Sabena

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For the language, see Moskona language.
Sabena
Sabena Airlines Logo.svg
Sabena's last logo, used from 1993 to 2001.
IATA ICAO Callsign
SN SAB SABENA
Founded May 23, 1923 (1923-05-23)
Ceased operations November 7, 2001 (2001-11-07)
Hubs Brussels Airport
Frequent-flyer program Qualiflyer
Alliance Qualiflyer
Fleet size At time of bankruptcy: 87
Destinations At time of bankruptcy: 99
Company slogan Enjoy Our Company
Headquarters Brussels Airport
Zaventem, Belgium
Key people

At time of bankruptcy:
Christophe Müller (CEO),

Jean Louis Herremans (CFO)
Website www.sabena.com
Sabena Boeing 737-300 OO-SYB illustrated by Nop Briex

The Societé Anonyme Belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation Aérienne, (French; "Belgian Corporation for Air Navigation Services"), better known internationally by the acronym Sabena or SABENA, was the national airline of Belgium from 1923 to 2001, with its base at Brussels National Airport. After its bankruptcy in 2001, the newly formed SN Brussels Airlines took over part of Sabena's assets in February 2002, which became Brussels Airlines after a merger with Virgin Express in March 2007. The airline's corporate headquarters were located in the Sabena House on the grounds of Brussels Airport in Zaventem.[1]

History[edit]

1923–1939[edit]

Sabena began operations on 23 May 1923 as the national carrier of Belgium. The airline was created by the Belgian government after its predecessor SNETA (Syndicat national pour l'étude des transports aériens) - formed in 1919 to pioneer commercial aviation in Belgium - ceased operations. Sabena operated its first commercial flight from Brussels to London (UK) on 1 July 1923, via Ostend. Services to Rotterdam (Netherlands) and Strasbourg (France) were launched on 1 April 1924. The Strasbourg service was extended to Basle (Switzerland) on 10 June 1924. Amsterdam (Netherlands) was added on 1 September 1924, and Hamburg (Germany) followed on 1 May 1929 via Antwerp, Düsseldorf, and Essen.

Belgian Congo[edit]

A Fokker F.VII in Sabena colours

When Sabena was created, the airline was partly funded by Belgians in the Belgian Congo colony who lost their air service, an experimental passenger and cargo company (LARA) between Léopoldville, Lisala, and Stanleyville a year earlier and who expected the new Belgian national airline to fill this gap. On 12 February 1925, Sabena pioneered a long haul across Africa to Leopoldville, capital of the Belgian Congo. Throughout its history, Sabena had a long tradition of service to African destinations and for a long time these were the only profitable routes served by the airline.

Sabena used landplanes for its Congo operations and a program of aerodrome construction was initiated in the Congo. This was finished in 1926 and Sabena immediately began flights within the Belgian colony, the main route being Boma-Léopoldville-Élisabethville, a 2,288 km (1,422 mi) route over dense jungle. First, flights were operated with De Havilland DH.50s, although these were quickly replaced by the larger Handley Page W.8f which had three engines and offered ten seats.

By 1931 Sabena's fleet, including the aircraft used on the Congo network, totalled 43 aircraft. Its mainstay type was the Fokker F.VIIB with a lesser number of smaller Fokker VIIA and 14 Handley-Page types. It also flew British Westland Wessex aircraft.

Sabena occasionally flew to tropical Africa, Belgium's Congo colony, but mostly these aircraft were shipped out. There was no direct flight yet between Belgium and the colony. As the 1930s progressed, Sabena cooperated with Air France and Deutsche Luft Hansa, which also had interests in routes to destinations across Africa.

Sabena's first long-haul flight to the Congo occurred on 12 February 1935 and took five and a half days, for which Sabena used a Fokker F-VII/3m aircraft. The following year, Sabena purchased the Savoia-Marchetti SM.73 airliner. With a speed of 300 km/h (200 mph), it reduced the journey time taken to only four days, and the Sabena service ran on alternate weeks to an Air Afrique service.[citation needed]

Expansion in Europe[edit]

In Europe, Sabena opened services to Copenhagen and Malmö in 1931 and a route to Berlin was initiated in 1932. The mainstay pre-war airliner that Sabena used in Europe was the successful Junkers Ju-52/3m airliner. The airline's pre-war routes covered almost 6,000 km within Europe. While the Brussels Haren airport was Sabena's main base, the company also operated services from other Belgian airports, and had a domestic network that was mainly used by businessmen who wanted to be in their coastal villas for the weekend.

In 1938, the airline purchased the new Savoia-Marchetti SM.83, a development of the S.M. 73 with a speed of 435 km/h (270 mph), although it flew services at a cruising speed of about 400 km/h (250 mph).

1939–1946[edit]

At the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Sabena's fleet totalled 18 aircraft. Its mainstay fleet type was the Savoia-Marchetti SM.73 airliner (it had 11 of the type) and the Junkers Ju-52/3m airliner (it had five). Sabena also had just taken delivery of two Douglas DC-3s.

During the war the airline managed to maintain its Belgian Congo routes, but all European services ceased.

1946–1960[edit]

Douglas DC-3 of Sabena in 1949
Sabena Douglas DC-6B arriving at Manchester Airport from New York in 1955

After the war, in 1946 Sabena resumed operating a network of intra-European scheduled services. The fleet initially consisted mainly of Douglas DC-3s. There were thousands of surplus Douglas C-47 Skytrains (the military variant of the DC-3) available to help airlines restart operations after the war. The airline now flew under the name of SABENA - Belgian World Airlines.

Sabena started its first transatlantic route to New York City on 4 June 1946, initially using unpressurised Douglas DC-4 airliners which were augmented and later replaced by Douglas DC-6Bs. The DC-4s also restarted the airline's traditional route to the Belgian Congo. Sabena was the first airline to introduce transatlantic schedules from the north of England, when one of its DC-6Bs inaugurated the Brussels-Manchester-New York route on 28 October 1953.

The Convair 240 was introduced in 1949 to partially replace the DC-3s that until then had flown most European services. As of 1956, improved Convair 440 "Metropolitan" twins began replacing the Convair 240 twins and were used successfully well into the 1960s between European regional destinations.

In 1957, the long-range Douglas DC-7C was introduced for long-haul routes but this plane would begin to be supplanted after only three years by the jet age. It remained in service on the transatlantic route until 1962.

On 3 June 1954, a Yugoslav Air Force Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 (NATO reporting name "Fagot") attacked a Sabena-operated Douglas DC-3 on a cargo flight from the United Kingdom to Yugoslavia, killing the radio operator and wounding both the captain and engineer. Co-pilot Douglas Wilson managed to land in Austria but the plane suffered significant damage.[2]

For the 1958 world exposition in Brussels, Sabena leased two Lockheed Super Constellations from Seaboard World Airlines, using them mainly on transatlantic routes. In the same period, there were experiments with helicopter passenger service using Sikorsky S-58 aircraft from Brussels to Antwerp, Rotterdam, Eindhoven and the Paris heliport at Issy-les-Moulineaux.

1960–1990[edit]

Revenue Passenger-Kilometers, scheduled flights only, in millions
Year Traffic
1950 235
1955 579
1960 1264
1965 1635
1971 2720
1975 3796
1980 4853
1989 6760
1995 8620
2000 19379
Source: ICAO Digest of Statistics for 1950-55, IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960-2000
Sabena Douglas DC-6 at London Heathrow Airport in 1960.
Sabena Boeing 707-329 in April 1960, shortly after delivery.
Sabena Sud Aviation Caravelle.
A Sabena Boeing 747-100 seen in 1976.
Sabena Douglas DC-10-30CF convertible pax/freighter at Brussels Airport in 1977.
A Sabena Airbus A310 seen in 1985.

1960 saw the introduction of the Boeing 707-320 intercontinental jet for trans-Atlantic flights to New York. SABENA was mainland Europe's first airline to operate a jet across the Atlantic (BOAC had been flying jet transatlantic services using the de Havilland Comet 4 since 4 October 1958). One of Sabena's aircraft became the first Boeing 707 to crash while in commercial service when Flight 548 crashed while preparing to land at Brussels on 15 February 1961. The United States Figure Skating Team was aboard the aircraft, en route from New York to Prague via Brussels to compete in a figure skating championship.

Six Caravelle jetliners were introduced on all medium-haul routes in Europe from February 1961, being flown on most routes alongside the Convair 440s, until the early 1970s.

The beginning of the 1960s saw a major upheaval for Sabena in the Congo. Widespread rioting against Belgian colonials in the months leading up to, and after the independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, caused thousands of Belgians to flee the country. The Belgian government commandeered Sabena's entire long haul fleet to get the refugees back to Europe. Independence also meant the end of the impressive regional network of routes that the airline had built up in the Congo since 1924. When the new republic began its own airline, Air Congo, in June 1961, Sabena held 30 percent of that airline's shares.

The Douglas DC-6Bs remained in service with Sabena in the mid-1960s although they were no longer used on the airline's main routes. The Boeing 707s and Caravelles became the mainstay types during this decade. Boeing 727-100s were introduced on important European routes and also some African services from 1967 in a unique colour scheme; the fin markings incorporated bare-metal rudder and white engine colours. The only other aircraft to have its own special markings was the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. At this time Fokker F27 Friendships entered service between regional Belgian airports and European destinations such as London Heathrow.

The Boeing 747-100 was introduced in 1971, on transatlantic routes flying alongside the Boeing 707-320Cs. Sabena, like many other trans-Atlantic airlines, was satisfied with the Boeing 707s. For commercial reasons it was recognised that it had to buy jumbo jets for its prestige services, notably New York JFK and as of the mid-seventies, Chicago O'Hare. Sabena purchased only two first generation jumbo jets and it continued to fly the 707 into the late 1970s.

In 1973, the Boeing 727s on the European network were replaced by Boeing 737-200s. The Douglas DC-10-30 entered service in 1974. In total, Sabena purchased five of these convertible (Passengers and/or freight) combi aircraft wide-body jets.

In 1984 Airbus A310s were introduced on routes that had high passenger density. This aircraft type also introduced a modernisation of the 1973 Sabena livery, in which a lighter blue was used and the titles on the fuselage were in a more modern style.

In June 1986 the first of two Boeing 747-300 aircraft joined the fleet, eventually replacing the older 747-100s.

In an advertisement in National Geographic June 1982 (volume 161, no. 6) Sabena prided itself with a superior inflight service. "And unlike most European airlines Sabena still offers First Class service within Europe and all the way through." This advertisement also stated that "Sabena flies to 76 destinations on 4 continents" and used the slogan "belgian world airlines".

In 1989 Sabena invited Belgian fashion designer Olivier Strelli to create a new range of uniforms for its cabin crews.

1990–1995[edit]

A Sabena Boeing 737 at Dublin Airport in 1995.

A new name, Sabena World Airlines, and colours were introduced for the 1990s. The new livery had an overall white colour and the white circle tail logo in blue on the fin. A large "Sabena" title covered the fuselage in light blue and the name "Belgian World Airlines" was at times just visible, though the title was also painted on the fuselage in small, clear letters. The 1990s saw further fleet type renewal: the DC-10-30s were replaced with twin-engined Airbus A330 and the Boeing 747s with four-engined Airbus A340.

After the liberalisation of the airline industry throughout Europe and the economic consequences of the Gulf War, the Belgian government, the main shareholder of the company, realized that Sabena had little chance of surviving on its own in this very competitive market, and began searching for a suitable partner.

Sabena remained in a poor financial state, and year after year the Belgian government had to cover losses, however, it was however prevented from providing new funds due to EU State Aid rules.

Around 1987, SAS tried to merge with the carrier, but the merger was blocked by the Belgian authorities. In 1989, British Airways and KLM purchased stakes in Sabena, which were later sold back to the Belgian government. In 1993, Air France purchased a large minority stake in Sabena, which it sold soon after. Finally, in 1995, Swissair purchased a 49 percent stake in Sabena and took over management.

In 1993 Sabena adopted its third and final logo, and its head office was in the Air Terminus building on Rue Cardinal Mercier in Brussels.[3]

In 1994, Paul Rusesabagina, a manager for Sabena-owned hotels in the former Belgian territory of Rwanda, sheltered over 1,200 Tutsis and moderate Hutus at the Hôtel des Mille Collines of Kigali, saving them from being slaughtered by the Interahamwe militia during the Rwandan genocide (this is depicted in the motion picture Hotel Rwanda).[4]

1995–2001[edit]

A Sabena Boeing 737-500 in 2000.
Sabena BAe 146 at Birmingham, 2001

In March and April 1998 two McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 aircraft, both leased from CityBird, joined the fleet and such long-haul destinations as Newark, Montreal and São Paulo were (re)introduced.

1999 saw new colours introduced to the fleet, beginning with an Airbus A340. One of the latest fleet types that Sabena introduced, right after the A321 and A320 was the A319 which saw service in 2000. These new planes were part of a record-order of 34 Airbus A320 family aircraft, imposed on Sabena when under Swissair management.

After an airline recession and the effects on the airline industry of the September 11 attacks in 2001, all airlines that flew across the Atlantic suffered. Swissair had pledged to invest millions in Sabena but failed to do so, partly because the airline had financial problems itself, having filed for bankruptcy protection one month prior. The company filed for legal protection against its creditors on 3 October, and went into liquidation on 6 November 2001. Fred Chaffart, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Sabena, read a declaration on this day to explain the decision.

November 7, 2001, was the final day of operations for Sabena. Flight 690 from Abidjan, Ivory Coast, to Brussels via Cotonou, Benin, was the last Sabena flight to land in Brussels. An Airbus A340-300 registered as OO-SCZ operated the flight.

A group of investors managed to take over Delta Air Transport, one of Sabena's subsidiaries, and transformed it into SN Brussels Airlines. That airline merged with Virgin Express in 2006 into a new company, Brussels Airlines.

2001–present[edit]

SN Brussels Airlines BAe 146 in the former Sabena livery at London Heathrow Airport in 2002.

The Belgian Parliament formed a committee to investigate the reasons behind the bankruptcy of Sabena and the involvement of Switzerland's flag carrier. At the same time, the company's administrator investigated possible legal steps against Swissair, and its successors in interest Swiss International Air Lines and Lufthansa.

In 2006, the Belgian government, a former major shareholder, filed criminal charges against the former Swissair management. The former Swissair management was condemned by the judges.[5]

On 16 January 2007 the Belgian - Flemish news program Terzake reported that during the nineties, several members of the board were paid large sums illegally through a Sabena affiliate in Bermuda. When Paul Reutlinger became the CEO of the company, he stopped the illegal payments. Terzake went on to state that this might explain why the Belgian board members remained quiet when it became apparent Swissair was exploiting Sabena and eventually drove the company into bankruptcy.

On December 14, 2007, Georges Jaspis, a former World War II pilot in No. 609 Squadron RAF and the Sabena pilot with the most flying hours (27,000) died.[citation needed] Captain Jaspis was the pilot who inaugurated the Manchester to New York service in October 1953 and who collected the first Sabena Boeing 707 and 747. He had escaped Belgium during the war and made his way to England where he joined the Royal Air Force. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. He was buried in Opprebais, a village south-east of Brussels on December 19, 2007. The Belgian military attended and a flypast of four F-16 jets in missing man formation was made.

Reasons for bankruptcy[edit]

The reasons for SABENA's bankruptcy are numerous.

Destinations[edit]

Main article: List of Sabena destinations

In addition to its air destinations, Sabena also had a ground shuttle service between Valenciennes, France and Brussels Airport.[6]

Fleet[edit]

Sabena's fleet consisted of the following aircraft at the time of the bankruptcy in November 2001:

Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes
C Y Total
Airbus A319-100 16 10 — 131 131 On order but never delivered
Airbus A320-200 20 — — 156 156
Airbus A321-200 9 — — 188 188
Airbus A330-200 11 — 54 187 241
Airbus A330-300 8 — 50 222 272
Airbus A340-200 2 — 54 198 252
Airbus A340-300 3[7] 3 52 242 294 On order but never delivered
Boeing 737-300 6 — — 126 126
Boeing 737-500 10 — — 111 111
McDonnell Douglas MD-11 2 — 48 249 297 Leased from CityBird
Total 87 13

Historical aircraft[edit]

Accidents[edit]

  • On 7 December 1934 at least two SABENA aircraft were destroyed in a hangar fire at Haren Airport as a result of a crash of a military Fairey Fox biplane.

Flights to or from Europe[edit]

The crash site of the DC-4 in Newfoundland.
  • The next day, 18 September 1946, 27 people lost their lives when a SABENA Douglas DC-4 (OO-CBG) crashed 35 km short of Gander Airport, where the aircraft planned to land for a refueling stop on the flight from Brussels to New York. At the time of the accident (07:42 UTC), there was dense fog near the airport, and the pilot executed a flawed approach at too low an altitude. There were 17 survivors (16 passengers and one crew).[9]
  • The 19 passengers and three crew members on a flight from Brussels to London lost their lives on 2 March 1948, when a Douglas DC-3 registered OO-AWH, crashed at 21:14 local time on approach to London Heathrow Airport in low visibility conditions.[10]
  • On 18 December 1949 at approximately 20:30 local time, a DC-3 (registered OO-AUQ) crashed near Aulnay-sous-Bois, France, killing the four passengers and four crew on board. The aircraft had just left Paris – Le Bourget Airport for a flight to Brussels, when a wing separated.[11]
  • On 14 October 1953 at ca. 15:20 local time, a Convair CV-240 (registered OO-AWQ) crashed near Kelsterbach, West Germany, killing the 40 passengers and four crew aboard the flight from Frankfurt to Brussels. Engine power was lost upon takeoff from Frankfurt Airport, making the aircraft impossible to control.[12]
  • One passenger on board a flight from Brussels to Zurich was killed on 19 December of the same year, when the aircraft (a CV-240 registered OO-AWO) hit the ground 2.5 km short of the runway threshold of Kloten Airport at 18:55 local time. In low visibility conditions, the pilot descended below the glidepath. The other 39 passengers and three crew members survived the accident.[13]
  • On 3 June 1954, a DC-3 (registered OO-CBY) was attacked by a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighter aircraft near Maribor, Yugoslavia. The aircraft, on a cargo flight from Blackbushe Airport to Belgrade, remained airborne, and a forced landing at Graz Airport was carried out, during which it ran off the runway. In the incident, one out of the four people on board was killed.[14]
  • On 13 February 1955, the pilots of a Sabena flight from Brussels to Rome lost orientation when approaching Ciampino Airport, resulting in the Douglas DC-6 registered OO-SDB crashing into the slope of Monte Terminillo at 18:53 local time, killing the 21 passengers and eight crew on board.[15]
  • The disaster of Flight 548 with its 73 casualties marked the worst accident in the history of SABENA. It happened on 15 February 1961 at 09:05 UTC, when the aircraft (a Boeing 707 registered OO-SJB) crashed at Brussels Airport following a flight from New York City.[16] Among the dead were the entire American delegation to the 1961 World Figure Skating Championships, slated to be held in Prague; the competition was canceled in the aftermath.
  • On 13 July 1968, a cargo-configured 707 (registered OO-SJK) crashed upon approach to Lagos Airport in Nigeria on a flight from Brussels, killing the seven occupants. It was determined that the aircraft descended too low and struck trees.[17]
  • A DC-3 registered OO-AUX was damaged beyond repair in a ground accident at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol on 9 May 1970. The pilots began to taxi the aircraft even though they had not been cleared to do so, which resulted in the right propeller hitting an obstacle on the ground, and debris destroying the airliner beyond economic repair.[18]
  • On 8 May 1972, Flight 571 from Vienna to Tel Aviv with 101 people on board (a Boeing 707 registered OO-SJG) was hijacked by four members of the terrorist organization Black September, in order to secure the release of 315 detainees from Israeli prisons. At Ben-Gurion International Airport, two hijackers were shot and killed by the Israeli Sayeret Matkal special forces. One passenger died later of the wounds she had suffered in the shootout.[19]
  • On 15 February 1978, a Boeing 707 (registered OO-SJE) overshot the runway at Los Rodeos Airport following a chartered holiday flight from Brussels with 189 passengers and seven crew on board. After all passengers and crew were evacuated spilled fuel caught fire, destroying the aircraft.[20]
  • On 4 April of the same year at 18:07 local time, a Boeing 737-200 (registered OO-SDH) on a crew training flight suffered a bird strike during landing practice at Charleroi Airport. The pilot instructor attempted to get the aircraft airborne again, but failed because of insufficient remaining runway. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[21]
  • On 29 August 1998, Flight 542 from New York to Brussels with 248 passengers and 11 crew members on board, an Airbus A340-200 (registered OO-SCW), suffered a broken right landing gear upon landing at Brussels Airport. The aircraft veered off the runway. There were no notable injuries in the ensuing evacuation, and the aircraft was repaired.[22]
  • On 13 October 2000, Flight 689 from Brussels to Abidjan was hijacked by a Nigerian national who was due to be deported. The Airbus A330-200 with 146 other passengers and 11 crew members on board was forced to land at Málaga Airport in Spain, where the perpetrator was overpowered by local police forces.[23]
  • On 4 December 2000, a flight from Brussels to Nairobi, Kenya via Bujumbura, Burundi was struck by machine gun fire as it approached Bujumbura, injuring a passenger and crew member. The Airbus A330, carrying 170 passengers and crew, was struck in an attack blamed by the government on Hutu rebels, who denied responsibility. The aircraft landed safely but did not continue the flight.[24]

Flights in the Belgian colonies[edit]

  • On 1 January 1943, a Junkers Ju 52 (registered OO-AUG) crashed near Bangui in then French Equatorial Africa.[25]
  • On 25 March 1944, the Ju 52 registered OO-AGU was destroyed when it crashed at Costermansville Belgian Congo, now Bukavu[26]
  • Only some days later, on 3 April, another aircraft of the same type (OO-AUF) crashed nearby.[27]
  • On 14 December 1945, a Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar (registered OO-CAK) caught fire and was subsequently destroyed following a forced landing near Kouandé during a flight that had originated at Lagos, Nigeria.[28]
  • On 7 January 1947, a Douglas DC-3 (registered OO-CBO) crashed near Costermansville.[29]
  • On 24 December 1947, a Lockheed Lodestar (OO-CAR) experienced an engine failure shortly after take-off from an airfield near Mitwaba, then French Congo, and subsequently crashed, killing the five occupants on board.[30]
  • On 12 May 1948, at 11:00 local time, a DC-4 (registered OO-CBE) crashed in a thunderstorm during a scheduled passenger flight from Leopoldville to Libenge, then Belgian Congo, killing the 24 passengers and seven crew members.[31]
  • Another 13 people (ten passengers, three crew) were killed on 31 August of that year, when their aircraft, a DC-3 registered OO-UBL, crashed near Elizabethville on a flight from Manono.[32]
  • On 27 August 1949, a Douglas DC-3 (registered OO-CBK) experienced a loss of engine power shortly after take-off from Leopoldville Airport for a flight to Elizabethville, with 17 passengers and three crew on board. The three crew members and two out of the seventeen passengers on board died in the ensuing crash.[33]
  • On 24 July 1951, the right engine of a cargo-configured DC-3 (registered OO-CBA) caught fire upon takeoff from Gao Airfield and crashed, resulting in the loss of lives of the three persons on board.[34]
  • On 4 February 1952, a DC-3 (registered OO-CBA) with sixteen occupants (twelve passengers, four crew) crashed near Kikwit following the mid-air break-up of a propeller, which resulted in vital parts of the airliner being damaged by debris.[35] The aircraft was en route for a scheduled flight from Costermansville to Leopoldville. There were no survivors.
  • On 18 May 1958, a Douglas DC-7 (registered OO-SFA) suffered a problem with its leftmost engine, whilst on a flight from Lisbon to Leopoldville with 56 passengers and nine crew members. The pilots prepared for an emergency landing at Casablanca-Anfa Airport, but shortly before touch-down, a go-around was attempted, which resulted in a stall because of the lesser available engine power. The aircraft crashed into buildings and caught fire at 4:25 a.m. local time, from which only four passengers could be saved alive.[36]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Von Schreiber, Sylvia. "Organisierte Pleite." Der Spiegel. 26 November 2001. "Wenige Stunden vorher geschah noch weit Merkwürdigeres: Polizisten der Brüsseler "Aufspürungsbrigade 4" drangen in die Privatwohnungen von vier Managern und in das Firmengebäude Sabena House am Flughafen Zaventem ein."
  2. ^ "Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  3. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 24–30 March 1993. 119.
  4. ^ Rwandan Hotel Is Still Haunted by Horror, Marc Lacey, February 28, 2005, New York Times.
  5. ^ "Sabena finally gets justice - the judges felt that the demise of Sabena was a consequence of non-compliance by Swissair contractual obligations - DBNet report January 2011 accessed 26 December 2011". Dhnet.be. 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  6. ^ "Did you ever fly by bus?" Sabena. Retrieved on May 2, 2018.
  7. ^ "Production List Search". www.planespotters.net. Retrieved 11 February 2018. 
  8. ^ "17 September 1946 accident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1946-09-17. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  9. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-4-1009 OO-CBG Gander, NF". Aviation-safety.net. 1946-09-18. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  10. ^ "March 1948 crash near Heathrow at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  11. ^ "December 1949 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1949-12-18. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  12. ^ "October 1953 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1953-10-14. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  13. ^ "December 1953 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  14. ^ "1954 military occurrence at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  15. ^ "1954 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1955-02-13. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  16. ^ "Flight 548 at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1961-02-15. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  17. ^ "1968 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1968-07-13. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  18. ^ "1970 incident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  19. ^ "1970 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  20. ^ "February 1978 incident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  21. ^ "April 1978 incident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  22. ^ "1998 incident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1998-08-29. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  23. ^ "2000 hijacking at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 2000-10-13. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  24. ^ Eismont, Maria. "Gunfire Damages Sabena Jet in Burundi, abc News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  25. ^ "1943 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1943-01-01. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  26. ^ "March 1944 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1944-03-25. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  27. ^ "April 1944 accident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1944-04-03. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  28. ^ "1945 incident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1945-12-14. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  29. ^ "January 1947 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1947-01-07. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  30. ^ "December 1947 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1947-12-24. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  31. ^ "May 1948 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1948-05-12. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  32. ^ "August 1948 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1948-08-31. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  33. ^ "August 1949 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1949-08-27. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  34. ^ "1951 accident at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1951-07-24. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  35. ^ "1952 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1952-02-04. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 
  36. ^ "1958 crash at the Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. 1958-05-18. Retrieved 2014-07-23. 

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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