1.
Sabang, Indonesia
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Sabang is a City consisting of a main island and several smaller islands off the northern tip of Sumatra. The islands form a city within Aceh Special Region, Indonesia, the administrative centre is located on Weh Island,17 km north of Banda Aceh. The city covers an area of 153.0 square kilometres and according to the 2010 census had a population of 30,653 people, Sabang is also known as the northernmost and westernmost city in Indonesia, located at 95.5 E,6.0 N. The Japanese occupied the island and installed numerous bunkers, fortifications and their remnants can still be seen, though most have been re-purposed or removed. With the details, Sukajaya has 10 villages and Sukakarya has 8 villages, listed below with the name of all villages in Sabang with 2016 data, Sabang is served by the Maimun Saleh Airport. The airport is located southeast of the city on Weh Island. The City hosted an international sail tourism event in September 2011, the sail race was participated in by around 50 ships with 15 crew members each. Besides sailing they visited interesting places packed in a tourism, visit Gapang Beach. List of beaches in Indonesia Official Sabang City
2.
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
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Jan Pieterszoon Coen was an officer of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia in the early seventeenth century, holding two terms as its Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. He was the founder of Batavia, the city of the Dutch East Indies. Renowned for providing the impulse that set the VOC on the path to dominance in the Dutch East Indies, consequently, since the independence of Indonesia he has been looked at in a more critical light, and historians view his often violent means to have been excessive. Coen was known in his time on account of strict governance and harsh criticism of people who did not share his views, Coen was known to be strict towards subordinates and merciless to his opponents. His willingness to use violence to obtain his ends was too much for many, specx only escaped the death penalty by drowning because she was still underage. Further but more extensive actions perpetrated by order of Coen, are recounted in a BBC Television documentary series The Spice Trail, Coen was born at Hoorn on 8 January 1587 and raised by his family in accordance with strict Calvinist principles. In 1601 he travelled to Rome to study trade in the offices of the Fleming Joost de Visscher, joining the Dutch United East India Company, he made trading voyages to East Indies in 1607 with the fleet of Pieter Verhoeff. During the journey, Verhoeff and 50 of his men were killed during negotiations with the chiefs of the Banda Islands, upon his return to Holland in 1610, Coen submitted an important report on trade possibilities in Southeast Asia to the company’s directors. As a result of this report, he was sent overseas, in 1612. In 1614, he was made director-general, second in command, on 25 October 1617 the XVII Lords of the VOC appointed him their fourth governor-general in the East Indies. As a merchant and Calvinist, Coen was convinced of the necessity of strict enforcement of contracts entered into with Asian rulers and he therefore aided Indonesian princes against their indigenous rivals or against other European powers and was given commercial monopolies for the company in return. Thus the Dutch, at the price of military and naval investment. Between 1614 and 1618, Coen secured a monopoly in the Moluccas. The inhabitants of Banda had been selling the spices to the English, despite contracts with the VOC which obliged them to only to the VOC. Many thousands of inhabitants were massacred and replaced by slave labour from other islands to make way for Dutch planters, of the 15,000 inhabitants it is believed only about a thousand survived on the island. Eight hundred people were deported to Batavia, on account of disputes at the head office in Bantam with natives, the Chinese, and the English, the VOC desired a better central headquarters. Coen thus directed more of the trade through Jakarta, where it had established a factory in 1610. However, not trusting the native ruler, he decided in 1618 to convert the Dutch warehouses into a fort, while away on an expedition the English had taken control over the town
3.
Netherland Line
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The companys motto, Semper Mare Navigandum, conveniently fitted the same initials. The SMN was founded on May 13th,1870 in Amsterdam for the trade between North Western Europe and the former Dutch East Indies via the newly opened Suez Canal, one of the founders was Prince Hendrik, nicknamed The Seafarer. Initially all transport to and from the East Indies was by mail boat and these vessels carried passengers, mail and some freight, and a fast and regular service was required. Passengers from or for Holland often went by train to and from Naples, Marseilles or Genoa in order to keep the time as short as possible. In the early days the company profited from shipping goods produced by the plantations and industries in the East Indies, from Bangka tin to tobacco. From Europe came manufactured goods, factory equipment and railroad materials, from 1870 to 1879 the company used its own warehouses in Den Helder for loading and unloading. With the 1876 opening of the Noordzeekanaal connecting Amsterdam directly to the North Sea an easier route to its base became available. The Oostelijke Handelskade and the Java and Sumatra docks became the center of the SMN in The Netherlands, in Europe ships called regularly at Amsterdam, Southampton and Genoa. In the Dutch East Indies ships plied mainly to the ports on the northern coast of the island of Java, e. g. Jakarta, Surabaya, coal was regularly taken at Valletta, Port Said, Aden, Colombo and Sabang. During the Second World War many of the ships were commandeered to support the Allied military effort. Following the birth of the State of Indonesia in 1949, in the 1960s SMN acquired Hollandsche Stoomboot Maatschappij with regular services to England and West Africa. Starting in the late 1950s, the advent of air travel spelled the end of the ocean liners. The companys passenger routes were closed and the ships sold, leaving the company to concentrate on freight, hailing from Amsterdam, SMN always enjoyed friendly competition and rivalry with Rotterdam shipping company Rotterdamsche Lloyd, especially on the East Indies route. In 1963 SMN and KRL jointly founded Nedlloyd Lines, from 1968 the SMN also closely cooperated with KJCPL–RIL of Amsterdam and Hong Kong. This cooperation amongst friendly Dutch shipowners eventually resulted in a full merger, in 1981 the Koninklijke Nederlandsche Stoomboot-Maatschappij completed the group. In 1996, Koninklijke Nedlloyd merged its container shipping interests with the British company P&O to become, as P&O Nedlloyd, in 2005 A. P. Moller-Maersk Group from Denmark acquired P&O Nedlloyd and the newly formed Maersk Line subsequently became the world’s largest container shipping line. SMN headquartered at the IJgracht in Amsterdam, later at the Scheepvaarthuis together with other shipping companies, employees arriving by bicycle came through the side entrance and used the famous Paternoster elevators to reach their floors. A monumental staircase led directly to the directors floor, the company also maintained offices in Jakarta
4.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
5.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
6.
Batavia, Dutch East Indies
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Batavia was the name of the capital city of the Dutch East Indies and corresponds to the present-day city of Jakarta. The establishment of Batavia at the site of the city of Jayakarta by the Dutch in 1619 led to the Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. Batavia became the center of the Dutch East India Companys trading network in Asia, monopolies on nutmeg, black pepper, cloves and cinnamon were augmented by non-indigenous cash crops like coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco, rubber, sugar and opium. To safeguard their commercial interests, the company and the colonial administration, Batavia lies on the north coast of Java, in a sheltered bay, over a flat land consisting of marshland and hills, and crisscrossed with canals. Batavia was a city for about 320 years until 1942 when the Dutch East Indies fell under Japanese occupation during World War II. During the Japanese occupation and again after Indonesian nationalists declared independence on August 17,1945, the period started with the founding of the walled city of Batavia by the Dutch East India Company following the destruction of the port city of Jayakarta. The period ends with the dissolution of the Dutch East India Company, in 1595, merchants from Amsterdam embarked upon an expedition to the East Indies archipelago. Under the command of Cornelis de Houtman, the expedition reached Bantam, capital of the Sultanate of Banten, in 1602, the English East India Companys first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Bantam. There he was allowed to build a trading post that became the center of English trade in Indonesia until 1682, in 1602, the Dutch government granted a monopoly on Asian trade to the Dutch East India Company. In 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in Bantam, in 1610, Prince Jayawikarta granted permission to Dutch merchants to build a wooden godown and houses on the east bank of the Ciliwung River, opposite to Jayakarta. This outpost was established in 1611, as Dutch power increased, Jayawikarta allowed the British to erect houses on the west bank of the Ciliwung River, as well as a fort close to his customs office post, to keep the forces balanced. In December 1618, the relationship between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch escalated, and Jayawikartas soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress, containing the godowns Nassau. A British fleet of 15 ships arrived under the leadership of Sir Thomas Dale, after a sea battle, the newly appointed Dutch governor, Jan Pieterszoon Coen, escaped to the Moluccas to seek support. Meanwhile, the commander of the Dutch garrison, Pieter van den Broecke, along with five men, was arrested during negotiations. Later, Jayawikarta and the British entered into a friendship agreement, the Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the British when, in 1619, Banten sent a group of soldiers to summon Prince Jayawikarta. Jayawikartas friendship agreement with the British was without approval from the Bantenese authorities. The conflict between Banten and Prince Jayawikarta, as well as the relationship between Banten and the British, presented a new opportunity for the Dutch. Coen returned from the Moluccas with reinforcements on 28 May 1619 and razed Jayakarta to the ground on 30 May 1619, only the Padrão of Sunda Kelapa remained
7.
Passenger ship
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A passenger ship is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers on the sea. The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight, only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated. While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine, passenger ships have also used as troopships. An ocean liner is the form of passenger ship. Once such liners operated on scheduled line voyages to all inhabited parts of the world, with the advent of airliners transporting passengers and specialized cargo vessels hauling freight, line voyages have almost died out. Her success demonstrated that there was a market for large cruise ships, successive classes of ever-larger ships were ordered, until the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was finally dethroned from her 56-year reign as the largest passenger ship ever built. Both the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 and her successor as Cunards flagship RMS Queen Mary 2, QM2 was superseded by the Freedom of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built, however, QM2 still hold the record for the largest ocean liner. The Freedom of the Seas was superseded by the Oasis of the Seas in October 2009, by convention and long usage, the size of civilian passenger ships is measured by gross tonnage, which is a dimensionless figure calculated from the total enclosed volume of the vessel. Gross tonnage is not a measure of weight, although the two concepts are often confused, weight is measured by displacement, which is the conventional means of measuring naval vessels. Often a passenger ship is stated to weigh or displace a certain tonnage, but the figure given nearly always refers to gross tonnage, gross tonnage normally is a much higher value than displacement. However, by the conventional and historical measure of gross tonnage, the Oasis of the Seas measures over 225,000 GT, over twice as large as the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s. Power is also unavailable to the crew of the ship to operate electrically powered mechanisms, lack of an adequate backup system to propel the ship can, in rough seas, render it dead in the water and result in loss of the ship. It is believed some owners and operators of ships built before 1980, fred Olsens Black Prince, built in 1966 was one such ship, but was reported to be headed for inter-island service in Venezuelan waters. The International Ice Patrol was formed in 1914 after the sinking of the RMS Titanic to address the issue of iceberg collision
8.
IJmuiden
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IJmuiden is a port city in the Dutch province of North Holland and is the main town in the municipality of Velsen. It is located at the mouth of the North Sea Canal to Amsterdam, the internal capitalization in the citys spelling is because IJ is a digraph in Dutch, and is therefore sometimes considered to be a ligature, rendering it a single letter. The port of IJmuiden is a port suited to fully laden Panamax ships. In the Roman era, this Velsen district was already inhabited, present day IJmuiden includes four harbors, the vissershaven, a fishing dock, the haringhaven, the IJmondhaven and the Seaport Marina IJmuiden, a harbour for pleasure craft. IJmuiden became the largest fishing port of the Netherlands after the island of Urk became closed in by the Afsluitdijk, the town suffered heavy damage and demolition during World War II, because of its maritime importance. Before the present IJmuiden was built, the area was known as Breesaap, the first spade hit the ground on 8 April 1865. He dubbed the town IJmuiden after passing the locks from the North Sea into the canal, the workers who dug the canal later settled there, they found work after the canal was finished in the fishing industry, but many also suffered extreme poverty. The IJmuiden name literally means “mouth of the IJ”, which is a hint to the importance the town has for the Amsterdam harbour, the name “IJmuiden” first appeared as IJ-muiden in lines written in 1848 by the professor and journalist Simon Vissering. The present IJmuiden form was adopted in 1876, as the North Sea Canal was being completed in this section. In 1890 it had about 1,500 inhabitants, but boomed when the Koninklijke Nederlandse Hoogovens steelworks settled in IJmuiden in 1918, at that time shipping was at a low, because during World War I minesweepers laid many mines off the coast of IJmuiden. The quays at IJmuiden were crowded at that time with people desperate to be transported across the channel, IJmuiden became the site of two separate fortified pens constructed by the German navy to house their Schnellboote and Biber midget submarines. The older structure, codename Schnellbootbunker AY, was protected by a 10-foot thick concrete roof, the newer one, codename Schnellbootbunker BY, had 10–12 feet of concrete, with a further 2–4-foot layer separated by an air–gap. The E-boats laid up in the shelters during the day, safe from air–attack and this included four attacks by No.9 Squadron and No.617 Squadron of the Royal Air Force, during which a total of 53 of the five–ton, Tallboy earthquake bombs were dropped. The story of IJmuiden during the war is told in the Bunker Museum IJmuiden, after the war, the town was rebuilt according to a plan by the architect Willem Marinus Dudok. The statistical area IJmuiden, which includes the surrounding countryside, has a population of 30,466, the headquarters of the KNRM, Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue Institution is located in IJmuiden. The IJmuiden harbour coast line remains the point for the equidistantly set UK-Netherlands sea boundary. The places to see on this route are the Hoogovensmuseum, the system of gates at the mouth of the canal. IJmuiden is home to two of the worlds most powerful water pumps capable of pumping 60,000 litres/second
9.
North Holland
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North Holland is a province in the northwest of the Netherlands. It is situated on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, in 2015, it had a population of 2,762,163 and a total area of 2,670 km2. From the 9th to the 16th century, the area was a part of the County of Holland. During this period West Friesland was incorporated, in the 17th and 18th century, the area was part of the province of Holland. At that time, the distinction between the Noorderkwartier and the Zuiderkwartier became common, in 1840, the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land, the capital and seat of the provincial government is Haarlem, and Amsterdam, the Netherlands capital city, is the provinces largest city. The Kings Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes, there are 51 municipalities and three water boards in the province. For most of its history, the province of North Holland was an integral part of Holland. From the 9th century to the 16th century, Holland was a county ruled by the counts of Holland, during this period an area known as West Friesland was conquered and integrated into Holland. For centuries afterwards Holland would be officially called Holland and West Friesland, the people of West Friesland had a strong sense of identity as a region within Holland. From the 16th century to 1795, Holland was the wealthiest and most important province in the United Provinces in the Dutch Republic, as the richest and most powerful province, Holland dominated the union. During this period a distinction was made between the North Quarter and the South Quarter, areas that roughly correspond to the two modern provinces. The province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813 and this was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795 the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established, in the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments with roughly equal populations, Holland was split up into five departments named Texel, Amstel, Delf, Schelde en Maas, and Rijn. The first three of these lay within the borders of the old Holland, the two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created and this reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province. This time the two departments were called Amstelland and Maasland and this also did not last long
10.
German Navy
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The German Navy is the navy of Germany and part of the unified Bundeswehr, the German Armed Forces. The German Navy was originally known as the Bundesmarine from 1956 until 1995 when Deutsche Marine became the name with respect to the 1990 incorporation of the East German Volksmarine. It is deeply integrated into the NATO alliance and its primary mission is protection of Germanys territorial waters and maritime infrastructure as well as sea lines of communication. Apart from this, the German Navy participates in peacekeeping operations and they also participate in Anti-Piracy operations. The German Navy traces its roots back to the Reichsflotte of the era of 1848–52. The Reichsflotte was the first German navy to sail under the black-red-gold flag, in 1956, with West Germanys accession to NATO, the Bundesmarine, as the navy was known colloquially, was formally established. In the same year the East German Volkspolizei See became the Volksmarine, during the Cold war the all of the German Navys combat vessels were assigned to NATOs Allied Forces Baltic Approachess naval command NAVBALTAP. With the accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 the Volksmarine along with the whole National Peoples Army became part of the Bundeswehr. Since 1995 the name German Navy is used in international context, as of 16 December 2016, the strength of the navy is 16,137 men and women. A number of forces have operated in different periods. The German Navy is also engaged in operations against international terrorism such as Operation Enduring Freedom, presently the largest operation the German Navy is participating in is UNIFIL off the coast of Lebanon. The German contribution to this operation is two frigates, four fast attack craft, and two auxiliary vessels, the naval component of UNIFIL has been under German command. The navy is operating a number of development and testing installations as part of an inter-service, among these is the Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters, an affiliated centre of Allied Command Transformation. The COE CSW was established in April 2007 and officially accredited by NATO on 26 May 2009 and it is co-located with the staff of the German Flotilla 1 in Kiel whose Commander is double-hatted as Director, COE CSW. The displacement of the navy is 220,000 tonnes, in addition, the German Navy and the Royal Danish Navy are in cooperation in the Ark Project. This agreement made the Ark Project responsible for the strategic sealift of German armed forces where the charter of three roll-on-roll-off cargo and troop ships are ready for deployments. In addition, these ships are kept available for the use of the other European NATO countries. The three vessels have a displacement of 60,000 tonnes
11.
Nominal horsepower
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Horsepower is a unit of measurement of power. There are many different standards and types of horsepower, two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower, which is approximately 746 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric motors. The definition of the unit varied among geographical regions, most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power. With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on January 1,2010, units called horsepower have differing definitions, The mechanical horsepower, also known as imperial horsepower equals approximately 745.7 watts. It was defined originally as exactly 550 foot-pounds per second [745.7 N. m/s), the metric horsepower equals approximately 735.5 watts. It was defined originally as 75 kgf-m per second is approximately equivalent to 735.5 watts, the Pferdestärke PS is a name for a group of similar power measurements used in Germany around the end of the 19th century, all of about one metric horsepower in size. The boiler horsepower equals 9809.5 watts and it was used for rating steam boilers and is equivalent to 34.5 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. One horsepower for rating electric motors is equal to 746 watts, one horsepower for rating Continental European electric motors is equal to 735 watts. Continental European electric motors used to have dual ratings, one British Royal Automobile Club horsepower can equal a range of values based on estimates of several engine dimensions. It is one of the tax horsepower systems adopted around Europe, the development of the steam engine provided a reason to compare the output of horses with that of the engines that could replace them. He had previously agreed to take royalties of one third of the savings in coal from the older Newcomen steam engines and this royalty scheme did not work with customers who did not have existing steam engines but used horses instead. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour, the wheel was 12 feet in radius, therefore, the horse travelled 2.4 × 2π ×12 feet in one minute. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds-force. So, P = W t = F d t =180 l b f ×2.4 ×2 π ×12 f t 1 m i n =32,572 f t ⋅ l b f m i n. Watt defined and calculated the horsepower as 32,572 ft·lbf/min, Watt determined that a pony could lift an average 220 lbf 100 ft per minute over a four-hour working shift. Watt then judged a horse was 50% more powerful than a pony, engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22,916 foot-pounds per minute
12.
Zandvoort
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Zandvoort is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Zandvoort is one of the beach resorts of the Netherlands, it has a long sandy beach. It is also the site of the countrys most important automobile racing circuit, Circuit Park Zandvoort, there is a nudist beach located about 2 km to the south, with 6 cafés or restaurants, it extends several kilometers further south. The municipality of Zandvoort consists of the communities of Bentveld and Zandvoort, Zandvoort is known to exist in 1100, called Sandevoerde. Until 1722 the area was under the control of the Lords of Brederode, in 1828 the first resort was inaugurated. Thereafter many notable persons would visit Zandvoort, including Elisabeth of Bavaria in 1884 and 1885, in the middle of the same century, potato cultivation started in the dunes. In 1881 the railway station near the coast opened, followed by tram connection to Haarlem in 1899, in 1905 one of the earliest Dutch fictional films was shot in the town, De mésaventure van een Fransch heertje zonder pantalon aan het strand te Zandvoort. During World War II, Zandvoort was heavily damaged, on May 23,1942, beach access was no longer permitted and several months later the town was almost completely vacated. Resorts and avenues were demolished to make way for the fortifications of the Atlantic Wall. After the war, the growth accelerated, matching the growth in tourism. In 1948, Circuit Park Zandvoort was built, hosting the Dutch Grand Prix for several decades, Zandvoort continues to be a major Dutch resort location, where nearly half of all employment is related to tourism. Zandvoort has a station, with services to Haarlem and Amsterdam. The station is Zandvoort aan Zee railway station, american Impressionist Painter Painted one of his masterpieces here entitled Sunlight and Shadow which hangs in the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha, Nebraska. On 7 August 2007, a 2.5 m tall Lego figure was found in the sea at Zandvoort and it was fished out and placed on the beach. It is wearing a shirt with the slogan No Real Than You Are. Media related to Zandvoort at Wikimedia Commons Official website
13.
Katwijk
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Katwijk is a coastal municipality and town in the province of South Holland, which is situated in the mid-western part of the Netherlands. The Oude Rijn river flows through the town and into the North Sea, Katwijk is located on the North Sea, northwest of Leiden and 16 km north of The Hague. It shares its borders with the municipalities of Noordwijk, Teylingen, Oegstgeest, Leiden, in January 2016, Katwijk had a population of 64.169 and covers an area of 31.13 km2, of which 6.59 km2 is water. Katwijk is by far the largest town in the Duin- en Bollenstreek, the town consists of a number of districts, including namesakes Katwijk aan den Rijn and Katwijk aan Zee. On 1 January 2005 the various districts had the following populations, Katwijk aan den Rijn Katwijk aan Zee Katwijk-Noord Rijnsburg Valkenburg Lying on the coast, Katwijk aan den Rijn lies just slightly inland. Rijnsburg is situated east of Katwijk aan den Rijn whereas Valkenburg finds itself to the south, Katwijk-Noord is situated north of Katwijk aan Zee. Although consisting of separate towns that still today maintain separate identities. The creation of the municipality of Katwijk is a recognition of that fact, the town hall of the current municipality of Katwijk is located in Katwijk aan den Rijn, near the boundary of Katwijk aan Zee. All these districts lie along the Oude Rijn, the name Katwijk probably has its origins in the name of a Germanic tribe called the Chatten. The Dutch word wijk means area, so the name meant something like the Chatti area. In Romans times, Katwijk was a place of strategic importance and it was located at the Roman Empires northern border, at the mouth of the Rhine river, which in Roman times was larger in this area than it is today. There was a deal of traffic along the Rhine. Katwijk was also a point for the voyage to Britain. Built during the reign of Emperor Claudius, the name was Lugdunum Batavorum. The towns name was associated with the name of the city of Leiden. In 1231, the first reference to Catwijck appeared in records, the history of the modern municipality of Katwijk is essentially the history of its constituent parts, which for each village extends back to Roman times. However, Katwijk aan Zee, Katwijk aan den Rijn and Valkenburg were part of the same heerlijkheid called Beide de Katwijken en t Zand and they have been administratively joined for centuries despite their differing characters. Katwijk aan Zee was a town and Katwijk aan den Rijn had an agricultural character
14.
Noordwijk
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Noordwijk is a town and municipality in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 51.45 km2 of which 15.97 km2 is water and had a population of 25,600 in 2014, the municipality of Noordwijk consists of the communities Noordwijk aan Zee and Noordwijk-Binnen, separated by a narrow green belt. Besides its beaches, Noordwijk is also known for its bulb flower fields and it is located in an area called the Dune and Bulb Region. Noordwijk is also the location of the headquarters for the European Space Research and Technology Centre, eSAs visitors centre Space Expo is a permanent space exhibition. Because of this award Noordwijk has been selected for inclusion in the atlas for sustainable tourism DestiNet. A place of pilgrimage, Noordwijk’s history dates back to 2000 BC and this is when the first traces of inhabitants were recorded, with the torture of Jeroen the priest in 857. Jeroen, a Scottish Benedictine monk who came to Noordwijk in 847 to carry out his work and build a chapel. His life came to an end in 857 when he was beheaded by ransacking Normans. His name lived on however, as more than a years later in 980 a Roman chapel was built in his honour. This chapel became a destination for pilgrims. In 1303 a large church was built on the site of the chapel, known as the Middle Aged gothic Great Church. Sint Jeroens skull served as an important relic, Noordwijk soon became known as a place of pilgrimage, which was officially confirmed by the Bishop of Utrecht in 1429. Sint Jeroens church developed over time into a church, which provided Noordwijk with a considerable income. However, the Eighty Years War put an end to this, only by paying a substantial sum to William of Oranges army could the church be saved during the Iconoclastic Fury of 1566. To be on the side however, all Catholic objects were removed from the church, including the most important relic. Tradition has it that his head lies buried somewhere in the church, towards the end of 1800 a new Roman Catholic church was erected in honour of Sint Jeroen. To this day the churchs altar houses the remains of Sint Jeroen. Fishermen, The first inhabitants of Noordwijk were most likely fishermen, the first vierboet was built in 1444, on the site of the current Grand Hotel Huis ter Duin
15.
Scheveningen
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Scheveningen, is one of the eight districts of The Hague, as well as a subdistrict of that city. Scheveningen is a seaside resort with a long, sandy beach, an esplanade, a pier. The beach is popular for sports such as windsurfing and kiteboarding. The harbour is used for fishing and tourism. Some local politicians are trying to re-brand Scheveningen to The Hague Beach and this has created problems with the local population that is proud of the name Scheveningen. Initiatives have been launched to teach people all over the world how to pronounce the name properly and it has its own dialect, which is different from The Hague dialect. The earliest reference to the name Sceveninghe goes back to around 1280, the first inhabitants may have been Anglo-Saxons. Other historians favour a Scandinavian origin, fishing was the main source of food and income. The Battle of Scheveningen was fought between English and Dutch fleets off the coast of the village on 10 August 1653, thousands of people gathered on the shore to watch. A road to neighbouring The Hague was constructed in 1663, in 1470, a heavy storm destroyed the church and half the houses. The village was hit by storms in 1570,1775,1825,1860,1881. After this last storm, the decided to build a harbour. Until then, the boats had had a flat bottom. By around 1870, over 150 of these boats were in use, once the harbour had been constructed in 1904, more modern ships replaced the bomschuiten. In 1818, Jacob Pronk constructed a building on a dune near the sea. It marked the start of Scheveningen as a bathing resort, since then, Scheveningen has attracted numerous tourists from all over Europe, notably from Germany. The hotel and restaurant Kurhaus was opened in 1886, the village attracted a number of Dutch artists over the centuries, who painted the bomschuiten drawn up on the beach, or fishermen at work in the North Sea. The International Skating Union was founded in Scheveningen in 1892, nevertheless, Scheveningen always had a strong identity of its own
16.
Mediterranean Sea
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The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water. The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning inland or in the middle of land and it covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2, but its connection to the Atlantic is only 14 km wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar. In oceanography, it is called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has a depth of 1,500 m. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia and it is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, the seas average north-south length, from Croatia’s southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km. The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara, has an area of approximately 2,510,000 square km. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade, the history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri, the term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus, meaning amid the earth or between land, as it is between the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Ancient Greek name Mesogeios, is similarly from μέσο, between + γη, land, earth) and it can be compared with the Ancient Greek name Mesopotamia, meaning between rivers. The Mediterranean Sea has historically had several names, for example, the Carthaginians called it the Syrian Sea and latter Romans commonly called it Mare Nostrum, and occasionally Mare Internum. Another name was the Sea of the Philistines, from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites, the sea is also called the Great Sea in the General Prologue by Geoffrey Chaucer. In Ottoman Turkish, it has also been called Bahr-i Sefid, in Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon, the Middle Sea, reflecting the Seas name in ancient Greek, Latin, and modern languages in both Europe and the Middle East. Similarly, in Modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ, in Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, the White Sea since among Turks the white colour represents the west. Several ancient civilisations were located around the Mediterranean shores, and were influenced by their proximity to the sea. It provided routes for trade, colonisation, and war, as well as food for numerous communities throughout the ages, due to the shared climate, geology, and access to the sea, cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history. Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states, later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum
17.
Suez Canal
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The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. It was constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, after 10 years of construction, it was officially opened on November 17,1869. It extends from the terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez. Its length is 193.30 km, including its northern and southern access channels, in 2012,17,225 vessels traversed the canal. The original canal was a waterway with passing locations in the Ballah Bypass. It contains no locks system, with seawater flowing freely through it, in general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. South of the lakes, the current changes with the tide at Suez, the canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority of Egypt. Under the Convention of Constantinople, it may be used in time of war as in time of peace, by every vessel of commerce or of war, without distinction of flag. In August 2014, construction was launched to expand and widen the Ballah Bypass for 35 km to speed the canals transit time, the expansion was planned to double the capacity of the Suez Canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. At a cost of $8.4 billion, this project was funded with interest-bearing investment certificates issued exclusively to Egyptian entities, the New Suez Canal, as the expansion was dubbed, was opened with great fanfare in a ceremony on 6 August 2015. On 24 February 2016, the Suez Canal Authority officially opened the new side channel and this side channel, located at the northern side of the east extension of the Suez Canal, serves the East Terminal for berthing and unberthing vessels from the terminal anytime of day and night. Ancient west–east canals were built to travel from the Nile River to the Red Sea. One smaller canal is believed to have been constructed under the auspices of Senusret II or Ramesses II. Another canal, probably incorporating a portion of the first, was constructed under the reign of Necho II, the legendary Sesostris may have started work on an ancient canal joining the Nile with the Red Sea. In his Meteorology, Aristotle wrote, One of their kings tried to make a canal to it, so he first, and Darius afterwards, stopped making the canal, lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it. Strabo wrote that Sesostris started to build a canal, and Pliny the Elder wrote,165. Later the Persian king Darius had the idea, and yet again Ptolemy II. This proved to be the canal made by the Persian king Darius I
18.
Cape of Good Hope
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The Cape of Good Hope is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. In fact, the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas, when following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish trade relations with the Far East. Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas, which was the name of the Cape of Good Hope. As one of the capes of the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a waypoint on the Cape Route and the route followed by clipper ships to the Far East and Australia. The term Cape of Good Hope is also used in three ways, It is a section of the Table Mountain National Park, within which the cape of the same name, as well as Cape Point. Prior to its incorporation into the park, this section constituted the Cape Point Nature Reserve. It was the name of the early Cape Colony established by the Dutch in 1652, just before the Union of South Africa was formed, the term referred to the entire region that in 1910 was to become the Cape of Good Hope Province. When Eudoxus was returning from his voyage to India the wind forced him south of the Gulf of Aden. Somewhere along the coast of East Africa, he found the remains of the ship, due to its appearance and the story told by the natives, Eudoxus concluded that the ship was from Gades and had sailed anti-clockwise around Africa, passing the Cape and entering the Indian Ocean. This inspired him to repeat the voyage and attempt a circumnavigation of the continent, organising the expedition on his own account he set sail from Gades and began to work down the African coast. The difficulties were too great, however, and he was obliged to return to Europe, after this failure he again set out to circumnavigate Africa. Although some, such as Pliny, claimed that Eudoxus did achieve his goal, in the 1450 Fra Mauro map, the Indian Ocean is depicted as connected to the Atlantic. It sailed for 40 days in a south-westerly direction without ever finding anything other than wind and water. According to these people themselves, the ship went some 2,000 miles ahead until - once favourable conditions came to an end - it turned round and sailed back to Cape Diab in 70 days. The ships called junks that navigate these seas carry four masts or more, some of which can be raised or lowered, and have 40 to 60 cabins for the merchants and only one tiller. They can navigate without a compass, because they have an astrologer, thus one can believe and confirm what is said by both these and those, and that they had therefore sailed 4,000 miles
19.
Cape Town
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Cape Town is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg and it is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province. As the seat of the Parliament of South Africa, it is also the capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality, the city is famous for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. As of 2014, it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and it is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, in 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times and the British Daily Telegraph. Located on the shore of Table Bay, Cape Town was first developed by the Dutch East India Company as a station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India. Jan van Riebeecks arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa, Cape Town quickly outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa, the earliest known remnants in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and date to between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago. It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as Cape of Good Hope because of the optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India. Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497, in the late 16th century, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch and English but mainly Portuguese ships regularly stopped over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper and iron with the Khoikhoi in exchange for fresh meat, the settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the authorities to import slaves from Indonesia, many of these became ancestors of the first Cape Coloured communities. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had an important, the Dutch Republic being transformed in Revolutionary Frances vassal Batavian Republic, Great Britain moved to take control of its colonies. Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803, British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain and it became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s. With expansion came calls for independence from Britain, with the Cape attaining its own parliament. Suffrage was established according to the non-racial, but sexist Cape Qualified Franchise, the discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa
20.
Lisbon
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Lisbon is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with a population of 552,700 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km². Its urban area extends beyond the administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people. About 2.8 million people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and it is continental Europes westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean, the westernmost areas of its metro area is the westernmost point of Continental Europe. Lisbon is recognised as a city because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education. It is one of the economic centres on the continent, with a growing financial sector. Humberto Delgado Airport serves over 20 million passengers annually, as of 2015, and the motorway network, the city is the 7th-most-visited city in Southern Europe, after Istanbul, Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, Athens and Milan, with 1,740,000 tourists in 2009. The Lisbon region contributes with a higher GDP PPP per capita than any region in Portugal. Its GDP amounts to 96.3 billion USD and thus $32,434 per capita, the city occupies 32nd place of highest gross earnings in the world. Most of the headquarters of multinationals in the country are located in the Lisbon area and it is also the political centre of the country, as its seat of Government and residence of the Head of State. Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world, julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia, adding to the name Olissipo. Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, in 1147, the Crusaders under Afonso Henriques reconquered the city and since then it has been a major political, economic and cultural centre of Portugal. Unlike most capital cities, Lisbons status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially – by statute or in written form. Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention, making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal. It has one of the warmest winters of any metropolis in Europe, the typical summer season lasts about four months, from June to September, although also in April temperatures sometimes reach around 25 °C. Although modern archaeological excavations show a Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC, another conjecture based on ancient hydronymy suggests that the name of the settlement derived from the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus, Lisso or Lucio. Lisbons name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela and it was later referred to as Olisippo by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo or Olissipona. The Indo-European Celts invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the Pre-Indo-European population and this indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects
21.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
22.
MS Oranje
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MS Oranje, later known as Angelina Lauro, was a passenger liner, a wartime hospital ship and finally a cruise ship that was burnt out and subsequently lost while being towed for scrap. She sank in a storm in the mid-Pacific, on 24 September 1979, the ship underwent 25 years service as Oranje, and fifteen as Angelina Lauro. She was a ship for the last seven years of her career. Oranje was commissioned by the Nederlandsche Stoomvaart Maatschapij, and was built in Amsterdam and she was launched by Queen Wilhelmina and named Oranje in honour of the Royal House of Orange on 8 September 1938. She undertook sea trials in June 1939 and attained a speed of 26 knots, making her the worlds most powerful and she was built to carry passengers to the Dutch East Indies. There were plans to use the vessel as an auxiliary cruiser in case of war. Oranjes first scheduled voyage was from Amsterdam to Jakarta in Java, three days before Oranje left Amsterdam on 4 September 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. At the same time, the Dutch Government informed the Australian Government that they would bear the cost of Oranjes conversion to a hospital ship, although sailing under Australian command, Oranje remained crewed by Dutch crew, and continued to sail under the Dutch flag. Oranje was the largest hospital ship operated from Australia, serving for five years throughout multiple theatres of World War II, including the Middle East, Indian, during this time, Oranje made 41 voyages, carrying Australian and New Zealander soldiers. After the war ended, Oranje returned to her life as a passenger ship, in 1947, she recommenced the Amsterdam to Jakarta service, sailing via Southampton, England. In January 1953 on an outward bound Oranje collided in the Red Sea with her Royal Rotterdam Lloyd running mate Willem Ruys homeward bound heading the opposite direction. On the abrupt and fast approach of Oranje Willem Ruys made a swing to left. Oranje badly damaged her bows and due to the possibility she would be impounded for safety reasons, she was unable to call at Colombo as scheduled, the passenger service to Jakarta eventually ended in 1957. The next year, in 1958, she made her first liner voyage from Amsterdam to Australia, sailing via Southampton, Suez in Egypt and she underwent a refit and a minor facelift in Amsterdam in 1959. Upon completion the tonnage was listed as 20,565 GRT. Oranje and two other Dutch ships serviced Australia and New Zealand, the two ships being the Netherland Line Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and the Royal Rotterdam Lloyd M. S. The three ships sailed under the banner of Dutch Mails, on 26 February 1961 Oranje sailed in the opposite direction, visiting the same ports. At this time, passenger and cargo shipping industries were suffering from the growth of the airline industry, the increasing popularity of air travel, in particular with the advent of aviations jet era, led to the sharp decline in ship passenger and cargo numbers
23.
German Army (Wehrmacht)
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The German Army was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht, the regular German Armed Forces, from 1935 until it was demobilized and later dissolved in August 1946. The Wehrmacht also included the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe, during World War II, a total of about 13 million soldiers served in the German Army. Only 17 months after Adolf Hitler announced publicly the rearmament program, during the autumn of 1937, two more corps were formed. In 1938, four corps were formed with the inclusion of the five divisions of the Austrian Army after the Anschluss in March. During the period of its expansion by Adolf Hitler, the German Army continued to develop concepts pioneered during World War I, combining ground, the German Army entered the war with a majority of its infantry formations relying on horse-drawn transport. The infantry remained foot soldiers throughout the war, artillery also remained primarily horse-drawn, however their motorized and tank formations accounted for only 20% of the Heers capacity at their peak strength. The armys lack of trucks was a handicap to infantry movement especially during. Panzer movements also depended upon rail, driving a tank over 150 kilometers wore out its tracks, the Oberkommando des Heeres was Germanys Army High Command from 1936 to 1945. In theory the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht served as the military General Staff for the German Reichs armed forces, in practice OKW acted in a subordinate role as Hitlers personal military staff, translating his ideas into military plans and orders, and issuing them to the three services. However, as the war progressed the OKW found itself exercising increasing amounts of direct command authority over military units and this created a situation where by 1943 the OKW was the de facto command of Western Theatre forces while the Army High Command is the same on the Eastern Front. The Abwehr was the Army intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944, the term Abwehr was used as a concession to Allied demands that Germanys post-World War I intelligence activities be for defensive purposes only. After 4 February 1938, its title was Overseas Department/Office in Defence of the Armed Forces High Command, the method OKW adopted was to separate the Field Army from the Home Command, and to entrust the responsibilities of training, conscription, supply and equipment to Home Command. The German Army was mainly structured in Army groups consisting of several armies that were relocated, restructured or renamed in the course of the war, Forces or allied states as well as units made up of non-Germans were also assigned to German units. The army used the German term Kampfgruppe which equates to the English combat group or battle group and these provisional combat groupings ranged from an Army Corps size such as Army Detachment Kempf to commands composed of several companies and even platoons. They were named for their commanding officers, German operational doctrine emphasized sweeping pincer and lateral movements meant to destroy the enemy forces as quickly as possible. This approach, referred to as Blitzkrieg, was an operational doctrine instrumental in the success of the offensives in Poland, the military strength of the German army was managed through mission-based tactics, and an almost proverbial discipline. Once an operation began, whether offensive or defensive, speed in response to changing circumstances was considered more important than careful planning and coordination of new plans. These technologies were featured by propaganda, but were only available in small numbers or late in the war, as overall supplies of raw materials
24.
Royal Netherlands Navy
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The Royal Netherlands Navy is the navy of the Netherlands. Its origins date back to the Eighty Years War, the war of independence from the House of Habsburg who ruled over the Habsburg Netherlands. The navy of the later Batavian Republic and Kingdom of Holland played a role in the Napoleonic Wars. After World War II, the Royal Netherlands Navy has taken part in peacekeeping operations. The main naval base is located at Den Helder, North Holland, secondary naval bases are located at Amsterdam, Vlissingen, Texel, and Willemstad. Netherlands Marine Corps barracks are found in Rotterdam, Doorn, Suffisant on Curaçao, officers of the Netherlands Navy are trained at the Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine, which is part of the Nederlandse Defensie Academie in Den Helder. Around 100–150 people start training every year, an international prefix for Dutch navy ships is HNLMS. HNMS is also used, although this can refer to Royal Norwegian Navy ships. The Dutch navy itself uses the prefixes Zr, ms. when a king is on the throne, and Hr. Ms. when there is a queen, the modern Netherlands Navy dates its founding to a statute of admiralty issued by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I on January 8,1488. During the 17th century the Dutch navy was one of the most powerful navies in the world, as an organization, the navy of the Dutch Republic consisted of five separate admiralties, each with its own ships, personnel, shipyards, command structures and revenues. Around the world Dutch naval units were responsible for transporting troops, for example during Operation Dynamo at Dunkirk and on D-Day, they escorted convoys, one Dutch light cruiser that was under construction was captured in its shipyard by Nazi Germany. Both British and American forces believed that the Dutch admiral in charge of the force was being far too aggressive. Later in the war, a few Dutch submarines scored some remarkable hits, after the war, the relations between the Netherlands and its colonies changed dramatically. The establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, just two days after the Japanese surrender, thwarted the Dutch plans for restoring colonial authority and it took four years of war before the Netherlands acknowledged the independence of Indonesia. Part of the Dutch Navy was next stationed in Netherlands New Guinea until that and this followed a campaign of infiltrations by the Indonesian National Armed Forces, supported by modern equipment from the Soviet Union, that was nevertheless successfully repulsed by the Dutch navy. These infiltrations took place after the order of President Sukarno to integrate the territory as an Indonesian province. With the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the focus was on the army and air force
25.
Axis powers
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The Axis powers, also known as the Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allied Powers. The Axis agreed on their opposition to the Allies, but did not completely coordinate their activity, the Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936, Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term Axis. The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, Italy joined the Pact in 1937. At its zenith during World War II, the Axis presided over territories that occupied parts of Europe, North Africa. There were no three-way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal, the war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. As in the case of the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, at the time he was seeking an alliance with the Weimar Republic against Yugoslavia and France in the dispute over the Free State of Fiume. The term was used by Hungarys prime minister Gyula Gömbös when advocating an alliance of Hungary with Germany, when Mussolini publicly announced the signing on 1 November, he proclaimed the creation of a Rome–Berlin axis. Italy under Duce Benito Mussolini had pursued an alliance of Italy with Germany against France since the early 1920s. He believed that Italy could expand its influence in Europe by allying with Germany against France, in early 1923, as a goodwill gesture to Germany, Italy secretly delivered weapons for the German Army, which had faced major disarmament under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. General Hans von Seeckt supported an alliance between Germany and the Soviet Union to invade and partition Poland between them and restore the German-Russian border of 1914. The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons, however at this time Mussolini stressed one important condition that Italy must pursue in an alliance with Germany, that Italy must. Tow them, not be towed by them, the French government warned Italy that it had to choose whether to be on the side of the pro-Versailles powers or that of the anti-Versailles revanchists. Grandi responded that Italy would be willing to offer France support against Germany if France gave Italy its mandate over Cameroon, France refused Italys proposed exchange for support, as it believed Italys demands were unacceptable and the threat from Germany was not yet immediate. In 1932, Gyula Gömbös and the Party of National Unity rose to power in Hungary, Gömbös sought to alter Hungarys post–Treaty of Trianon borders by forming an alliance with Austria and Italy, knowing that Hungary alone was not capable of challenging the Little Entente powers. At the meeting between Gömbös and Mussolini in Rome on 10 November 1932, the question came up of the sovereignty of Austria in relation to the rise to power in Germany of the Nazi Party. Mussolini was worried about Nazi ambitions towards Austria, and indicated that at least in the term he was committed to maintaining Austria as a sovereign state. Italy had concerns over a Germany which included Austria laying land claims to German-populated territories of the South Tyrol within Italy, Mussolini said he hoped the Anschluss could be postponed as long as possible until the breakout of a European war that he estimated would begin in 1938
26.
Nazi-Germany
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Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
27.
Rijkswaterstaat
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Its role is the practical execution of the public works and water management, including the construction and maintenance of waterways and roads, and flood protection and prevention. The agency was involved in the construction of big railway projects such as the Betuweroute. The mission of the organisation is, Rijkswaterstaat is de rijksdienst die werkt aan droge voeten, the agency is divided in 10 regional,6 specialist services and 2 special services. The director-general of Rijkswaterstaat is as of 1 February 2010 mr. ing, as of January 1,2006, Rijkswaterstaat is an agentschap. The word waterstaat denotes the condition of an area in relation to the level, the component rijks translates as national. Rijkswaterstaat is divided in regional services, formerly known as directies, every regional service is managed by a hoofdingenieur-directeur. The regions are divided in local water- en wegendistricten, formerly known as dienstkringen,2003 -2010 Projectdirectie HSL-Zuid, High Speed Line South. rijkswaterstaat. nl About Rijkswaterstaat as an agency Rijkswaterstaat organizational overview
28.
SS Dronning Maud (1925)
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SS Dronning Maud was a 1,489 ton steel-hulled steamship built in 1925 by the Norwegian shipyard Fredrikstad Mekaniske Verksted in Fredrikstad. Dronning Maud was ordered by the Trondheim-based company Det Nordenfjeldske Dampskipsselskap for the passenger and she served this route as the company flagship until she was sunk under controversial circumstances during the 1940 Norwegian Campaign. Dronning Maud was ordered from Fredrikstad Mekaniske Verksted shortly after the loss of Det Nordenfjeldske Dampskipsselskaps Haakon Jarl, Haakon Jarl had suffered a collision with fellow Nordenfjeldske ship Kong Harald in the Vestfjord on 17 June 1924, sinking with the loss of 12 passengers and seven crew members. The building order of Dronning Maud made her the first new ship to join the Hurtigruten route since Finmarken in 1912, after her 8 May 1925 launch she had her first test run in the Oslofjord on 30 June 1925 and was formally handed over to Nordenfjeldske on 3 July. Nordenfjeldske immediately sent her northwards to Trondheim from where she joined the northbound Hurtigruten service, the salons and cabins in the Third Class area on board Dronning Maud were described at the time as both light and practical. Her outer appearance was characterized by long, clean lines, a large superstructure and she was considered a very seaworthy vessel and in 1931 became the first Hurtigruten ship to be equipped with the new safety feature of wireless telegraphy. By 1936 all the Hurtigruten ships had been equipped with the new technology, after she entered service with Nordenfjeldske Dronning Maud sailed with passengers and freight along the coast of Norway. During her regular service in the 1920s and 1930s the ship repeatedly had to come to the assistance of ships in difficulties. In 1926 she assisted the 556 ton steamer Pallas after the latter had run aground off Grønøy, Dronning Maud herself had an accident when she ran aground south of Florø in October 1929. At the outbreak of the Second World War Norway declared herself neutral, during this period Dronning Maud was involved in a dramatic incident when on 1 January 1940 the 5,334 ton German merchantman Johann Schulte shipwrecked at Buholmråsa after losing her propeller. In all Dronning Maud and her crew saved all 36 German sailors, after everyone on board had been pulled to safety the German ship hit a reef near Bessaker and was crushed. During the rescue operation, carried out at night in pitch black conditions, the rescued Germans were set ashore in Rørvik while the two pilots remained on board as Dronning Maud continued northwards. In the 1960s Captain Grundt received a medal from the German rescue society. When the Germans invaded Norway on 9 April 1940 Dronning Maud was northbound off Sandnessjøen in Nordland, after arriving in Kirkenes she was requisitioned by the Norwegian government as a troopship. Dronning Mauds first troopship assignment was to part in the transport of Battalion I of Infantry Regiment 12 from Sør-Varanger to the Tromsø-Narvik area. The remainder of the battalion was transported on the fellow Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab steamer Prins Olav a few days later, the next day,17 April, Dronning Maud and Kong Haakon were escorted northwards to Sagfjorden by the Norwegian the off-shore patrol vessel Heimdal. The rest of the battalion was transported on the Kong Haakon, the three troopships were originally meant to be escorted by the off-shore patrol vessel Fridtjof Nansen but this order was changed and the ships were instead to sail without escort. The three ships set off from Alta singly, Kong Haakon at 21,00 on 19 April, Dronning Maud at 22,00 the same day, and Senja at 04,00 on 20 April
29.
HNoMS Uller (1876)
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HNoMS Uller was a Vale-class Rendel gunboat constructed for the Royal Norwegian Navy at Karljohansverns Verft Naval Yard in Horten in 1874-1876 and had yard build number 55. She was one of a class of five gunboats - the other ships in the class were Vale, Brage, Nor and Vidar. Uller was, in addition to the heavy, muzzle-loading main gun, armed with a small Quick Fire gun, later Uller and her sister ships were rebuilt as minelayers, and she served in this role when the Germans invaded 9 April 1940. In the second attack Uller was hit by a bomb, beached, Naval history via Flix, KNM Vale, retrieved 27 Feb 2006
30.
HMS Afridi (F07)
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HMS Afridi was a Tribal-class destroyer of the Royal Navy. She served in the Second World War and was an early casualty and she was ordered from the Newcastle-upon-Tyne yards of Vickers-Armstrong on 10 March 1936 under the 1935 Build Programme. She was laid down on 9 June that year and was launched on 8 June 1937 by Lady Foster, also launched on that same day from the same yard was Cossack, Afridis sister ship. Afridi was completed and commissioned on 3 May 1938 at a cost of £341,462 which excluded supply of weapons and communications outfits by the Admiralty. During her trials Afridi made 34.879 knots at 355.6 RPM with 44,720 shp at 2,244 long tons and her acceptance trials took place on 29 April 1938 in a rising gale, but all went well and she was accepted. On commissioning, Afridi was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla, with the Mediterranean Fleet and she left Portland Harbour on 27 May for Malta, arriving there on 3 June. In July, she left Malta to patrol the waters off the Mediterranean Spanish coast, by 18 September 1938, Afridi arrived at Istanbul, Turkey for a formal visit. The Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia caused the remainder of the Black Sea cruise to be cancelled, Afridi then sailed for Alexandria, Egypt for a short stay then left to rejoin the 4th Destroyer Flotilla in Malta. On 23 February 1939, Afridi steamed to Gibraltar where the Mediterranean and these consisted of over one hundred ships and thirteen Admirals, and resulted in the testing and evaluation of many aspects of naval warfare. Afridi was later withdrawn from the exercises after colliding with the cruiser Penelope during the transfer of mail, Afridi returned to Malta for repairs. After the repairs were completed, she was transferred to the 4th Destroyer Flotilla, the rest of the pre-war period was spent on exercises and port visits. The 4th Destroyer Flotilla was therefore ordered back to England, from now on, the flotilla virtually lost its identity and each Tribal was assigned individual duties by the Flag Officer under whose command she came. Afridi was assigned to service in the North Sea with the Humber Force, in December she was moved to Rosyth to carry out convoy escort duties between the UK and Norway. By January 1940, a number of defects had become noticeable, including leaks and these repairs lasted throughout February and into March. She rejoined active service in April, under the command of Captain Philip Vian, during these operations she came under heavy and sustained air attacks. The destroyer Gurkha was sunk and the battleship Rodney, and cruisers Glasgow, Afridi escaped damage and returned to refuel and rearm at Scapa Flow. She continued to part in sweeps off the Norwegian coast. Afridi waited for the 36-man rearguard to reach Namsos, some shelled transport vehicles and munitions where abandoned quayside
31.
French destroyer Bison
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The French destroyer Bison was a Guépard-class destroyer built for the French Navy during the 1920s. The Bison served during the Norwegian Campaign in World War II, the HMS Afridi came to the rescue of the surviving crew, rescuing sixty-nine of the French sailors in the water and sinking the hull of the ship. However, the Afridi soon came under air attack and sank as well, the surviving crew of the Bison, the Afridi, and the troops they evacuated were rescued by the Imperial and Griffin. Chesneau, Roger, ed. Conways All the Worlds Fighting Ships 1922–1946, French Destroyers, Torpilleurs dEscadre & Contre-Torpilleurs 1922–1956. Whitley, M. J. Destroyers of World War Two
32.
ORP Grom (1936)
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ORP Grom was the lead ship of her class of destroyers serving in the Polish Navy during World War II. She was named after the Polish word for Thunderbolt, while her sister ship ORP Błyskawica translates to lightning, Grom was thought of as a large destroyer, similar to flotilla leaders. She and sister ship ORP Błyskawica were to support the outdated French-built Wicher, as Poland had only one major seaport, the main task of the Polish naval forces was to secure supplies shipment to and from allied countries. Because of that, the Grom class was designed to both the role of shore defence and convoy escort and was supposed to be stronger than single enemy destroyers. The ship had a range of 3,500 nautical miles at 15 knots. Grom was ordered from the British J. Samuel White shipyard in Cowes and was laid down in 1935, the destroyer was commissioned in 1937. On 1 September 1939, Polish destroyers met the British destroyers Wanderer, the British ships led the Polish flotilla to Leith, and in the night the Polish destroyers came to Rosyth. However, no convoys were organized to help Poland during the Polish Defensive War. During her operations in the Norwegian Campaign, Grom was ranked by the German soldiers as probably the most hated of all the Allied ships deployed to the area. This hatred was founded on the fact that Grom took an intense interest in all movements on shore and was reputed to spend hours lurking the coast in order harass German forces. It is worth noting that this posture caused Grom to inflict heavy damage. On 4 May 1940, Grom carried out turned out to be the last of her many naval gunfire support missions in the Narvik area in the Rombaken fjord. She was attacked by a Heinkel He 111 bomber from Kampfgeschwader 100, the wreck was never raised and it was not until 6 October 1986 that it was explored by divers for the first time
33.
TSS Maianbar
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TSS Maianbar was a coastal steamship of the North Coast Steam Navigation Company. She was built in Scotland in 1910 and ran aground in Newcastle, Ardrossan Dry Dock & Ship Building Co Ltd, of Ardrossan, Scotland built Maianbar in 1910 for the North Coast Steam Navigation Company. She replaced the one-year-old Minimbah, a 460 GRT steamship that broke her back after trying to cross the Manning River Bar earlier that year. Minimbahs engine and boiler were salvaged, shipped back to Scotland, the engine was a 99 RHP two-cylinder compound steam engine built by David Rowan & Co of Glasgow. In 1920 Maianbar was beached at the entrance to Macleay River, after she was re-floated she went to Sydney where she was overhauled and lengthened by 20 feet by cutting her in two and inserting plating between the two halves. This increased her tonnage from 487 GRT to 513 GRT, in 1937 the Port Stephens Steamship Company bought Maianbar from the North Coast Steam Navigation Co. In 1940 her original owners bought her back, and that September they started towing her back from Port Stephens to Sydney, on 3 September in fine weather off Newcastle, NSW her towline broke and she ran aground on Nobbys Beach. She was unable to be re-floated and was scrapped on site
34.
SS Nordnorge (1923)
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SS Nordnorge was a Norwegian steamship built in 1923–24 by Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted, for the Narvik-based Norwegian shipping company Ofotens Dampskibsselskap. First employed on the companys Narvik-Trondheim route, she was transferred to the longer Hurtigruten route in late 1936, Nordnorge was ordered by Ofotens Dampskibsselskap to serve the companys Narvik-Trondheim route. She was built at Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted in Trondheim, Norway and she was laid down in September 1922 with yard number 186, and was originally intended to be called Solstrålen, although the name was changed before launch. She was launched on 12 September 1923, and completed on 17 January 1924, Nordnorge was considered a beautiful vessel, and was one of the last of the traditional coastal cargo liners to be built in Norway. As built she had a tonnage of 873 gross register tons or 448 net register tons, a length on 181 feet, a depth of 21 ft and her 1,000 indicated horsepower triple expansion steam engine propelled her at 12 knots. She was built with a deck above the main deck. The First Class section was aft, Second Class amidships and Third Class in the bow area, Nordnorge was licensed to carry 270 passengers in coastal traffic. For the first 12 years of her existence, Nordnorge sailed between Trondheim and Narvik and she would depart Trondheim at 12,00 on Tuesdays and carry passengers and cargo to the coastal towns on her way north to Narvik and back again. She corresponded with Troms Fylkes Dampskibsselskaps Lødingen-Tromsø route, until the delivery of Nordnorge, the Trondheim-Narvik route had been served by the older and slower steamer Barøy, without the call in Lødingen. In 1930 she was assigned the code letters LDHR, by 1934 these had changed to LENR, and remained so until at least 1939. The negotiations were concluded successfully on 1 November 1936, with Ofotens Dampskibsselskap gaining a contract, Nordnorge was designated as the companys ship on Hurtigruten service. Compared to the companies ships on the service, she was both small and slow. Nordnorge was the only of the ships on the Hurtigruten service to retain the old three-class system, during 1936 Nordnorge was rebuilt at Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted. She had her hull extended by 20 feet, making her a 991 gross register ton/556 net register ton ship, the Third Class section was moved amidships and expanded, and a refrigerated cargo room was added. The bridge was moved up one deck, Nordnorge was fitted with an echo sounder, an electric logbook and radio telephone. Nordnorge departed Bergen on her first Hurtigruten voyage to Kirkenes on 3 November 1936, when she was introduced into the service, the build-up of the Hurtigruten was complete, with daily departures from all the ports of the route. Following the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, on 13 December 1939 she rescued a survivor from the British steamer Deptford, which had been torpedoed and sunk by the German U-boat U-38. The Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Firda rescued a further four survivors from the sunken steamers 36-man crew, when Nazi Germany invaded Norway on 9 April 1940, initiating the 62-day Norwegian Campaign, Nordnorge was in dry dock undergoing the final day of her annual maintenance work
35.
SS Antilla (1939)
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SS Antilla was a Hamburg America Line cargo ship that was launched in 1939 and scuttled in 1940. Antilla was built for trade between Germany and the Caribbean, and was named accordingly, Antilla is a city in Holguín Province in eastern Cuba. Antilla was launched in Hamburg on 21 March 1939 and completed on 11 July and she was one of three sister ships launched in 1939 for HAPAG. She and her sister Orizaba were built by Deutsche Werft in Finkenwerder, Hamburg, Antilla and her sisters had turbo-electric transmission. Each ship had two oil-fired high-pressure boilers that fed a single AEG turbo generator and this produced current for an AEG electric propulsion motor that drove a single propeller shaft. On 15 July 1939 Antilla left Hamburg on her maiden voyage, the voyage was hampered by technical problems with her propulsion system, but she eventually reached Curaçao in the Netherlands Antilles. On 9 August Antilla left Curaçao for Galveston, Texas, where she loaded 3,000 tons of sulphur for Europe, the sealed orders had been issued to all German merchant ships, and directed them to leave main shipping lanes. Shortly afterwards Antilla received a radio message with the same code word. According to the sealed orders this was an order for captains to alter their ships names and appearance, communicate only in code, Antilla left Galveston to bunker at Cartagena, Colombia. En route on 28 August she received a radio message that all German ships unable to reach a German harbour within four days should seek refuge in neutral ports. On 1 September, the day Germany invaded Poland, Antilla bunkered at Cartagena, however, en route Schmidt learnt that Willemstad Harbour was already full of German merchant ships, so he and three other German ships changed course for Aruba. In October Antilla discharged her cargo of sulphur at San Nicolaas in the south of Aruba, however, the four ships anchorage was in Malmok Bay in the northwest of the island. The Royal Netherlands Navy submarine HNLMS O14 monitored the German ships in Dutch Antilles waters, outside Dutch Antilles waters, ships of the Royal Navy America and West Indies Station and of the French Navy patrolled, blockading any German ships from leaving. However, on 9 January 1940 ten members of Antillas crew signed on to one of the other German ships, HC Horns Consul Horn, on 29 February the other two ships, Rudolf Christian Gribels Heidelberg and HAPAGs Troja tried to escape. Royal Navy ships intercepted them so their crews scuttled the two merchantmen to prevent their capture, on 9 April Germany invaded Denmark and Norway. This increased the fear that the Netherlands would also be invaded, on 10 May Germany invaded the Netherlands so the Dutch government ordered the seizure of all German ships in the Dutch Antilles. At 0310 hrs on 10 May a section of Dutch Marines in two boats approached Antilla to board her but Schmidt refused to lower the gangway, the Dutch marines were commanded by a Captain who anticipated armed resistance from the German crew. He therefore postponed the boarding to first light, when a machine gun positioned ashore could provide cover, the German crew used the delay to start scuttling Antilla
36.
HMCS Ypres
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HMCS Ypres was one of twelve Battle-class naval trawlers constructed for and used by the Royal Canadian Navy during the First World War. Named after the Second and Third battles of Ypres, the entered service in 1918. Following the war, the ship remained in service with as a patrol, in 1938, the vessel recommissioned as a gate vessel, re-designated Gate Vessel 1, in service at Halifax, Nova Scotia. On 12 May 1940, the vessel was rammed and sunk in a collision with the British battleship HMS Revenge. The RCNs Battle-class trawlers formed part of the Canadian naval response to Admiralty warnings to Canada about the growing German U-boat threat to merchant shipping in the western Atlantic. Twelve vessels were ordered on 2 February 1917 from two shipyards, Polson Iron Works of Toronto and Canadian Vickers of Montreal. Those vessels built at Polson Iron Works displaced 320 long tons and were 130 feet long overall with a beam of 23 feet 5 inches and they were propelled by a steam-powered triple expansion engine driving one shaft creating 480 indicated horsepower giving the vessels a maximum speed of 10 knots. All twelve trawlers were equipped with a QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun mounted forward and this was considered to be the smallest gun that stood a chance of putting a surfaced U-boat out of action, and they also carried a small number of depth charges. The trawlers were named after battles of the Western Front during the First World War that Canadians had been involved in and they cost between $155,000 and $160,000 per vessel. Ypres was constructed by Polson Iron Works at Toronto and was launched on 16 June 1917, intended for use during the 1917 shipping season, the construction of the vessels was delayed by the entry of the United States into the war. With higher wages found south of the border, a shortage of skilled labour developed in the shipyards, the trawler was commissioned on 13 November 1917. Ypres sailed to Halifax following her commissioning for defence of the Atlantic coast of Canada, for the defence of shipping in Canadian waters in 1918, the entire Battle class was assigned to work out of Sydney, Nova Scotia. The ship remained in Canadian service following the end of the war until being paid off in 1920, after being recommissioned on 1 May 1923 as a training ship on the east coast, having been re-designated a minesweeper in 1922. With sister ship Festubert, Ypres trained with the destroyers on the east coast until November 1932 she was paid off and was placed in reserve. The battleship was departing to escort two transports sailing for the United Kingdom when a request was made for the boom to be opened for her at 1830. Revenge began making her way towards the gate, which opened at 1826, however, before arriving at the gate, the battleship stopped inside the harbour, closer to the gate. The two troop transports had not joined up with the battleship on time and the officer in charge of operations did not inform the gate vessels of the change in departure time. When the ships finally did sail, the vessels had little time to get the gate open fully
37.
HNLMS Abraham van der Hulst (1937)
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HNLMS Abraham van der Hulst was a Jan van Amstel-class minesweeper built for the Royal Netherlands Navy in the 1930s. Sunk by a mine off East Prussia,21 April 1944, one source says she was returned to the Netherlands post war. Conways All The Worlds Fighting Warships 1922–1946, german Warships of the Second World War. Media related to H Abraham van der Hulst at Wikimedia Commons
38.
HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck (1906)
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HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck was a unique pantserschip of the Royal Netherlands Navy built by the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam. She was among the ships send to patrol the Venezuelan coast during the second Castro crisis, after her active career she was rebuilt into a stationary battery ship and recommissioned. During World War II she was captured by the invading German forces, after the war the ship was recovered and given back to the Netherlands, to be converted to an accommodation ship. The ship was 98 metres long, had a beam of 15.19 metres, a draught of 5.69 metres, and had a displacement of 4,920 ton. The ship was equipped with 2 shaft reciprocating engines, which were rated at 6,400 ihp, the ship had a belt armour of 6 in,8 in barbette armour and turret armour. Two 9.4 in single turret guns provided the main armament. The ship had a complement of 340 men, the ship was built at the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam. Prince Henry of the Netherlands attended the ceremony and christened the ship on 22 September 1906. The ship was commissioned on 22 April 1908, the same year she, together with the Holland class cruisers Friesland and Gelderland were sent to patrol the Venezuelan coast during the second Castro crisis. During the last part of the journey the ship was escorted by five British torpedo boats, later that year the Belgian king Albert I and his wife made a state visit to the Netherlands. During this visit, they visited the IJ in Amsterdam where Jacob van Heemskerck, Friesland, Piet Hein, Evertsen, O1 and other Dutch warships were present, the pair were given a tour on the van Heemskerck. On 24 July the ship left the port Den Helder for the fleet review of King George V at Spithead on 27 June. After her active career she was rebuilt into a battery ship and renamed Batterijschip IJmuiden. During the German invasion in World War II on 14 May 1940 she was scuttled by her crew to prevent her being captured by the German forces, the Germans however raised the ship on 16 July 1940 and towed her to Amsterdam on 24 July. From there she was towed to Kiel in March 1941, there she was rebuilt into a floating anti-aircraft battery at the Howaldtswerke and renamed Undine. After the war she was back in Wilhelmshafen and returned to the Netherlands. At the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam she was rebuilt into an accommodation ship and she was recommissioned on 23 February 1948 and renamed Neptunus. This role she fulfilled until her decommissioning on 13 September 1974, on 4 October that same year she was stricken
39.
HNLMS Johan Maurits van Nassau
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HNLMS Johan Maurits van Nassau, named after John Maurice of Nassau, was a Dutch gunboat that served in the early part of World War II, when it was sunk. She was the ship of her class, which was developed from the earlier Flores-class. When the war broke out, Johan Maurits van Nassau was in the West Indies due to be relieved by the new training ship Van Kinsbergen. She remained in the area for a couple of days and was ordered to bombard the Dutch aerodrome at Waalhaven in Rotterdam. She arrived in Hoek van Holland, but after the loss of the destroyer Van Galen during her attempt to do the same and her advanced fire control system enabled great accuracy. Despite fierce retaliation by German aircraft, she remained undamaged, to the surprise of all. The war in the Netherlands was, however, coming to an end, in the afternoon, about 16 km west of Callantsoog, they were attacked by German aircraft. Maurits—the largest vessel in the convoy—was the main target, Johan Maurits van Nassau received two or three hits, one of which caused a fire near an ammunition stack. The crew were ordered to ship, eight crewmen were killed. Later, most surviving crewmembers were transported back to Den Helder by the rescue ship Dorus Rijkers, the wreck lies in 20 m of water in position 52°50′13″N 4°33′56″E. U-boat. net Detailed history of Johan Maurits van Nassau
40.
HMS H6
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HMS H6 was a British H-class submarine of the Royal Navy built by Canadian Vickers & Co. during World War I. She was completed on 10 June 1915 and was commissioned by the Royal Navy the same year, however, her service in the Royal Navy was short. On 19 January 1916 she ran aground near the Dutch island of Schiermonnikoog after which she was interned by the Dutch Navy, on 4 May 1917 an agreement was reached to sell H6 to the Netherlands. The Dutch Navy renamed H6 HNLMS O8 and refitted her with knowledge gained from the interned German submarine UC-8, after UC-8 was bought from Germany O8 was equipped with UC-8s Zeiss periscope. During maintenance in October 1921, O8 sank in the harbour at Den Helder, because only minor damage was sustained, she was repaired and continued service. In the summer of 1925 O8 together with the other Dutch vessels K XI, Jacob van Heemskerck, Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp, during the German attack on the Netherlands at the start of the Second World War O8 was still in Dutch service. Because of her old age it was decided to scuttle her, after the surrender of the Netherlands the German forces were able raise O8 and found her almost fully intact. Germany took O8 into service as U-D1 and transferred her from Den Helder to Kiel, in Kiel she was used as training ship to train crews for the German U-boats. Because of her old age she was decommissioned on 23 November 1943, on 3 May 1945, she was scuttled in the harbor at Kiel. German U-boat commanders of World War II, a biographical dictionary, london, Annapolis, Md, Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945, gröner, Erich, Jung, Dieter, Maass, Martin. Translated by Thomas, Keith, Magowan, Rachel, Submarine losses 1904 to present day - Royal Navy Submarine Museum
41.
HNLMS O 11
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O11 was a O 9-class patrol submarines of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The ship was built by Fijenoord shipyard in Rotterdam, the submarine was ordered on 30 August 1921 and laid down in Rotterdam at the shipyard of Fijenoord on 24 December 1922. The launch took place on 19 March 1925, on 18 January 1926 the ship was commissioned in the Dutch navy. 21 June 1926, O11, together with O9, Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp, Jacob van Heemskerck, Z7 and Z8, sailed from Den Helder to the Baltic Sea to visit the ports of Kiel, Göteborg and Trondheim. In 1927 O11, O10, Hertog Hendrik, Z5, Z6 and she sailed for the Baltic Sea again in 1936 with her sisters O9, O10, the coastal defence ship Hertog Hendrik and Z5. In 1939 O11 together with her sisters O9 and O10 where attached to the coastal division and they acted as the offensive part of Dutch coastal defense. On 6 March 1940 the ship was rammed by the tugboat BV3 in Den Helder. In the collision three men of O11 died, the boat was raised and its repair was ordered. While under repair Germany invaded the Netherlands and the boat was scuttled to prevent her capture, the Germans raised the boat and ordered its repair. However it was not repaired in time to help the war effort, while still under repair the boat was scuttled again in order to block the entrance of Den Helder harbor. On 10 December 1947 the wreck was raised and sold for scrapping
42.
HNLMS O 12
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O12 was a O 12-class submarine of the Royal Netherlands Navy. Built at Koninklijke Maatschappij De Schelde in Vlissingen, it was launched in 1930 but was unable to part in military action during World War II. After being scuttled by the Dutch Navy, it was raised by Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine and taken into service as U-D2, and then scuttled again. In 1935, O12, with O13, O15, Hertog Hendrik, Van Ghent, Kortenaer and Z5, sailed around the North Sea making stops at Göteborg, two years later, O12 sailed with sister ship O14 to Surinam and Curaçao. During the German attack on the Netherlands in 1940, O12 was at the wharf of Willemsoord. Unable to make the trip across the North Sea to England, the German occupying forces had O12 raised and sent it to the Wilton-Fijenoord wharf in Rotterdam for repairs. On 30 January 1943, it was taken into service by Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine, on 6 July 1944, it was taken out of service and moved to Kiel, where it was scuttled in the harbor just before the end of the war. Afterwards, U-D2 was raised and demolished
Netherlands, Amsterdam
