1.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
2.
Loch Katrine
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Loch Katrine is a freshwater loch and scenic attraction in the Trossachs area of the Scottish Highlands. It is within the district of Stirling, the loch is 13 kilometres long and 1 kilometre wide at the widest point and runs the length of Strath Gartney. It is a destination for tourists and day visitors from Glasgow. The loch derives its name from the term cateran from the Gaelic ceathairne and it is the fictional setting of Sir Walter Scotts poem The Lady of the Lake and of the subsequent opera by Gioachino Rossini, La donna del lago. Robert Roy MacGregor was born at the head of the loch, Loch Katrine is now owned by Scottish Water, and has been the primary water reservoir for much of the city of Glasgow and its surrounding areas since 1859. The water level has been raised by around 1. Milngavie itself is situated at almost 122 metres above sea level - sufficient to provide water pressure to the majority of the city without the need for pumping. The system can deliver up to 230,000,000 litres a day, construction was started in 1855 and the works was opened by Queen Victoria in 1859. The aqueduct project was built under the guidance of the eminent civil engineer John Frederick Bateman, the second aqueduct was opened in 1901. A longer tunnel beneath Ben Aan which brings water from the Glen Finglas Reservoir was completed in 1958, oil-fired vessels are not permitted to sail its waters due to the danger of pollution to the drinking water of Glasgow. The steamboat SS Sir Walter Scott has provided sailings on the loch since 1900 and it was coal-fired until 2007, when it was converted to use bio-diesel fuel, and continues to provide local tourist transport between Trossachs Pier and Stronachlachar during the summer. The main access points for Loch Katrine are either via Trossachs Pier at the eastern end or Stronachlachar towards the western end of the loch. Trossachs Pier essentially consists of a space, pier, gift shop. The roads and paths do not circle the loch completely, as the road stops at Glasahoile. There are several islands in Loch Katrine such as Ellens Isle. Fly and boat fishing for trout is permitted on the loch from spring to autumn, Loch Katrine is also the name of a lake in North Canterbury, New Zealand. Loch Katrine is the namesake of The Athole Highlanders Farewell to Loch Katrine, in 1844, William Henry Fox Talbot took an early photograph of the loch, entitled Scenery of Loch Katrine. List of reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom Newton, M. Bho Chluaidh gu Calasraid Acair 1999 ISBN 0-86152-265-6 Loch Katrine tourist brochure produced by the Scottish Tourist Board
3.
William Denny and Brothers
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William Denny and Brothers Limited, and often referred to simply as Denny, was a Scottish shipbuilding company. The shipbuilding interests of the Denny family date back to William Denny, by 1823 the company name had changed to William Denny & Son. From 1845 the company became Denny Brothers, and in 1849 the firm was reconstituted as William Denny & Brothers, although the Denny yard was situated near the junction of the River Clyde and the River Leven, the yard was on the Leven. The founder developed the companys interests in ship owning and operation with interests in the British & Burmese Steam Navigation Company, the Company built all types of ships but were particularly well known as producers of fine cross-channel steamships and ferries. It was a pioneer in the development of the ships stabiliser in conjunction with Edinburgh-based Brown Brothers & Company, in 1913 the Channel steamer Paris was one of the first ships to use geared turbine engines utilising new Michell tilting-pad fluid bearing. It also undertook work in hovercraft and helicopter-type aircraft. A marine engineering company, also based in Dumbarton, was formed by Peter Denny, John Tulloch, in 1862 the company was renamed Denny & Co. The company manufactured a range of types of marine engines and was absorbed into William Denny & Brothers in 1918. Dennys were always innovators and were one of the first commercial shipyards in the world to have their own experimental testing tank, William Denny & Company went into voluntary liquidation in 1963. Inspired by the work of eminent naval architect William Froude, Dennys completed the worlds first commercial example of a ship testing tank in 1883, the facility was used to test models of a variety of vessels and explored various propulsion methods, including propellers, paddles and vane wheels. Experiments were carried out on models of the Denny-Brown stabilisers and the Denny hovercraft to gauge their feasibility, after the Denny yard closed, the test tank facility was taken over by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Limited and used for the testing of submarines until the early 1980s. Re-opened as part of the Scottish Maritime Museum in 1982, it retains many of its original features, existed under multiple roles and ownerships for over 80 years before finally being scrapped in Japan. She was a Roll-on/roll-off Road/Rail ferry built for New Zealand Railways Department, the flag was unusual in having an elephant as its emblem. The flag consisted of an elephant against a white field. This image was taken from the arms of Dumbarton, and it also served to symbolise the strength. History of Dennys Shipyard - Clyde Waterfront Heritage
4.
Compound steam engine
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A compound steam engine unit is a type of steam engine where steam is expanded in two or more stages. Multiple-expansion engines employ additional cylinders, of lower pressure, to extract further energy from the steam. Invented in 1781, this technique was first employed on a Cornish beam engine in 1804, around 1850, compound engines were first introduced into Lancashire textile mills. In a single-expansion steam engine, the steam enters the cylinder at boiler pressure through an inlet valve. The steam pressure forces the piston down the cylinder, until the valve shuts and this cut-off allows much more work to be extracted, since the expansion of the steam is doing additional work beyond that done by the steam at boiler pressure. An earlier cut-off increases the ratio, which in principle allows more energy to be extracted and increases efficiency. This temperature drop would occur if the cylinder were perfectly insulating so that no heat is released from the system. As a result, steam enters the cylinder at high temperature, the changing steam temperature alternately heats and cools the cylinder with every stroke and is a source of inefficiency which increases at higher expansion ratios. Beyond a certain point, further increasing the ratio will actually decrease efficiency due to the increased heating and cooling. A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, in the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler first expands in a high-pressure cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower pressure cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam occurs across multiple cylinders and, as there is less expansion in each cylinder and this reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, making higher expansion ratios practical and increasing the efficiency of the engine. There are other advantages, as the range is smaller, cylinder condensation is reduced. Loss due to condensation is restricted to the LP cylinder, pressure difference is less in each cylinder so there is less steam leakage at the piston and valves. The turning moment is uniform, so balancing is easier. Only the smaller HP cylinder needs to be built to withstand the highest pressure, similarly, components are subject to less strain, so they can be lighter. The reciprocating parts of the engine are lighter, reducing the engine vibrations, the compound could be started at any point in the cycle, and in the event of mechanical failure the compound could be reset to act as a simple, and thus keep running. To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume, therefore, the bore, and often the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders, resulting in larger cylinders. Double-expansion engines expand the steam in two stages, but this does not imply that all engines have two cylinders
5.
Steamship
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A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically drive propellers or paddlewheels. The first steamships came into usage during the early 1800s, however. Steamships usually use the designations of PS for paddle steamer or SS for screw steamer. As paddle steamers became less common, SS is assumed by many to stand for steam ship, Ships powered by internal combustion engines use a prefix such as MV for motor vessel, so it is not correct to use SS for most modern vessels. The steamship was preceded by smaller vessels designed for insular transportation, once the technology of steam was mastered at this level, steam engines were mounted on larger, and eventually, ocean-going vessels. Becoming reliable, and propelled by screw rather than paddlewheels, the changed the design of ships for faster. Paddlewheels as the main motive source became standard on these early vessels and it was an effective means of propulsion under ideal conditions but otherwise had serious drawbacks. Within a few decades of the development of the river and canal steamboat, the first sea-going steamboat was Richard Wrights first steamboat Experiment, an ex-French lugger, she steamed from Leeds to Yarmouth in July 1813. She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an speed of 8 knots. The American ship SS Savannah first crossed the Atlantic Ocean, another claimant is the Canadian ship SS Royal William in 1833. The SS Archimedes, built in Britain in 1839 by Francis Pettit Smith, was the worlds first steamship to be driven by a screw propeller. It had considerable influence on development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the Royal Navy. The key innovation that made ocean-going steamers viable was the change from the paddle-wheel to the screw-propeller as the mechanism of propulsion and these steamships quickly became more popular, because the propellers efficiency was consistent regardless of the depth at which it operated. Being smaller in size and mass and being submerged, it was also far less prone to damage. The development of screw propulsion relied on the technological innovations. Steam engines had to be designed with the power delivered at the bottom of the machinery, a paddle steamers engines drive a shaft that is positioned above the waterline, with the cylinders positioned below the shaft. SS Great Britain used chain drive to power from a paddlers engine to the propeller shaft - the result of a late design change to propeller propulsion. An effective stern tube and associated bearings were required, the stern tube contains the propeller shaft where it passes through the hull structure
6.
Trossachs
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The Trossachs is a small woodland glen in the Stirling council area of Scotland. It lies between Ben Aan to the north and Ben Venue to the south, with Loch Katrine to the west, however, the name is used generally to refer to the wider area of wooded glens and braes with quiet lochs, lying to the east of Ben Lomond. The Lake of Menteith, lies about six miles to the south east of the glen, the poem gives a roll call of Trossachs place names, the lady herself being found on Loch Katrine. Scott followed up with his 1817 historical novel Rob Roy romanticising the outlaw cattle thief Raibert Ruadh born by Loch Katrine, the Trossachs Hotel was built on the north bank of Loch Achray in response to the growing number of tourists visiting the region. The building now functions as the Tigh Mor Trossachs holiday apartments, in 1859, a dam was built at the eastern end of Loch Katrine and connecting aqueducts were added to as part of a new main water supply to Glasgow. At the expense of the Glasgow water company, Queen Victoria had a house built overlooking the loch. The house, Royal Cottage, later became accommodation for the employees of Scottish Water, a steamer service was introduced, and the SS Sir Walter Scott, launched in 1900, remains in operation. The area is now part of the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park, scenic boat rides on Loch Katrine are also popular with visitors. The small town of Callander and the village of Aberfoyle lie at the edge of the Trossachs, the leading Victorian art critic John Ruskin and the Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais spent the summer of 1853 together at Glenfinlas in the Trossachs. Millais started a painting of John Ruskin during the visit, which he finished the following year, the painting is held in a private collection, but was on show at an exhibition on the Pre-Raphaelites at Tate Britain in London during 2004. John Ruskin himself was interested in the rock formations in the area
7.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
8.
Walter Scott
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Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature, famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Old Mortality, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an member of the Highland Society. He survived a bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Scottish Borders at his grandparents farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a cure at Prestonpans during the following summer. In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to him for school. In October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and he was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books and he was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters. Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of 12, in March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his fathers office to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and introduced him to James Macphersons Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy, after completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyers clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, as a boy, youth and young man, Scott was fascinated by the oral traditions of the Scottish Borders
9.
Lady of the Lake
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Lady of the Lake is the name of the ruler of Avalon in the Arthurian legend. She plays a role in many stories, including giving King Arthur his sword Excalibur, enchanting Merlin. Different writers and copyists give the Arthurian character the name Nimue, Viviane, Vivien, Elaine, Ninianne, Nivian, Nyneve, or Evienne, among other variations. The Lancelot-Grail Cycle provides a backstory for the Lady of the Lake, Viviane, in the prose Merlin section, though Merlin, through his power of foresight knows beforehand that this will happen, he is unable to counteract Viviane because of the truth this ability of foresight holds. He decides to do nothing for his situation other than to continue to teach her his secrets until she takes the opportunity to entrap and entomb him in a tree, a stone or a cave. Sir Thomas Malory also uses both Ladies of the Lake in his Le Morte dArthur, he leaves the first one unnamed, Malorys original Lady is presented as an early benefactor of King Arthur who grants him Excalibur when his original sword is damaged. She is later beheaded by Sir Balin as a result of a kin feud between them and a dispute over an enchanted sword, according to the Vulgate Merlin, it was the goddess Dianas enchantment, given to Dyonas, that caused Viviane to be so alluring to Merlin. The Vulgate Lancelot tells us that she was the Queen of Sicily, the continuation post-vulgata Merlin describes how she killed her lover to be with another man, but then she was beheaded by this man to be a murderess. This story was transferred to a lake in France, and was later called the Lake of Diana. In Sir Thomas Malorys text, Le Morte DArthur, he refers to Nimue as one of two Ladies of the Lake, without Nimue the Arthurian tale would not be as potent as it is with her. Malorys Nimue does not conform to the stereotypes surrounding her role, firstly, it is not Nimues hand that juts out the lake to hand Excalibur to Arthur. According to Malory, this belongs to the other Lady of the Lake. In Malorys text, Nimues character evolves from the dependent maiden to a woman who takes charge in order to help. She is married to Sir Pelleas and outwardly acts as an obedient wife, Nimue is a different kind of woman, one who does not shrink behind the male figures in her life. Instead, she is pragmatic, unflappable, and knowledgeable, similarly, Malory also introduces a character named Nyneve. This woman is another character for whom the title Lady of the Lake fits, similar to Nymue, Nyneve is sympathetic to Arthur and also marries Pelleas. She heavily stresses justice based on the greater good, in Malorys text, Nyneve is loosely related to Arthur receiving Excalibur. In Le Morte DArthur this king receives Excalibur three times, Once from the stone, once from the unidentified Lady of the Lake and once in a battle from Nyneve
10.
Rob Roy (novel)
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Rob Roy is a historical novel by Walter Scott. It is narrated by Frank Osbaldistone, the son of an English merchant who travels first to the North of England, on the way he encounters the larger-than-life title character, Rob Roy MacGregor. Though Rob Roy is not the character, his personality. The story takes place just before the Jacobite rising of 1715, Frank Osbaldistone, the narrator, quarrels with his father and is sent to stay with an uncle, Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone, in Northumberland. Frank falls in love with Diana Vernon, Sir Hildebrands niece, Franks cousin, Rashleigh, steals important documents vital to the honour and economic solvency of Franks father, William, and Frank pursues Rashleigh to Scotland. Several times his path crosses the mysterious and powerful figure Rob Roy MacGregor, known as Rob Roy, there is much confusion as the action shifts to the beautiful mountains and valleys around Loch Lomond. A British army detachment is ambushed and there is bloodshed, all of Sir Hildebrands sons but Rashleigh are killed in the Jacobite rising, and Rashleigh, too meets a bloody end. Following this, Frank inherits Sir Hildebrands property and marries Diana, the novel is a brutally realistic depiction of the social conditions in Highland and Lowland Scotland in the early 18th century. Some of the dialogue is in Scots, and the novel includes a glossary of Scottish words, robert Louis Stevenson loved this novel from childhood, regarding it as the best novel of the greatest of all novelists. Rob Roy was written from the spring of 1817 and published on Hogmanay of that year, like Scotts novel Waverley, it was published anonymously and came in three volumes. The demand for the novel was huge and a ship from Leith to London contained nothing. Furthermore, Rob Roy was written at a time when many Europeans started regretting colonialism and imperialism, as reports circulated back of horrendous atrocities towards indigenous cultures. It was also a time when debates raged about the trade, the British occupation of India, and, more relevant to the novel. The term guerrilla came about during this period, due to the influence of the Peninsular War and his tale begins with his return to his father Williams merchant house of Osbaldistone and Tresham in Crane Alley, London, from an apprenticeship in a French associates business. There, he meets with his fathers anger and disappointment, since he has been more preoccupied with writing poetry than learning the business. William was originally disinherited in favor of his younger brother Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone, William, turned out of the house to make his own way, has built a successful business with his trading company in the City. Owen, the Head Clerk of Osbaldistone and Tresham and a long friend of the family, attempts to persuade Frank to follow his fathers wishes. In spite of this, Frank decides to follow his own way, instead, William decides to send him to stay with his uncle Hildebrand in Northumberland, near the border with Scotland
11.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
12.
Aqueduct (water supply)
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An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to convey water. In modern engineering, the aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels. The term aqueduct also often refers specifically to a bridge on an artificial watercourse, the word is derived from the Latin aqua and ducere. Aqueducts were used in ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, and ancient Rome, in modern times, the largest aqueducts of all have been built in the United States to supply the countrys biggest cities. The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth, much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts. Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground, modern aqueducts may also use pipelines. Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops and supply large cities with drinking water, the Indian subcontinent is believed to have some of the earliest aqueducts. Evidence can be found at the sites of present-day Hampi, Karnataka, the massive aqueducts near river Tungabhadra supplying irrigation water were once 15 miles long. The waterways supplied water to royal bath tubs, in Persia from early times a system of underground aqueducts called qanāts were constructed, a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by gently sloping tunnels. This technique, taps into subterranean water in a manner that water to the surface without need for pumping. The water drains relying on gravity, with the lower than the source. Allows water to be transported long distances in hot dry climates without losing a large proportion of the water to seepage. Throughout Petra, Jordan, the Nabataean engineers took advantage of natural spring. They constructed aqueducts and piping systems that allowed water to flow across mountains, through gorges and into the temples, homes, and gardens of Petras citizens. Walking through the Siq, one can spot the remains of channels that directed water to the city center. On the island of Samos, the Tunnel of Eupalinos was built during the reign of Polycrates and it is considered an underground aqueduct and brought fresh water to Pythagoreion for roughly a thousand years. Roman aqueducts were built in all parts of the Roman Empire, from Germany to Africa, and especially in the city of Rome, where they totaled over 415 kilometres. The aqueducts supplied water to public baths and for drinking water, in large cities across the empire
13.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
14.
Rob Roy MacGregor
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Robert Rob Roy MacGregor was a Scottish outlaw, who later became a folk hero. Rob Roy was born at Glengyle, at the head of Loch Katrine, as recorded in the register of Buchanan. His parents were Donald Glas MacGregor and Margaret Campbell and he was also descended from the Macdonalds of Keppoch through his paternal grandmother. In January 1693, at Corrie Arklet farm near Inversnaid, he married Mary Helen MacGregor of Comar, the couple had four sons, James, Ranald, Coll and Robert. They also adopted a cousin named Duncan, although victorious in initial battles, Dundee was killed in 1689, deflating the rebellion. Robs father was taken to jail, where he was held on charges for two years. Robs mother Margarets health failed during Donalds time in prison, by the time Donald was finally released, his wife was dead. The Gregor chief never returned to his spirit or health. In 1716 Rob Roy moved to Glen Shira for a time and lived under the protection of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll also known as Red John of the Battles. Argyll negotiated an amnesty and protection for Rob and granted him permission to build a house in the Glen for the surrendering up of weapons, traditionally the story goes that Argyll only received a large cache of rusty old weapons. A sporran and dirk handle which belonged to Rob Roy can still be seen at Inveraray Castle, Rob Roy only used this house occasionally for the next three or four years. Rob Roy was badly wounded at the Battle of Glen Shiel in 1719, Rob Roy became a well-known and respected cattleman—this was a time when cattle rustling and selling protection against theft were commonplace means of earning a living. As a result, he was branded an outlaw, and his wife and family were evicted from their house at Inversnaid, which was then burned down. After his principal creditor, James Graham, 1st Duke of Montrose seized his lands, Rob Roy waged a private blood feud against the Duke until 1722, later imprisoned, he was finally pardoned in 1727. He died in his house at Inverlochlarig Beg, Balquhidder, on 28 December 1734. aged 63, another version of this series of events states that Rob Roys estate of Craigrostan and Ardess were forfeited for his part in the rebellion of 1715. The Duke of Montrose acquired the property in 1720 by open purchase from the Commissioners of Enquiry, Macleay takes the view that Rob did this out of sorrow for his crimes. The Rob Roy Way, a long distance footpath from Drymen to Pitlochry, was created in 2002 and named in Rob Roys honour. Descendants of Rob Roy settled around McGregor, Iowa, United States, the Scots Gaelic clan seal was inscribed S Rioghal Mo Dhream
15.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
16.
Dumbarton
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Dumbarton is a town in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven flows into the Clyde estuary. In 2006, it had an population of 19,990. Dumbarton was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Alclud, Dumbarton Castle, on top of Dumbarton Rock, dominates the area. Dumbarton was a Royal burgh between 1222 and 1975, Dumbarton emerged from the 19th century as a centre for shipbuilding, glassmaking, and whisky production. However these industries have declined, and Dumbarton today is increasingly a commuter town for Glasgow 13 miles east-southeast of it. Dumbarton F. C. is the football club. Dumbarton is home to BBC Scotlands drama studios, Dumbarton history goes back at least as far as the Iron Age and probably much earlier. It was the site of a strategically important Roman settlement known as Alcluith of a province named Valentia, the next record of a settlement in Dumbarton is a record in Irish chronicles of the death of Guret, rex Alo Cluathe, in AD658. The loss of the British power base led to the emergence of the new kingdom of Strathclyde, or Cumbria, the title king of the Britons of Srath Clúade was first used in 872. Dumbarton was later the county town of the county of Dunbartonshire, in September 1605 Chancellor Dunfermline reported to King James VI that inundations of the sea were likely to destroy and take away the whole town. It was estimated that the defences would cost 30,000 pounds Scots. During World War II Dumbarton was heavily bombed by the German air force, the Germans were targeting the shipyards, and the area in the vicinity of the yards was consequently hit, with Clyde and Leven Street being severely damaged. The ploy was sometimes successful in diverting the bombers and many bombs fell harmlessly onto the moors, Dumbarton Castle sits on Dumbarton Rock, at the east bank mouth of the River Leven, where it flows into the Clyde estuary. The Castle has a history and many well-known figures from Scottish and British history have visited it. The castle was a royal fortress long before Dumbarton became a Royal Burgh, its ownership went from Scottish to English, the castle was an important place during the Wars of Independence and was used to imprison William Wallace for a short time after his capture by the English. It was from here that Mary, Queen of Scots, was conveyed to France for safety as a child, Mary was trying to reach Dumbarton Castle when she suffered her final defeat at Langside. In later times, Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II visited the castle, today, Dumbarton Rock is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, it has legal protection in order to maintain and conserve the site for the future. As such any sort of work on the rock is strictly regulated by the Scottish Government, from the top of the castle can be seen both the River Clyde and Leven Grove Park
17.
River Leven, Dunbartonshire
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The River Leven is a stretch of water in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, flowing from Loch Lomond in the North to the River Clyde in the South. The total length of the river is approximately six miles and is popular with salmon and sea trout anglers. The Vale of Leven is a collection of communities in the part of the river. Dumbarton Castle sits at the confluence of the river with the Clyde, the Leven is a relatively short river but is widely claimed to be the second fastest flowing river in Scotland, after the River Spey. The river is crossed by nine bridges and two weirs, there is a path for pedestrians and cyclists near the river, which connects with a cycle path to Glasgow. It follows the river closely from Balloch to Renton, less closely from Renton to Dumbarton. In the past the river was used to get steamers into Loch Lomond, although they sometimes did not find it an easy journey, nowadays the river is considered to be not navigable. The height of the river can vary, sometimes being a good deal higher in winter than summer, list of places in West Dunbartonshire William Denny and Brothers History of the River Leven - Clyde Waterfront Heritage
18.
Loch Lomond
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Loch Lomond is a freshwater Scottish loch which crosses the Highland Boundary Fault. It is the largest inland stretch of water in Great Britain by surface area, the loch contains many islands, including Inchmurrin, the largest fresh-water island in the British Isles. Loch Lomond is a leisure destination and is featured in the song The Bonnie Banks o Loch Lomond. The Loch is now part of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park which was established in 2002, there are also two National Nature Reserves within the National Park, Loch Lomond National Nature Reserve and The Great Trossachs Forest National Nature Reserve. The former is managed by Scottish Natural Heritage, and the latter by a partnership of the Forestry Commission Scotland, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Loch Lomond is a corruption of the Gaelic Lac Leaman, or Lake of the Elms. Loch Lomond is a freshwater loch lying on the Highland Boundary Fault and it is 24 miles long and between 0.75 and 5 miles wide. It has a depth of about 121 feet, and a maximum depth of about 620 feet. Its surface area is 27 sq mi, and it has a volume of 0.62 cu mi, of all the lochs and lakes in Great Britain, it is the largest by surface area and the second largest by water volume. Traditionally a boundary between Stirlingshire and Dunbartonshire, Loch Lomond is currently split between the areas of Stirling, Argyll and Bute and West Dunbartonshire. Its southern shores are about 14 miles north of Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, Loch Lomond is now part of Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park. Ben Lomond is on the shore,3,195 feet in height. A2005 poll of Radio Times readers voted Loch Lomond as the sixth greatest natural wonder in Britain, the main arterial route along the loch is the A82 road which runs the length of its western shore. For a long time, this was a bottleneck, with the route clogged with tourists during the summer months. It was upgraded in the 1980s and 1990s, although the north of Tarbet remains unimproved. The loch contains thirty or more islands, depending on the water level. Several of them are large by the standards of British bodies of freshwater, Inchmurrin, for example, is the largest island in a body of freshwater in the British Isles. As in Loch Tay, several of the islands appear to be crannogs, morton wrote, What a large part of Loch Lomonds beauty is due to its islands, those beautiful green tangled islands, that lie like jewels upon its surface. One of the islands, Inchconnachan, is home to a colony of wallabies
19.
Firth of Clyde
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The Kilbrannan Sound is a large arm of the Firth of Clyde, separating the Kintyre Peninsula from the Isle of Arran. Within the Firth of Clyde is another major island - the Isle of Bute, given its strategic location, at the entrance to the middle/upper Clyde, Bute played a vitally important military role during World War II. The Firths climate enjoys the benefit of the Gulf Stream from America, at its entrance the firth is some 26 miles wide. Its upper reaches include an area where it is joined by Loch Long and this includes the large anchorage off Greenock known as the Tail of the Bank in reference to the sandbar which separates the firth from the estuary of the River Clyde. The Clyde is still almost 2 miles wide at the sandbar, in Scottish Gaelic the landward end is called Linne Chluaidh, while the area around the south of Arran, Kintyre and Ayrshire/Galloway is An Linne Ghlas. The Firth encompasses many Islands and Peninsulas and has ferry routes connecting them to the mainland. Sometimes called the Clyde Waters, this body is customarily considered an element of the Irish Sea. The ferry services are run by Caledonian MacBrayne and by Western Ferries, a great number of sea lochs adjoin the Firth, the largest being Loch Fyne. The Cowal peninsula extends into the Firth of Clyde and forms the upper firth west shoreline. The main town on the Cowal peninsula is Dunoon and these routes across the Firth of Clyde save time, rather than traveling round by road, via Loch Eck side, the Rest and be thankful and Loch Lomond side. The service between Dunoon and Gourock in Inverclyde, operated by the Caledonian MacBrayne subsidiary Argyll Ferries LTD is a passenger only service. This service connects directly with the ScotRail service to Glasgow, Western Ferries LTD operate the service between Hunters Quay and McInroys Point near Gourock and carry all types of vehicular transport and foot passengers. This lists the towns and some of the numerous villages along the firth. There are many islands in the firth, the largest all have thriving communities and regular ferry services connecting them to the mainland. They are, Arran Bute Cumbrae The Clyde formed an important sea route from the earliest times, and the Battle of Largs in 1263 marked the turning point for the end of Viking ambitions in Britain. During World War II Glasgow and the Clyde became Britains main entry point for Allied merchant shipping, military personnel and equipment, the Clyde formed the largest base of naval ships. The area became famous worldwide for its significant contribution to yachting and yachtbuilding with notable designers including, William Fife III, Alfred Mylne, G L Watson and it was also the location of many famous yacht yards. Clyde-built wooden yachts are known for quality and style today
20.
Fire-tube boiler
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A fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases from a fire pass through one or more tubes running through a sealed container of water. The heat of the gases is transferred through the walls of the tubes by thermal conduction, heating the water and their advantage over flued boilers with a single large flue is that the many small tubes offer far greater heating surface area for the same overall boiler volume. The general construction is as a tank of water penetrated by tubes that carry the hot gases from the fire. The tank is cylindrical for the most part—being the strongest practical shape for a pressurized container—and this cylindrical tank may be either horizontal or vertical. This type of boiler was used on all steam locomotives in the horizontal locomotive form. This has a barrel containing the fire tubes, but also has an extension at one end to house the firebox. This firebox has a base to provide a large grate area. The horizontal fire-tube boiler is also typical of marine applications, using the Scotch boiler, vertical boilers have also been built of the multiple fire-tube type, although these are comparatively rare, most vertical boilers were either flued, or with cross water-tubes. In the locomotive-type boiler, fuel is burnt in a firebox to produce hot combustion gases, the firebox is surrounded by a cooling jacket of water connected to the long, cylindrical boiler shell. The hot gases are directed along a series of tubes, or flues. The steam rises to the highest point of the boiler, the steam dome, the dome is the site of the regulator that controls the exit of steam from the boiler. In the locomotive boiler, the steam is very often passed into a superheater, back through the larger flues at the top of the boiler, to dry the steam. The superheated steam is directed to the engines cylinders or very rarely to a turbine to produce mechanical work. Exhaust gases are fed out through a chimney, and may be used to pre-heat the feed water to increase the efficiency of the boiler, draught for firetube boilers, particularly in marine applications, is usually provided by a tall smokestack. In all steam locomotives since Stephensons Rocket, additional draught is supplied by directing exhaust steam from the cylinders into the smokestack through a blastpipe, modern industrial boilers use fans to provide forced or induced draughting of the boiler. Another major advance in the Rocket was large numbers of small-diameter firetubes instead of a large flue. This greatly increased the area for heat transfer, allowing steam to be produced at a much higher rate. Without this, steam locomotives could never have developed effectively as powerful prime movers, for more details on the related ancestor type, see Flued boilers
21.
Biofuel
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Biofuels can be derived directly from plants, or indirectly from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes. Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation, such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the process of photosynthesis, other renewable biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass. This biomass can be converted to convenient energy-containing substances in three different ways, thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion and this biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels, bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. Current plant design does not provide for converting the portion of plant raw materials to fuel components by fermentation. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe, in 2010, worldwide biofuel production reached 105 billion liters, up 17% from 2009, and biofuels provided 2. 7% of the worlds fuels for road transport. Global ethanol fuel production reached 86 billion liters in 2010, with the United States and Brazil as the top producers. The worlds largest biodiesel producer is the European Union, accounting for 53% of all production in 2010. As of 2011, mandates for blending biofuels exist in 31 countries at the national level, the International Energy Agency has a goal for biofuels to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050 to reduce dependence on petroleum and coal. The production of biofuels also led into an automotive industry. There are various social, economic, environmental and technical issues relating to production and use. Most transportation fuels are liquids, because vehicles usually require high energy density and this occurs naturally in liquids and solids. High energy density can also be provided by a combustion engine. The fuels that are easiest to burn cleanly are typically liquids, thus, liquids meet the requirements of being both energy-dense and clean-burning. In addition, liquids can be pumped, which means handling is easily mechanized, first-generation or conventional biofuels are made from sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Biobutanol is often claimed to provide a replacement for gasoline
22.
The Herald (Glasgow)
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The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The newspaper was founded by an Edinburgh-born printer called John Mennons in January 1783 as a publication called the Glasgow Advertiser. Mennons first edition had a scoop, news of the treaties of Versailles. War had ended with the American colonies, he revealed, the Herald, therefore, is as old as the United States of America, give or take an hour or two. The story was, however, only carried on the back page, Mennons, using the larger of two fonts available to him, put it in the space reserved for late news. In 1802, Mennons sold the newspaper to Benjamin Mathie and Dr James McNayr, former owner of the Glasgow Courier, along with the Mercury, was one of two papers Mennons had come to Glasgow to challenge. Mennons son Thomas retained an interest in the company, the new owners changed the name to The Herald and Advertiser and Commercial Chronicle in 1803. In 1805 the name changed again, time to The Glasgow Herald when Thomas Mennons severed his ties to the paper, from 1836 to 1964 The Herald was owned by George Outram & Co. becoming the first daily newspaper in Scotland in 1858. The company took its name from the editor of 19 years, George Outram. Outram was an early Scottish nationalist, a member of the National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights, any man calling himself a Scotsman should enrol in the National Association, said The Herald. In 1895, the moved to a building in Mitchell Street designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. In 1980, the moved to offices in Albion Street in Glasgow into the former Scottish Daily Express building. It is now based at in a building in Renfield Street. One of the most traumatic episodes in the history of The Herald was the battle for control, millionaires Hugh Fraser and Roy Thomson, whose newspaper empire included The Heralds archrival, The Scotsman, fought for control of the title for 52 days. Sir Hugh Fraser was to win, the papers then editor James Holburn was a disapproving onlooker The Labour Party condemned the battle as big business at its worst. The newspaper changed its name to The Herald on 3 February 1992, dropping Glasgow from its title and that same year the title was bought by Caledonia Newspaper Publishing & Glasgow. In 1996 was purchased by Scottish Television, as of 2013 the newspaper along with its related publications, the Evening Times and Sunday Herald, were owned by the Newsquest media group
23.
National Historic Ships
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As well as providing formal advice to funding bodies, it also gives direct assistance to vessel owners, for example through its small grants scheme and its directory of relevant skills and services. Substantially intact Inclusion on the Register is with the owners consent, the records include details of designer, builder, dimensions, construction, propulsion, service history and current location, as well as images of many of the vessels. The National Register of Historic Vessels contains a sub-group of some 200 vessels that comprise The National Historic Fleet, the National Archive of Historic Vessels includes details of vessels no longer on the NRHV because they have been scrapped, lost, or moved abroad. It also includes vessels that do not meet all the criteria for inclusion on the NRHV but are nevertheless of historic interest, there are currently over 1,000 vessels on the National Register of Historic Vessels and over 400 vessels on the National Archive of Historic Vessels. The registers provide an assessment of the significance of historic vessels. The database can also be a research tool, although confidential information about ownership etc. is always kept secure. Over 57% of historic vessels recorded on the National Register of Historic Vessels are either owned or commercially operated. Museums and charitable trusts account for 14% of the total, fully searchable versions of the databases are available on National Historic Ships website. Barcelona Charter List of museum ships National Historic Ships website
24.
Albion (wherry)
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Built in 1898, she served as a trading vessel and then as a lighter until being acquired by the Norfolk Wherry Trust for restoration and preservation in 1949. Since 1981 she has been moored at the Norfolk Wherry Trust wherry base at Womack Water near Ludham and she is listed on the register of National Historic Ships in the United Kingdom as part of the National Historic Fleet. Albions construction is unique amongst Norfolk Wherries as she is carvel built whereas all others are clinker built and she is steered from a small aft well by rudder and tiller. Albions registered tonnage is 22.78 and her length overall is 65 ft with a 58 ft hull and her beam is 15 ft and she draws 4 ft 6 in. Her mast is 42 feet tall and her sail area is 1,200 square feet. Albion was built by William Billy Brighton at his shipyard on Lake Lothing between Oulton Broad and Lowestoft for W. D. and A. E. Walker and she cost £455 to build and was launched in October 1898 in a livery of green with a brown oxide top. Her crew consisted a man and a boy, Albion was nearly lost in January 1929 when she sank near Great Yarmouth Bridge but was raised 3 days later. She had a mishap in 1931 when she lost her mast but had it replaced with that of the wherry Sirius. Albion was allocated the United Kingdom Official Number 148735, although designed to carry 36 long tons of cargo, she is recorded as carrying 41 long tons of cargo on one occasion. In normal service, Albion made 3 to 5 knots, with 7 to 8 knots being considered her normal maximum and it is rumoured that she achieved 9 to 10 knots in a race on Breydon Water when her mast snapped. She continued to ply as a trading wherry, however, after sinking a further two times, it was recognised that this was economically unsustainable and in 1961 the Trust decided that Albion would never carry dirty cargo again. In 2010, Albion was awarded the position by National Historic Ships in their annual Flagship competition. An award of £250 was made to the Norfolk Wherry Trust in recognition of this, Albion flew a pennant during the 2010 season denoting this achievement. Norfolk Broads wherries The Norfolk Wherry Trust – Home of the Albion Albion on the Register of Historic Vessels
25.
SB Cambria
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SB Cambria is a preserved spritsail barge used for sail training. She is owned and operated by the Cambria Trust, a charity under English law. Cambria is a sister to the spritsail SB Hibernia which was lost off the coast of Norfolk on the evening of 9/10 November 1937, william built Cambria for £1895, whilst her sister barge cost £1905. She was also faster than Hibernia and it came second in the coasting class in the Thames. Brusher Milton was her first skipper and he recounted one event, when she arrived in Dover, an hour ahead of a steamer which she had overtaken on her way up the Channel from the Solent. We were doing nine knots, quoted on the steamer, and she was the last Thames sailing barge, to trade entirely under sail, and was owned by Captain A. W. Roberts. Roberts sailed the Cambria for more than twenty years, and gained a reputation for hard sailing and fast passages in other Everard barges. Cambrias last mate was Dick Durham from Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, with whom Bob carried the last freight under sail alone,100 tons of cattle cake from Tilbury Dock to Ipswich in October 1970, Dick wrote Bob Roberts biography, The Last Sailorman. Bob Roberts sold Cambria to the Maritime Trust in 1971, for display at St Katharine Docks in London, but she was not looked after very well and in 1987, the Maritime Trust was disbanded. It was agreed that the barge was moved to the Dolphin Sailing Barge Museum at Sittingbourne, on 6 September 2007, Cambria came to Standard Quay in Faversham for restoration and rebuilding after the Barge Museum was damaged in a fire. Her funded restoration cost a £1.4 million with help from the National Lottery and she was re-launched into the Faversham Creek on 23 March 2011. She then underwent sea trials and then re-fitting to prepare her for use in supporting local schools and she won the coasting class in the 2011 Thames sailing barge match. In 2012, the 82nd Thames Sailing Barge Match took place, Cambria won again and Edith May came fifth, behind Thalatta, Lady of the Lea and Pudge. Prizes were presented by Richard Horlock and special guest Griff Rhys Jones, in 2013 another Thames Barge Match took place. Cambria came 1st in the Coasting class, Thames Barge Cambria Trust site Cambria under restoration photo site The Barge Blog archive about Cambria Documentary about the Cambria narrated by Captain Bob Roberts
26.
Cutty Sark
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Cutty Sark is a British clipper ship. She continued as a ship until purchased in 1922 by retired sea captain Wilfred Dowman. After his death, Cutty Sark was transferred to the Thames Nautical Training College, by 1954, she had ceased to be useful as a cadet ship and was transferred to permanent dry dock at Greenwich, London, for public display. Cutty Sark is listed by National Historic Ships as part of the National Historic Fleet, the ship has been damaged by fire twice in recent years, first on 21 May 2007 while undergoing conservation. She was restored and was reopened to the public on 25 April 2012, on 19 October 2014 she was damaged in a smaller fire. Cutty Sark was ordered by shipping magnate John Willis, who operated a company founded by his father. The company had a fleet of clippers and regularly took part in the tea trade from China to Britain. In 1868 the brand new Aberdeen built clipper Thermopylae set a time of 61 days port to port on her maiden voyage from London to Melbourne. It is uncertain how the shape for Cutty Sark was chosen. Willis chose Hercules Linton to design and build the ship but Willis already possessed another ship, The Tweed, which he considered to have exceptional performance. The Tweed was a designed by Oliver Lang based on the lines of an old French frigate. She and a ship were purchased by Willis, who promptly sold the second ship plus engines from The Tweed for more than he paid for both. The Tweed was then lengthened and operated as a fast sailing vessel, Willis also commissioned two all-iron clippers with designs based upon The Tweed, Halloween and Blackadder. Linton was taken to view The Tweed in dry dock, Willis considered that The Tweeds bow shape was responsible for its notable performance, and this form seems to have been adopted for Cutty Sark. Linton, however, felt that the stern was too barrel shaped, the broader stern increased the buoyancy of the ships stern, making it lift more in heavy seas so it was less likely that waves would break over the stern, and over the helmsman at the wheel. The square bilge was carried forward through the centre of the ship, in the matter of masts Cutty Sark also followed the design of The Tweed, with similar good rake and with the foremast on both ships being placed further aft than was usual. A contract for Cutty Sarks construction was signed on 1 February 1869 with the firm of Scott & Linton and their shipyard was at Dumbarton on the River Leven on a site previously occupied by shipbuilders William Denny & Brothers. The contract required the ship to be completed six months at a contracted price of £17 per ton
27.
RRS Discovery
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RRS Discovery was the last traditional wooden three-masted ship to be built in Britain. Designed for Antarctic research, it was launched as a Royal Research Ship in 1901 and it is now the centrepiece of visitor attraction in its home, Dundee. In charge of her design was W. E. Smith, one of the naval architects at the Admiralty, while the ships engine, boilers. The main compass was mounted amidships and there were to be no steel or iron fittings within 30 feet of this point. For the same reason the boiler and engines were mounted towards the stern of the ship, the yard was previously owned by Alexander Stephen and Sons and had built the Terra Nova in 1884. 1m in modern currency. At her economical cruising speed of 6 knots she only carried enough coal for 7700 miles of steaming, at 8 knots she could steam only 5100 miles. She was rigged as a barque and the total sail area was 12,296 square feet. Following the practice of the most modern sailing ships of the time, the ship was rigged to carry several large staysails and the funnel was hinged at the base so it could be laid on the deck when the large mizzen staysail was rigged once at sea. At the time of her launch Discovery was widely held to be the strongest wooden ship ever built, the hull frames, placed much closer together than was normal, were made of solid sections of oak up to 11 inches thick. The outer hull was formed from two layers - one 6 inches thick and an outer skin some 5 inches thick, a third lining was laid inside the frames, forming a double bottom and skin around almost the entire hull. This meant that in places the hull was over 2 feet thick, providing not only formidable strength, the construction meant that it was impossible to install portholes so the crew relied on mushroom vents on the deck to allow air and light into the interior. The outer hull is made of English Elm and Greenheart, oak beams run across the hull forming three decks - the lower deck beams are 11 inches square in cross-section and are placed less than three feet apart along the ships length. Seven transverse bulkheads, also of wood, provide additional strength, to prevent damage from ice floes or crushing the two-blade propeller could be hoisted out of the way and the rudder could be easily detached and stored aboard. Iron-shod bows were severely raked so that when ramming the ice they would ride up over the margin, the coal bunkers on each side contained a steel tank, each of which could hold 60 tons of fresh water. On the long trip to and from New Zealand these tanks could hold additional coal. The metal tanks also contributed to the strength of the hull around the boiler. She was launched into the Firth of Tay on 21 March 1901 by Lady Markham, the British National Antarctic Expedition departed the UK less than five months after the Discovery was launched and only a week after the ship left Dundee
28.
Earl of Pembroke (tall ship)
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Earl of Pembroke is a wooden, three masted barque, currently used for maritime festivals, charters, charity fund raising, corporate entertaining and film work. The current rig has been designed and built to resemble the famous HMS Endeavour on board of which Captain Cook discovered Australia and it is known that the Endeavour used to be called Earl of Pembroke in the days when she worked as a coal trader in the West Country. Earl of Pembroke as we know her today has been built with festivals and her three masted rig and the interrupted decks create a beautiful and unforgettable silhouette of a classic sailing ship. There is no superstructure or wheelhouse to interrupt the lines, what goes with it she only needs minimal work to get a perfect, period correct aerial or side shot. With a little bit more effort she can be made to look like an old Spanish Galleon or steam-sailing ship from the age of the Arctic expeditions. She is a truly magnificent vessel built as a real, working wooden sailing boat and maintained in that way to preserve her natural character and she was built in Pukavik, Sweden as Orion in 1945. The ship was used to haul timber in the Baltic Sea until 1974 and she was brought over to the UK in 1980 and the full restoration began in 1985. As part of the restoration, the rig was changed from the original Schooner to her current Barque type, as soon as the work to bring her back from the dead was completed and the new rig was up Earl of Pembroke quickly become producers favourite vessel. Both small and big screen movie makers proved very interested in the versatility and it is not surprising that she also proved very popular amongst the organisers of many maritime festivals around the UK and Europe. In, Ships and Shipyards, Sailors and Fishermen, Introduction to Maritime Ethnology by Olof Hasslöf, Henning Henningsen and Arne Emil Christensen Jr. Copenhagen,1972
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Edith May
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Edith May is a wooden Thames sailing barge, built in Harwich, Essex in 1906. She was then used to carry various cargoes until 1952, when an engine was fitted and she was then used in various Thames Sailing Barge matches. She was a ship for a time, and was restored in 2010 to offer charter trips on the River Medway. The Thames sailing barge Edith May was built for her owners, William Barrett of 153 Mornington Road, Leytonstone, Essex. She was then sold to Alfred Sully, who managed the barge from just after the First World War and they owned many Thames sailing barges at that time, with Edith May the smallest barge. The barge continued in the ownership of Sully’s throughout her life, carrying cereal products, wheat. Her largest cargo was 133 tons of wheat, but more typically she would carry around 120 tons, in 1952 an auxiliary engine was fitted. In 1953, she won the Thames Barge Sailing match under the skippership of Chubb Horlock and it was believed to be the Coronation Match of that year. In September 1957, she was converted into a barge at Colchester. Then Vernon Harvey bought the barge from trade and she was re-rigged with the gear from the famous racing barge, Veronica when her career ended in 1963. Regarded as a day racing Queen, the Edith May dominated the Sailing Barge Matches of the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. After 1961, she was re-rigged by Jack Spitty for the owner, in January 1961, she operated as a motor barge, skippered by Bob Childs, a local bargeman. Bob in his retirement, wrote the book Rochester Barges, in 1966, Jack Spitty became the Skipper in several matches. Anglia Television produced a programme about Jack Spitty and his barge Edith May as part of the Bygones series, in 1971, Jack Spitty also won the Blackwater Sailing barge race. She was sold and moved to Liverpool during the 1980s before returning to Maldon in 1987. Sea Breezes Publications August 2011, to operate as a charter barge. She sat in St Katharine Docks, London, for years and was not maintained very well. Then on 7 October 1999 she was bought by Geoff Gransden who moved her to Lower Halstow on the River Medway, in September 2009, a sail maker began measuring up for new sails. On 21 November 2009, she was open to the public for an exhibition of local artists and she then opened to the public every weekend after that date
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Excelsior (smack)
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Excelsior is an authentically restored fishing smack of the Lowestoft fishing fleet and a member of the National Historic Fleet. She was built by John Chambers of Lowestoft in 1921 and worked until 1936 before being converted into a motor coaster, in 2011 Excelsior celebrated her 90th birthday. During her time as a motor coaster she was known as Svinor and she measures 23 metres long with a beam of 5.9 metres and is ketch rigged and is the last traditional sailing trawler able to tow a full-sized traditional trawl net. Excelsior was restored in 1989 and operates as a training vessel based out of Lowestoft, able to accommodate up to 17 people. Mincarlo - last surviving Lowestoft Sidewinder fishing trawler
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Glenlee (ship)
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Glenlee is a steel-hulled three-masted barque, built in 1896 for Glasgow owners, trading as a cargo ship. From 1922 she was a training ship in the Spanish Navy. She is now a museum ship at the Riverside Museum on Pointhouse Quay, Glasgow and she has a hull length of 245.5 ft, beam of 37.5 ft and depth of 22.5 ft, the over-all length with the spike bowsprit is 282 ft. She has 1,613 GRT and 1,490 NRT, rigged only with double topgallant sails over double top sails, she was not equipped with royal sails to save costs concerning gear and seamen. As with many baldheaded sailing ships the square sails were a wider than the sails of a standard rigging to gain sail area for a better propulsion. On 13 December 1896, just ten days after she was launched fully rigged and seaworthy, her maiden voyage brought her in ballast to Liverpool and from there with a cargo to Portland. Islamount was renamed the Clarastella in 1919 when she changed hands to the Star of Italy Italian Shipping Company of Milan who registered her in Genoa, the new owner had her repaired and equipped with two auxiliary diesel engines. In 1922 the ship came into the hands of the Officers Military Navy School as Galatea to be used as a training ship. During this period the ship underwent a lot of changes to her hull, a flying bridge was installed on the poop deck, a flying jibboom was attached to the spike bowsprit, and many other changes such as the installation of accommodation facilities for 300 cadets. In April 1931 she became part of the Spanish Republican Navy, at the time of the coup of July 1936 she was at sea and reached Ferrol, a harbour that had been taken by the Nationalist faction. After more than 47 years of service as a sail and later on as a training ship she was first laid up in A Graña, Ferrol. In 1981 the underwater hull was re-plated at the drydock in Ferrol, later Galatea was completely de-rigged down to a hulk and was towed to Seville to be used as a floating museum, but left forgotten. Some sources even reported that the ship was sunk in the harbour by removing her bronze sea cock valve, in any case, the ship was in such poor condition that it was eventually decided to scrap her. In 1990 a British naval architect discovered the ship and in 1993 she was rescued from being scrapped, after making the hull seaworthy the ship was returned to Glasgow months later in tow from Seville. Except for the hull a new ship had to be rebuilt. All the changes made to the ship by the Spanish and previous owners had to be removed, such as all the cabins built for the trainees, Glenlee is now recognised as part of the National Historic Fleet. As a museum ship and tourist attraction, Glenlee offers educational programmes, events including exhibitions and is a venue for the West End Festival and volunteering opportunities. Since June 2011, the ship has been open at Glasgows new Riverside Museum. oktett. net The Tall Ship, Glenlee - Clyde Waterfront Heritage
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Hathor (wherry)
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Hathor is one of only six surviving Norfolk pleasure wherries to be found on the Norfolk Broads. Like two of the other surviving wherries, Maud and Solace, she was built by D. S, Hathor has been listed on the register of National Historic Ships in the United Kingdom since 1996, and is part of the National Historic Fleet. Hathor was built in 1905 for Ethel and Helen Colman, daughters of Jeremiah Colman, Hathor remained in the Colman/Boardman family until 1954 when she was sold to Claud Hamilton who owned her for almost 10 years. She was then sold on and used as a houseboat until 1985 when the Wherry Yacht Charter Trust purchased her in a dilapidated state and undertook an extensive two-year restoration. As of 2010, Hathor is in sailing order but is currently laid-up at Wroxham awaiting an out-of-the-water survey, the repair and refit are due to be finished in 2013. Her interior has an Egyptian theme designed by Norwich architect Edward Boardman and she is 60 feet 0 inches long, with a beam of 14 feet 2 inches and a draught of 4 feet 0 inches. She is assessed as 23.01 GT, Hathor has not been fitted with an engine and relies on wind and quanting for propulsion. Wherry Yacht Charter Charitable Trust Boats of the Norfolk Broads
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Irene (ketch)
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Irene is a 100-foot ketch built in Bridgwater in 1907, the last ship built in the docks and the only ketch built in the West Country still sailing. It was built by FJ Carver and Son and launched in May 1907, the Blake Museum in Bridgwater opened an exhibit about the ship in 2010. She was first owned by Symons of Bridgwater and named after Irene Symons, for 53 years the ship was a trading vessel for bricks, tiles and other goods, mainly in the Severn estuary and to Ireland. She was owned by the Bridgwater Brick and Tile Company, the ship retired from service in the 1960s and was found derelict by Dr Leslie Morrish, the present owner, in 1965. The ship was restored in Brentford, Middlesex, and the hold was converted into quarters for 15. The ship was a vessel in the Caribbean until she sank due to a fire in 2003 and was restored once more. She ran aground off Arran on the way to the Tall Ships Race in Greenock July 2011, list of ship launches in 1907 Official website Irene, National Historic Ships UK on the National Register of Historic Vessels
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Kathleen and May
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The Kathleen and May is the last remaining British built wooden hull three masted top sail schooner. Registered in Bideford, North Devon, but presently based in Liverpool and she was built in 1900 by Ferguson and Baird at their Connahs Quay, Flintshire yard, for local shipping company Coppack Bros. Constructed with a frame of oak, these were covered by 3 inches thick seasoned pitch pine planks, fastened to the frames with treenails. Launched in April 1900 under Captain John Coppack, she was named Lizzie May after the Captain’s daughters, fleming modified her, adding before World War I both a longer lower yard to lengthen the middle sail, and a martingale fitted to the bowsprit. She now plied her trade between Youghal and the ports of the Bristol Channel, as a coal lugger, in 1931 she was sold to Captain Jewell of Appledore, North Devon. On arrival in her new port, she was fitted with an 80 brake horsepower Beardmore diesel engine. After surviving the storms of February 1936, in 1937 she experienced engine trouble in sight of Youghal’s lighthouse, in 1943, her engine was upgraded to a 125 brake horsepower Deutz diesel. After the death of Captain Jewell in 1945, she passed to his son Tommy, in 1947 he had the martingale removed, but continued to ply her on the Irish Sea coal trade, which was now in severe decline. He sold most of his collection of vintage and veteran motor cars to raise the money to buy her, with a crew of one, Paul sailed her around the coast to Appledore, where she was berthed on the mud in the estuary outside the port. The Duke of Edinburgh in a bid to preserve a number of examples of Britains decaying maritime heritage set up the Maritime Trust in London, the Trust moved her to Gloucester Docks, and began restoring her as a typical West Country schooner. But failed to secure a £2 million National Lottery Heritage Fund grant, businessman Steve Clarke from Bideford, Devon then bought her. Towed by sea to Bideford, in February 1999 she was hauled out of the water by two 1,000 tonnes heavy lift mobile cranes, and placed on to the disused Brunswick Wharf at East-the-Water. 70% of the planking was stripped from the frames, enabling most of her internal timbers to later be refitted. While the stern of the ship was stripped down to the keels, once the frames were refitted, the surviving parts of the original frames were steam cleaned at 3000psi, to kill fungal spores. The ship was fitted with a 400 brake horsepower Detroit diesel ex-lifeboat engine, the ship now carries enough fuel to do 2,000 miles under engine power alone. Redecked with new seasoned timbers, she was given a refit, with all masts. On completion, she underwent a rigorous MCA CAT2 inspection, as a result of his efforts in restoring Kathleen and May, Councillor Steve Clarke was awarded the OBE in 2008. Based in Bideford on the River Torridge, since her restoration Kathleen & May now regularly sails across the Bristol Channel and she has returned to Youghal, attended various festivals, and sailed across the Bay of Biscay to Bilbao as the paid guest of the Guggenheim museum
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Maud (wherry)
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Maud is one of only two surviving Norfolk trading wherries to be found on the Norfolk Broads. Maud was built in 1899, and served as a sailing wherry, in 1981, she was refloated and taken to Upton where she was restored over a number of years, finally returning to the water in 1999. As of 2010, Maud is active on the Norfolk Broads and she is listed on the register of National Historic Ships in the United Kingdom, as part of the National Historic Fleet. She is 60 feet 0 inches long, with a beam of 16 feet 6 inches and she is assessed as 20 GT. Maud was built by D S Hall of Reedham for Walter Bunn and she carried general cargo and timber in connection with Bunns business. In 1911, she was sold to the Yare and Waveney Lighter Co Ltd, of Norwich, during Hobroughs ownership, she was dismasted and used as a barge in connection with dredging operations. In 1940, Hobrough was taken over by May, Gurney & Co Ltd and they used Maud as a lighter until after the Second World War, when she was fitted with a Kelvin engine. In the early 1950s, Maud was damaged in an accident whilst loading coal at Norwich Power Station, following this, she was replanked from the waterline up, with a new deck also being provided. May Gurney replaced their wherries with modern lighters in the early 1960s, Maud was sunk as a breakwater on Ranworth Broad in the mid-1960s, along with the wherry Bell. In 1976, Maud was moved elsewhere within Ranworth Broad and was resunk, in 1981, it was decided to pile the riverbank where Maud lay, and she was given to millwright Vincent Pargeter, and his wife Linda, on the understanding that the boat would be restored. Maud was taken to Upton, where she restored over a period of 18 years, restoration was assisted by grants from the Broads Authority and an appeal via the Transport Trust. In 1996, she was added to the register of National Historic Ships in the United Kingdom, boats of the Norfolk Broads WHERRY YACHT CHARTER CHARITABLE TRUST Wherry Maud Trust
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Peggy of Castletown
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Peggy is an armed yacht built in 1789 for George Quayle, MHK, a prominent politician and banker on the Isle of Man. She is the oldest surviving Manx craft and is one of only a few surviving vessels built in the 18th century. For over one hundred years following Quayles death, Peggy was interred within the boathouse he built for her, effectively forgotten. Interest in her grew during the 20th century, and after World War II she was given to the people of the Isle of Man to be held in trust by Manx National Heritage. She remains preserved in the boathouse, now part of The Nautical Museum in Castletown and she is clinker-built and was schooner rigged with a bowsprit. A set of her spars is preserved with her, along with her armament and she is the oldest surviving schooner in the world and the oldest surviving example of the shallop hull form. She was fitted with sliding keels not long after the invention of the technology by John Schank, basil Greenhill, then Director of the National Maritime Museum, took a keen interest in her around this time. Peggy is now recognized as a vessel of international significance, which is reflected in her citation on the UK National Historic Ships Register and her well-documented provenance, her fine state of relative preservation, her historic location and her design all contribute to this. Upon the death of Emily Quayle in 1935, Peggy and, in due course, in 1950, with help from the Carnegie Trust, the Manx Museum and National Trust undertook minor restoration of the boat and boathouse and opened the site to visitors. Peggy had been resting on her side against the damp ground for 150 years. Her keel, rudder and two of her lowest strakes were replaced and she was then painted inside and out. Aside from at least one more repaint in the intervening years, recent surveys indicate that all her original paint layers are intact and that well over 95% of her timbers and fixings date from the 18th or very early 19th centuries. Nonetheless the damp conditions in the boathouse, which is subject to flooding, have taken their toll. She is entirely fixed with iron and most of her nails are completely mineralised. She shows signs of hogging and sagging, and is deformed by the rudimentary props and frames with which, until 2013. Her decorative paintwork is fragile and flaking, Manx National Heritage has embarked upon a programme of conservation aimed at the stabilisation and long-term preservation of Peggy. The first step was the replacement of the props and frames with a new cradle designed with the aid of a survey of the hull. Then, in 2014, archaeological excavations revealed a well-preserved private dock built for Peggy, in due course Peggy will be returned to her home in Castletown
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Reaper (sailing vessel)
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Built by J. & G. Forbes of Sandhaven in 1901, she is 21 metres long and of carvel construction, using larch planking on larch and oak frames. First registered at Fraserburgh in 1902, she operated initially as a sailing lugger with a dipping lug sail. There would have been a crew of eight to work the nets which were set at dusk. Once the haul was complete, a return to port would ensure the best prices for the earliest-sold catches. Reaper later spent many years in Shetland fishing for herring in the summer, during World War II she was requisitioned by the Admiralty and served in the southeast of England, often being used as a barrage balloon mooring. After the war, she resumed fishing in Shetland and continued until 1957 and she holds the record catch for Shetland of 233 cran. From 1959 she served the council as a general purpose cargo boat until the introduction of the roll on-roll off ferries when she was retired from service. Renamed Reaper FR958, she is one of the last authentic survivors of this type of vessel, listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, she sails regularly in the summer months. When not sailing, the boat is berthed in Anstruther harbour opposite the fisheries museum, in 2003 she visited 14 ports around Britain, attracting 24,000 visitors. In 2005 she visited 12 ports around Britain, including a visit to the Festival of the Sea in Portsmouth, and attracted 20,000 visitors. In 2001, with seven people aboard, she was the centre of an emergency off the coast of northeast England when she began to take on water due to the failure of a bilge pump, a rescue helicopter was scrambled from RAF Boulmer in Northumberland. A lifeboat dispatched from Amble transferred a new pump and escorted her to harbour for repairs, in August 2016 she was blown over and partially submerged in unseasonably strong winds while docked at Johnshaven Harbor in Aberdeenshire. Reaper was portrayed in an episode of the 2010 BBC TV series Boats that Built Britain, Reaper at the Scottish Fisheries Museum History of Reaper, Scottish Fisheries Museum Boat Club National Register of Historic Vessels The history of herring fishing on the east coast of Scotland
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Thalatta (Thames barge)
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Thalatta is a Thames sailing barge, built in Harwich, Essex, in 1906 and rebuilt in St Osyth in 2012. She is 90 feet long and 26 feet across the widest part of the deck, like all Thames barges, she is flat-bottomed and has leeboards instead of a keel. She spent some of her life ketch-rigged and some of it spritsail-rigged and she is now permanently spritsail rigged, and has a mainmast and topmast that, together, are about 90 feet high, and a mizzen mast. Thalatta has had two periods with an engine and two without. She carried cargo for sixty years and was converted for use as a sail training ship in 1966. She was completely rebuilt between 2006 and 2012 at St Osyth with assistance from lottery funds, Thalatta was built by McLearons shipyard in Harwich. She was bought from McLearons by Fred Horlock of Mistley, who gave her a spritsail rig suitable for sailing in the waters of the Thames estuary. She was registered on 6 February 1906 and her first skipper was James Alliston of Mistley, Thalattas first freight was from London to Lowestoft, and from there they went to Hull and then back to Mistley. On 24 March, they sailed to Ipswich to load beans for Nieuwpoort in Belgium, during that first year of trading, Thalatta visited Hull again and also Dunkirk and Rotterdam. She also visited ports on the European mainland. On 10 November 1908, she was caught in a storm between Sunderland and the Thames and, three days later, was towed into Lowestoft with a broken main gaff and a split sail. Such a collision was not an unusual occurrence in the Thames at that time, in 1915, the first world war brought a change in Thalattas use and she was put to work as a lighter in the Thames for a year. The following year, she ran between Shoreham and Dieppe, loaded with pig iron to feed the French war machine. In 1917 the barge was bought by the Wynnfield Shipping Company of Grimsby and she was used as a supply vessel to the Humber boom defences skippered by Percy Richmond. At the end of the war, Herbert John Body of Southend took over as skipper, between 1919 and 1921 she also went to Paris, Antwerp, Brussels, and Rotterdam. After that, she carried cement to Torquay, china clay from Fowey to Greenhithe, then in 1923, she was sold to Captain Body and, for reasons now long forgotten, her engine was taken out. She was converted back to a rig and continued carrying cargoes between the north of England and the Channel, as well as to mainland Europe. Her skipper was Bob Ruffles and, after him, there were Lucas, Wells, pauls looked after the barge well and she was found to be unusually sound and well-preserved when her last Board of Trade loadline inspection was carried out in 1964
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Will (Thames barge)
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Will is a Thames sailing barge, built in Great Yarmouth by Fellows & Co in 1925. She is 97.6 ft long,23.1 ft across and 9.6 ft deep and she was commissioned to be one of four steel barges, the largest ever built. She is spritsail rigged with a mainmast and topmast and a mizzen and has a bottom with leeboards as is customary for Thames sailing barges. As one of the last sailing cargo vessels to operate in UK waters she left trade in 1966, after a few years lying derelict, she was refitted and eventually entered into the service of P&O where she was used as a floating board room until 1999. This role in corporate hospitality continued and she now is engaged in private charter work. She currently operates out of the Pool of London from a base at Hermitage Community Moorings, Reeds Wharf and St Katherine Docks for cruises through London, will Everard, as she was originally known, was commissioned by F. T. Everard in 1925 or 1926 as one of four steel-hulled sister ships, the vessels were to be the largest Thames sailing barges ever built and were coasters destined for ports up to Newcastle in the north-east and round to Poole in the southwest. The Barges were built to Mr F. T, everards exact specifications and named after four family members, Will, Ethel, Fred and Alf. According to long term skipper, Jim Uglow MBE, four stouter built barges never put to sea, will Everard was finished in 1925 and worked for the firm for over 40 years. She was initially bound to a coal contract supplying the gasworks at Margate with coal from Keadby on the Humber but routinely fitted in other cargoes between voyages. She was designed to be sailed by a Master, a Mate, in this role she began her life as a barge with nothing particularly out of the ordinary. It was only in the 1930s when she parted cables while sitting though a storm off Eastbourne that she began to show her extraordinary character and she was blown ashore and battered the beach for hours before the storm passed revealing Will buried in the shingle, damaged but intact. She was towed out by horse and the rig was repaired within days, will Everard was due to participate in the Dunkirk evacuation, but her cargo was not unloaded in time. Her sister ship, Ethel Everard was lost on the beaches, will Everard continued her trade work throughout the war. She completed 147 coasting voyages and carried, in total,38,345 tons of cargo included grain, sugar beet, oil cake, fertilisers, flour, sugar. In 1940, she was machine gunned twice in the River Medina, in the same year another Thames sailing barge, Britisher, was destroyed by depth charges only 300 yards away. In 1942 she was nearly torpedoed off Harwich by a German motor torpedo boat. However, none her crew were injured and by this point her wheel house had been reinforced with steel to withstand aircraft mounted machine guns
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ST Cervia
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ST Cervia was built in 1946 as a seagoing tug for use as a fleet auxiliary by Alexandra Hall & Company Ltd of Aberdeen, Scotland. Today she is a floating Museum still undergoing restoration in Ramsgate, the Cervia design closely followed an early designed steam tug class called Foremost which had been conceived in 1923. The reasoning behind the recycling of old design was due to Britain’s need to quickly replace losses. Using the best of pre-war tried and tested tug designs would avoid the need for new designs, Empire Raymond, as the Cervia was originally named, was part of the revised building programme ordered for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Europe on D-Day. In the event she was not completed until after the end of the Second World War, the tug was finished with many of the design features intended for the invasion. She had an armoured wheelhouse and gun emplacements installed and she weighed over 350 tons and was powered by a 1,000 horsepower triple-expansion steam engine. Her boiler had been installed with oil burners but the allowed for rapidly reverted to coal firing. The Cervia is thought to be last Empire Ship surviving in the United Kingdom, the Cervia was launched from the yard of Alexander Hall and Co. Ltd in Aberdeen, Scotland, on the 21 January 1946 and was handed to the Ministry of War Transport, in December 1946 she was sold on to the maritime towing business of William Watkins Ltd for the sum of £36,000. In 1947 the Empire Raymond name was changed to Cervia after the Italian Adriatic resort where the Watkins family owned a holiday villa. The name had previously used on an earlier tug owned by William Watkins which taken part in the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 returning from there with 230 troops. Whilst still known as the Empire Raymond the tug was employed with other tugs in the refurbishment of the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth from her role as troop ship back to a passenger liner. During the working life of Cervia the main role that she was deployed in was as a towing, when based in Ramsgate Cervia helped free several vessels that had run aground on the Goodwin Sand Banks off of the East-Kent coast in the vicinity of Ramsgate and Deal. Her association with the port would continue for 60 years right up to the present time, the Cervia, along with other ships owned by Watkins, were regularly maintained and repaired at the workshops and slipways of Claxton’s Ltd in Ramsgate. Claxton’s was subsidiary of William Watkins, in 1950 William Watkins Ltd was merged with other companies to form Ship Towage Ltd of London. As part of this fleet the Cervia was involved in a serious incident. On the 25 October 1954 the Cervia was employed at Tilbury docks in London, Cervia was involved in the undocking of the P&O liner Arcadia, towing the liner stern first away from her landing stage. During this manoeuvre, the Arcadia had gone ahead to avoid collision with liner P&O liner Orcades
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TSS Duke of Lancaster (1956)
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The TSS Duke of Lancaster is a railway steamer passenger ship that operated in Europe from 1956 to 1979, and is currently beached near Mostyn Docks, on the River Dee, north-east Wales. It replaced an earlier 3,600 ton ship of the name operated by the London Midland. Along with her sister ships the TSS Duke of Rothesay and the TSS Duke of Argyll she was amongst the last passenger-only steamers built for British Railways and she was a replacement for the 1928 steamer built by the London Midland and Scottish Railway, RMS Duke of Lancaster. Built at Harland & Wolff, Belfast and completed in 1956, in this capacity, the Duke of Lancaster travelled to the Scottish islands and further afield to Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway and Spain. From the mid-1960s, passenger ships such as the Duke of Lancaster were gradually being superseded by car ferries, rather than undertake the expensive option of renewing their entire fleet, British Railways instead began a part-programme of conversion. In order to ferry services whilst these modifications took place. On 25 April 1970 the ship returned to service, having had her main deck rebuilt to accommodate vehicles via a door at her stern, the ship now provided space for 1,200 single-class passengers and 105 cars, with a total cabin accommodation for 400 passengers. The three ships continued on the Heysham-Belfast route until the service was withdrawn on 5 April 1975, the Duke of Lancaster was then briefly employed on the Fishguard-Rosslare crossing, before becoming the regular relief vessel on the Holyhead–Dún Laoghaire service until November 1978. The ship was laid up at Barrow in Furness, Cumbria. The Duke of Lancaster arrived in Llanerch-y-Mor, North Wales, in August 1979 to start her new life as the Fun Ship, the Council were ordered to pay unprecedented costs. In 1994 the Council struck once more claiming monopoly rights in the High Court and they claimed the Fun Ship Market was within a 6-mile radius of their newly opened Holywell Market and was direct competition, therefore had to close. They applied to the High court for an injunction forcing the Fun Ship to close whilst the case went for trial. That was probably the death knell for the Fun Ship with her owners sick of the attacks they closed the business in 2004 and they have continued to fight the case over the years and are still doing so but unfortunately the ship has stood closed ever since. Despite having large amounts of its exterior covered in rust. It was featured in the 2011 series of BBC Twos Coast, removing the games required the use of cranes and other heavy lifting equipment. The plan is to transform the ship into the largest open air art gallery in the UK, as of August 2012, the Latvian graffiti artist Kiwie was commissioned to spraypaint a design on the ship. The ship is slowly being covered with graffiti described as bright, one of the artworks is a picture of the ships first captain, John Jack Irwin
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SS Explorer
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SS Explorer is one of the last surviving sea-going steam trawlers and is registered to Leith, the port of Edinburgh. She has been placed on the National Historic Ships Register and the SS Explorer Preservation Society is currently restoring her in the Edinburgh Dock, the FRS Explorer was launched on 21 June 1955 by Lady Rachel Stuart, wife of the Secretary of State for Scotland. Explorer was built by Messrs Alexander Hall & Co, Aberdeen, for the Scottish Home Department, to replace a 1917 built vessel of the same name. The Fishery Research Ship Explorer entered service in 1956 and was operated by the Marine Laboratory in Aberdeen, the role of the Explorer was to investigate fish breeding and feeding grounds so as to establish fishing levels and species types for the British market. In addition pollution and fish diseases that might adversely affect catches were monitored, SS Explorer also boasted one of the very first onboard computers for a vessel of her type, something now commonplace along with diesel-electric hybrid power. In 1984 the first service life of SS Explorer came to an end, the Aberdeen Maritime Museum visited the ship to purchase the engine for exhibition ashore due to its historical importance as it had been the last built in Aberdeen. They were so impressed with the vessel though that it was bought complete. Ten years passed without the museum being able to secure one and this led to public outcry and the formation of The SS Explorer Preservation Society which aimed to rescue Explorer and preserve it for future generations. Thanks to charitable donations and fundraising, the society was able to purchase the vessel from the ship breakers almost intact, initial preservation work began while the ship was re-anchored once again in the Cromarty Firth but a secure berth was required. Wildlife, vandals and the weather were taking their toll. Explorer was added to the National Register of Historic Vessels in 1996
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RFA Freshspring
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RFA Freshspring was a Fresh-class water tank vessel of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She survives in civilian hands as SS Freshspring, the last surviving example of the Fresh-class ships, the last of fourteen ships, she was used to carry fresh water out to larger ships. She is listed on the National Register of Historic Vessels maintained by National Historic Ships, freshpring was the last of the Fresh-class vessels to be built, and was launched by Lytham Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Lytham St Annes, Lancashire on 15 August 1946. Following initial trials, she sailed to Malta, replacing one of her ships which had been sunk during the Second World War. Originally coal fired by hand, she was converted while in Malta to burn fuel oil. Completing around 15 years service in Malta she was repatriated to the UK, working around River Clyde, in 1969 she was surveyed and refitted at Ardrossan, then towed to Gareloch where she remained possibly laid-up out of service. In 1977 she was put up for sale and was two years later for a Bristol company to evaluate alternative ship fuels, which is where it is thought she was last in steam. Following vandalism and theft in Bristol, which saw the loss of equipment from the wheelhouse such as the telegraph, freshsprings condition has deteriorated while lying on the banks of the River Severn at Newnham. In 2011, two appeared in her hull and the plating has now become very pitted. Her machinery is in excellent condition though, with her room, steam steering gear and accommodation areas intact, although the galley. In 2013 a Charitable Incorporated Organisation, The Steamship Freshspring Society, was formed to preserve, the Freshspring left Newnham on Severn on 6 July 2016 for repairs in Sharpness, before being taken to her new home in Bideford
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SY Gondola
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The steam yacht Gondola is a rebuilt Victorian, screw-propelled, steam-powered passenger vessel on Coniston Water, England. Originally launched in 1859, she was built for the service carrying passengers from the Furness Railway. She was in service until 1936 when she was retired. In 1979, by now derelict, she was given a new hull, engine, boiler and she is back in service as a passenger boat, still powered by steam and now operated by the National Trust. Gondola is one of the inspirations for Captain Flints houseboat in Arthur Ransomes book Swallows and Amazons. In Conistons Ruskin Museum there is a black and white post card of Gondola that Ransome sent to his illustrator, with changes to the outline in ink to show how he wanted the houseboat to look. He had visited Venice in the years of the decade. Emulating their flowing lines and level of comfort, he proposed a design and commissioned a steam yacht for Coniston Water from Jones. Douglas Hebson, the architect, finalised the details of boat. From Liverpool she went in sections by rail and cart to the slipway at Pier Cottage near Coniston Hall and she was launched on 30 November 1859. She was 84 feet long and registered to carry 200 passengers and it may be said to be the most elegant little steam vessel yet designed, and is especially suitable for pleasure excursions on lake or river. As Secretary and General Manager of the Furness Railway Company, Ramsden must have been aiming to expand the business from simply carrying freight, the Victorian leisure market was growing rapidly, and in particular the popularity of the Lake District as a tourist destination. Doubtless this was fuelled by the Romantic landscape paintings of Turner, Constable and Friedrich and by the works of the Lake Districts very own poets, Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Passengers would now be able to reach the end of Coniston Water, first by rail to Greenodd. They could then continue northwards on the new steam yacht in real comfort towards more spectacular scenery, in time Gondola formed part of what came to be known as the Great Circle itinerary, introduced to boost flagging revenues by Sir Alfred Aslett, Ramsdens successor at the Furness Railway. The nickname presumably intended to echo the Grand Tour, which only the wealthiest could possibly afford. Lancashires increasingly prosperous middle classes could take a steamer from Fleetwood to Barrow. A steam vessel up the length of Windermere provided the link to Waterhead, from where a coach, Gondola would return them in fitting style to the southern end of the lake, before continuing by road and rail to Barrow and so by paddle steamer back to Fleetwood
45.
SS Great Britain
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SS Great Britain is a museum ship and former passenger steamship, which was advanced for her time. She was the longest passenger ship in the world from 1845 to 1854 and she was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the Great Western Steamship Companys transatlantic service between Bristol and New York. While other ships had been built of iron or equipped with a screw propeller and she was the first iron steamer to cross the Atlantic, which she did in 1845, in the time of 14 days. The ship is 322 ft in length and has a 3 and she was powered by two inclined 2 cylinder engines of the direct-acting type, with twin 88 in bore, 6-foot stroke cylinders. She was also provided with secondary sail power, the four decks provided accommodation for a crew of 120, plus 360 passengers who were provided with cabins, dining, and promenade saloons. When launched in 1843, Great Britain was by far the largest vessel afloat, in 1852 she was sold for salvage and repaired. Great Britain carried thousands of immigrants to Australia from 1852 until converted to sail in 1881, three years later, she was retired to the Falkland Islands where she was used as a warehouse, quarantine ship and coal hulk until scuttled in 1937. In 1970, following a donation by Sir Jack Hayward that paid for the vessel to be towed back to the UK. Now listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, she is a visitor attraction and museum ship in Bristol Harbour. After the initial success of its first liner, SS Great Western of 1838, the same engineering team that had collaborated so successfully on Great Western—Isambard Brunel, Thomas Guppy, Christopher Claxton and William Patterson—was again assembled. This time however, Brunel, whose reputation was at its height, construction was carried out in a specially adapted dry dock in Bristol, England. Two chance encounters were to affect the design of Great Britain. In late 1838, John Lairds 213-foot English Channel packet ship Rainbow—the largest iron-hulled ship then in service—made a stop at Bristol, Brunel despatched his associates Christopher Claxton and William Patterson to make a return voyage to Antwerp on Rainbow to assess the utility of the new building material. Both men returned as converts to iron-hulled technology, and Brunel scrapped his plans to build a wooden ship, Great Britains builders recognised a number of advantages of iron over the traditional wooden hull. Wood was becoming more expensive, while iron was getting cheaper, Iron hulls were not subject to dry rot or woodworm, and they were also lighter in weight and less bulky. The chief advantage of the hull was its much greater structural strength. The practical limit on the length of a ship is about 300 feet. Iron hulls are far less subject to hogging, so that the size of an iron-hulled ship is much greater
United Kingdom