1.
STX Europe
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STX Europe AS, formerly Aker Yards ASA, was until 2012 a subsidiary of the South Korean industrial chaebol STX Corporation. With headquarters in Oslo, Norway, STX Europe operated 15 shipyards in Brazil, Finland, France, Norway, Romania, the company had three business areas, Cruise & Ferries, Offshore & Specialized Vessels and Other Operations. The Turku shipyard was sold, 70% to Meyer Werft and 30% to the Finnish government, Meyer Werft acquired the Finnish governments 30% in April 2015. The evolution of STX Europe originated with the founding of two prominent shipbuilding groups in Europe, one was the Norway based Aker Yards, created in 2004 by combining the shipbuilding activities of Aker and Kværner with the France-based Alstom shipbuilding group, which has shipyards and in Lorient. Aker ASA, the majority shareholder of Aker Yards, reduced its share from 50. 4% to 40. 1% in January 2007. Aker divested its shareholding in March 2007, and in October 2007. Later, STX took a stake, and renamed the group to STX Europe on 3 November 2008 to reflect the new ownership structure. In January 2009, STX business group acquired the shares in STX Europe. In February 2009, it was decided to delist STX Europe from Oslo Stock Exchange where it was listed under the ticker STXEUR. The Cruise & Ferries division constructs vessels mainly at shipyards in Finland, the business area had revenues of NOK19,709 million in 2008. STX France Cruise SA STX Norway Florø AS STX Norway Offshore AS is now owned by Fincantieri STX OSV Tulcea SA, the steel hulls for most of STX Europes new building projects are being built by Braila and Tulcea in Romania. STX Europes yard in Braila is situated 170 km up the River Danube, portfolios consist of hull production, delivery of complete merchant vessels together with repair and conversion work. The yard has a 1300m long outfitting quay, facilities for simultaneous mounting or repairing of 12 vessels, the mounting platform and launching berth have capacity for vessels up to 135 x 23 m and a maximum launching and lifting weight of 2500 tonne and 2200 tonne respectively. STX Europes yard in Tulcea is located at nautical mile 39.5 on the bank of the Danube, upstream of Tulcea. In Tulcea STX Europe offers services in shipbuilding, conversions and repairs and it has a large covered hall where four ships can be built simultaneously. Over 6000 people working here, it is the capacity of offshore. STX OSV Niteroi SA STX OSV Vietnam Ltd
2.
Shipbuilding
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Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels. It normally takes place in a facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history, Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as naval engineering. The construction of boats is an activity called boat building. The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking, the ancestors of Australian Aborigines and New Guineans also went across the Lombok Strait to Sahul by boat over 50,000 years ago. Evidence from Ancient Egypt shows that the early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3000 BC, the Archaeological Institute of America reports that some of the oldest ships yet unearthed are known as the Abydos boats. These are a group of 14 ships discovered in Abydos that were constructed of wooden planks which were sewn together, the ship dating to 3000 BC was about 25 m,75 feet long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh. According to professor OConnor, the 5, 000-year-old ship may have belonged to Pharaoh Aha. Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together, early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon joints. The oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around 2500 BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast in India, other ports were probably at Balakot and Dwarka. However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade, ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with Mesopotamia. Shipbuilding and boatmaking may have been prosperous industries in ancient India, native labourers may have manufactured the flotilla of boats used by Alexander the Great to navigate across the Hydaspes and even the Indus, under Nearchos. The Indians also exported teak for shipbuilding to ancient Persia, other references to Indian timber used for shipbuilding is noted in the works of Ibn Jubayr. The ships of Ancient Egypts Eighteenth Dynasty were typically about 25 meters in length and they mounted a single square sail on a yard, with an additional spar along the bottom of the sail. These ships could also be oar propelled, the ocean and sea going ships of Ancient Egypt were constructed with cedar wood, most likely hailing from Lebanon. The ships of Phoenicia seem to have been of a similar design, the naval history of China stems back to the Spring and Autumn period of the ancient Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The Chinese built large rectangular barges known as ships, which were essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts. There is considerable knowledge regarding shipbuilding and seafaring in the ancient Mediterranean and this was dually met with the introduction of the Han Dynasty junk ship design in the same century
3.
Meyer Werft
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The Meyer Werft GmbH is one of the major German shipyards, headquartered in Papenburg at the river Ems. Founded in 1795 and starting with small vessels, today Meyer Werft is one of worlds leading builders of luxury passenger ships. Altogether about 700 ships of different types have been built at the yard and its Dockhalle 2 is the largest shipbuilding hall and the building with the fifth largest usable space in the world. Meyer Werft has been owned and managed by the Meyer family for seven generations, since 1997, it has been part of the Meyer Neptun Group together with Neptun Werft in Rostock. In 2014 the company added the Turku shipyard in Finland to the group, the shipyard is an anchor on the European Route of Industrial Heritage. Five of the ten largest cruise ships in the world have been built at the shipyard in Papenburg, the shipyard was founded at the beginning of 1795 by Willm Rolf Meyer as a wharf for the construction of small wooden vessels. Josef Lambert Meyer started the construction of ships in 1874. Until 1920 there were more than 20 dockyards in the Papenburg area, for seven generations it has been a privately held and family-owned company. Meyer is one of the largest and most modern shipyards in the world with about 3300 employees, the first covered dock was inaugurated in 1987 and was 370 meters long,101,5 meters wide and 60 meters high. In 1990/91 the dock was extended by an additional 100 meters. In 2004, a second covered dock was built, which is announced to be extended to a length of 504 meters. Meyer Werft will as a result of this be able to build three cruise ships a year. Due to its location on the river Ems, the giant ships to be delivered have to make a 36 km voyage to the Dollart bay. Up until the completion of the Ems river barrier in 2002, in September 2014 Meyer Werft acquired 70% ownership of STX Finland and the Turku shipyard STX Finland Oy from STX Europe with the state-owned Finnish Industry Investment owning the remaining 30%. The shipyard was renamed Meyer Turku Oy, Meyer Werft acquired the remaining 30% in 2015
4.
Aker Arctic
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Aker Arctic Technology Inc is a Finnish engineering company that operates an ice model test basin in Helsinki. Aker Arctic and its predecessors have designed and constructed about 60% of the worlds icebreakers, in addition, the company is responsible for a number of recent advances in the design of icegoing ships, such as the double acting ship and oblique icebreaker concepts. The history of ice model testing in Finland began when Wärtsilä Icebreaking Model Basin was opened in an air raid shelter in Helsinki in 1969. In the early 1980s, a decision was made to construct a new model test facility above ground, Wärtsilä Arctic Research Centre, inaugurated in February 1983, was intended to become the leading ice model test facility in the world. In the mid-1980s, WARC also took over the responsibilities of Wärtsilä Arctic Design and Marketing, in addition to inhouse R&D and commercial projects, the work carried out by WARC included basic research conducted by post-graduate students and research for the Finnish government. The work setup continued until the bankruptcy of Wärtsilä Marine in 1989, when Masa-Yards took over the shipbuilding business of Wärtsilä in 1989, WARC became known as Masa-Yards Arctic Research Centre. Although initially scientific projects gained high priority, from 1990 on the work was primarily commercial, in addition, as the land lease agreement was reaching its end, a decision was made to construct a new model test facility elsewhere. Aker Arctic Technology Inc was established on 30 December 2004 with Kværner Masa-Yards as its shareholder and ABB, Aker Kværner. Wärtsilä later withdrew from the joint company and sold its shares to the other shareholders, the construction of the new model test facility with a 75-metre model basin began in Vuosaari, near the old shipyard, in 2005 and Aker Arctic moved to its current premises in February 2006. On 17 December 2013, the holding company Finnish Industry Investment Ltd. purchased 66. 4% of Aker Arctics shares from STX Finland which previously owned 71. 4% of the company. The remainder was divided equally between the shareholders, ABB and Aker Solutions, who both increased their share from 14. 3% to 16. 8%. According to the Minister of Economic Affairs Jan Vapaavuori, the company was acquired in order to prevent it from being sold to a foreign owner, on 1 June 2015, Aker Arctic acquired full ownership of AKAC Inc. The Canada-based company was established in 1984 by Arno Keinonen, who had worked as the director of the Wärtsilä Icebreaking Model Basin
5.
Arctech Helsinki Shipyard
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Arctech Helsinki Shipyard is a shipbuilding company in Helsinki, Finland. The company has a focus on icebreakers and other icegoing vessels for arctic conditions, the joint venture agreement between STX Finland Cruise Oy and United Shipbuilding Corporation was signed in December 2010 and the latter purchased half of the Hietalahti shipyard. The company started its operations on 1 April 2011, on 28 October 2013, it was reported that USC is going to buy the second half from STX Europe and become the sole owner of Arctech Helsinki Shipyard. The sale was finalized on 30 December 2014 and as of 2015 United Shipbuilding Corporation is the owner of the shipyard. As of December 2015, Arctech Helsinki Shipyard has delivered four vessels, the company has four vessels under construction in Helsinki and two more in the orderbook which spans until 2018. In late July 2014, EU and USA imposed economic sanctions as a response to the Russian involvement in the unrest in Ukraine and it is not known if and how the sanctions will affect Arctech Helsinki Shipyard, which is only partially owned by the Russian state-owned United Shipbuilding Corporation. Furthermore, icebreakers used to support the industry are not targeted by the sanctions. The vessels, Vitus Bering and Aleksey Chirikov, were delivered in December 2012 and April 2013, the oblique icebreaker would have three azimuth thrusters and an asymmetric hull designed to break a 50-metre channel in 60-centimetre level ice when operating sideways. Initially, the hull was to be built at Yantar and then towed to Helsinki for outfitting, the vessel was launched on 12 December 2013 and given the name Baltika. After sea trials, the icebreaker was towed to Kaliningrad where she was to be handed over to the owner, however, Baltika was later towed to Saint Petersburg where she was delivered to Rosmorrechflot on 30 December 2014. On 19 December 2012, Arctech Helsinki Shipyard received an order from the Russian Ministry of Transport for an 18-megawatt icebreaker capable of breaking ice up to 1.5 metres thick. The newbuilding, Project 21900M icebreaker, worth about 100 million euro, the new icebreaker, Murmansk, was launched in March 2015. While the vessel was to be delivered to the owner in August of the same year, on 18 December, Murmansk was handed over to Vyborg Shipyard, who would deliver the vessel to the owner before the years end, and towed to Vyborg. The icebreaker was handed over to Rosmorport after a ceremony on 25 December. However, on 29 November the Finnish Transport Agency cancelled the contract, on 22 January 2014, Arctech Helsinki Shipyard won the second round of the tendering process and the final contract was signed on 14 February. The vessel, based on Aker Arctics Aker ARC130 concept, was scheduled for delivery during the winter of 2016. On 11 December 2015, the new icebreaker was named Polaris and she was floated out from the covered dry dock and into the outfitting quay on 3 January 2016 and delivered on 28 September. On 21 April 2014, Sovcomflot ordered an icebreaking platform supply vessel from Arctech Helsinki Shipyard, the 100 million euro vessel, which was initially scheduled to be delivered in June 2016, is a further development of the two similar vessels delivered in 2012 and 2013
6.
Martin Saarikangas
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Martin Saarikangas is a Finnish shipbuilder, best known as the founder of Masa-Yards, after the bankruptcy of Wärtsilä Marine. From 2003 to 2007 he was a member of the Finnish Parliament, in 1994 he played three minutes for Finnish association football top flight side TPS Turku at the age of 57. The bankruptcy was unnecessary, interview of Martin Saarikangas in Scandinavian Shipping Gazette, February 22,2008, iso-Masa, laivanrakentaja Ajatus Kirjat,2002 ISBN 951-20-6227-5 Home page
7.
Perno
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Perno is a district in the Naantalintie ward of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located to the west of the city, and is mainly a high-density residential suburb, there is also a large maritime dock located there. The current population of Perno is 2,513, and it is increasing at a rate of 0. 28%. 17. 83% of the population are under 15 years old. The districts linguistic makeup is 90. 81% Finnish,2. 39% Swedish, Districts of Turku Districts of Turku by population
8.
Turku
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Turku is a city on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Southwest Finland. Turku, as a town, was settled during the 13th century and founded most likely at the end of the 13th century and it quickly became the most important city in Finland, a status it retained for hundreds of years. Because of its history, it has been the site of many important events. Along with Tallinn, the city of Estonia, Turku was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2011. In 1996, it was declared the official Christmas City of Finland, due to its location, Turku is a notable commercial and passenger seaport with over three million passengers traveling through the Port of Turku each year to Stockholm and Mariehamn. As of 31 December 2016, the population of Turku was 187,564, there were 318,168 inhabitants living in the Turku sub-region, ranking it as the third largest urban area in Finland after the Greater Helsinki area and Tampere sub-region. The city is bilingual as 5.2 percent of its population identify Swedish as a mother-tongue. The Finnish name Turku originates from an Old East Slavic word, tǔrgǔ, the word turku still means market place in some idioms in Finnish. The Swedish word for market place is torg, and was borrowed from Old East Slavic. The Swedish name Åbo may be a combination of å. As this pattern does not appear in any other Swedish place names in Finland, one theory is that it comes from Aabo, the Finnish rendition of the Russian Avram, which could also be the origin of the name of the river Aura. There is however an old legal term called åborätt, which gave citizens the right to live at land owned by the crown. In Finnish, the genitive of Turku is Turun, meaning of Turku, the Finnish names of organizations and institutes of Turku often begin with this word, as in Turun yliopisto for the University of Turku. Turku has a history as Finlands largest city and occasionally as the administrative center of the country. The citys identity stems from its status as the oldest city in Finland, originally, the word Finland referred only to the area around Turku. Although archaeological findings in the date back to the Stone Age. The Cathedral of Turku was consecrated in 1300, during the Middle Ages, Turku was the seat of the Bishop of Turku, covering the then eastern half of the Kingdom of Sweden until the 17th century. Even if Turku had no official status, both the short-lived institutions of Dukes and Governors-General of Finland usually had their Finnish residences there
9.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
10.
Cruise ship
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Transportation is not the only purpose of cruising, particularly on cruises that return passengers to their originating port, with the ports of call usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even cruises to nowhere or nowhere voyages where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call, by contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do line voyages and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. The gradual evolution of passenger ship design from ocean liners to cruise ships has seen passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas, the distinction between ocean liners and cruise ships has blurred, particularly with respect to deployment. Larger cruise ships have also engaged in longer trips such as transoceanic voyages which may not return to the port for months. Some former ocean liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo, the only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a liner of December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard fleet. The industrys rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships. These are displaced by new ships in the growth areas. The worlds largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean Internationals Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships by about 2.15 meters, the birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837, in 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular, P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, the company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger. Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and she was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe, however, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an account of it as Backschisch. The first vessel built exclusively for cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin. The ship was completed in 1900, the practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings
11.
Cruiseferry
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A cruiseferry is a ship that combines the features of a cruise ship with a Ro-Pax ferry. Cruiseferry traffic is concentrated in the seas of Northern Europe, especially the Baltic Sea. However, similar ships traffic across the English Channel as well as the Irish Sea, Mediterranean, cruiseferries also operate from India, China and Australia. In the northern Baltic Sea, two rival companies, Viking Line and Silja Line, have for decades competed on the routes between Turku and Helsinki in Finland and Swedens capital Stockholm. Since the 1990s Tallink has also risen as a company in the area
12.
MS Freedom of the Seas
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MS Freedom of the Seas is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International. It is the namesake of Royal Caribbeans Freedom class, and can accommodate 3,634 passengers and 1,300 crew on fifteen passenger decks. Freedom of the Seas was the largest passenger ship built from 2006 until construction of the Royal Caribbean Internationals Oasis-class ships in late 2009. Upon its completion, it became the largest passenger ship ever built, taking that honor from Cunards Queen Mary 2. Freedom of the Seas is 2.4 metres narrower than QM2 at the waterline,6 metres shorter, has 1.5 metres less draft, is 8.3 metres less tall and 10 miles per hour slower. Freedom however is the ship in terms of gross tonnage. Freedom of the Seas had the highest gross tonnage of any passenger ship yet built, until the 2009 completion of MS Oasis of the Seas, the ship has four bow thrusters. When at sea Freedom of the Seas consumes approximately 12,800 kg of fuel per hour, the design of the Freedom of the Seas is similar to that of the second-generation Voyager class ships, Navigator of the Seas and Mariner of the Seas. The extra 91-feet of length allows for the addition of cabins, an interactive water play area on the pool deck, a dedicated 24-hour pizza venue. The added width of the ship is utilized by two adults-only whirlpools cantilevered out from the sides in the adults only solarium of the ship. Other new features include the FlowRider surf simulator, a ring in the gym. The Royal Promenade, first seen on Royal Caribbeans Voyager-Class in 1999 and this gives most upper level cabins a window, either to the port or starboard side or inwards to the promenade. This design was first used in the cruiseferry M/S Silja Serenade in 1990 and its twin ship, the ship has three swimming areas, an interactive water park, a dedicated adult pool, and the main pool. The 13th deck has an area with a rock climbing wall, the FlowRider surf simulator, a miniature golf course. Other items include an ice skating rink, a casino, a Johnny Rockets restaurant, technology amenities include Wi-Fi capabilities throughout the ship, interactive flat panel televisions in all staterooms, and cell phone connectivity. Many of the interiors were extensively decorated by muralist Clarissa Parish. It then departed to Oslo, Norway on 25 April for official festivities and it then sailed for Southampton, England on 27 April and arrived at 9am on 29 April. The ship sailed on its first transatlantic crossing on 3 May 2006, on May 4,2009, Freedom of the Seas moved its home port from the Port of Miami-Dade to Port Canaveral, where it replaced Mariner of the Seas
13.
Shipyard
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A shipyard is a place where ships are repaired and built. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships, dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles. The shipbuilding industry tends to be fragmented in Europe than in Asia. In European countries there are a number of small companies. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are Naval facilities providing basing, support, Shipyards are constructed nearby the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. Sir Alfred Yarrow established his yard by the Thames in Londons Docklands in the late 19th century before moving it northwards to the banks of the Clyde at Scotstoun. Other famous UK shipyards include the Harland and Wolff yard in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where Titanic was built, and the naval dockyard at Chatham, England on the Medway in north Kent. The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialised cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities, after a ships useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a shipbreaking yard, often on a beach in South Asia. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in drydock in developed countries, but high wages, the worlds earliest known dockyards were built in the Harappan port city of Lothal circa 2600 BC in Gujarat, India. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard, the dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the current of the river to avoid silting. The name of the ancient Greek city of Naupactus means shipyard, Naupactus reputation in this field extends to the time of legend, where it is depicted as the place where the Heraclidae built a fleet to invade the Peloponnesus. During its time of operation it was changed, rebuilt and modified. It is currently a maritime museum, ships were the first items to be manufactured in a factory, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, in the Venice Arsenal, Venice, Italy. The Arsenal apparently mass-produced nearly one every day using pre-manufactured parts. Chantiers de lAtlantique – established in 1861 Nantes-Indret, France – Establish in 1771 it built ships for the American Revolution including the Deane, jean Street Shipyard 1843–present – The oldest continually operated shipyard in the U. S. Located on the Hillsborough River in Tampa, Florida, Gloucester Marine Railways 1859–present – Oldest working shipyard in New England
14.
Helsinki
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Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of 629,512, a population of 1,231,595. Helsinki is located some 80 kilometres north of Tallinn, Estonia,400 km east of Stockholm, Sweden, Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities. The Helsinki metropolitan area includes the core of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen. It is the worlds northernmost metro area of one million people. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Nordic countries, Helsinki is Finlands major political, educational, financial, cultural, and research center as well as one of northern Europes major cities. Approximately 75% of foreign companies operating in Finland have settled in the Helsinki region, the nearby municipality of Vantaa is the location of Helsinki Airport, with frequent service to various destinations in Europe and Asia. In 2009, Helsinki was chosen to be the World Design Capital for 2012 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, the city was the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest 2007. In 2011, the Monocle magazine ranked Helsinki the most liveable city in the world in its Liveable Cities Index 2011, in the Economist Intelligence Units August 2015 Liveability survey, assessing the best and worst cities to live in globally, Helsinki placed among the worlds top ten cities. Helsinki is used to refer to the city in most languages, the Swedish name Helsingfors is the original official name of the city. The Finnish name probably comes from Helsinga and similar names used for the river that is known as the Vantaa River. Helsingfors comes from the name of the parish, Helsinge and the rapids, which flowed through the original village. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, one suggestion for the origin of the name Helsinge is that it originated with medieval Swedish settlers who came from Hälsingland in Sweden. Others have proposed that the name derives from the Swedish word helsing, other Scandinavian cities located at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, for example Helsingør and Helsingborg. The name Helsinki has been used in Finnish official documents and in Finnish language newspapers since 1819, the decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish, in Helsinki slang the city is called Stadi. Hesa, is not used by natives to the city, helsset is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki
15.
Rauma, Finland
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Rauma is a town and municipality of ca.39,700 inhabitants on the west coast of Finland,92 kilometres north of Turku, and 50 kilometres south of Pori. Granted town privileges on 17 April 1442, Rauma is known for its paper and maritime industry, high quality lace and the old architecture of its centre. In the 14th century, before being declared as a town, Rauma had a Franciscan monastery, in 1550, the townsmen of Rauma were ordered to relocate to Helsinki, but this was successfully countered and Rauma could continue its growth. Practically the whole town of Rauma was devastated in the fires of 1640 and 1682. The wooden city centre, which is how large the town was until 1809, has approximately 600 wooden buildings, the neo-renaissance style of many of the houses is a result of prosperity brought on by seafaring. In 1897 Rauma had the largest fleet of sailing boats in Finland, goods were mainly exported to Germany, Stockholm and the Baltic states. In the 1890s, Rauma got a college, which was later annexed to the University of Turku. A part of the department of education still exists in Rauma, the name Rauma comes from the Germanic word strauma, meaning stream. After World War II, Rauma developed into a city, the main industries being shipbuilding, paper and pulp mills. Rauma is also the fifth largest port in Finland with almost six million tonnes of shipping per year, olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant is located next to Rauma, in Eurajoki. Near Rauma, there is the plant of Fenno-Skan. Rauma is located between Turku and Pori by the national road 8, Finnish national road 12 starts from Rauma and it was extended to the port of Rauma in 2008. A railway connection from Kokemäki is in active use, as there is a straight connection to the heavy industry areas. The rail passenger traffic ended in 1988, satakunnan Liikenne Oy runs the local bus traffic and it has 3 lines in Rauma. The hub for the buses is located in Savila while the Long distance buses operate from Rauma bus station. The long distance buses take passengers directly to Pori and Turku and to Tampere, the nearest airport is located in Pori. The port of Rauma serves only freight ships on frequent basis, Rauma has its own dialect of Finnish, Rauman giäl. The dialect inherits words from languages such as Swedish, English, the dialect has been diluted into mainstream Finnish in day-to-day use, but it is fairly well studied and practiced as a hobby
16.
STX Corporation
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STX Corporation is a South Korean holding company engaged in the provision of trading services. Headquartered in Gyeongsangnamdo, South Korea, the company operates its business through two divisions, trade and ship maintenance and its trade business division provides shipping and energy materials, coal, oil, steel and others. Its ship maintenance business offers cargo management, marine technical, insurance, crew management, the company had five local subsidiaries including STX Offshore & Shipbuilding, STX Engine, STX Heavy Industries, STX PanOcean and STX Energy. STX Offshore & Shipbuilding is the fourth largest shipbuilder, acquired in 2008 Norwegian shipbuilder Aker Yards in order to diversify their product line
17.
Hietalahti shipyard
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Hietalahti shipyard is a shipyard in Hietalahti, in downtown Helsinki, Finland. It also constructed horse-drawn trams and railroad cars, Wärtsilä bought the parent company Kone ja Silta in 1930s, it included also the Crichton-Vulcan shipyard in Turku. In 1965 the yard was renamed Wärtsilä Helsingin Telakka, after the bankruptcy of Wärtsilä Marine in 1989 the yards were operated by the newly formed Masa Yards, bought by the Norwegian Kværner group in the mid 1990s and known as Kvaerner Masa Yards. In 2005 the company merged with the Aker Finnyards shipyard in Rauma and was renamed Aker Yards in 2006, in 2008 Aker Yards was acquired by STX Europe. The shipyard and the cluster of cooperating companies have a strong know-how in shipbuilding for Arctic conditions, list of ships built at Hietalahti shipyard Media related to Hietalahti shipyard at Wikimedia Commons
18.
Rauma shipyard
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Rauma shipyard is a shipyard in Rauma, Finland. It was previously operated by STX Finland which is owned by the South Korean STX Corporation, Rauma shipyard is specialized in large ferries, small cruise ships, multipurpose icebreakers and small naval craft. Shipbuilding in Rauma had begun in the 16th century and continued until the end of the sail ship era in the 1890s, modern shipbuilding was launched in 1945 as F. W. Hollming and Rauma-Repola started building ships for Soviet Union as war reparations. In 1991 they merged and were known as Finnyards which was owned by the Norwegian Aker Maritime. Since 2008 the shipyard was operated by STX Finland, in September 2013 STX Finland announced of closing the Rauma shipyard and 600 workers were laid off. In January 2014 the shipyard was purchased by the City of Rauma with a price of 18 million euros, the shipyard area is planned to be developed as an industrial park for companies operating in the marine industry. The British marine engine manufacturer Rolls Royce has expressed its intention to expand its Rauma operations to the dockyard site, a. Agulhas II RV Mirabilis Turva Rauma Marine Constructions
19.
Perno shipyard
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Perno shipyard is a shipyard in Turku, south west Finland that specialises in building cruise ships, passenger ferries, special vessels and offshore projects. The yard area is 144 hectares, the yard is operated by Meyer Turku Oy. The dry dock is 365 metres long,80 metres wide and 10 metres deep, wärtsiläs shipbuilding grew heavily in the 1960s and over time the old yard area on both banks of the Aura river that runs through Turku became too small. When Tankmar Horn was appointed the new manager of Wärtsilä in 1971. The area selected for the new yard was in Perno, then part of Raisio, the area was joined to Turku, and on 8 April 1974 the city council approved a plan of selling 144 hectares of land and 34 hectares water area to Wärtsilä for a new shipyard. The work was launched in a ceremony held on 16 May 1974, the number of construction workers rose to over 1000 people. At this stage the headcount was 1200, the workers were from the old yard, designing, administration, special ship building up to 40000 tonnes, diesel engine production and ship repairs were decided to be kept at the old yard for then. The schedule was tight – the first keel laying was to be in 1976, the record-long order book of Wärtsilä gave an additional challenge to the project. Operations in the steel sheet shop were started at the end of 1975, despite of tough endeavour, the first ship of Wärtsilä Perno Shipyard, Gas Rising Sun was handed over not before than 1978. The yard was operational in 1979, but until 1982 the vessels were tugged to the old yard for outfitting. While moving the production to the new yard, shipbuilding methods were developed, hulls were now constructed from large modules and an increasing proportion of welding and sheet metal work was performed indoors. Wärtsilä started a new computing centre in Perno in 1978, ten years later the yard started first in the world computer aided line production of modules with system developed jointly with Norwegian company Total Transportation Systems. CAD/CAM system was introduced in 1984, production rationalisation affected on outfitting work in particular, which was increasingly outsourced. At the end of the 1970s Wärtsilä produced mainly gas tankers, passenger ships, Wärtsilä and Valmet put together their shipbuilding businesses, creating Wärtsilä Marine at the beginning of 1987. At that time Perno yard had only one non-started project on its order book, the number of personnel was reduced heavily. The yard got more work already in January from nine projects originally addressed to Valmet yard, the order book grew in 1987 by four passenger ships and two more orders followed in 1988. The suddenly grown order book together with errors in price calculations, cruiseferry Cinderella was nearly ready and handed over just six days after the bankruptcy, when the shipowner SF-Line made the last payment. On 7 November 1989, just two weeks after the bankruptcy, a new company was started by Helsinki yard manager Martin Saarikangas
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Valmet
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The Valmet Corporation is a Finnish company and a developer and supplier of technologies, automation systems and services for the pulp, paper and energy industries. Valmet’s history as an industrial operator stretches back over 200 years, formerly owned by the State of Finland, Valmet was reborn in December 2013 with the demerger of the pulp, paper and power businesses from Metso Corporation. Valmet is organized around four lines, Services, Pulp and Energy, Paper. Valmets services include maintenance outsourcing, mill and power plant improvements, the company provides technology for pulp, tissue, board and paper mills and bioenergy plants. In the area of automation, Valmets solutions range from single measurements to mill wide turnkey automation projects, Valmets operations are divided into five geographical areas, North America, South America, EMEA, China, and Asia-Pacific. Valmet has operations in approximately 30 countries and it employs 12,000 people and its headquarters are located in Espoo, and it is listed on the Nasdaq Helsinki. In 2015, Valmets net sales totaled EUR2.9 billion, Valmet has four business lines – Services, Automation, Pulp and Energy, and Paper. Valmets Services business line carries out mill improvements and upgrades and offers paper machine roll and clothing services, filter fabrics, spare parts, Services customers mostly operate in the fields of pulp, paper, and energy production. More than 2,000 of the worlds 3,800 pulp, Valmet has a global network of 70 service centers. The most important market areas of the Services business line are EMEA, Valmets Automation business line provides automation solutions that range from single measurements to mill wide turnkey automation projects. Its main products include analyzers and measuring devices, automation systems, vision systems, quality control systems, the main customer groups are the pulp and paper industry, other process industries, energy companies, the marine industry and the oil and gas industries. More than 1,000 power plants use Valmets process automation solutions, the unit aims to improve its customers profitability by enhancing their production operations and improving their energy, material and cost efficiency. Valmets Pulp and Energy business line provides technologies and solutions for pulp, the business lines products can be divided into three main categories. Pulp mill projects range from the delivery of machines and equipment to the supply of complete production lines. Pulp is used to different types of paper, including board, tissue. It is also used in viscose and hygiene products, Valmets pulp business customers include mechanical and chemical pulp producers as well as companies in the panelboard industry. In recent years, new customers have been acquired particularly in South America, many different machines are required for the various phases of the pulp production process. Valmet supplies technology for all these phases, Valmet also provides complete heat and power generation systems and power plants, as well as environmental protection systems to control the quality of air
21.
Kvaerner
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Kværner was a Norway-based engineering and construction services company that existed between 1853 and 2005. In 2004, it was amalgamated to the newly formed subsidiary of Aker ASA - Aker Kværner, Kværner re-emerged on 6 May 2011, when the EPC part of Aker Solutions took the Kværner name. The new Kværner company was listed on Oslo Stock Exchange on 8 July 2011, Kvaerner Brug was founded in Oslo in 1853 by industrialist Oluf A. Onsum. The company became involved in the production of cast iron stoves. In 1870, Kvaerner built its first hydroelectric turbine, during the early 1900s, Kvaerner power turbines remained the principal product line which also included bridges, cranes, and pumps. Kvaerner was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange in 1967, director-general of Kværner after the stock exchange listing were Kjell B. Langballe, Carl Røtjer and Mikal H. Grønner, chairmen were Frithjof A. Lind, Johan B. Holte, Emil Eriksrud, Carl Røtjer, and then Kaspar Kielland, since 2011, the CEO has been Jan Arve Haugan. In 1992 Kværner acquired the Swedish company Götaverken, in 1996, Kværner acquired the UK conglomerate Trafalgar House and moved its international headquarters from Oslo to London. The companys expansive acquisitions brought economic hardship to the company, Kjell Almskog became CEO in 1998, and implemented various plans to streamline the company. This included the sale of the Cunard Line to Carnival Corporation, the sale of Kvaerner Govan to BAE Systems, the economic slowdown in 2001 and a series of management missteps brought the company to the brink of bankruptcy. In August 2000, Kværner sold its Construction Division to the Swedish company Skanska, in November 2001, Kværner was forced to merge with its rival Aker ASA, a Norwegian oil services group controlled by Kjell Inge Røkke. Røkke scuppered the solution preferred by Kværners management, a rescue by Russias oil giant Yukos, Kværners international headquarters returned to Oslo and Kværner was restructured to become a holding company, with operating activities concentrated in Aker Kværner and Aker Yards. As of 2005 Kværner ASA was merged with Aker Martitime Finance AS, a wholly owned company of Aker ASA, in 2008, Aker Kvaerner changed its name to Aker Solutions ASA. In December 2010, Aker Solutions announced a decision to cultivate its core businesses
22.
Metso
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Metso is a Finnish industrial machinery company focusing on providing technology and services for mining, aggregates, and oil and gas, recycling, pulp and paper and other process industries. The company employs 11,000 people in 50 countries, Metso’s shares are listed on the NASDAQ OMX Helsinki, Finland. Metso was created through the merger of Valmet and Rauma in 1999, in 2013, Metso demerged into two separate companies, Metso Corporation and Valmet Corporation. Metso was created on July 1,1999 through the merger of Valmet, a paper and board machine supplier, and Rauma, the purpose of the merger was the will to grow particularly in process technology. For a bigger company it seemed to be easier to survive better in international markets, there were 3 suggestions for the name Metso among the total 6500 suggestions. All the three who had suggested the name Metso received a monetary prize, Metso is the Finnish word for Wood Grouse, also known as The Western Capercaillie, Heather Cock or Capercaillie. Wood Grouse is found across Europe lives e. g. in Finnish pine forests, Metso’s logo mimics the shape of the wings of a Wood Grouse. Sundberg and Hakala did not stay long in Metso’s management. Tor Bergman became the new President and CEO in 2001, in 2001, Metso’s net sales were EUR4.7 billion, and it had 28,500 employees. In 2001, Metso acquired the Swedish Svedala Industri AB, a manufacturer of rock, in 2002, Metso announced that it would not achieve its profit targets for two years, and a loss in excess of EUR300 million was recorded for July–September. The reason for difficulties was Svedala, in 2003, a loss of over EUR200 million was recorded and in September 2003, President and CEO Bergman was forced to resign because of the company’s poor results. Jorma Eloranta was selected as Bergmans successor, between 2004 and 2007, Metso’s net sales increased from EUR3.6 billion to EUR6.3 billion, and the profit margin rose from 5.5 percent to 9.3 percent. During Eloranta’s tenure, Metso increased its net sales and improved its performance for 19 consecutive quarters. Metso’s business functions had divided into three sectors with over 28,000 employees and net sales of EUR6.4 billion, by 2008, Metso had become Finland’s ninth largest company and the number of Metso shareholders had increased from 25,000 to 42,000. Metso strengthened its position and service capacity in growing markets, particularly in India. During 2008, the expansions to the Ahmedabad foundry and the Bawal factory in India were completed, Metso also purchased the paper machine technology of Japanese Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’, making Metso the sole owner of Beloit’s paper machinery intellectual property globally. In September 2008, Metso sold 83% of its foundry in Sweden to an investment group assembled by the Primaca investment company, the Metso Foundries Karlstad unit specialized in casts of wind power components, diesel engine blocks and Yankee cylinders for paper machines. By 2009, half of Metso’s orders received in 2009 came from emerging markets, in the same year, Metso entered into a combination agreement with Tamfelt, one of the world’s leading suppliers of technical textile
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MS Formosa Queen
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MS Formosa Queen was a cruise ship which was converted into a gambling ship later in her career. She was one of the first modern cruise ships, entering operation in 1970 and she was eventually sold for scrap in 2013 and broken up in 2014. The vessel originally had a tonnage of 18,000 tons. Following the 1978 refit, she was lengthened by 85 feet, to provide for 1024 passengers, the vessel was constructed in Helsinki, Finland in 1970. Named Song of Norway, she was the first ship built for cruise line Royal Caribbean International, the vessel was lengthened in 1978, due to the high demand for cruising, and sailed on seven- and fourteen-day cruises out of Miami. As Song of Norway she was the first vessel to service the Royal Caribbean proprietary resort of Labadee, before the ship entered service for her new owners, the sky lounge around her funnel was removed. In October 2004 she was sold, refitted and became MS Dream Princess for Caspi Cruises, after refitting in Turkey and Malta, the ship was chartered to the Peace Boat organization and renamed the Clipper Pacific. The ship was in service touring the world, from Japan to Japan, after numerous repeated problems with the ship, however, the world tour was broken off in Piraeus, Greece. Afterwards, the ship was sold to ISP and renamed to Festival and she came into service again as a cruise ship, first in 2009 for Caspi Cruises and as of 2010 for Quail Travels Happy Cruises. Quail Travel has renewed the charter for the 2011 season, the charter ended when Happy Cruises ceased operations. In 2009 she was used on Mediterranean voyages, under the name Festival, as a stand in by the Israeli company Caspi Cruises, for the 2010 and 2011 seasons, under the name M/V Ocean Pearl, the ship has been chartered by Quail Travels Happy Cruises. The Ocean Pearl was on a cruise but had to terminate it in Málaga, in early 2005 Sundream was being refitted in Piraeus under the name Dream Princess. The ship was sailing on four-night cruises from Haifa to Alanya, Rhodes, some itineraries also included Marmaris and Santorini. In January 2006 the vessel was used to house students from Tulane University after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, on September 18,2007, while anchored in the port of Rhodes the cruise ship developed a 10 degrees list. She was immediately evacuated and four officers who were on duty at the time of the incident were detained, the crew was accused of deliberately grounding the vessel to prevent further listing and an ultimate sinking. That kept the waste on board, failure to pump the waste in a timely manner, resulted in the listing of the vessel. The coast guard managed to tow the ship back to the dock using tug-boats. Dream Princess remained in the port of Rhodes for nearly two months until her seaworthiness was re-established, on November 28,2007 she was towed to the port of Kusadasi
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MS Oasis of the Seas
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MS Oasis of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned by Royal Caribbean International. Her hull was laid down in November 2007 and she was completed and delivered to Royal Caribbean in October 2009, at the time of construction, Oasis of the Seas set a new capacity record of carrying over 6,000 passengers. The first of her class, she was joined by sister ships MS Allure of the Seas in December 2010, Oasis of the Seas conducts cruises of the Caribbean from her home port of Port Canaveral in Cape Canaveral, Florida. Oasis of the Seas surpassed the Freedom-class cruise ships to become the largest cruise ship in the world at that time, in May 2016, her second sister ship Harmony of the Seas became the new record holder with a length of 362.12 metres. The vessel was ordered in February 2006 and designed under the name Project Genesis and her keel was laid down on 12 November 2007 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland. The company announced that funding for Oasis of the Seas was secured on 15 April 2009. The name Oasis of the Seas resulted from a competition held in May 2008, during the first float-out of the vessel the tugboats that were pulling the ship from its dock failed to control the ship, resulting in the port side of the ship hitting the dock. This resulted in some damage and minor damage to the hull. The ship was completed and turned over to Royal Caribbean on 28 October 2009, two days later, she departed Finland for the United States. While exiting the Baltic Sea, the vessel passed underneath the Great Belt Fixed Link in Denmark on 31 October 2009 at 23,18 UTC, the bridge has a clearance of 65 m above the water, Oasis normally has an air draft of 72 m. Approaching the bridge at 23 knots, the passed under it with less than 60 centimetres of clearance. The ship arrived there on 13 November 2009, where plants were installed prior to some introductory trips. Oasis had a refit in winter 2011, adding the DreamWorks Experience which allows passengers to interact with characters, such as Shrek. The Oasis-class also now features 3D movies, Oasis underwent a second drydock refit in October 2014. In addition, the Broadway-style production of Hairspray was replaced with a production of Cats, the gross tonnage of Oasis of the Seas is 225,282. Her displacement—the actual mass of the vessel—is estimated at approximately 100,000 metric tons, slightly less than that of an American Nimitz-class aircraft carrier. To keep the ship stable without increasing the draft excessively, the created a wide hull,9.3 metres of the ship sits beneath the water. Wide, shallow ships such as this tend to be snappy, meaning that they can snap back upright after a wave has passed and this effect, however, is mitigated by the vessels large size
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MS Allure of the Seas
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MS Allure of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned and operated by Royal Caribbean International. Designed under the name Project Genesis, she was ordered from Aker Finnyards in February 2006 and her construction began at the Perno shipyard, Turku, Finland and she was named in May 2008 after a contest was held to name her and her sister. The keel of Allure of the Seas was laid on 2 December 2008, upon her launch in November 2009, she became the worlds largest passenger ship, taking the place of Oasis of the Seas. She was eclipsed by her sister ship, Harmony of the Seas, Harmony has an overall length of 362.12 metres. The keel of Allure of the Seas was laid on 2 December 2008 at the STX Europe shipyards in Turku, Finland, during a ceremony involving Royal Caribbean and she was launched on 20 November 2009, and outfitting continued through her departure from the yards. She left the Turku shipyard on 29 October 2010 at 05,45 UTC, heading directly to her home port of Port Everglades, near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The ship is equipped with telescoping funnels to pass under bridges such as the Storebælt Bridge, on 11 November 2010 at approximately 14,30 UTC, Allure of the Seas arrived at her home port of Port Everglades, Florida. She was greeted by thousands of waiting on the shore. The ship was named by her godmother, the fictional character Princess Fiona. In February 2014, Allure of the Seas entered dry dock at Grand Bahama island for seven days to replace a damaged gearbox in one of her Azipods. As the dry dock facility was not large enough to accommodate an Oasis-class ship. During her time in dry dock, the crew used the downtime to make repairs and refurbishments to the guest facilities. Allure of the Seas sailed year-round in the Caribbean region out of Port Everglades from its homeporting in 2010 through 2014. She changed port to Barcelona and sailed the Mediterranean between May and October 2015, becoming the largest cruise ship and the first Oasis-class ship to spend a season in that region. Afterward, she returned to Port Everglades, Allure of the Seas will change its home port in November 2018 to the Port of Miami, where Royal Caribbean will construct a new cruise terminal. She will be joined by the fourth Oasis-class vessel, MS Symphony of the Seas, and both will sail year-round from the port offering seven-night Western and Eastern Caribbean cruises. While the design length of Allure of the Seas is the same as that of her sister,360 metres, she is actually 362 metres long and is some 50 millimetres longer than Oasis of the Seas. According to the shipyard, this is not intentional and such differences in length may occur simply due to the temperature of the steel in a ship as big as this
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MS Harmony of the Seas
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MS Harmony of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship built by STX France at the Chantiers de lAtlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France for Royal Caribbean International. With a gross tonnage of 226,963 GT, she is the largest passenger ship in the world, surpassing her older sisters Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas. The success of the first two Oasis-class ships led Royal Caribbean Cruises to order a ship of the type in December 2012. Harmony of the Seas was floated out on 19 June 2015, began her first sea trials on 10 March 2016, and was delivered to Royal Caribbean on 12 May 2016. After a build time of 32 months, the ship first set sail on 15 May 2016 from the STX France docks in Saint-Nazaire and her first destination was Southampton, England, although the home port was Barcelona until 23 October 2016 when she crossed the Atlantic. Harmony of the Seas took two short cruises, three nights to Cherbourg and four nights to Rotterdam, after reaching port in Southampton on 17 May. During these voyages, passengers complained of ongoing construction, a lack of hot water, unopened attractions, excessive waits at restaurants, the ships maiden voyage departed from Southampton on 29 May and arrived at its summer home port of Barcelona on 5 June. According to passengers on this cruise, construction had finished and the ship was ready to sail, for the inaugural season, Harmony of the Seas offered seven-night western Mediterranean cruises originating from Barcelona and Civitavecchia. In late October 2016, the crossed the Atlantic to the United States. These screens were first fitted on the Quantum class of cruise ships, a full 43 categories of stateroom types are offered, starting at a size of 180 square feet, several types of suites are available, including the new Royal Class suites. As the third member of the Oasis class, Harmony of the Seas is very similar to her two sister ships. However, there are some changes and extra amenities, most noticeably the Ultimate Abyss dry slide at the stern of the ship. Harmony of the Seas is the second Royal Caribbean ship to feature water slides, after Liberty of the Seas underwent a refurbishment in January 2016 that added water slides, the ship is divided into seven neighborhoods, including Central Park and Boardwalk, like her Oasis-class sisters. Amenities include, Harmony of the Seas is 20% more energy efficient than its sister ships Oasis of the Seas, small air bubbles from the keel reduce drag and thus fuel consumption by 7-8%, and a smooth hull surface further reduces resistance. The bubble system also reduces noise, and is used on Celebrity Reflection. LED and fluorescent lamps replace incandescent light bulbs, reducing power consumption, the engine system uses a waste heat recovery system, and drives three Azipod propellers. On 13 September 2016, one employee was killed and four were injured when a life boat broke loose, official website Harmony of the Seas at RoyalCaribbean. com
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Chantiers de l'Atlantique
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Chantiers de lAtlantique, is a shipyard based in Saint-Nazaire, France. It forms part of the STX France SA business unit, majority owned by STX Europe with a 66. 6% stake and it is one of the worlds largest shipyards, constructing a wide range of commercial, naval and passenger ships. The shipyard was owned by Alstom from 1984, and became part of Aker Yards when Aker Group acquired the Alstom Marine business in 2006, in 2008, the South Korean company STX Corporation acquired Aker Yards, and the shipyard became part of STX Europe. Its location near Nantes, France, at the mouth of the Loire, Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire and Ateliers et Chantiers de Saint-Nazaire Penhoët merged in 1955 to form Chantiers de lAtlantique. The yard started by building ships for the French transatlantic line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, in 1961, it built the trans-Atlantic superliner SS France, then the worlds longest passenger vessel. Then from 1985 to end of 1998 it was a series of ships for RCCL starting with the Sovereign of the Seas delivered in 87. Then followed Monarch of the Seas and Majesty of the Seas also RCCl, in 1995 leveres Legend of the Seas, the first of 4 Vision class ships to be built at CA. She is followed by Splendour in 1996, Rhapsody in 1997, then the Queen Mary 2 in 2003, Chantiers de lAtlantique delivered the luxury cruise ship, Crystal Serenity of Crystal Cruises in July 2003. The yard built also built the superliner RMS Queen Mary 2 for the Cunard Line in 2003, near the end of the construction period a gangway to the dry-docked ship collapsed killing 16 people. Aker ASA sold its interest in the Chantiers de lAtlantique shipyard to the South Korean company STX Corporation in 2008, the same year, the French government took a 33. 34% stake in the shipyard. Ships built by Chantiers de lAtlantique include, SS Normandie, Entered service in 1935, worlds largest ship until Cunards Queen Elizabeth, capsized in New York Harbor,1942. Sans Souci class 4 sloops, designed as seaplane tenders, but built as escorts, the BELLE ABETO Built 1952 as LAENNEC66 BELLE ABETO Passenger/cargo Ship. SS France, launched in 1961, the worlds longest passenger ship from 1961 to 2004, MS Ancerville, a former passenger ship built in 1962, integrated as part of Sea World, a multi-purpose complex in Shenzhen, China since 1983. SS Shalom ZIM Israel flagship 1964 MS Renaissance, a French cruiseliner that entered service in 1966 for service on the Marseilles-Haifa route. Batillus class supertankers,4 ships launched 1976-9 MV Gastor and MV Nestor, the large drydock, that was later used for the Queen Mary 2, was specially built for the building of supertankers in the 1970s, among which these two ships. The drydock was never used again until the QM2 was being built, the MS Thomson Spirit, then the MS Nieuw Amsterdam was finished by Chantiers de lAtlantique in 1983, for the Holland America Line. MV Bretagne, Brittany Ferries ship that operates between Portsmouth and St Malo, was launched in 1989. Royal Caribbean Internationals MS Sovereign of the Seas, which was the largest cruise ship in the world from 1988 to 1990, MS Dreamward entered service in 1992
28.
Royal Caribbean International
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Royal Caribbean International is a cruise line brand founded in Norway and based in Miami, Florida, United States. It is owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd, as of March 2017, the line is operating 25 ships, has six additional ships on order, and controlls 21.9 percent of the cruise market worldwide. All ships under the Royal Caribbean International brand have names ending with of the Seas a practice which began in 1991, sister brands owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. are Celebrity Cruises, Azamara Cruises, Pullmantur Cruises and CDF Croisières de France. Royal Caribbean International was founded as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1968 by three Norwegian shipping companies, Anders Wilhelmsen & Company, I. M. Skaugen & Company, the newly created line put its first ship, the Song of Norway, into service two years later. A year later, the added the Nordic Prince to the fleet. In 1978, Song of Norway became Royal Caribbeans first passenger ship to be lengthened and this was accomplished via the insertion of an 85-foot section to the vessels severed center. Following the success of work, Nordic Prince was also stretched in 1980. During the stretching on both ships, their sterns were modified, however the Sun Viking wasnt stretched or modified and remained the same size and shape. Royal Caribbean received widespread global recognition when in 1982 it launched the Song of America, over twice the size of Sun Viking, in 1986, Royal Caribbean leased a coastal property in Haiti which it used as a private destination for its guests. This destination is now called Labadee, after a corporate restructuring in 1988, the line launched Sovereign of the Seas, the largest passenger vessel afloat at the time. Two years later, Nordic Empress and Viking Serenade were also entered into their service line, in the same year, Royal Caribbean purchased a second private destination, Little Stirrup Cay, an island in the Bahamas, which they rechristened Coco Cay. Monarch of the Seas, the ship of the Sovereign class. The third ship of the Sovereign class, Majesty of the Seas, was delivered one year later, Royal Caribbean went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1993. Over the next two years the company experienced growth, and it built a new corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida, and replaced the Nordic Prince with a new vessel. Following these events, two new Vision-class vessels entered service, the Splendour of the Seas and Grandeur of the Seas, the company also merged with the Greek cruise line Celebrity Cruises and changed its name from Royal Caribbean Cruise Line to Royal Caribbean International. The next year marked a transition to a strictly modern line. In 1998, Vision of the Seas came into service, the last of the Vision-class ships, in 1999, the Voyager of the Seas, the lines newest and worlds largest cruise ship entered service with much attention from the news media. In 2000, Royal Caribbean placed into service a series of land-and-sea based cruise tours in Alaska, featuring glass-domed train cars to destinations within the state
29.
Katainen Cabinet
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Jyrki Katainens cabinet was the 72nd cabinet of Finland, formed as a result of the 2011 post-parliamentary election negotiations between the Finnish parliamentary parties. On June 22, the Parliament confirmed Katainens election as the Prime Minister, two Left Alliance MPs voted against Katainen, for which they were formally reprimanded by the Left Alliances parliamentary group. On 25 March,2014, the rest of Left Alliance left the cabinet over dispute on a package of spending cuts, in June 2014 Katainen stepped down as party chairman and Prime Minister of Finland for a new position in the European Union. Katainen was replaced by Alexander Stubb as chairman of the National Coalition Party, Katainens cabinet was succeeded by the cabinet of Alexander Stubb on 24 June 2014. The NCP had six ministers in the Cabinet as did the SDP, the Left Alliance, the Green League and the SPP had two ministers each and the Christian Democrats had one. Prior to being appointed minister, Hautala, Haglund and Koskinen were not MPs, Hautala and Haglund were MEPs, while Koskinen was a board member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Minister for International Development Heidi Hautala resigned the government in October 2013 and this was linked to Greenpeace demonstrations against Petroleum exploration in the Arctic by the Finnish state-owned firm Arctia Shipping and Gazprom Prirazlomnoye field in September 2013. On 25 March,2014, the Left Alliance left the cabinet over dispute on a package of spending cuts and their ministerial portfolios were redistributed among the biggest parties, but no new ministers were appointed. On June 17, the new government announced its platform for the years of 2011—2015. Upon its announcement, Helsingin Sanomat highlighted its main points as follows, government made many decisions that favored the most rich, e. g. removed the tax from the business angel investments that are risky but can be very lucrative and mostly applies the most rich persons. Many tax allowances favor the rich, e. g. the household renovation reduction, the Finnish Parliament during Jyrki Katainens cabinet received the first citizens initiatives. The first citizens initiative aimed to ban fur farming, but it was rejected on 19 June 2013 by the Parliament, five more initiatives followed concerning themes such as same-sex marriage, changes in anti-piracy laws and abolishing mandatory Swedish
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National Coalition Party
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The National Coalition Party is a liberal and conservative political party in Finland. Founded in 1918, the National Coalition Party is one of the four largest parties in Finland, along with the Social Democratic Party, the Finns Party and the Centre Party. The party bases its politics on freedom and responsibility, equality, Western democracy and economic system, humane principles. The party is strongly pro-European and is a member of the European Peoples Party and its vote share has been around 20% in parliamentary elections in the 1990s and 2000s. It won 44 out of 200 seats in the elections of 2011. On the municipal level, it became the most popular party in 2008 and has retained that position, in the 2015 election the NCP lost its status as the countrys largest party, as they finished second in votes and third in seats. Regardless, the party joined the government coalition. Its voters are predominantly urban, while in rural regions its performance is relatively weak, the current leader is Petteri Orpo, elected on 11 June 2016. According to its platform the National Coalition Party wants to build a society where a person’s own choices, hopes, the party defends individual freedom, and promotes people’s opportunities to make choices, but without ignoring everyone’s responsibility for their own life, others, and the environment. Our ideology combines freedom with responsibility, democracy, and equality, the partys basic values are education, tolerance, rewarding and caring. Individuals freedom to think and act independently and minorities rights are core matters to the party, according to the history section of the official website the platform has been shaped by ideas of conservatism, liberalism and social reform, which have all contributed to the current ideology. Alexander Stubb has described the policies as unambiguously liberal. In 2010 the party voted in favour of supporting same-sex marriage. In international affairs, the party and its voter base strongly believe in the benefits of the European Union, the party wants to build an economically and politically stronger European Union, we envisage an EU that is a more effective and a more prominent actor in world politics. The party advocates a membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the party is one of parties most supportive of work-based immigration, but many of its supporters want less immigration. The party has supported initiatives of allowing shops and restaurants to serve customers on Sundays. Polls show that as of 2008, the National Coalition Party is the party that has been viewed most positively by Finns, out of the major parties, the National Coalition Party has the highest proportion of women and is the most favored party among young generations. The party has the strongest support in the cities of Southern Finland and is popular among entrepreneurs, people can join various member organizations in the party
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Social Democratic Party of Finland
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The Social Democratic Party of Finland is one of the four major political parties in Finland, along with the National Coalition Party, The Finns Party and the Centre Party. Antti Rinne is the current chair. The party has represented in the Finnish cabinet for long periods. The party is currently in the opposition, the partys ideology is social democracy. The SDP has a relationship with the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions, and is a member of the Socialist International. In the early 20th century, the SDP commanded some 40% of the vote, after that, the SDP has usually commanded 20–29% of the total votes in those elections that Communists or their fronts have been allowed to contest. There was an uninterrupted 30-year period of social democratic presidents between 1982 and 2012, in the 2007 parliamentary election, SDP received 21.4 percent of the vote and lost 8 seats. In the 2008 municipal elections, the party continued its decline with the largest drop since 1960, in the latest parliamentary election, in 2011, the party received 19.1 percent of the vote and lost another three seats, giving it 42 seats. This was the partys worst result in parliamentary elections in terms of popular support, despite the fact that the word sosiaali in modern Finnish has a long a, the name of this party is officially spelt in an old-fashioned way with a short a, for historical reasons. The party calls itself a modern, centre left party with progressive ideals, the first value that the party uses to describe itself is a fair society. The party states that A society without fairness, is a society without meaning, success, opportunity and freedom must be open to all people, and society should reward hard work and fair-play – not greed, status or chance. The measure of people should be their respect for others, not their wealth and background or characteristics such as race, the second value that the party uses to describe itself is a supportive state. The party states that States should not decide how people live their lives, the state should not be an authority above citizens, but a solid base below them - on which they can build their lives with the services and security they need to pursue their dreams. The third value that the party uses to describe itself is a sustainable future, the party states that We cannot ignore the great problems of tomorrow, for the small benefits of today. Environmental damage, reckless economic activity and a weakening of social care all pose threats to the future of our country, an active state and international cooperation must be the tools with which we build a sustainable future. The party has supported bans on Sunday shopping, in the 2015 parliamentary election, 91% of SDP candidates opposed NATO membership - only the Left Alliance was more opposed to NATO membership. The SDP has long advocated policies to prevent foreigners from working in Finland, in the 2015 parliamentary election, only the Finns Party had a higher share of candidates opposed to easing of work-based immigration. The party opposed economic reforms in the 2011 parliamentary election and in the subsequent government program negotiations, the party maintains close relationship with trade union leaders
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Jan Vapaavuori
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Jan Pellervo Vapaavuori is a Finnish politician, the former Minister of Economic Affairs. Vapaavuori was Minister of Housing and Minister of Nordic Cooperation in Matti Vanhanens second cabinet and he was a candidate for the head of his party in the June 2014 election, and as part of that the likeliest interim Prime Minister of Finland. However he eventually failed to make the eventual head-to-head round within the Coalition Party, Vapaavuori has been a Helsinki City Council member since 1997. He has been a member of the Parliament since 2003, from the constituency of Helsinki, from 2011 to 2012 he was the chairman of the partys parliamentary group. Vapaavuori acquired a law degree from University of Helsinki in 1989 and he continued his studies in Helsinki, Uppsala, The Hague and Hanken School of Economics as well. He has worked in the National Union of University Students in Finland, Vapaavuori was born into a bilingual family, his father, Panu, is a Finnish jurist and mother, Gun, was a Swedish teacher. He is married to Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori, a doctor of veterinary medicine, Vapaavuori has been convicted of assault, theft and driving under the influence of alcohol. Jan Vapaavuori website Jan Vapaavuori profile at Council of State website
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France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
34.
Saint-Nazaire
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Saint-Nazaire is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France, in traditional Brittany. The town has a harbour, on the right bank of the Loire River estuary. The town is at the south of the second-largest swamp in France, given its location, Saint-Nazaire has a long tradition of fishing and shipbuilding. What was a village until the industrial area became a large town in the second half of the 19th century, thanks to the construction of railways. Saint-Nazaire progressively replaced Nantes as the haven on the Loire estuary. The town was one of the most damaged ones in France during World War Two, being a major marine base for the Nazis, it was subject to a British raid in 1942 and it was heavily bombed by the Allies until 1945. Being part of one of the Atlantic pockets, Saint-Nazaire was one of the last territories in Europe to be liberated from the Nazis, on 11 May 1945. Archaeologists believe that Saint-Nazaire is built upon the remnants of Corbilo, an Armorican Gaulish city populated by the Namnetes tribe, which was the second-largest Gaulish city, after Massilia. According to the 15th-century chronicler Alain Bouchart, Brutus of Troy, historical accounts note that at the end of the Roman Empire, some Britons colonized the Loire estuary, and later, the peninsula containing Guérande. The furthest extent of the ancient Breton language in the Loire region is Donges, according to the late-6th-century writer Gregory of Tours, the Roman Church sheltered the remains of the martyr Nazarius in a local basilica. According to legend, the Breton chief Waroch II sent an emissary to seize the relics, the plot was foiled when the emissary fractured his skull upon the lintel of the church door. Waroch, interpreting this as a miracle, was deterred, after this point, the history of Saint-Nazaire, like much of Europe during the Dark Ages, is not well understood. Battles occurred, such as in 1380 when Jehan dUst defended the city in the name of John V, after this time, Saint-Nazaire became the seat of a parish extending from Penhoët to Pornichet, part of the Viscountcy of Saint-Nazaire. Like the whole of Brittany, Saint-Nazaire formed part of the Duchy of Brittany until 1532, in 1624, the city was threatened by the Calvinists. In 1756, a fort was built on the order of the governor of Brittany to protect the town, until the French revolution, Saint-Nazaire belonged to the province of Brittany. At the beginning of the 19th century, the port consisted of one simple harbor. In 1800, the parish of Saint-Nazaire had around 3216 inhabitants, the modern Saint-Nazaire was created by the administration of Napoleon III, and came about from the various national and regional truces which had prevented its development up to that point. The population of 3216 in 1800 shows that history, with a mainly local, of Low-Brittany
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Centre Party (Finland)
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The Centre Party of Finland is a centrist, liberal, and agrarian political party in Finland. Founded in 1906 as the Agrarian League, the party represented rural communities, in the 1920s, the party emerged as the main rival to the Social Democratic Party, and the partys first Prime Minister, Kyösti Kallio, held the office four times between 1922 and 1937. After World War II, the party settled as one of the four political parties in Finland. Urho Kekkonen served as President of Finland from 1956 to 1982, the name Centre Party was adopted in 1965, and Centre of Finland in 1988. The Centre Party was the largest party in Parliament from 2003 to 2011, following the 2011 election, the party was reduced in parliamentary representation from the largest party to the fourth largest, but in 2015 it reclaimed its status as the largest party. As a Nordic agrarian party, the Centre Partys political influence is greatest in small and rural municipalities, decentralisation is the policy that is most characteristic of the Centre Party. The Centre has been the party in Finland a number of times since Finnish independence. 12 of the Prime Ministers of Finland, three of the Presidents and a former European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs have been from the party, the Finnish Centre Party is the mother organisation of Finnish Centre Youth, Finnish Centre Students, and Finnish Centre Women. It is one of the four largest political parties in the country, along with the National Coalition Party, SDP and it has 49 seats in the Finnish Parliament. The Centre Party chairman is Juha Sipilä, who was elected in June 2012 to follow Mari Kiviniemi, the party was founded in 1906 as a movement of citizens in the Finnish countryside. Before Finnish independence, political power in Finland was centralised in the capital, the centralisation gave space for a new political movement. In 1906 two agrarian movements were founded and they merged in 1908 to become one political party known as the Agrarian League or Maalaisliitto. An older, related movement was the movement, which had overlapping membership. Santeri Alkio was the most important ideological father of the party, at the dawn of Finnish independence conservative social forces made an attempt to establish the Kingdom of Finland. The Agrarian League opposed monarchism fiercely even though monarchists claimed that a new king from the German Empire, at this time, anti-anarchist peasants threatened the existence of the party. Nevertheless, the news about the problems of the German Empire from German liberals encouraged the fight of Agrarian League in the Parliament, the Agrarian League managed to maintain the republican voices in the Parliament until the fall of the German Empire, which ruined the dreams of the monarchists. The relentless opposition to the monarchy was rewarded in the parliamentary election 1919, after the 1919 election, the centrist and progressive forces, including the Agrarian League, were constant members in Finnish governments. Their moderate attitude in restless post-war Finland secured a growth in following elections
36.
TUI Cruises
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TUI Cruises is a Germany-based, Joint venture cruise line of the German Tourist firm, TUI AG and the American cruise line operator, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. The company started operations in 2009 and is marketed in German clienteles, the concept is for German-speaking customers who opt for premium cruise experience. Onboard product are custom-tailored for German tastes and encompasses food, entertainment, German is the main language used onboard their ships. She left the Celebrity fleet on 16 March 2009, after acquiring Celebrity Galaxy, the ship headed to Lloyd Werft shipyards in Bremerhaven, Germany. She arrived on 27 March 2009, and received a €50 Million, after the conversion, she was re-christened on 15 May 2009 in Hamburg, Germany bearing her new name, Mein Schiff. TUI planned to build two 2, 500-passenger,100, 000-GT cruise ships in 2011 and 2012, on May 27,2010, it was announced that another Century-class ship, Celebrity Mercury, would become the latest addition to TUIs fleet, renamed Mein Schiff 2. Due to this Mein Schiff was immediately renamed into Mein Schiff 1, TUI and STX Finland announced a contract on 27 September 2011 to build a 97, 000-GT vessel named Mein Schiff 3, which was delivered in 2014. The vessel is approximately 295 metres long and approximately 36 metres wide, the ship has 1,250 staterooms, most of which has balconies, with a capacity of 2,500 passengers and a crew of 1,000. The ship includes several restaurants, a theater, a spa, the contract included an option to build a second ship, dependenced on the approval of TUI Cruises shareholders. It was announced on November 5,2012 that TUI ordered the option for the ship sister to the Mein Schiff 3 the ship will be named Mein Schiff 4. On April 22,2014, Mein Schiff 3 Entered Service, on January 15, Mein Schiff 5 was launched. On April 28, Mein Schiff 6s was laid down, Caribbean Baltic Sea Mediterranean Sea Canary Islands TUI Cruises official site
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Icebreaker
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An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller vessels. For a ship to be considered an icebreaker, it requires three traits most normal ships lack, a hull, an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through sea ice. Icebreakers clear paths by pushing straight into ice pockets, the bending strength of sea ice is so low that usually the ice breaks without noticeable change in the vessels trim. In cases of very thick ice, an icebreaker can drive its bow onto the ice to break it under the weight of the ship, even in the earliest days of polar exploration, ice-strengthened ships were used. These were originally wooden and based on existing designs, but reinforced, particularly around the waterline with double planking to the hull, bands of iron were wrapped around the outside. Sometimes metal sheeting was placed at the bows, stern and along the keel, such strengthening was designed to help the ship push through ice and also to protect the ship in case it was nipped by the ice. Nipping occurs when ice floes around a ship are pushed against the ship, trapping it as if in a vise and this vise-like action is caused by the force of winds and tides on ice formations. Although such wind and tidal forces may be exerted many miles away, the first boats to be used in the polar waters were those of the indigenous Arctic people. Their kayaks are small human-powered boats with a deck, and one or more cockpits. Such boats, of course, have no icebreaking capabilities, but they are light, in the 9th and 10th centuries, the Viking expansion reached the North Atlantic, and eventually Greenland and Svalbard in the Arctic. Vikings, however, operated their ships in the waters that were ice-free for most of the year, in the 11th century, in North-Russia started settling the coasts of the White Sea, named so for being ice-covered for over half of a year. The mixed ethnic group of the Karelians and the Russians in the North-Russia that lived on the shores of the Arctic Ocean became known as Pomors. Gradually they developed a type of small one- or two-mast wooden sailing ships, used for voyages in the ice conditions of the Arctic seas. These earliest icebreakers were called kochi, the kochs hull was protected by a belt of ice-floe resistant flush skin-planking along the variable water-line, and had a false keel for on-ice portage. If a koch became squeezed by the ice-fields, its rounded bodylines below the water-line would allow for the ship to be pushed up out of the water, in the 19th century, similar protective measures were adopted to modern steam-powered icebreakers. Fram is said to be the ship to have sailed farthest north and farthest south. An early ship designed to operate in icy conditions was a 51-metre wooden paddle steamer,1, that was built for the city of Philadelphia by Vandusen & Birelyn in 1837
38.
Papenburg
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Papenburg is a city in the district of Emsland in Lower Saxony, Germany, situated at the river Ems. It is known for its shipyard, the Meyer-Werft, which specializes in building cruise liners. Papenburg is subdivided into 6 urban districts, Papenburg-Untenende, Papenburg-Obenende, Herbrum, Tunxdorf-Nenndorf, Aschendorf, in the Chronicle of the Frisians, written in the 16th century by the East-Frisian council Eggerik Benninga, the Papenburg is mentioned for the first time. In 1458, Hayo von Haren, called von der Papenburch, the contract that was made because of this is the earliest verifiably documented mention of Papenburg. On 4 April 1631, Bishop Ferdinand von Münster leased the then castle and this is considered to be the foundation of the city of Papenburg. From 1933 to 1945 a series of 15 moorland labor, punitive and POWs-camps were active in the districts of Emsland, the central administration was set in Papenburg where now a memorial of these camps, the Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum Emslandlager, is located. Matthias von Velen and his wife Margartha Anna, born von Galen, endowed the oldest church in Papenburg on 7 December 1680, dedicated to Anthony the Great, making him its patron saint
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MS Viking Grace
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MS Viking Grace is a cruiseferry constructed at STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland for the Finland-based ferry company Viking Line. The ship was delivered to her owners on 10 January 2013 and it is the first large scale passenger ferry to be powered by liquefied natural gas. Construction on the ship started on 28 November 2011, on 17 February 2012, the ships name was revealed as Viking Grace. The ferry MS Viking Grace has length of 218 m, beam of 31.8 m, the ship has deadweight of 6,107 DWT and gross tonnage of 57,565 GRT, which gives maximum passenger capacity for 2,800 people. The vessel has 880 rooms, restaurants, bars, spa, also on board of MS Viking Grace there are 1,000 m for cars and 1,275 m for storage of Ro-Ro cargo. MS Viking Grace is the first passenger ship, which is LNG fueled with higher efficiency, the Cruise ferry Viking Grace is also the first ship, which install turbosail for hybrid usage of wind power. The new technology is called Rotor Sail Solution and developed by the Finnish company Norsepower, on board of the ferry will be installed rotor cylinder with height of 24.00 m and a width of 4.00 m. During the operations, the cylinder rotates around its and receives power from the airflow. Such propulsion was developed and patented by the German engineer Anton Flettner in 1922, MS Viking Grace will become the first ferry, which uses hybrid the wind power and diesel/gas engine. Media related to Viking Grace at Wikimedia Commons Viking Grace Video Clips Viking Grace by ShipsReviews. com
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Viking Line
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Viking Line is a Finnish shipping company that operates a fleet of ferries and cruiseferries between Finland, the Åland Islands, Sweden and Estonia. Viking Line shares are quoted on the Helsinki Stock Exchange, Viking Line is operated from the Åland Islands. In the same year the Gotland-based Rederi AB Slite began a service between Simpnäs and Mariehamn. In 1962, a disagreement caused a group of people to leave Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen and form a new company, Rederi Ab Ålandsfärjan, who began a service linking Gräddö and Mariehamn the following year. Soon the three companies, all competing for passengers between Åland Islands and Sweden, realised that they in the run all stood to lose from mutual competition. In 1965 Vikinglinjen and Slite began collaborating, and in the end of July 1966 Viking Line was established as a company for all three companies. At this time Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen changed their name to Rederi Ab Solstad, the red hull livery was adopted from Slites Ålandspilen service. In 1967 Rederi Ab Ålandsfärjan changed its name to SF Line, because Viking Line was only a marketing company, each owner company retained their individual fleets and could choose on which routes to set their ships. During the 1970s Viking expanded greatly and overtook Silja Line as the largest shipping consortium on the Northern Baltic Sea, MS Viking 5, delivered in 1974, was an enlargened version of the same design. These so-called Papenburg sisters can be considered to be one of the most successful designs of all times. In 1973 Viking Line started service on the Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm route, directly competing with Silja Line for the first time, the next year Sally began Viking Line traffic between Helsinki and Stockholm. For the next decade this route stayed in their hands, whereas on other routes the three companies operated together, by the latter half of the 1970s Sally was clearly the dominant partner in the consortium. In 1980 they took delivery of three new ferries, largest to have sailed under Vikings colours and this further established their dominance over the other partners, although SF Line did take delivery of the new MS Turella and MS Rosella in 1979–80 and Slite MS Diana II in 1979. The next year Slite took delivery of Mariellas sister MS Olympia, while SF Line and Slite were planning additional newbuilds, Sally were in an extremely poor position financially and in 1987 Effoa and Johnson Line, the owners of Silja Line, purchased Sally. As a result, SF Line and Slite forced Sally to leave the Viking Line consortium, between 1988 and 1990 SF Line took delivery of three new ships while Slite took delivery of two. Unfortunately Wärtsilä Marine, the building one of SF Lines newbuilds. SF Line avoided financial repercussions, their Cinderella had been paid for as her construction progressed. Hence it was SF Line who owned the almost completed ship when the shipyard went bankrupt, Slite however had signed a more traditional type of contract, the Kalypso was to be paid for on delivery
