300 locations in Germany and foreign countries. In 2005, the BND employed around 6,050 people, 10% of them Bundeswehr soldiers, the budget of the BND for 2015 was €615,577,000. The BND acts as a warning system to alert the German government to threats to German interests from abroad. It depends heavily on wiretapping and electronic surveillance of international communications, as Germany’s only overseas intelligence service, the BND gathers both military and civil intelligence. While the Strategic Reconnaissance Command of the Bundeswehr also fulfills this mission, there is close cooperation between the BND and the KSA. The BND is a successor to the Gehlen Organization, the most central figure in its history was Reinhard Gehlen, its first president. Its main purpose was to collect information on the Red Army, after the war Gehlen worked with the U. S. occupation forces in West Germany. In 1946 he set up an intelligence agency known as the Gehlen Organization or simply The Org. Many had been operatives of Admiral Wilhelm Canaris wartime Abwehr organization, the latter recruits were later controversial because the SS and its associated groups were notoriously the perpetrators of many Nazi atrocities during the war. The organization worked at first almost exclusively for the CIA, which contributed funding, equipment, cars, gasoline and other materials. On 1 April 1956 the Bundesnachrichtendienst was created from the Gehlen Organization, Reinhard Gehlen became President of the BND and remained its head until 1968. In the first years of oversight by the State Secretary in the chancellery of Konrad Adenauer of the operation in Pullach, the BND continued the ways of its forebear. For the average West German citizen, concerned at the time mainly with improving his existence, espionage was a business, better left for shady characters. The BND racked up its initial East-West cold war successes by concentrating on East Germany, the BNDs reach encompassed the highest political and military levels of the GDR regime. Almost every sphere of life was known to the BND. Unsung analysts at Pullach, with their contacts in the East, figuratively functioned as flies on the wall in ministries, when the Soviet KGB suspected an East German army intelligence officer, a Lieutenant Colonel and BND agent, of spying, the Soviets investigated and shadowed him. The BND was positioned and able to inject forged reports implying that the spy was actually the KGB investigator
Bundesnachrichtendienst
–
Entrance to the Headquarters in Pullach
Bundesnachrichtendienst
–
Official agency emblem
Bundesnachrichtendienst
–
Future BND head office in Berlin under construction
26.
German Visa Affair 2005
–
The claims severely damaged the reputation of his party colleague, Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer. The allegation was that changes had made to the previous tougher visa rules. Some commentators have suggested that the increase in the number of Ukrainians visiting Germany may have promoted a more positive view of Western Europe, in 1999 the German embassy in Kiev, Ukraine alone issued more than 150,000 visas for Germany. Long queues formed in front of the embassy, applicants reported that Ukrainian security personnel demanded DM100 to 500 from applicants to get ahead in the queue. The decree aimed at making travel to Germany easier, when in doubt, the application was to be decided in favour of the applicant. At the same time, visa applications directly from travel agencies were introduced and this regulation was opposed by the Federal Bundesgrenzschutz as well as by the Federal Criminal Police Office, because they feared that it would lead to easier migration into Germany for criminals. They cited a court decision against the manager of a travel agency who organized illegal migration into Germany. The tourists, in case, went underground, became prostitutes or left Germany for other countries of the European Union. As of 2005, it is not clear if Schily intervened further, or if not, on May 2,2001 embassies worldwide were advised to accept the Carnet de Touriste travel insurance introduced by Helmut Kohls CDU in 1995. These insurance documents covered medical costs incurred abroad as well as any costs resulting from deportation and they were accepted in place of a written guarantee by a German citizen to prove that the visa applicant could finance his stay and his return home. The German Automobile Club sold between 120,000 and 150,000 of these documents, the Allianz insurance company sold more than 35,000. The Foreign Office also advised the embassies to accept similar travel insurance documents from the Reiseschutz AG, the press claims this played an important role in the smuggling of people into Germany. The Ministry of the Interior was informed about this by the Federal Crime Agency, in the verdict, this was described as a cold putsch against the law. In July,2001, the Foreign Office prevented applications for visas at travel agencies from October 1,2001, instead of going to a travel agency, once more every applicant had to go to the visa department in an embassy. However, it was assumed that a travel insurance document sufficed as proof of the applicants credit-worthiness, from January 29,2002 the Foreign Office decreed that it was possible to buy and sell travel insurance documents directly in foreign countries. It is said in the press that this increased the problems in Kiev, on February 8,2002 the German ambassador in Kiev, Dietmar Stüdemann, reported that the embassy was flooded with applicants proving their credit-worthiness with travel insurance documents. In March 2003, Volmers Decree later called the Fischer degree-since it was his responsibility, was cancelled, once more, applicants credit-worthiness had to be examined. From April 2003, travel documents were no longer accepted
German Visa Affair 2005
–
Joschka Fischer
27.
Volkswagen
–
Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on May 28,1937 by the German Labour Front and headquartered in Wolfsburg. It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group and is the largest automaker worldwide, Volkswagen is German for peoples car, and the companys current international advertising slogan is just Volkswagen. American English pronunciation is approximately volks wagon, for vehicle timeline tables, see, Volkswagen. Volkswagen was originally established in 1937 by the German Labour Front, in the early 1930s, the German auto industry was still largely composed of luxury models, and the average German could rarely afford anything more than a motorcycle. As a result, only one German out of 50 owned a car, seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent peoples car projects – the Mercedes 170H, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1. 3L, among others. The trend was not new, as Béla Barényi is credited with having conceived the design in the mid-1920s. Josef Ganz developed the Standard Superior, in Germany, the company Hanomag mass-produced the 2/10 PS Komissbrot, a small, cheap rear engined car, from 1925 to 1928. Also, in Czechoslovakia, the Hans Ledwinkas penned Tatra T77, Ferdinand Porsche, a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars, had been trying for years to get a manufacturer interested in a small car suitable for a family. He felt the cars at the time were just stripped down big cars. He wanted his German citizens to have the access to a car as the Americans. The Peoples Car would be available to citizens of the Third Reich through a plan at 990 Reichsmark —about the price of a small motorcycle. Despite heavy lobbying in favor of one of the existing projects, thus, Hitler chose to sponsor an all-new, state-owned factory using Ferdinand Porsches design. The intention was that ordinary Germans would buy the car by means of a savings scheme, however, the entire project was financially unsound, and only the corruption and lack of accountability of the Nazi regime made it possible. Prototypes of the car called the KdF-Wagen, appeared from 1938 onwards, the car already had its distinctive round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine. The VW car was just one of many KdF programs, which included such as tours. The prefix Volks— was not just applied to cars, but also to products in Germany. On May 28,1937, Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH, more than a year later, on September 16,1938, it was renamed to Volkswagenwerk GmbH. Erwin Komenda, the longstanding Auto Union chief designer, part of Ferdinand Porsches hand-picked team, developed the car body of the prototype and it was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnel—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s
Volkswagen
–
Model of
Porsche Type 12 (Zündapp), Museum of Industrial Culture,
Nuremberg
Volkswagen
–
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
–
VW Type 82E
Volkswagen
–
Volkswagen factory
28.
Berliner Zeitung
–
The Berliner Zeitung is a German daily newspaper based in Berlin, Germany. It was founded in East Germany in 1945 and continued publication after the reunification, Berliner Zeitung was first published on 21 May 1945 in East Berlin. The paper, a daily, is published by Berliner Verlag. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the paper was bought by Gruner + Jahr, Gruner + Jahr later became sole owners and relaunched it in 1997 with a completely new design. A stated goal was to turn the Berliner Zeitung into Germanys Washington Post, the daily says its journalists come from east and west, and it styles itself as a young, modern and dynamic paper for the whole of Germany. It is the only East German paper to achieve national prominence since reunification, in 2003, the Berliner was Berlins largest subscription newspaper—the weekend edition sells approximately 207,800 copies, with a readership of 468,000. The current editor-in-chief is Brigitte Fehrle, Gruner + Jahr decided to leave the newspaper business and sold the Berliner Zeitung in 2002 to the publishing group Georg von Holtzbrinck. This sale was forbidden by the German authorities since Holtzbrinck already owned another major Berlin newspaper, Der Tagesspiegel, the Berliner Zeitung was then sold in the fall of 2005 for an estimated 150–180 million euros to the British company Mecom Group and the American company Veronis Suhler Stevenson. The employees criticized this sale vehemently, fearing that journalistic quality could suffer as a result of excessive profit expectations by Mecom boss David Montgomery, the Berliner Zeitung is the first German newspaper to fall under the control of foreign investors. Davids obsession at that time was removing as much traditional reporting as possible from the paper, on 23 March 2009, it was announced that the Berliner Verlag would be sold by Mecom to the publisher M. DuMont Schauberg in Cologne. The price is about 152 million Euro, Mecom was forced to sell its publishing interests in Germany as well as Norway because of heavy debts. David Montgomery, They never saw him coming
Berliner Zeitung
–
Sample front page of Berliner Zeitung
Berliner Zeitung
–
Berliner Zeitung Headquarters
Berliner Zeitung
–
Portrait of Rudolf Herrnstadt (1952).
29.
Giovanni di Lorenzo
–
Giovanni di Lorenzo is a German-Italian journalist. Editor-in-chief of German nationwide weekly newspaper Die Zeit and former editor-in-chief of Berlins liberal daily newspaper Der Tagesspiegel, additionally di Lorenzo is a prominent talk show host for the Radio Bremen show 3nach9 airing monthly on NDR. Giovanni di Lorenzo was born March 9,1959, in Stockholm, Sweden to a German mother and he spent his early childhood in Rimini and Rome, Italy. After his parents separation, he and his moved to Hanover. He is a citizen of both Germany and Italy, at the age of 15, upon seeing an episode of 3nach9 on the family’s first black-and-white TV-set, di Lorenzo allegedly announced his wish to someday host the show. Today, after nearly 16 years on the job, di Lorenzo is the longest serving host on 3nach9, in Hanover di Lorenzo attended the Ratsgymnasium and the Tellkampfschule, from which he graduated in 1979. During his senior year of school, an internship at Hanovers daily newspaper Neue Presse prompted di Lorenzo to pursue a career in journalism. He continued working for Neue Presse until 1982 and it was there where he met his future mentor Michael Radtke. His first article was published under the pseudonym Hans Lorentz, because the editor in charge believed his name to be a pen name, di Lorenzo attended Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he majored in communication studies, modern history, and political science. His Master’s thesis was entitled Strategy and Ascent of Private Television in Italy Exemplified by the Networks of Silvio Berlusconi, di Lorenzo is a passionate cook. Learning how to cook, he stated, was an act of self-defense, after their move to Hanover, di Lorenzo quickly felt the need to emulate his father, who is also a good cook. Because of his work schedule, he now often lacks time to go about his hobby. From 2005 to 2015 he had a relationship with Sabrina Staubitz, di Lorenzo is a citizen of both Germany and Italy. In the aftermath of the European Parliament election on May 25,2014, he said on a show that he had voted twice, once in the Italian consulate. It was quickly pointed out to him that every EU citizen was allowed one vote. He soon made a statement that he was unaware of the law in this case and apologized
Giovanni di Lorenzo
–
Giovanni di Lorenzo
30.
Documentary film
–
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
Documentary film
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
Documentary film
–
Frame from one of
Marinescu's science films (1899).
Documentary film
–
Nanook of the North poster.
Documentary film
–
In this shot from
Man with the Movie Camera,
Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot
31.
Tagesspiegel
–
Der Tagesspiegel is a German daily newspaper. It has regional correspondent offices in Washington D. C. and it is the only major newspaper in the capital to have increased its circulation—now 148, 000—since reunification. For more than 45 years, Der Tagesspiegel was owned by an independent trust and its current publisher is Dieter von Holtzbrinck with editors in chief Stephan-Andreas Casdorff and Lorenz Maroldt. Lorenz Maroldt was noted for using the phrase entartete Werkstatt der Kulturen. Pierre Gerckens, Giovanni di Lorenzo and Hermann Rudolph are editors of the newspaper, some of the notable writers include Bas Kast and Harald Martenstein. The papers main readership is in the half of the city, due to the 1948 blockade having stopped its circulation in East Berlin. The paper has recently redesigned, introducing more color and a clearer typeface. In 2005 it was awarded the Worlds Best-Designed Newspapers Award by the Society for News Design in New York and it is owned by Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH, a member of the Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, and associated with the Wall Street Journal. In 2009, Dieter von Holtzbrinck bought Der Tagesspiegel and Handelsblatt from Holtzbrinck, from 2005 to 2007, American journalist Michael Scaturro edited the English-language version of Der Tagesspiegel, which was known as The Berlin Paper. In 2007 and 2008 Der Tagesspiegels Washington D. C. correspondent and he wrote a book entitled Barack Obama – Der schwarze Kennedy. The literal translation of its German title is Barack Obama – the Black Kennedy and his book was a bestseller in Germany, where other commentators had also compared the two Americans. Official website Society for News Design Tagesspiegel Worlds Best-Designed Detail Page
Tagesspiegel
–
The 17 September 2010 front page of Der Tagesspiegel
Tagesspiegel
–
Der Tagesspiegel
32.
Die Zeit
–
Die Zeit is a German national weekly newspaper published in Hamburg in north west Germany. The first edition of Die Zeit was first published in Hamburg on 21 February 1946, the founding publishers were Gerd Bucerius, Lovis H. Lorenz, Richard Tüngel and Ewald Schmidt di Simoni. Another important founder was Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, who joined as an editor in 1946, the publishing house, Zeitverlag Gerd Bucerius in Hamburg, is owned by the Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group and Dieter von Holtzbrinck Media. The paper is published weekly on Thursdays, the paper is considered to be highbrow. Its political direction is centrist and liberal, but has oscillated a number of times between slightly left-leaning and slightly right-leaning and it is known for its very large physical paper format and its long and detailed articles. The 1993 circulation of Die Zeit was 500,000 copies, with a circulation of 504,072 for the second half of 2012 and an estimated readership of slightly above 2 million, it is the most widely read German weekly newspaper. It reached 520,000 copies in the first quarter of 2013, Zeit has published Zeitmagazin International twice a year since 2013. It contains articles from the magazine which accompanies the newspaper. A selection of stories are published in English at http, //www. zeit. de/english/index Official website
Die Zeit
–
The 7 October 2006 front page of Die Zeit
33.
New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
New York Times
–
A speech in the newsroom after announcement of
Pulitzer Prize winners, 2009
34.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
35.
Goethe-Institut
–
The Goethe-Institut fosters knowledge about Germany by providing information on German culture, society and politics. This includes the exchange of films, music, theatre, Goethe cultural societies, reading rooms, and exam and language centers have played a role in the cultural and educational policies of Germany for more than 60 years. It is named after German poet and statesman Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the Goethe-Institut e. V. is autonomous and politically independent. Partners of the institute and its centers are public and private institutions, the federal states, local authorities. Much of the Goethe-Instituts overall budget consists of yearly grants from the German Foreign Office, the relationship with the Foreign Office is governed by general agreement. Self-generated income and contributions from sponsors and patrons, partners and friends broaden the scope of the work of the Goethe-Institut,1951, The Goethe-Institut was founded as successor to the German Academy, which was founded in 1925. Its first task was to further training for foreign German teachers in Germany. 1953, The first language courses run by the Goethe-Institut began in Bad Reichenhall, due to growing demand, new centres of learning were opened in Murnau and Kochel, the focus of selection being on towns which were small and idyllic and which showed post-war Germany at its best. Lessons were taught from the first textbook developed by the Goethe-Institut, 1953-55, The first foreign lectureships of what was the German Academy were taken on by the Goethe-Institut. Responsibilities include German tuition, teacher training and providing a program of events to accompany courses. 1959-60, On the initiative of the head of the sector of the Foreign Office, Dieter Sattler. 1968, Influenced by the student revolts of the late 1960s the Goethe-Institut readjusted its program of events to include socio-political topics. 1970, Acting on behalf of the Foreign Office, Ralf Dahrendorf developed his principles for foreign cultural policy. Cultural work involving dialog and partnership was declared the third pillar of German foreign policy, during the Willy Brandt era, the concept of extended culture formed the basis of activities at the Goethe-Institut. 1976, The Foreign Office and the Goethe-Institut signed an agreement governing the status of the Goethe-Institut. 1980, A new concept regarding the location of institutes within Germany was drawn up, places of instruction in small towns, mostly in Bavaria, were replaced by institutes in cities and university towns. 1989/90, The fall of the Berlin Wall marked a point for the Goethe-Institut. Its activities in the 1990s were centred on Eastern Europe, numerous new institutes were set up as a result
Goethe-Institut
–
Goethe Institut Kuala Lumpur
Goethe-Institut
–
Goethe-Institut
Goethe-Institut
–
Goethe-Institut, Prague
Goethe-Institut
–
Goethe Institut Oslo
36.
Mossack Fonseca
–
Mossack Fonseca & Co. is a Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider. Founded in 1977, it is the fourth biggest provider of offshore services. Until the publication of the Panama Papers, it was mostly obscure, in fact, it sits at the heart of the global offshore industry, and acts for about 300,000 companies. More than half are registered in British tax havens – as well as in the UK, the firm was founded by German lawyer Jürgen Mossack in 1977 and joined by Panamanian novelist/lawyer Ramón Fonseca in 1986. It later added a third director, Swiss lawyer Christoph Zollinger and it specializes in commercial law, trust services, investor advisory, and international business structures. It also offers intellectual property protection and maritime law services, an internal memorandum revealed in the 2016 Panama papers leak noted that 95% of the companys work consists of selling vehicles to avoid taxes. In 2013, the firm was described as one of seven that collectively represented more than half of the companies incorporated in Panama. The firm also houses several Panama-incorporated companies within its offices and it is one of the largest firms in the corporate services industry. However, the claims that its volume represents only around 5% of the global financial services legal industry. According to The Economist, the firm has 5 to 10% of the shell company market. The firm has nine offices in China, several in Latin America, others in the United States and Europe, lawyers from the firm have been sent to foreign countries to promote business in Panama and Panamanian financial products. Mossack established operations in the British Virgin Islands in 1987, where it incorporated more than 100,000 companies. The firm was consulted by the country of Niue when it sought to become a financial center. However, American banks imposed embargoes on bank transfers to Niue in 2001, accounts of the firms clients were moved from Niue to American Samoa. The firm has allegedly helped foreign citizens circumvent their local tax laws, the firms founder has argued that it simply helps its clients achieve privacy, and that it now complies with know your customer regulations. Jürgen Mossack testified under oath that M. F, despite Mossack Fonsecas claim that it did not own MF Corporate Services, a Nevada judge ruled that the subpoena against Mossack Fonseca was valid. The firm was fighting an order that it turn over the details of 123 shell companies created by an associate of a former President of Argentina, in February 2015, the firm was implicated in the German governments investigation of money laundering and tax evasion schemes at Commerzbank. In January 2016, employees of the firms Brazilian office were charged in relation to the ongoing Petrobras corruption scandal
Mossack Fonseca
–
Mossack Fonseca & Co.
37.
International Center for Journalists
–
International Center for Journalists is a non-profit, professional organization located in Washington, D. C. United States, that promotes journalism worldwide, since 1984, the International Center for Journalists has worked directly with more than 70,000 journalists from 180 countries over 27 years. ICFJ offers hands-on training, workshops, seminars, fellowships and international exchanges to reporters and media managers around the globe. ICFJ trains citizen and professional journalists in many countries, such as China, Mexico, Pakistan to Ghana and in Arab world in Egypt, Tunisia, and in Jordan at the Jordan Media Institute. They believed that the role of the news media is to expose, investigate. Although the founders are no longer involved directly with ICFJ, their families continue to support the organization still today, winships son, Tom, currently serves on the Corporate Board, and his daughter Margaret Winship is on ICFJs Board of Directors. Ewings wife Ruth supports ICFJ, especially in the development of ICFJs environmental journalism department, in 2006, ICFJ established the ICFJ Founders Award for Excellence in Journalism as a tribute to Winship, Ewing and Krimsky. This award is presented to a journalist with a commitment to the highest standards of the profession. Past recipients include CBS News Bob Schieffer, NBC News Tom Brokaw, The New York Times John F. Burns and investigative journalist Seymour Hersh. The program, launched in 1994 with support from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, the International Journalists’ Network is an online service that provides information on a wide range of training opportunities to a global network of journalists and media development organizations. The site offers the latest social networking tools, discussion spaces, IJNet also sends weekly e-mail bulletins in Arabic, English, Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish to more than 17,000 media professionals. IJNet keeps track of media training and other efforts in more than 150 countries, enabling donors and journalism training organizations to maximize resources. Support for IJNet comes from the Eurasia Foundation, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, the National Endowment for Democracy, International Center for Journalists ICFJ/Knight International Journalism Fellowships International Journalists’ Network Tynes, Natasha. Training Journalists Got Me Five Years in Egyptian Prison -- But Please Dont Call Me Activist, ICFJ Condemns Outrageous Verdict in Egypt. African News Innovation Winners Focus on Citizen Engagement, Investigative Tools and Whistleblower Security
International Center for Journalists
–
International Center for Journalists (ICFJ)
38.
El Trece
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Eltrece is an Argentine television network and the flagship station of the same network, located in the capital of Argentina, Buenos Aires. Channel 13 was founded on October 1,1960 and began broadcasting at 20,30, the channel was tendered to the company Rio de la Plata SA TV, made by Cuban Goar Mestre, the U. S. network CBS and Time-Life company. In the mid-1960s, Editorial Atlantida and Mestres wife bought the shares of the channel, since then, the channel began to compete strongly with the other two open private channels in the city of Buenos Aires, which had gone through a similar process. However, the continued under public administration, as it was always been since the Peron years. The Navy helped the station in its transition to color broadcasts on Labor Day, May 1,1980, since then, the channel is positioned as the second in the TV ratings in Buenos Aires, competing against Telefe. Since 1996, the channel operates with Pol-ka Producciones, owned by actor and producer Adrian Suar, between 1997 and 2000, the channel used the slogan La Tele. In 2000, the name of the Canal 13, becomes on Canal Trece, opens the slogan La Tele del 2000 and is a restyling of the logo, with new graphics. In 2001, acquired the slogan Youre home, in 2002 he started a new trend, changing the institutional and aesthetic graphics package every year. In the last decade, the channel remained in second place, in the second half of the last decade, more precisely in 2005, landed Diego Armando Maradona, to conduct the program of entertainment the night of 10. In December of that year, Art bought 30% of the shares of the producer of Marcelo Tinelli, in 2006, caused great impact on audiences, the arrival of Marcelo Tinelli and his production ideas from the south. In December 2008, became a relaunch of Art. In January 2009, changed the graphics and ID, but kept the logo, in April of that year, after several failed attempts, has launched its own international signal, which is broadcast in over 20 countries via cable and satellite. On September 21,2009, The Thirteen made a renewal, premiering new graphics and ID. El Trece was the first Argentine TV station to conduct test color broadcasts in 1969 and these experiments were conducted entirely by private contributions of technicians and engineers of the canal, with equipment of the firm Sony, using the U. S. NTSC colour TV standard. The experiments consisted of transmission from a study of an image, using the facilities and transmitter channel. The signal was received at a receiver located at the home of a canal engineer, later Argentina choose a variation of the European PAL standard, PAL-N. El Trece became the 2nd station to be converted to color on midnight of May 1,1980, the presenter responsible for making the transfer of black and white television to colour on Argentina was Pinky. This was followed by the Argentine National Anthem, with an image of the Flag of Argentina on the colour screens and my Fair Lady then came next, thus becoming the first programme to be aired in colour
El Trece
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