1.
Privately held company
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More ambiguous terms for a privately held company are unquoted company and unlisted company. Though less visible than their publicly traded counterparts, private companies have major importance in the worlds economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for US$1,800,000,000,000 in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U. S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305, cargill, Koch Industries, Bechtel, Publix, Pilot Corp. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, S. C, johnson, McWane, Carlson Companies, and Mars are among the largest privately held companies in the United States. In the broadest sense, the private corporation refers to any business not owned by the state. This usage is found in former communist countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises. In the United States, the privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders and/or their families, sometimes employees also hold shares of private companies. Most small businesses are privately held, Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, in addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays. There is a requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than are public companies, other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have, for example, the U. S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12, limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U. S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders, in Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders. Private enterprises comprise the sector of an economy
2.
Shipbuilding
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Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels. It normally takes place in a facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history, Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as naval engineering. The construction of boats is an activity called boat building. The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking, the ancestors of Australian Aborigines and New Guineans also went across the Lombok Strait to Sahul by boat over 50,000 years ago. Evidence from Ancient Egypt shows that the early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3000 BC, the Archaeological Institute of America reports that some of the oldest ships yet unearthed are known as the Abydos boats. These are a group of 14 ships discovered in Abydos that were constructed of wooden planks which were sewn together, the ship dating to 3000 BC was about 25 m,75 feet long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh. According to professor OConnor, the 5, 000-year-old ship may have belonged to Pharaoh Aha. Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together, early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon joints. The oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around 2500 BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast in India, other ports were probably at Balakot and Dwarka. However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade, ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with Mesopotamia. Shipbuilding and boatmaking may have been prosperous industries in ancient India, native labourers may have manufactured the flotilla of boats used by Alexander the Great to navigate across the Hydaspes and even the Indus, under Nearchos. The Indians also exported teak for shipbuilding to ancient Persia, other references to Indian timber used for shipbuilding is noted in the works of Ibn Jubayr. The ships of Ancient Egypts Eighteenth Dynasty were typically about 25 meters in length and they mounted a single square sail on a yard, with an additional spar along the bottom of the sail. These ships could also be oar propelled, the ocean and sea going ships of Ancient Egypt were constructed with cedar wood, most likely hailing from Lebanon. The ships of Phoenicia seem to have been of a similar design, the naval history of China stems back to the Spring and Autumn period of the ancient Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The Chinese built large rectangular barges known as ships, which were essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts. There is considerable knowledge regarding shipbuilding and seafaring in the ancient Mediterranean and this was dually met with the introduction of the Han Dynasty junk ship design in the same century
3.
STX Europe
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STX Europe AS, formerly Aker Yards ASA, was until 2012 a subsidiary of the South Korean industrial chaebol STX Corporation. With headquarters in Oslo, Norway, STX Europe operated 15 shipyards in Brazil, Finland, France, Norway, Romania, the company had three business areas, Cruise & Ferries, Offshore & Specialized Vessels and Other Operations. The Turku shipyard was sold, 70% to Meyer Werft and 30% to the Finnish government, Meyer Werft acquired the Finnish governments 30% in April 2015. The evolution of STX Europe originated with the founding of two prominent shipbuilding groups in Europe, one was the Norway based Aker Yards, created in 2004 by combining the shipbuilding activities of Aker and Kværner with the France-based Alstom shipbuilding group, which has shipyards and in Lorient. Aker ASA, the majority shareholder of Aker Yards, reduced its share from 50. 4% to 40. 1% in January 2007. Aker divested its shareholding in March 2007, and in October 2007. Later, STX took a stake, and renamed the group to STX Europe on 3 November 2008 to reflect the new ownership structure. In January 2009, STX business group acquired the shares in STX Europe. In February 2009, it was decided to delist STX Europe from Oslo Stock Exchange where it was listed under the ticker STXEUR. The Cruise & Ferries division constructs vessels mainly at shipyards in Finland, the business area had revenues of NOK19,709 million in 2008. STX France Cruise SA STX Norway Florø AS STX Norway Offshore AS is now owned by Fincantieri STX OSV Tulcea SA, the steel hulls for most of STX Europes new building projects are being built by Braila and Tulcea in Romania. STX Europes yard in Braila is situated 170 km up the River Danube, portfolios consist of hull production, delivery of complete merchant vessels together with repair and conversion work. The yard has a 1300m long outfitting quay, facilities for simultaneous mounting or repairing of 12 vessels, the mounting platform and launching berth have capacity for vessels up to 135 x 23 m and a maximum launching and lifting weight of 2500 tonne and 2200 tonne respectively. STX Europes yard in Tulcea is located at nautical mile 39.5 on the bank of the Danube, upstream of Tulcea. In Tulcea STX Europe offers services in shipbuilding, conversions and repairs and it has a large covered hall where four ships can be built simultaneously. Over 6000 people working here, it is the capacity of offshore. STX OSV Niteroi SA STX OSV Vietnam Ltd
4.
Oslo
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Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
5.
Board of directors
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A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a corporation or organization, which can include a non-profit organization or a government agency. A board of directors activities are determined by the powers, duties and responsibilities conferred on it by an authority outside itself and these matters are typically detailed in regulations or in the organizations constitution and bylaws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and might be subordinate to, the full membership. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders, the board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership, the identification and nomination of directors are often done by the board itself, in a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself. Other names include Board of directors and advisors, board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees and it may also be called the executive board and is often simply referred to as the board. For companies with publicly trading stock, these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous, typically, the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman, who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association. However, in organizations, the members elect the president of the organization. The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board, several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization. An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major shareholder, inside directors represent the interests of the entitys stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on. Executive directors often have an area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources. An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, a typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way, outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a eye on the inside directors. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate insider dealing between insider directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization, outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and the board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective, director - a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization, such as an institution or business. This practice results in an interlocking directorate, where a small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities
6.
Norwegian krone
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The krone, plural kroner, is the currency of Norway and its dependent territories. It is subdivided into 100 øre, which exist only electronically since 2012, the name translates into English as crown. The krone was the thirteenth most traded currency in the world by value in April 2010, the krone was introduced in 1875, replacing the Norwegian speciedaler/spesidaler at a rate of 4 kroner =1 speciedaler. In doing so, Norway joined the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which had established in 1873. After its dissolution, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden all decided to keep the names of their respective, within the Scandinavian Monetary Union, the krone was on a gold standard of 2,480 kroner =1 kilogram of pure gold. This gold standard was restored between 1916 and 1920 and again in 1928 and it was suspended permanently in 1931, when a peg to the British pound of 19.9 kroner =1 pound was established. In 1939, Norway pegged the krone temporarily to the U. S. dollar at a rate of 4.4 kroner =1 dollar, nonetheless, Norway would continue to hold the Kingdoms gold reserves. During the German occupation in the Second World War, the krone was initially pegged to the Reichsmark at a rate of 1 krone =0.6 Reichsmark, after the war, a rate of 20 kroner =1 pound was established. The rate to the pound was maintained in 1949, when the pound devalued relative to the U. S. dollar, in 1875, coins were introduced in denominations of 10 and 50 øre and 1 and 10 kroner. These coins also bore the denomination in the currency, as 3,15. Between 1875 and 1878, the new coinage was introduced in full, in denominations of 1,2,5,10,25, and 50 øre and 1,2, and 10 kroner. The 1,2, and 5 øre were struck in bronze, the 10,25, and 50 øre and 1 and 2 kroner, in silver, the last gold coins were issued in 1910, silver was replaced by cupro-nickel from 1920. Between 1917 and 1921, iron replaced bronze. 1917 also saw the last issuance of 2 kroner coins, during the German occupation in the Second World War, zinc was used in place of cupro-nickel in 10,25, and 50 øre coins, and production of the 1 krone piece was suspended. In 1963,5 kroner coins were introduced, production of 1 and 2 øre coins ceased in 1972. The following year, the size of the 5 øre coin was reduced, production of the denomination ceased in 1982, ten-kroner coins were introduced in 1983. In 1992, the last 10 øre coins were minted, between 1994 and 1998, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of 50 øre,1,5,10, and 20 kroner. These are the coins which are currently legal tender, with the exception of the 50-øre coin which was withdrawn on 1 May 2012
7.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
8.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
9.
STX Offshore & Shipbuilding
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STX Offshore & Shipbuilding is a South Korean shipbuilding company. It is the fourth largest shipbuilder, owning STX Europe. It has built about 700 ships 40 years in Busan and Jinhae, the company filled for bankruptcy on 27th, May 2016. STX Europe STX Dalian STX Offshore & Shipbuilding
10.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
11.
Shipyard
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A shipyard is a place where ships are repaired and built. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships, dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles. The shipbuilding industry tends to be fragmented in Europe than in Asia. In European countries there are a number of small companies. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are Naval facilities providing basing, support, Shipyards are constructed nearby the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. Sir Alfred Yarrow established his yard by the Thames in Londons Docklands in the late 19th century before moving it northwards to the banks of the Clyde at Scotstoun. Other famous UK shipyards include the Harland and Wolff yard in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where Titanic was built, and the naval dockyard at Chatham, England on the Medway in north Kent. The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialised cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities, after a ships useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a shipbreaking yard, often on a beach in South Asia. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in drydock in developed countries, but high wages, the worlds earliest known dockyards were built in the Harappan port city of Lothal circa 2600 BC in Gujarat, India. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard, the dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the current of the river to avoid silting. The name of the ancient Greek city of Naupactus means shipyard, Naupactus reputation in this field extends to the time of legend, where it is depicted as the place where the Heraclidae built a fleet to invade the Peloponnesus. During its time of operation it was changed, rebuilt and modified. It is currently a maritime museum, ships were the first items to be manufactured in a factory, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, in the Venice Arsenal, Venice, Italy. The Arsenal apparently mass-produced nearly one every day using pre-manufactured parts. Chantiers de lAtlantique – established in 1861 Nantes-Indret, France – Establish in 1771 it built ships for the American Revolution including the Deane, jean Street Shipyard 1843–present – The oldest continually operated shipyard in the U. S. Located on the Hillsborough River in Tampa, Florida, Gloucester Marine Railways 1859–present – Oldest working shipyard in New England
12.
Fincantieri
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Fincantieri - Cantieri Navali Italiani S. p. A. is an Italian shipbuilding company based in Trieste, Italy. It was formed in 1959 and is owned by the Italian state through Fintecna, already the largest shipbuilder in Europe, after the acquisition of VARD in 2013 the Fincantieri group doubled in size to become the fourth largest in the world. The company builds both commercial and military vessels, the company is listed on the Borsa Italiana and is a component of FTSE Italia Mid Cap Index. Fincantieri designs and builds merchant vessels, passenger ships, offshore, and naval vessels, the company also owned Grandi Motori Trieste, which constructed marine diesel engines, but this was sold to Wärtsilä in 1999. Founded in 1959 as Società Finanziaria Cantieri Navali – Fincantieri S. p. A. as a State financial holding company, part of IRI, today Fincantieri is one of Europes largest shipbuilding groups and the largest in the Mediterranean. Fincantieri employs a staff of about 10,000 working at eight shipyards, already the largest shipbuilder in Europe, after the acquisition of Vard the Fincantieri group doubled in size to become the fourth largest in the world. In March 2015, Fincantieri won its biggest ever independent order from Carnival Corporation & plc in a 4 billion euro deal commissioning the company to five new cruise ships
13.
STX Finland
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STX Finland Oy, formerly Aker Yards Oy, was a Finnish shipbuilding company operating three shipyards in Finland, in Turku, Helsinki and Rauma, employing some 2,500 people. It was part of STX Europe, a group of international shipbuilding companies owned by the South Korean STX Corporation, half of Helsinki yard was sold to Russian USC in 2010. In September 2013, STX Finland announced that the Rauma shipyard would be closed in June 2014, in August 2014, the Turku shipyard was sold to Meyer Werft the state-owned Finnish Industry Investment and renamed Meyer Turku Oy. STX Finland Oy was a descendant of different shipyard companies, wärtsilä operated the shipyards of Helsinki and Turku since the 1930s. Wärtsilä Marine went bankrupt in 1989 after merging with Valmet shipyards, in the mid-90s Kvaerner purchased Masa-Yards and Kvaerner Masa-Yards was born. In 1991 the shipbuilding businesses of Hollming Oy of Rauma and Rauma-Repola of Rauma were merged to form Finnyards and this company was purchased by Kvaerner and became Aker Finnyards. In January 2005 Kvaerner Masa-Yards and Aker Finnyards merged to form the new Aker Finnyards Oy, the name of the company was changed to Aker Yards Oy on 7 June 2006, and to STX Finland Cruise Oy on 23 November 2008. Since September 2009 the company has been named STX Finland Oy, STX Finland and its predecessors built many luxurious cruise ships, including the very first modern purpose-built cruise ship, the Song of Norway. At end of 2012 STX negotiated with RCCL about an order of a cruise ship. In order to secure the financial basis of the project, STX sent a request for loan of 50 million euros to the Finnish government, the Finnish government, then led by Katainen Cabinet, was put into a difficult situation. Employment at Turku yard was a topic for the both ruling parties National Coalition and Social Democrats. While the sum was relatively small, financial status of STX was poor and it looked obvious that STX tried to press the Finnish government to first give a smaller sum which it would later use as a leverage for subsequent demands. The government was in a difficult situation, as the public, opposition parties. The other option would have been becoming joint owner but the government did not want to have an unstable business partner. Instead, the government took another strategy – trying to find a new owner for Turku shipyard in secret from the Koreans, the man behind the plot was Minister of Economic Affairs, Jan Vapaavuori. Despite of the pressure, in December 2012 the government refused providing the loan. Turku shipyard lost the order went to French Saint-Nazaire located Chantiers de lAtlantique where the government was more generous. STX Turku yard had two ships under construction for the German TUI Cruises
14.
Meyer Werft
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The Meyer Werft GmbH is one of the major German shipyards, headquartered in Papenburg at the river Ems. Founded in 1795 and starting with small vessels, today Meyer Werft is one of worlds leading builders of luxury passenger ships. Altogether about 700 ships of different types have been built at the yard and its Dockhalle 2 is the largest shipbuilding hall and the building with the fifth largest usable space in the world. Meyer Werft has been owned and managed by the Meyer family for seven generations, since 1997, it has been part of the Meyer Neptun Group together with Neptun Werft in Rostock. In 2014 the company added the Turku shipyard in Finland to the group, the shipyard is an anchor on the European Route of Industrial Heritage. Five of the ten largest cruise ships in the world have been built at the shipyard in Papenburg, the shipyard was founded at the beginning of 1795 by Willm Rolf Meyer as a wharf for the construction of small wooden vessels. Josef Lambert Meyer started the construction of ships in 1874. Until 1920 there were more than 20 dockyards in the Papenburg area, for seven generations it has been a privately held and family-owned company. Meyer is one of the largest and most modern shipyards in the world with about 3300 employees, the first covered dock was inaugurated in 1987 and was 370 meters long,101,5 meters wide and 60 meters high. In 1990/91 the dock was extended by an additional 100 meters. In 2004, a second covered dock was built, which is announced to be extended to a length of 504 meters. Meyer Werft will as a result of this be able to build three cruise ships a year. Due to its location on the river Ems, the giant ships to be delivered have to make a 36 km voyage to the Dollart bay. Up until the completion of the Ems river barrier in 2002, in September 2014 Meyer Werft acquired 70% ownership of STX Finland and the Turku shipyard STX Finland Oy from STX Europe with the state-owned Finnish Industry Investment owning the remaining 30%. The shipyard was renamed Meyer Turku Oy, Meyer Werft acquired the remaining 30% in 2015
15.
Chantiers de l'Atlantique
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Chantiers de lAtlantique, is a shipyard based in Saint-Nazaire, France. It forms part of the STX France SA business unit, majority owned by STX Europe with a 66. 6% stake and it is one of the worlds largest shipyards, constructing a wide range of commercial, naval and passenger ships. The shipyard was owned by Alstom from 1984, and became part of Aker Yards when Aker Group acquired the Alstom Marine business in 2006, in 2008, the South Korean company STX Corporation acquired Aker Yards, and the shipyard became part of STX Europe. Its location near Nantes, France, at the mouth of the Loire, Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire and Ateliers et Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire Penhoët merged in 1955 to form Chantiers de lAtlantique. The yard started by building ships for the French transatlantic line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, in 1961, it built the trans-Atlantic superliner SS France, then the worlds longest passenger vessel. Then from 1985 to end of 1998 it was a series of ships for RCCL starting with the Sovereign of the Seas delivered in 87. Then followed Monarch of the Seas and Majesty of the Seas also RCCl, in 1995 leveres Legend of the Seas, the first of 4 Vision class ships to be built at CA. She is followed by Splendour in 1996, Rhapsody in 1997, then the Queen Mary 2 in 2003, Chantiers de lAtlantique delivered the luxury cruise ship, Crystal Serenity of Crystal Cruises in July 2003. The yard built also built the superliner RMS Queen Mary 2 for the Cunard Line in 2003, near the end of the construction period a gangway to the dry-docked ship collapsed killing 16 people. Aker ASA sold its interest in the Chantiers de lAtlantique shipyard to the South Korean company STX Corporation in 2008, the same year, the French government took a 33. 34% stake in the shipyard. Ships built by Chantiers de lAtlantique include, SS Normandie, Entered service in 1935, worlds largest ship until Cunards Queen Elizabeth, capsized in New York Harbor,1942. Sans Souci class 4 sloops, designed as seaplane tenders, but built as escorts, the BELLE ABETO Built 1952 as LAENNEC66 BELLE ABETO Passenger/cargo Ship. SS France, launched in 1961, the worlds longest passenger ship from 1961 to 2004, MS Ancerville, a former passenger ship built in 1962, integrated as part of Sea World, a multi-purpose complex in Shenzhen, China since 1983. SS Shalom ZIM Israel flagship 1964 MS Renaissance, a French cruiseliner that entered service in 1966 for service on the Marseilles-Haifa route. Batillus class supertankers,4 ships launched 1976-9 MV Gastor and MV Nestor, the large drydock, that was later used for the Queen Mary 2, was specially built for the building of supertankers in the 1970s, among which these two ships. The drydock was never used again until the QM2 was being built, the MS Thomson Spirit, then the MS Nieuw Amsterdam was finished by Chantiers de lAtlantique in 1983, for the Holland America Line. MV Bretagne, Brittany Ferries ship that operates between Portsmouth and St Malo, was launched in 1989. Royal Caribbean Internationals MS Sovereign of the Seas, which was the largest cruise ship in the world from 1988 to 1990, MS Dreamward entered service in 1992
16.
STX Corporation
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STX Corporation is a South Korean holding company engaged in the provision of trading services. Headquartered in Gyeongsangnamdo, South Korea, the company operates its business through two divisions, trade and ship maintenance and its trade business division provides shipping and energy materials, coal, oil, steel and others. Its ship maintenance business offers cargo management, marine technical, insurance, crew management, the company had five local subsidiaries including STX Offshore & Shipbuilding, STX Engine, STX Heavy Industries, STX PanOcean and STX Energy. STX Offshore & Shipbuilding is the fourth largest shipbuilder, acquired in 2008 Norwegian shipbuilder Aker Yards in order to diversify their product line
17.
Aker ASA
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Aker ASA is a Norwegian holding company engaged in offshore fishing, construction and engineering. The company is listed on Oslo Stock Exchange and is controlled by Kjell Inge Røkke with 66. 66% ownership through TRG Holding, the corporate headquarters are located in Oslo, Norway. The company was established in 2004 and it takes its name from the former Akers mekaniske Verksted, which was closed in 1982. In 1987 one of the companies split off from the shipyard merged with Norcem. The cement business was sold in 1999, Kjell Inge Røkke used his investment company Resource Group International to purchase large amounts of Aker shares, and merged the two companies in 1996 to form Aker RGI. Kværner had been through major economical trouble due to a bad market in the late 1990s because of the low oil price, after the merger the holding company changed its name back to just Aker. In 2007, as part of the Aker Material Handling group of companies, Constructor/Dexion was sold to the Swedish finance investor Altor Equity Partners
18.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
19.
Alstom
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A merger with parts of the General Electric Company plc formed GEC-Alstom in 1989, the company became Alstom in 1998. In 2014, Alstom and General Electric announced that a US$17 billion bid for the power and grid divisions had been made. The GE acquisition deal for the power and grid division was accepted by EU and US anticompetition authorities in mid 2015, in 1932, Alsthom expanded into transportation by acquiring Constructions Electriques de France, Tarbes, a manufacturer of electric locomotives as well as electrical and hydraulic equipment. In 1969, Compagnie Générale dElectricité became the majority shareholder of Alsthom, in 1976, Alsthom merged with Chantiers de lAtlantique, becoming Alsthom Atlantique. Thus, the business expanded into marine, the next year, it constructed the first 1300 MW generator set for the Paluel power station, setting a world record with an output of 1500 MW. In 1978, Alsthom delivered its first TGV to SNCF, the TGV went on to break world rail speed records in 1981 and in 1990. It also set the endurance record for high-speed train lines in 2001. In 1986, Alsthom Belfort received an order from EDF for the largest gas turbine in the world, in 1988–89, holding company CGEE Alstom acquired ACEC Energie and ACEC Automatisme from the dissolution of Belgian electrical engineering company ACEC SA. Alstom acquired 100% of ACECs transport division, renaming it ACEC Transport, in 1991, Alstoms parent company CGE was renamed Alcatel Alsthom Compagnie Générale dElectricité, or Alcatel Alsthom for short. In 1994, GEC Alsthom acquired the vehicle manufacturer Linke-Hofmann-Busch from Salzgitter AG. In 1995, the acquired the remaining shares in the steam turbine manufacturer MAN Energie. In early 1998, GEC Alsthom acquired the electrical contractor Cegelec, in 1998, GEC-Alsthom bought Italian firm SASIB SpAs rail signalling subsidiary Sasib Railways, which included the former General Railway Signal. In June 1998, GEC Alsthom was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange, GEC, at the same time, the company name was changed to Alstom. In 1999, Alstoms energy division merged with ABB in a 50–50 joint company known as ABB Alstom Power, Alstom also bought Canadas Télécité, a passenger information and security solutions company, and sold its heavy-duty gas turbine business to General Electric. The next year, it bought out ABBs share in ABB Alstom Power, in 2000, Alstom sold its diesel engine businesses to MAN Group. It also acquired a 51% stake in Fiat Ferroviaria, the Italian rail manufacturer, in April 2003, Alstom sold its industrial turbine business to Siemens for €1.1 billion. By 2003, Alstom was facing a crisis due to poor sales and over $5 billion of debt liabilities. Alstoms share price had dropped 90% over two years, in 2004, the French state took a 21% stake in Alstom and received an EU-approved French government bailout worth €2.5 billion
20.
RMS Queen Mary 2
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RMS Queen Mary 2 is a transatlantic ocean liner. She is the major ocean liner built for Cunard Line since Queen Elizabeth 2 in 1969. The new ship was named Queen Mary 2 by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 after the first 1936 namesake ship RMS Queen Mary, Queen Mary was in turn named after Mary of Teck, consort of King George V. With the retirement of Queen Elizabeth 2 in 2008, Queen Mary 2 is the transatlantic ocean liner in line service between Southampton and New York, which operates for part of each year. The ship is used for cruising, including an annual world cruise. The ship was designed by a team of British naval architects led by Stephen Payne, at the time of her construction, Queen Mary 2 was the longest passenger ship ever built, and with her gross tonnage of 148,528 also the largest. She no longer holds this distinction after the construction of Royal Caribbean Internationals 154,407 GT Freedom of the Seas in April 2006, Queen Mary 2 was intended for routine crossings of the Atlantic Ocean, and was therefore designed differently from many other passenger ships. The ships final cost was approximately $300,000 US per berth, expenses were increased by the high quality of materials, and having been designed as an ocean liner, she required 40% more steel than a standard cruise ship. Queen Mary 2 has a speed of just over 30 knots. Instead of the configuration found on many ships, Queen Mary 2 uses integrated electric propulsion to achieve her top speed. This uses gas turbines to augment the power generated from the ships diesels, some of Queen Mary 2s facilities include fifteen restaurants and bars, five swimming pools, a casino, a ballroom, a theatre, and the first planetarium at sea. Queen Mary 2 is the flagship of Cunard Line, the ship was constructed for eventual replacement of the aging Queen Elizabeth 2, the Cunard flagship from 1969 to 2004 and the last major ocean liner built before the construction of Queen Mary 2. Queen Mary 2 had the Royal Mail Ship title conferred on her, as a gesture to Cunards history, the spaces for these prime movers are also split, and controls are also backed up, with the intention of preventing a single failure from disabling the ship. Queen Mary 2s 30-knot open ocean speed sets the ship apart from ships, such as MS Oasis of the Seas. While the hull of a ship will typically have a block coefficient of 0.73 Queen Mary 2 is more fine-lined. In December 1998, Cunard released details of Project Queen Mary, harland and Wolff of Northern Ireland, Aker Kværner of Norway, Fincantieri of Italy, Meyer Werft of Germany, and Chantiers de lAtlantique of France were invited to bid on the project. The contract was signed with Chantiers de lAtlantique, a subsidiary of Alstom. This was the yard that built Cunards former rivals, the SS Normandie
21.
Wismar
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Wismar is a port and Hanseatic city in Northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It is located about 45 kilometres east of Lübeck and 30 kilometres north of Schwerin and its natural harbour, located in the Bay of Wismar, is well-protected by a promontory. The population was 42,219 in 2013 and it is the capital of the district of Nordwestmecklenburg. Wismar received its rights in 1229, and came into the possession of Mecklenburg in 1301. In 1259 it had entered a pact with Lübeck and Rostock and this developed into the Hanseatic League. During the 13th and 14th centuries it was a flourishing Hanseatic town, though a plague carried off 10,000 of the inhabitants in 1376, the town seems to have remained tolerably prosperous until the 16th century. Under the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Wismar passed into the possession of Sweden, through Wismar and the other dominions in the Holy Roman Empire, the Swedish monarchs in their roles as princes, or Reichsfürsten, took part in the Imperial Diets. From 1653 it was the seat of the highest court for that part of Sweden, in 1803 Sweden pledged both town and lordship to Mecklenburg for 1,258,000 Riksdaler, reserving, however, the right of redemption after 100 years. In view of this contingent right of Sweden, Wismar was not represented at the diet of Mecklenburg until 1897, in 1903 Sweden finally renounced its claims on the town. Wismar still retains a few relics of its old privileges, including the right to fly its own flag, at the turn of the 19th century the most important manufacturing industries of Wismar were iron, machinery, paper, roofing-felt and asphalt. There was also considerable trade, especially by sea, in exports including grain, oil-seeds and butter, the harbour was deep enough to admit vessels of 5 meters draught, permitting sizeable steamers to unload at its quays. Wismar was the home to the Dornier aircraft plant, and to railway rolling-stock factories, in World War II Wismar was heavily damaged by Allied air raids. On 7 May 1945 General Montgomery and Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky met in Wismar, on July 1,1945, due to the occupation zone agreements of the Yalta Conference making Wismar a part of the Soviet Zone of Germany, the British troops departed and Soviet troops took over. During the period of the German Democratic Republic, from 1949 to 1990, Wismar was developed as a port and shipbuilding city, becoming East Germanys second-largest port, after Rostock. Although the DDR government pledged to restore churches that had been heavily bomb-damaged during the war, in 2011, Wismar became the capital of the Landkreis of Nordwestmecklenburg. The squares focal point is the Wasserkunst, an elaborate wrought-iron fountain imported from Holland in 1602, the northern side of the square is occupied by the Town Hall, built in neoclassical style in 1817–1819. Another notable building in the square is a Brick Gothic Bürgerhaus called the Alter Schwede, St. Georges Church, the third so-named edifice on the site, dates from 1404. It had escaped damage during most of World War II
22.
Cruise ship
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Transportation is not the only purpose of cruising, particularly on cruises that return passengers to their originating port, with the ports of call usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even cruises to nowhere or nowhere voyages where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call, by contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do line voyages and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. The gradual evolution of passenger ship design from ocean liners to cruise ships has seen passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas, the distinction between ocean liners and cruise ships has blurred, particularly with respect to deployment. Larger cruise ships have also engaged in longer trips such as transoceanic voyages which may not return to the port for months. Some former ocean liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo, the only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a liner of December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard fleet. The industrys rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships. These are displaced by new ships in the growth areas. The worlds largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean Internationals Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships by about 2.15 meters, the birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837, in 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular, P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, the company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger. Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and she was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe, however, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an account of it as Backschisch. The first vessel built exclusively for cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin. The ship was completed in 1900, the practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings
23.
Ferry
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A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate regular return services, a passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the transport systems of many waterside cities and islands. However, ship connections of much larger distances may also be called ferry services, the profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld. Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis. Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, see When Horses Walked on Water, Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, in Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route is across the part of Øresund. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and car & train ferries departed up to seven times every hour, in 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles and the crossing takes 22 minutes, today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are dynamic and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants, cafeteria, kiosks, large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic, on the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands, in 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. Due to the numbers of freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada
24.
St. Nazaire
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Saint-Nazaire is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France, in traditional Brittany. The town has a harbour, on the right bank of the Loire River estuary. The town is at the south of the second-largest swamp in France, given its location, Saint-Nazaire has a long tradition of fishing and shipbuilding. What was a village until the industrial area became a large town in the second half of the 19th century, thanks to the construction of railways. Saint-Nazaire progressively replaced Nantes as the haven on the Loire estuary. The town was one of the most damaged ones in France during World War Two, being a major marine base for the Nazis, it was subject to a British raid in 1942 and it was heavily bombed by the Allies until 1945. Being part of one of the Atlantic pockets, Saint-Nazaire was one of the last territories in Europe to be liberated from the Nazis, on 11 May 1945. Archaeologists believe that Saint-Nazaire is built upon the remnants of Corbilo, an Armorican Gaulish city populated by the Namnetes tribe, which was the second-largest Gaulish city, after Massilia. According to the 15th-century chronicler Alain Bouchart, Brutus of Troy, historical accounts note that at the end of the Roman Empire, some Britons colonized the Loire estuary, and later, the peninsula containing Guérande. The furthest extent of the ancient Breton language in the Loire region is Donges, according to the late-6th-century writer Gregory of Tours, the Roman Church sheltered the remains of the martyr Nazarius in a local basilica. According to legend, the Breton chief Waroch II sent an emissary to seize the relics, the plot was foiled when the emissary fractured his skull upon the lintel of the church door. Waroch, interpreting this as a miracle, was deterred, after this point, the history of Saint-Nazaire, like much of Europe during the Dark Ages, is not well understood. Battles occurred, such as in 1380 when Jehan dUst defended the city in the name of John V, after this time, Saint-Nazaire became the seat of a parish extending from Penhoët to Pornichet, part of the Viscountcy of Saint-Nazaire. Like the whole of Brittany, Saint-Nazaire formed part of the Duchy of Brittany until 1532, in 1624, the city was threatened by the Calvinists. In 1756, a fort was built on the order of the governor of Brittany to protect the town, until the French revolution, Saint-Nazaire belonged to the province of Brittany. At the beginning of the 19th century, the port consisted of one simple harbor. In 1800, the parish of Saint-Nazaire had around 3216 inhabitants, the modern Saint-Nazaire was created by the administration of Napoleon III, and came about from the various national and regional truces which had prevented its development up to that point. The population of 3216 in 1800 shows that history, with a mainly local, of Low-Brittany
25.
Lorient
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Lorient is a commune and a seaport in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. Beginning around 3000 BC, settlements in area of Lorient are attested by the presence of megalithic architecture, ruins of Roman roads confirm Gallo-Roman presence. In 1664, Jean-Baptiste Colbert founded the French East Indies Company, in June 1666, an ordinance of Louis XIV granted lands of Port-Louis to the company, along with Faouédic on the other side of the roadstead. One of its directors, Denis Langlois, bought lands at the confluence of the Scorff and the Blavet rivers, at first, it only served as a subsidiary of Port-Louis, where offices and warehouses were located. The company then erected a chapel, workshops, forges, and offices, the French Royal Navy opened a base there in 1690, under the command of Colbert de Seignelay, who inherited his fathers position as Secretary of State of the Navy. At the same time, privateers from Saint-Malo took shelter there, in 1700, the town grew out of lEnclot following a law forcing people to leave the domain to move to the Faouédic heath. Despite the economic bubble caused by the Company in 1720, the city was growing as it took part in the Atlantic triangular slave trade. From 1720 to 1790,156 ships deported an estimated 43,000 slaves, sales began in 1734, peaking up to 25 million livres tournois. In 1769, the Companys monopoly ended with the scrapping of the company itself, up until Companys closure, the city took advantage of its prosperity. In 1735, new streets were laid down and in 1738, in 1744, the city walls were erected, and proved quickly useful as Lorient was raided in September 1746. Following the demise of the Company, the city lost one-seventh of its population, in 1769, the city evolved into a full-scale naval base for the Royal Navy when the King bought out the Companys infrastructures for 17,500,000 livres tournois. From 1775 on, the American revolutionary war brought a surge in activity, the French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic wars put an end to trade for nearly two decades. Maritime activities slowed at the start of the 19th century, the shipyards, during this period, the city was more of an administrative center. The first secondary school opened in 1822, a lazaretto in 1823, the city began to modernize in the second quarter of the century, in 1825, a roofed slipway and a drydock were added to the shipyards. A sardine cannery opened the same year, the first gasworks was built in 1845. In the second half of the 19th century, the engine allowed the ports to strengthen their output. The first locomotive reached the city in 1865, in 1861, the original drydock was enlarged as a second one was dug out. The same year, the ironclad Couronne was built on a design inspired by the Gloire class, though unlike her wooden-hull predecessors
26.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
27.
Aukra
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Aukra is a village and municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the region of Romsdalen, the administrative centre is the village of Falkhytta, which is part of the Aukrasanden urban area. The municipality is made up of the island of Gossa as well as many surrounding islands. Some of the population centers include Hollingen, Aukrasanden, Varhaugvika. Nyhamna is an industrial area in Aukra. The municipality of Akerø was established on 1 January 1838, in 1840, most of Akerø on the Romsdal peninsula was separated to form the municipality of Frænen. On 1 January 1867, the islands to the west of Gossa were separated to become the new Sandøy Municipality, on 1 January 1924, the southern part of the municipality were separated to form the new municipality of Sør-Aukra, and the remainder of the municipality was renamed Nord-Aukra. On 1 January 1964, the Mordal area of Nord-Aukra was transferred to Molde Municipality, on 1 January 1965, Nord- was dropped from the name of the municipality, so it was then just called Aukra. The municipality is named after the old Aukra farm, since the first church was built there, the first element is akr which means field or acre and the last element is vin which means meadow or pasture. Before 1918, the name was written Akerø, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 22 May 1987, the arms show two Bronze Age bracelets on a blue background. The bracelets are based on a finding in the area. The rings thus symbolize the tradition of habitation in the area. The Church of Norway has one parish within the municipality of Aukra and it is part of the Molde arch-deanery in the Diocese of Møre. Aukra is the site of a shipwreck and rescue operation, when the cargo ship Rokta on 4 April 1938, the monument of Rokta is situated on Rindarøy island with a view of Galleskjæra where the Rokta sank. Local politicians expect a lot from the production facility. Especially the taxes, which in their opinion, far exceeds the externalities put on the inhabitants of Gossa, Aukra Auto runs the bus service on the island of Gossa. Møre og Romsdal travel guide from Wikivoyage
28.
Romania
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Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition back towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
29.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
30.
Vietnam
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Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 92.7 million inhabitants as of 2016, it is the worlds 14th-most-populous country, and its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976, with Ho Chi Minh City as a historical city as well. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, an independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War, thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War, the war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975. Vietnam was then unified under a communist government but remained impoverished, in 1986, the government initiated a series of economic and political reforms which began Vietnams path towards integration into the world economy. By 2000, it had established relations with all nations. Since 2000, Vietnams economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world and its successful economic reforms resulted in its joining the World Trade Organization in 2007. It is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, Vietnam remains one of the worlds four remaining one-party socialist states officially espousing communism. The name Việt Nam is a variation of Nam Việt, a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC. The word Việt originated as a form of Bách Việt. The form Vietnam is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình, the name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558. Then, as recorded, rewarded Yuenan/Vietnam as their nations name, to also show that they are below the region of Baiyue/Bach Viet. Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long and it was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châus History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted Việt Nam. Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic age, Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam. The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have also been found at Dong Can, and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu, Lang Gao and Lang Cuom. The Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered the first Vietnamese state, in 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán, who consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương
31.
MS Adventure of the Seas
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MS Adventure of the Seas is a Voyager-class cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International. She was built at Kværner Masa-Yards Turku New Shipyard, Finland, from 2001, she mostly sailed in the Southern Caribbean and departed weekly from the port of San Juan, Puerto Rico. As of 2012, she is based in the Atlantic in the Summer and offers seven-day cruises from Málaga and in the winter she departs from San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 2013, her summer cruises will be based out of Southampton, England and offer Baltic, Mediterranean, on May 31,2016, Royal Caribbean announced features for the upcoming refit in November 2016. This includes the Splashaway Bay Aqua Park, cyclone and typhoon water slides, in addition, a new lineup of culinary and entertainment venues with Izumi Japanese Cuisine, the brand’s signature steakhouse, Chops Grille and Boleros Latin Lounge. The ship also will receive more than 100 new staterooms, a refresh of all existing staterooms, on October,31,2016, Royal Caribbean announced modified revitalization plans for Adventure of the Seas due to storm damage caused by Hurricane Matthew at Grand Bahama Shipyard in Freeport. Plans to add 100 new staterooms as well as the lines signature Japanese restaurant Izumi were cancelled, in addition, the storm forced delays in completion of the aqua park, FlowRider, and water slides as well as Chops Grille and Suites Lounge. Adventure of the Seas routinely cruises the Caribbean, during the first quarter of 2012, she cruised to St. Kitts with over 280,000 passengers in total, the most of any Royal Caribbean vessel. In 2013, Adventure of the Seas was moved to a new base in Southampton, Royal Caribbean had confirmed that the ship will continue to be based in the UK for the 2013 season. For 2017, Adventure of the Seas offers weekly sailings from San Juan, official website Cruise Critic Review Tour from Ship Parade Current Position
32.
Royal Caribbean International
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Royal Caribbean International is a cruise line brand founded in Norway and based in Miami, Florida, United States. It is owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd, as of March 2017, the line is operating 25 ships, has six additional ships on order, and controlls 21.9 percent of the cruise market worldwide. All ships under the Royal Caribbean International brand have names ending with of the Seas a practice which began in 1991, sister brands owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. are Celebrity Cruises, Azamara Cruises, Pullmantur Cruises and CDF Croisières de France. Royal Caribbean International was founded as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1968 by three Norwegian shipping companies, Anders Wilhelmsen & Company, I. M. Skaugen & Company, the newly created line put its first ship, the Song of Norway, into service two years later. A year later, the added the Nordic Prince to the fleet. In 1978, Song of Norway became Royal Caribbeans first passenger ship to be lengthened and this was accomplished via the insertion of an 85-foot section to the vessels severed center. Following the success of work, Nordic Prince was also stretched in 1980. During the stretching on both ships, their sterns were modified, however the Sun Viking wasnt stretched or modified and remained the same size and shape. Royal Caribbean received widespread global recognition when in 1982 it launched the Song of America, over twice the size of Sun Viking, in 1986, Royal Caribbean leased a coastal property in Haiti which it used as a private destination for its guests. This destination is now called Labadee, after a corporate restructuring in 1988, the line launched Sovereign of the Seas, the largest passenger vessel afloat at the time. Two years later, Nordic Empress and Viking Serenade were also entered into their service line, in the same year, Royal Caribbean purchased a second private destination, Little Stirrup Cay, an island in the Bahamas, which they rechristened Coco Cay. Monarch of the Seas, the ship of the Sovereign class. The third ship of the Sovereign class, Majesty of the Seas, was delivered one year later, Royal Caribbean went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1993. Over the next two years the company experienced growth, and it built a new corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida, and replaced the Nordic Prince with a new vessel. Following these events, two new Vision-class vessels entered service, the Splendour of the Seas and Grandeur of the Seas, the company also merged with the Greek cruise line Celebrity Cruises and changed its name from Royal Caribbean Cruise Line to Royal Caribbean International. The next year marked a transition to a strictly modern line. In 1998, Vision of the Seas came into service, the last of the Vision-class ships, in 1999, the Voyager of the Seas, the lines newest and worlds largest cruise ship entered service with much attention from the news media. In 2000, Royal Caribbean placed into service a series of land-and-sea based cruise tours in Alaska, featuring glass-domed train cars to destinations within the state
33.
MS Allure of the Seas
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MS Allure of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned and operated by Royal Caribbean International. Designed under the name Project Genesis, she was ordered from Aker Finnyards in February 2006 and her construction began at the Perno shipyard, Turku, Finland and she was named in May 2008 after a contest was held to name her and her sister. The keel of Allure of the Seas was laid on 2 December 2008, upon her launch in November 2009, she became the worlds largest passenger ship, taking the place of Oasis of the Seas. She was eclipsed by her sister ship, Harmony of the Seas, Harmony has an overall length of 362.12 metres. The keel of Allure of the Seas was laid on 2 December 2008 at the STX Europe shipyards in Turku, Finland, during a ceremony involving Royal Caribbean and she was launched on 20 November 2009, and outfitting continued through her departure from the yards. She left the Turku shipyard on 29 October 2010 at 05,45 UTC, heading directly to her home port of Port Everglades, near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The ship is equipped with telescoping funnels to pass under bridges such as the Storebælt Bridge, on 11 November 2010 at approximately 14,30 UTC, Allure of the Seas arrived at her home port of Port Everglades, Florida. She was greeted by thousands of waiting on the shore. The ship was named by her godmother, the fictional character Princess Fiona. In February 2014, Allure of the Seas entered dry dock at Grand Bahama island for seven days to replace a damaged gearbox in one of her Azipods. As the dry dock facility was not large enough to accommodate an Oasis-class ship. During her time in dry dock, the crew used the downtime to make repairs and refurbishments to the guest facilities. Allure of the Seas sailed year-round in the Caribbean region out of Port Everglades from its homeporting in 2010 through 2014. She changed port to Barcelona and sailed the Mediterranean between May and October 2015, becoming the largest cruise ship and the first Oasis-class ship to spend a season in that region. Afterward, she returned to Port Everglades, Allure of the Seas will change its home port in November 2018 to the Port of Miami, where Royal Caribbean will construct a new cruise terminal. She will be joined by the fourth Oasis-class vessel, MS Symphony of the Seas, and both will sail year-round from the port offering seven-night Western and Eastern Caribbean cruises. While the design length of Allure of the Seas is the same as that of her sister,360 metres, she is actually 362 metres long and is some 50 millimetres longer than Oasis of the Seas. According to the shipyard, this is not intentional and such differences in length may occur simply due to the temperature of the steel in a ship as big as this
34.
Carnival Legend
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Carnival Legend is a Spirit-class cruise ship. Along with the majority of her sisters, she is owned by Carnival Corporation & plc and her maiden voyage, Carnivals first cruise in Europe, was a three night journey from Harwich to Amsterdam and return. Eighty percent of Carnival Legends staterooms have ocean views and eighty percent of those have private balconies and she was the first Carnival ship to offer alternative dining options and an onboard wedding chapel. In 2013 Carnival Legend offered a series of Baltic and Mediterranean cruises from April to November, the ship has since offered a 7-day cruise to the Western Caribbean from Tampa, Florida. Following the success of the Carnival Spirit, Carnival Legend underwent a major refurbishment in February 2014. In August 2014 Carnival Legend departed Tampa and made its way through the Panama Canal to reposition to Australia, Carnival Legend currently sails Australian itineraries in the southern summer, and Alaskan cruises in the northern summer. On August 21,2002, during the ceremony, Judi Dench took three attempts to smash the bottle against the ships hull, aided by ships captain Claudio Cupisti. The third attempt successfully smashed the bottle but the force sent the flowing champagne all over her and she took the soaking in good spirits and announced, I am godmother to 13 godchildren and a god-dog - now Im godmother to a great ship. On July 13,2005, Carnival Legend departed Tortola and was heading back to New York City, at 5,10 PM, the ship suddenly listed degrees to the port side while making a hard starboard turn, resulting in some minor injuries. The crew came on to the intercom a few minutes later to announce to passengers that there had been a computer glitch, captain Claudio Cupisti had to take manual control of the wheel in order to prevent the ship from capsizing. Crew members indicated that a list of that degree was without precedent in their experience, passengers were not compensated for spilled drinks, etc. The ships promenade had to be closed several hours due to broken glass, captain Giuseppe Gazzano had manually controlled the ship towards Victoria as safety precaution. There were no reported serious injuries but the ship arrived at Victoria two hours behind schedule, on August 3,2005, around 22,00, heavy smoke was seen coming from the lower levels towards the bow of the ship. In minutes, there was an announcement for everyone to proceed to the upper, the cruise director announced, there was a problem in the engine room and that something had overheated. People had to stay put for over an hour, no real explanation or compensation was given. During the May 20,2006 cruise, Ramesh Krishnamurthy, age 35, from Plumstead and he was reported jumping out of his balcony room after an argument with his wife in front of his children,450 miles northeast of Florida. Foul play is not suspected, and he was believed to have been under the influence, the ship remained in the vicinity for eleven hours, delaying the Legends arrival back to New York City the following day until 8 pm. Coast Guard officials were sent out to aid in the search, on September 30,2009, as Carnival Legend was leaving the berth in Cozumel, heavy winds pushed the ship against the side of Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines Enchantment of the Seas
35.
Carnival Cruise Line
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Carnival Cruise Line is a cruise line based in Miami, Florida in the United States. It is a subsidiary of the American-British company Carnival Corporation & plc, originally an independent company founded in 1972 by Ted Arison, the company is now one of nine cruise ship brands owned and operated by Carnival Corporation & plc. The company has the largest fleet in the group, with 25 vessels currently in operation that account for 21. 1% of the market share. Executive control of the company is provided by the North American division of Carnival Corporation, headquartered in Doral, Carnival was a pioneer in the concept of shorter, less expensive cruises. Its ships are known for their Las Vegas-style decor and entertainment, the line calls its ships The Fun Ships, and there are a wide range of activities offered on board. Its trademark is the funnel, which is red, white and blue, the mascot for Carnival is Fun Ship Freddy, a character in the shape of Carnivals distinctive funnel. In 1996 Carnival Destiny of 101,000 GT became the largest passenger ship in the world at the time, in 2001, Robert Dickinson, then CEO, participated in a BBC documentary, Back To The Floor. Dickinson went to work at the lowest crew levels on the Fun Ship MS Imagination on a Carnival cruise in the Caribbean, as of 2009, the latest and largest asset in the Carnival fleet was Carnival Dream, a new 128,000 GT ship. Carnival Dream entered service on 21 September 2009, after several voyages in the Mediterranean she was set to offer weekly Caribbean cruises from Port Canaveral from 5 December 2009. A sister ship, Carnival Magic, debuted on 1 May 2011, on 1 December 2009 it was announced that Carnival placed an order for a third Dream-class vessel. It entered service in June 2012 and is now homeported in Galveston, on May 10,2010, Carnival selected a name for their new Dream-class vessel in 2012, Carnival Breeze. On 26 October 2012, it was announced that Carnival had ordered a new ship for their Carnival Cruise Line brand. This ship will be built by Fincantieri and will be the largest ship they have ever built and it sailed its maiden voyage on May 1,2016, nearly four years after Carnival Breeze entered service. The new ship is named Carnival Vista, in January 2017, Michael Thamm was appointed CEO of Carnival Asia by the Carnival Corporation. As CEO, Thamm will oversee operations in China and the region, thamms career spans more than three decades in the cruise and shipping industry. Thamm serves as CEO of Costa Group since Jul,1,2012 and continues to work at Costa Group alongside Carnival Asia. 2018 will also see the addition of a new liner to Carnivals fleet, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, three of the Carnival cruise ships were chartered by the United States government for six months to serve as temporary housing until the houses can be rebuilt. After being chartered for six months, their voyages were cancelled
36.
Carnival Miracle
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Carnival Miracle is a Spirit-class cruise ship. Like the majority of her sisters, she is owned by Carnival Corporation & plc, soon after the conclusion of the christening ceremony, she departed on her maiden voyage, a three-day cruise to the Bahamas. Eighty percent of Carnival Miracles staterooms have ocean views, and eighty percent of those feature private balconies, also unique to Carnival Miracle is an 11-story Metropolis atrium with a ruby-red glass ceiling, which is also part of the whale tail funnel. Next to every room is a picture of a famous fictional character such as Long John Silver or Sherlock Holmes. From April 2012 to March 2013, Carnival Miracle sailed year-round from New York City, during the winter months she sailed an 8-Day Bahamas Cruise stopping at Port Canaveral, Nassau, Bahamas and Freeport, Bahamas. During the summer season she continued her other regular 8-Day Bahamas/Caribbean run, since March 2013, Carnival Miracle sailed through the Panama Canal repositioning to the West Coast sailing alternating cruises from Long Beach, California & Seattle, Washington. Currently, she sails from Long Beach to Hawaii and Mexican Riviera, since October 2014, the Miracle is based in Long Beach year round. Carnival Legend replaced the Miracle in its summertime Alaska cruises in 2015, on March 8,2015 the Miracle was maneuvered into Drydock #2 operated by BAE Systems at Pier 70 in San Francisco, California to receive its Fun Ship 2.0 upgrades. These upgrades included the RedFrog Pub, Alchemy Bar, Playlist Productions, Seuss at Sea, Hasbro the Game Show, Cherry on Top, New Sports Bar, and Spin U. In October 2015, Carnival announced that Carnival Miracle, as well as Carnival Splendor, in May 2016, Carnival announced that the Carnival Spirit will sail to China instead of Carnival Miracle. In November 2016, Carnival announced that the Miracle will relocate to Tampa, at approximately 3 a. m. on Tuesday, Feb.262013 during an eight-day voyage of Carnival Miracle, an 18-year-old male guest died in his cabin. It has been speculated that alcohol was involved in his death, official Website Cruise Critic Review Carnival Miracle Photo Gallery at HanBan Photos Carnival Miracle ship location in Google Maps
37.
Carnival Spirit
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Carnival Spirit is the name ship of the Spirit-class of cruise ships, and the second member of that class to be built and enter service, after Costa Atlantica. Like the majority of her sisters, Carnival Spirit is operated by Carnival Cruise Line and she is also the first new Fun Ship to sail to Alaska and Hawaii. Eighty percent of her cabins are on the outside of the ship, in 2012 following her dry dock, Carnival Spirit was transferred to Carnivals Australian branch, and can only be booked by Carnival Australias official website. Her permanent home port is Sydney, Australia, from where she sails to New Caledonia, Fiji, Vanuatu, previously in the northern fall and winter seasons, Carnival Spirit sailed cruises from San Diego, California and Los Angeles, California to the Mexican Riviera. After Carnival Spirits repositioning out of San Diego in April 2012, during the period from mid-May and ending in September, Carnival Spirit sailed the waters off Alaska, stopping at Icy Strait Point, Ketchikan, Juneau, Skagway, and Victoria. In September 2012, Carnival Spirit sailed to the Hawaiian Islands and these cruises visited ports in Maui, Kona, Hilo, and Kauai. After Carnival Spirit finished her Alaskan and Hawaii cruises, she embarked on a Tahiti and Fiji cruise for repositioning to Australia, arriving on 16 October. The ship is based in Sydney, Australia, and will continue for five years. Total cost of renovations was US$7 million, from October 2012, bookings for cruises on the ship were moved to the new Carnival Australia website. Several new bars and dining areas were created and the club was refurbished. The ship came out of late and boarding for the return cruise to Sydney was delayed several hours. Boarding once started took three to four hours for each passenger, Carnival reimbursed passengers 25% of their cruise fare because of the disruption. In May 2016, Carnival announced that Carnival Spirit would sail seasonally in China, the Spirit will sail out of Shanghai, China. In late 2016, Carnival subsequently reversed this decision and Carnival Spirit will continue to sail from Sydney throughout the year. On May 8,2013, police in Australia were searching for a couple that surveillance video showed going over the railing the night before Carnival Spirit was scheduled to dock in Sydney. The couple was Paul Rossington,30, and his 26-year-old girlfriend Kristen Schroder, after two days the search was called off. An Indian kitchen hand was missing, presumed overboard, from the ship on 8 July 2014 as it travelled from Vanuatu towards Port Denarau, on Monday, April 202015, a powerful east coast low stranded the ship in the Tasman Sea. The ship was hit by swells up to 9 metres, the passengers were stuck offshore for over 24 hours
38.
Coral Princess
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Coral Princess is a cruise ship owned and operated by Princess Cruises line. The vessel, along with sister ship Island Princess, was launched in 2002, Coral Princess and Island Princess are the only two Panamax ships operated by Princess Cruises. During summer months, Coral Princesss main itinerary consists of 7-day Alaskan cruises from Vancouver, Canada to Whittier, Alaska, on May 2,2013, Coral Princess suffered a fire. It was quickly extinguished without anyone onboard being injured, the fire itself was confined to a storage locker in the engine room. While there were no injuries, a suite stateroom on Deck 9 was flooded when the in-room sprinkler went off following the fire
39.
Princess Cruises
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Princess Cruises is a cruise line based in Santa Clarita, California, in the United States and incorporated in Bermuda. It is part of Holland America Group, which controls the three Carnival brands based on the West Coast of the United States, the lines ships cruise worldwide and are marketed to both American and international passengers. The company was famous by The Love Boat TV series, in which its ship. In 1969, the Princess Italia was used on Alaskan cruises from San Francisco, but by 1973, the charter was canceled, Princesss third charter ship was none other than Costas Carla C. Originally, Compagnie Générale Transatlantiques SS Flandre, the ship had been purchased by Costa in the late 1960s and given a major rebuilding. The two ships that were to be featured heavily in the television series The Love Boat were built in 1971 at Nordseewerke for Flagship Cruises and originally named the Sea Venture and Island Venture. In 1974, P&O purchased them for their Princess division, and they served as the Island Princess and she was initially based in Australia as a P&O ship until 1981 when her role there was taken over by the Oriana. After that, she alternated between P&O and Princess colours as she moved between fleets, the Sea Princess returned to the P&O UK fleet permanently and in 1995 and was renamed MV Victoria to allow a then-new Princess ship to be named Sea Princess. The ship served in P&O Cruises fleet as the Artemis until 2011, the Swan Hellenic Cruiseship Minerva II, originally built as the Renaissance Cruises R8 was renamed Royal Princess in 2007 after an extensive refit during a drydock in Gibraltar. In 1986, P&O Princess Cruises acquired Tour Alaska, which operated on the Alaska Railroad, based in Anchorage, Alaska, Princess Tours now operates ten luxury railcars with full-service scenic tours of Denali and can accommodate over 700 passengers per day. P&O Princess Cruises acquired Sitmar Line in 1988 and transferred all of its tonnage to Princess. The Dawn Princess and Fair Princess were both ex-Cunard, and the former Sitmar Fairsky became Princesss Sky Princess, the first of the three new Sitmar ships came into the Princess brand in 1989 as the Star Princess, the largest British exclusively cruising ship. Two 70,000 grt cruise ships entered service in 1990 as the Crown Princess and Regal Princess, Princess Cruises was involved in litigation with General Electric in 1998 over consequential damages and lost profits resulting from a contract the two parties entered into. General Electric was to provide inspection and repair services upon the SS Sky Princess, upon noticing surface rust on the turbine rotor, the vessel was brought ashore for cleaning and balancing, but good metal was unintentionally removed. This destabilized the rotor, forcing Princess Cruises to cancel two 10-day cruises while additional work was performed, Princess originally prevailed, being awarded nearly $4.6 million. On appeal, however, the judgement was reversed in favor of General Electric, on October 23,2000, the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company spun-off its passenger division to form an independent company, P&O Princess Cruises. The company subsequently merged with Carnival Corporation on April 17,2003, as a result of the merger, Carnival Corporation and P&O Princess were integrated to form Carnival Corporation & plc, with a portfolio of eleven cruise ship brands. It is a company, registered in both the United States and the United Kingdom, with the former P&O Princess Cruises being relisted as Carnival plc
40.
Costa Atlantica
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Costa Atlantica is a Spirit-class cruise ship owned and operated by Costa Crociere. She was built in 2000 by the Kvaerner Masa-Yards Helsinki New Shipyard in Helsinki, Atlantica currently sails Asia cruises from Tianjin and sometimes Shanghai. Each passenger deck on Costa Atlantica is named after a movie by the Italian director Federico Fellini and she is decorated with Carrara marble, Murano glass accents, and in-laid mosaic tile. She also replicates Venices Caffe Florian, official website Video Clip of Costa Atlantica Media related to Costa Atlantica at Wikimedia Commons
41.
Costa Cruises
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Costa Crociere S. p. A. trading as Costa Cruises, is a British/American owned Italian cruise line, based in Genoa, Italy, and under control of the Carnival Corporation & plc. Founded in 1854, the company originally operated cargo ships, in order to carry olive oils, in 1924 the company passed to founders sons that started commercial activities, buying the ship Ravenna. Commercial activities continued until the introduction of services in 1947. The company later converted its fleet to full-time cruising. Acquired by Carnival Corporation in 2000, Costa Cruises is now one of ten brands operated by Carnival, today, as Costa Cruises Group, the company is one of the main operating companies in the Carnival group, with executive control of the groups activities in Europe. The company is responsible for operation of Costa Cruises in Italy, AIDA was previously a subsidiary of P&O Princess Cruises, being transferred to Costa following the merger of Carnival Corporation and P&O Princess in 2002. Ibero Cruises is a new brand, created in 2007 as a joint venture between Carnival Corporation and Orizonia Group, the captain was one of the crew to leave the sinking ship early while many passengers were still on board. The ship was lying on its starboard side in shallow water. Thirty-two persons have been confirmed dead, the total cost of the disaster is estimated to be over $2 billion, including $500 million for the loss of the ship and $1.5 billion for the salvage and recovery operations. An Italian appeals court on May 31,2016 upheld the 16-year prison sentence, as of 2015, according to Scott Knutson, vice president of sales and marketing for Costa Cruises North America, Costa was “. Uniquely positioned as the international brand that hasn’t adapted its product to the American market. That authenticity allows us to go to a segment of the market. It’s those vacationers who like the international experience — the food, the wine, italians accounted for 25 to 30 percent of bookings on most Costa cruises, and they were followed by passengers from France, Germany and Spain. Depending on the season or destination, North Americans could make up 5 to 15 percent of the passenger list, the universal language on board was English. Costa Diadema, Naples, La Spezia, Savona, Marseille, Costa Fascinosa, Savona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, Ibiza, Palma De Mallorca & Barcelona. Costa Magica, Savona, Marseille, Tangier, Casablanca, Cádiz, Costa neoRiviera, Savona, Toulon, Propriano, Olbia, Trapani, Valletta, Salerno, Capri & Portoferraio. Costa Deliziosa, Venice, Bari, Corfu, Mykonos, Santorini & Dubrovnik, Costa Mediterranea, Trieste, Split, Kotor, Argostoli, Corfu & Dubrovnik. Costa neoClassica, Venice, Split, Corfu, Santorini, Athens, Istanbul, Izmir, Mykonos, Costa Favolosa, Copenhagen, Hellesylt, Geiranger, Bergen, Kristiansand, Oslo & Warnemünde
(NOK 561million) (2008)[1]
NOK 40 million (2008)[1]
STX France Cruise SA (located at St. Nazaire and Lorient)
STX Norway Florø AS (located in Florø)
STX OSV Tulcea SA and STX OSV Braila SA
STX OSV Niteroi SA
STX OSV Vietnam Ltd.
