1.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the
River Thames
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
3.
Westminster School
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Westminster School is an English independent day and boarding school located within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. It has the highest Oxford and Cambridge university acceptance rates of any school or college in the world. With origins before the 12th century, the tradition of Westminster probably dates back as far as AD960. Boys are admitted to the Under School at age seven and to the school at age thirteen. The school has around 750 pupils, around a quarter are boarders, most of whom go home at weekends and it is one of the original seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Charging up to £7,800 per term for day pupils and £11,264 for boarders in 2014/15, Westminster is the 13th most expensive HMC day school and 10th most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK. In 1540, Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries in England, including that of the powerful Abbots of Westminster, the Royal College of St. Peter carried on with forty Kings Scholars financed from the royal purse. By this point Westminster School had certainly become a public school, during Mary Is brief reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery, but the school continued. Elizabeth I refounded the School in 1560, with new statutes to select 40 Queens Scholars from boys who had attended the school for a year. Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes nor endowed her scholarships, Elizabeth I appointed William Camden as headmaster, and he is the only layman known to have held the position until 1937. Regardless of politics, he thrashed Royalist and Puritan boys alike without fear or favour, Busby also took part in Oliver Cromwells funeral procession in 1658, when Robert Uvedale, a Westminster schoolboy, succeeded in snatching the Majesty Scutcheon draped on the coffin. Busby remained in office throughout the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when the school was governed by Parliamentary Commissioners, and well into the Restoration. In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of the Abbeys traditional right of sanctuary, dr Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II and added the cost to the school bills. Until the 19th century, the curriculum was made up of Latin and Greek. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Commission on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the school began to approach its modern form. It was legally separated from the Abbey, although the organisations remain close, there followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute lasting a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the School. School statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II, the Dean of Christ Church, Oxford and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge are ex officio members of the schools governing body. Westminster Under School was formed in 1943 in the school buildings in Westminster
Westminster School
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Westminster School
Westminster School
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Little Dean's Yard from Liddell's Arch
Westminster School
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The entrance to Dean's Yard and Westminster School war memorial viewed from the
Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre in August 2012.
Westminster School
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Liddell's arch, the main entrance to
Little Dean's Yard.
4.
Geri Halliwell
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Geraldine Estelle Geri Horner is an English pop singer-songwriter, clothes designer, author and actress. In 1998 Halliwell left the Spice Girls, though she rejoined the group when they reunited in 2007, Halliwell reportedly amassed a $30 million fortune during her last two years in the group. She released her studio album Passion in 2005. Halliwell has been nominated for four Brit Awards, after a few years of relative obscurity, in April 2010, Halliwell announced that she had started working on new music. In April 2013, the Nine Network announced that she would become the judge on Australias Got Talent. On 12 September 2013, it was announced that Halliwell would return to the industry in Australia with the release of her first solo single in nearly eight years. With 11 number-one singles, she is the singer with the third-most number-one singles in UK Singles Chart history. Halliwell grew up on an estate in North Watford. She was educated at Watford Grammar School for Girls and Camden School for Girls, before starting her music career, Halliwell had worked as a nightclub dancer in Majorca, as a presenter on the Turkish version of Lets Make a Deal, and as a glamour model. At the age of 19, she appeared in The Sun as a Page 3 girl, following her rise to fame with the Spice Girls, nude photos of Halliwell were republished in a number of magazines in 1992 and 1996 including Playboy and Penthouse. In 1994 Halliwell, along with Melanie Chisholm, Melanie Brown and Victoria Beckham, around 400 women answered the ad and auditioned at Dance Works studios. After a couple of initial line-up changes, Halliwell, Chisholm, Brown, due to the large interest in the group, the Herberts quickly set about creating a binding contract for the group. Encouraged by the reaction they had received at the Nomis showcase, all five members delayed signing contracts on the advice from, amongst others. In March 1995, because of the frustration at their managements unwillingness to listen to their visions and ideas. The group began a relationship with Simon Fuller of 19 Entertainment, during the summer of that year the group toured record labels in London and Los Angeles with Fuller and finally signed a deal with Virgin Records in September 1995. On 7 June 1996, the Spice Girls released their single, Wannabe. In the weeks leading up to the release, the video for Wannabe got a trial airing on The Box music channel, the song proved to be a global hit, reaching number 1 in 37 countries, becoming the biggest-selling single by an all-female group of all time. It was followed by nine further singles from their albums Spice, Spiceworld
Geri Halliwell
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Halliwell in 2013
Geri Halliwell
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Halliwell (centre of photo) performing live with the Spice Girls in Canada
Geri Halliwell
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Halliwell performing "It's Raining Men" in 4 December 2007 on the Return of The Spice Girls Tour
Geri Halliwell
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Halliwell at a book signing in 2008
5.
Emmy Awards
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
Emmy Awards
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TV producer
Bruce Kennedy holding an Emmy
Emmy Awards
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Actress
Dana Delany holding an Emmy, 1992
Emmy Awards
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TV producer and writer
Bradley Bell accepting Daytime Emmy Awards for his work on the daytime soap opera
The Bold and the Beautiful, 2010
Emmy Awards
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Brazilian actress and TV host
Fernanda Lima holding
Rede Globo 's six medals of nominations to the International Emmys in 2012
6.
Independent Spirit Awards
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The Film Independent Spirit Awards, founded in 1984, are awards dedicated to independent filmmakers. Winners were typically presented with acrylic glass pyramids containing suspended shoestrings representing the paltry budgets of independent films, in 1986, the event was renamed the Independent Spirit Awards. Since 2006, winners have received a trophy depicting a bird with its wings spread sitting atop of a pole with the shoestrings from the previous design wrapped around the pole, Film Independent Members vote to determine the winners of the Spirit Awards. The awards show is held inside a tent on the beach in Santa Monica, California, the show is broadcast live on the IFC network, as well as Hollywood Suite in Canada and A&E Latin America. The 32nd Independent Spirit Awards ceremony, hosted by Nick Kroll and John Mulaney, was broadcast live on IFC on Saturday, official website Film Independent Film Independents channel on YouTube Film Independent at the Internet Movie Database Independent Spirit Awards at the Internet Movie Database
Independent Spirit Awards
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Film Independent's Spirit Awards
7.
Los Angeles Film Festival
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The LA Film Festival is an annual film festival held in June in Culver City, California. It showcases independent, international, feature, documentary and short films, since 2001 it is run by the organization Film Independent, which also has been arranging the annual Film Independent Spirit Awards in Santa Monica since 1985. The festival began as the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival in 1995, the LAIFF ran for six years, until it was absorbed into Film Independent in 2001. At its height, the LAIFF attracted 19,000 attendees, today, the LA Film Festival attracts more than 36,000 visitors. With an attendance of more than 36,000 people, it more than 100 feature films. The event also includes world premieres of such as Disney/Pixars Brave, and a variety of panels, seminars. The Festival features signature programs including the exclusive Filmmaker Retreat, hosted by a film director. In 2010, the Filmmaker Retreat was hosted by Kathryn Bigelow, in 2011, it was hosted by George Lucas at his Skywalker Ranch. In addition to films, it also screens short films created by high school students. Films submitted to the Festival are reviewed by Film Independents programming department, in 2011, the Festival showed over 200 films, music videos and shorts from over 30 countries. The first LAIFF took place over the course of five days in a single location, in 1996, the LAIFF expanded to include the Directors Guild of America Building in Hollywood. In 2001, the Festival became part of the organization Film Independent, in 2006, the Los Angeles Times became the Festivals main sponsor. In 2010 the Festival was moved to the Regal Cinemas at the L. A, live complex in downtown Los Angeles, with additional screenings at several other downtown venues including the Downtown Independent, Orpheum Theatre and the REDCAT Theatre. The Festival also has a tradition of screenings at the open-air John Anson Ford Amphitheatre in Hollywood. Free screenings are scheduled at California Plaza, in conjunction with Grand Performances, today the LA Film Festival attracts over 36,000 visitors. The LA Film Festival is a festival in all categories for Film Independents Spirit Awards. It is also a festival for the short films categories of the Academy Awards. During the festival of 2009, festival officials was approached by Dole Food Company, Dole urged festival officials to immediately cease and desist their sponsorship of the documentary Bananas. *, directed by Fredrik Gertten
Los Angeles Film Festival
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Los Angeles Film Festival
8.
Sydney Film Festival
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The Sydney Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Sydney, Australia, usually over 12 days in June. The festivals director is Nashen Moodley, who commenced in early 2012, the committee included Alan Stout, Professor of Philosophy at The University of Sydney, filmmakers John Heyer and John Kingsford Smith, and Federation of Film Societies secretary David Donaldson. Under the direction of Donaldson, the festival opened on 11 June 1954 and was held over four days. Attendance was at capacity with 1,200 tickets sold at one guinea each. By 1958, the festival attracted its first international sponsored guest, Paul Rotha, the following year, the program expanded to seventeen days and by 1960 exceeded 2,000 subscribers with the introduction of the Opening Night feature film and party. Censorship difficulties arose in the mid-1960a and continued until such time as the festival was granted exemption from censorship in 1971, from inception until 1967, the University remained the annual home of the festival. The following year, the moved to the Wintergarden in Rose Bay where it remained for the ensuing five years. The historic State Theatre became the home of the festival in 1974, in 2007 a new FlexiPass, the FlexiDiscovery, was introduced for people aged 18–24, to encourage young people to discover the film festival. Strict guidelines in relation to previous screenings of films means that audiences see films that havent had general release, on 10 September 2007, the Festival announced it had received funding from the New South Wales government to host an official international competition, which rewarded new directions in film. The FIAFP has since classified the Sydney Film Festival as a Competitive Specialised Feature Film Festival, an Oral history of the Sydney Film Festival,40 years of film. A History of the Sydney Film Festival
Sydney Film Festival
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Sydney Film Festival
9.
Chicago International Film Festival
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The Chicago International Film Festival is an annual film festival held every fall. Founded in 1964 by Michael Kutza, it is the longest-running competitive film festival in North America. Its logo is a stark, black and white close up of the eyes of early film actresses Theda Bara, Pola Negri and Mae Murray. In 2010, the 46th Chicago International Film Festival presented 150 films from more than 50 countries, the Festivals program is composed of many different sections, including the International Competition, New Directors Competition, Docufest, Black Perspectives, Cinema of the Americas, and Reel Women. Foreign films are screened for free throughout the city weekly from July through September, bruce Dern Terrence Howard Susan Sarandon Shirley MacLaine Robert Zemeckis Irma P. Hall, Robert Townsend and Harry J
Chicago International Film Festival
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Chicago International Film Festival
10.
Calgary International Film Festival
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The Calgary International Film Festival is a film festival held annually in Calgary, Alberta, Canada for twelve days in late September and early October. The festival began in 2000, with the event being a screening of the locally produced film Waydowntown. Growing steadily over the years, in 2016 the festival welcomed 36,693 people to 211 films, shorts, next year, CIFF will celebrate its 18th edition, from September 20 to October 1,2017. As of September 2016, CIFF films were screened at the venues in Calgary. These are, Galas, Headliners, Canadian Cinema, New American Cinema, World, Documentaries, Late Shows, Music on Screen, Alberta Scene, in 2016, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences named the festival as an Oscar qualifier for short films. This means that the winner of the Best of Shorts award is eligible to be considered for an Academy Award, the festival places strong importance on local Albertan filmmakers, and much of its content is curated from the province. New this year, the Alberta Scene series includes an event titled Showcase Alberta, in 2016, hundreds of fans from all over the world visited Calgary for the event. List of festivals in Calgary Festivals in Alberta CIFF Official Website
Calgary International Film Festival
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One of the screening locations for the 2007 CIFF
11.
Edmonton International Film Festival
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The Edmonton International Film Festival is a nine-day film festival in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, hosted at Landmark Cinemas at Edmonton City Centre. It began in 1986 as ‘Local Heroes’ a smaller 3-day film festival in March, over time the festival grew in size and scope. In 2003 the festival was moved to September, expanded to 9-days and their schedule usually has about 50 feature-length dramas and documentaries, and more than 100 short films programmed into packages that include Subway Lunchbox Shorts. For the 2010 festival, organizers are planning on 55 feature-length and 100 short films and they will all be shown at the Empire Theatres in the Edmonton City Centre. Official website #1 Official website #2
Edmonton International Film Festival
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Logo for the Edmonton International Film Festival Festival
12.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
John F. Kennedy
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John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
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The Kennedy family at
Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.
John F. Kennedy
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Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy (standing at right) with his PT-109 crew, 1943.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy on his navy patrol boat, the
PT-109, 1943.
13.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
White House
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Top: the northern facade, facing
Lafayette Square Bottom: the southern facade, facing
The Ellipse
White House
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First Presidential Mansion:
Samuel Osgood House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: April 1789 - February 1790.
White House
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Second Presidential Mansion:
Alexander Macomb House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: February - August 1790.
White House
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Third Presidential Mansion:
President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Occupied by Washington: November 1790 – March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 – May 1800.
14.
Oxford
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Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire. With an estimated 2015 population of 168,270, it is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom, the city is situated 57 miles from London,69 miles from Bristol,65 miles from both Southampton and Birmingham and 25 miles from Reading. The city is known worldwide as the home of the University of Oxford, buildings in Oxford demonstrate notable examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period. Oxford is known as the city of dreaming spires, a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold, Oxford has a broad economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a number of information technology and science-based businesses. Oxford was first settled in Saxon times and was known as Oxenaforda, meaning Ford of the Oxen. It began with the establishment of a crossing for oxen around AD900. In the 10th century, Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes, Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066. Following the conquest, the town was assigned to a governor, Robert DOyly, the castle has never been used for military purposes and its remains survive to this day. DOyly set up a community in the castle consisting of a chapel. The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of Britains oldest places of formal education and it was there that in 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his History of the Kings of Britain, a compilation of Arthurian legends. Mary at Oseney and to the canons serving God in that place and we have made this concession and confirmation in the Common council of the City and we have confirmed it with our common seal. These are those who have made this concession and confirmation, a grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order, and friars of various orders all had houses of varying importance at Oxford. Parliaments were often held in the city during the 13th century, the Provisions of Oxford were instigated by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort, these documents are often regarded as Englands first written constitution. Richard I of England and John, King of England the sons of Henry II of England, were born at Beaumont Palace in Oxford, on 8 September 1157 and 24 December 1166 respectively. A plaque in Beaumont Street commemorates these events, the University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, what put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Oxfords earliest colleges were University College, Balliol and Merton and these colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers
Oxford
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From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum.
Oxford
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The
Radcliffe Camera, completed in 1748
Oxford
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Royal proclamation granting Lord Mayoralty to Oxford.
Oxford
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Photochrom of the High Street, 1890–1900
15.
London School of Economics
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The London School of Economics is a public research university located in London, England and a constituent college of the federal University of London. LSE is located in Westminster, central London, near the boundary between Covent Garden and Holborn, the area is historically known as Clare Market. The LSE has more than 10,000 students and 3,300 staff and it had a total income of £340.7 million in 2015/16, of which £30.3 million was from research grants. 155 nationalities are represented amongst LSEs student body and the school has the highest percentage of students of all British universities. Despite its name, the school is organised into 25 academic departments and institutes which conduct teaching and research across a range of legal studies, in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the School had the highest proportion of world-leading research among research submitted of any British non-specialist university. The LSE is usually considered part of the triangle of highly research-intensive universities in southeast England. It is a member of organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association. LSE has produced notable alumni in the fields of law, history, economics, philosophy, business, literature, media. Alumni and staff include 52 past or present heads of state or government and 20 members of the current British House of Commons. To 2016, 27% of all the Nobel Prizes in Economics have been awarded or jointly awarded to LSE alumni, current staff or former staff, LSE alumni and staff have also won 3 Nobel Peace Prizes, and 2 Nobel Prizes in Literature. Out of all European universities, LSE has educated the most billionaires according to a 2014 global census of U. S dollar billionaires, LSE graduates earn higher incomes on average than those of any other British university. The London School of Economics was founded in 1895 by Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Hutchinson, a lawyer and member of the Fabian Society, left the money in trust, to be put towards advancing its objects in any way they deem advisable. The five trustees were Sidney Webb, Edward Pease, Constance Hutchinson, William de Mattos, LSE records that the proposal to establish the school was conceived during a breakfast meeting on 4 August 1894, between the Webbs, Graham Wallas and George Bernard Shaw. The proposal was accepted by the trustees in February 1895 and LSE held its first classes in October of that year, in rooms at 9 John Street, Adelphi, in the City of Westminster. The School joined the federal University of London in 1900, and was recognised as a Faculty of Economics of the university, the University of London degrees of BSc and DSc were established in 1901, the first university degrees dedicated to the social sciences. Expanding rapidly over the years, the school moved initially to the nearby 10 Adelphi Terrace, then to Clare Market. The foundation stone of the Old Building, on Houghton Street, was laid by King George V in 1920, the 1930s economic debate between LSE and Cambridge is well known in academic circles. The dispute also concerned the question of the role
London School of Economics
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Beatrice and
Sidney Webb
London School of Economics
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Coat of arms of the LSE
London School of Economics
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Friedrich Hayek, who taught at LSE during the 1930s and 40s
London School of Economics
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Stonework featuring the initials of LSE
16.
Arsenal of Democracy
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During the Second World War, the Arsenal of Democracy was the slogan used by U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a radio broadcast delivered on 29 December 1940. Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting. The president announced that intent a year before the Attack on Pearl Harbor, at a time when Germany had occupied much of Europe, Nazi Germany was allied with Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan. Roosevelts address was a call to arm and support the Allies in Europe, the great arsenal of democracy came to specifically refer to the industry of the U. S. as the primary supplier of matériel for the Allied war effort. S. Such as Chicago, Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh, in 1918, Doubleday executive Herbert S. Houston analyzed World War I with an article titled Blocking New Wars. He wrote that American business was the Protector of Democracy while the American free press was one of the most effective weapons in the arsenal of democracy. Although the French economist Jean Monnet had used the later in 1940. Franklin Roosevelt has since been credited with the phrase, the phrase was suggested by top Roosevelt advisor Harry Hopkins. Yet another account has it that Roosevelt borrowed the phrase from Detroit auto executive William S. Knudsen, much of the ending of the speech attempted to dispel complacency. Roosevelt laid out the situation, and then pointed out the flaws in United States isolationism and he mentioned that Some of us like to believe that even if Great Britain falls, we are still safe, because of the broad expanse of the Atlantic and of the Pacific. After establishing the danger, the president then proceeded to request action from the people and he acknowledged a telegram he had received. He refuted its message, which he summarized as Please, Mr. President, dont frighten us by telling us the facts, Roosevelt attacked the British prewar policy of appeasement, calling it ineffective. Listing prior examples given by European countries, he said it was futile, the only solution was to assist Britain while it was still possible. While not explicitly pledging to stay out of the war, he stated that our policy is not directed toward war. You can, therefore, nail–nail any talk about sending armies to Europe as deliberate untruth, Europe does not ask us to do their fighting. They ask us for the implements of war, the planes, the tanks, the guns and he warned against labor disputes, saying, The nation expects our defense industries to continue operation without interruption by strikes or lockouts. It expects and insists that management and workers will reconcile their differences by voluntary or legal means, Roosevelt stressed that it was not the American government but the American people who had the power to turn the tide of the war. It was here that he used the phrase arsenal of democracy, for us this is an emergency as serious as war itself
Arsenal of Democracy
–
President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt giving an address.
17.
Anvil (band)
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Anvil are a Canadian heavy metal band from Toronto, Ontario, formed in 1978. The band consists of Steve Lips Kudlow, Robb Reiner and Chris Robertson, to date, the band has released sixteen studio albums, and has been cited as having influenced many notable heavy metal groups, including Megadeth, Slayer, Anthrax and Metallica. The band, in particular Kudlow and Reiner, was the subject of the 2008 documentary film, the Story of Anvil, directed by the screenwriter and former Anvil roadie, Sacha Gervasi. Upon its release, the film garnered acclaim from many major publications. Appearances at both major heavy metal festivals, including Download, Loud Park and Hellfest, and independent music festivals like Bumbershoot and SXSW, also followed the release of the film. Reviewers described Anvil as a hair metal band that was popular in the 1980s but then faded into obscurity in the 1990s. Anvils antics on and off stage, the setbacks they suffered, the roots of Anvil began in April 1973 in Toronto, when high school friends Steve Lips Kudlow and Robb Reiner began playing music together. They met through friend, guitarist and neighbour Marty Hoffman, by 1978, the first full line-up of the band included Kudlow, Reiner, Dave Squirrely Allison and Ian Dix Dickson. At this point, the band was called Lips, in 1981, the band released an independent album called Hard N Heavy. Shortly after they were signed by Attic Records, they changed their name to Anvil, following its release, Lemmy Kilmister asked Lips to play guitar for Motörhead to replace Fast Eddie Clarke, but Lips declined. By 1983, Aerosmith manager David Krebs and assistant Paul ONeill signed Anvil and they released three records with Metal Blade, starting with Strength of Steel, which was the groups most commercially successful record in the United States, peaking at No.191 on the Billboard 200. Anvil were then picked up by Maximum Records, an independent Canadian label that was formed by Helixs manager-at-the-time William Seip, from 1996 they were signed by Hypnotic Records in Canada and Massacre Records in Germany. According to Lips, Anvil would have not continued had it not been for the German fans, Germany was the only market for reasonable sales in that period, so the country kept the band running and gave them the opportunity to do more records. In 2001, the band recorded Plenty of Power and continued touring, Lips remarked Well play gigs sometimes where theres no one there. In 2006, the band recorded with Chris Tsangarides, who produced their acclaimed 1982 album Metal on Metal. The bands history has been documented in the documentary film Anvil, the Story of Anvil released in 2008. Rolling Stone called the movie the year’s most praised rock doc, the band played “Cat Scratch Fever” with Slash and Anthrax’s Scott Ian at the Sundance Film Festival, where the movie premiered. Guitarist Ivan Hurd left the band at this stage to settle down with his new wife, the double-vinyl LP contains re-recorded versions of Anvil classics Metal on Metal and 666
Anvil (band)
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at the Independent Spirit Awards in Los Angeles on March 5, 2010. l-r former bassist Glenn Five,
Steve "Lips" Kudlow, Robb Reiner
Anvil (band)
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Lips from Anvil at the Headbangers Open Air, Germany 2014
18.
Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
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The British Poet Laureate is an honorary position appointed by the monarch of the United Kingdom on the advice of the Prime Minister. The role does not entail any specific duties, but there is an expectation that the holder will write verse for significant national occasions. The origins of the date back to 1616 when a pension was provided to Ben Jonson. Three poets, Thomas Gray, Samuel Rogers and Walter Scott, the holder of the position as of 2017 is Carol Ann Duffy, who was appointed in May 2009 on a fixed ten-year term. The origins of the laureateship date back to 1616 when James I of England granted a pension to the writer Ben Jonson. Although there were subsequent court poets it was not until 1668, and the appointment of John Dryden by Charles II, that the post was made an established royal office within the royal household. Dryden, a Catholic convert, refused to take the Oath of Allegiance to the new monarchs, drydens successor, Thomas Shadwell, was appointed in 1689 for life. He introduced the custom of producing poems for the new year and the monarchs birthday, after the appointment of William Wordsworth in 1843 the duties settled into an expectation, not requirement, for major court and national occasions. Alfred, Lord Tennyson held the post between November 1850 and October 1892, on his death the post was left vacant as a mark of respect, a new laureate was not appointed until four years later, with the appointment of Alfred Austin in January 1896. As at 2015 the position is an one, and the office holder is left to decide on which occasions they will produce poetry. Duffy is the first female poet to hold the role, after Shadwells selection the laureate was appointed by the Lord Chamberlain, on the monarchs instructions. Since the appointment of Henry James Pye in 1790, the Prime Minister has recommended which candidate to appoint and he, in conjunction with the Cabinet Office then submitted the name to the Queen for approval. Drydens salary for the laureateship was £200 per year, in 1630 Charles I added an annual butt of Canary wine, although this was later discontinued in place of the monetary equivalent. When John Betjeman was appointed, he rekindled the tradition, and received 720 bottles of sherry, since Motions appointment the DCMS provided an annual honorarium of £5,750, Motion also received an additional £19,000 for his work in education. With Duffys appointment, the returned to £5,750
Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
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John Dryden, the first Poet Laureate
Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
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Dryden!
John Dryden
Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
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Shadwell!
Thomas Shadwell
Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
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Tate!
Nahum Tate
19.
Ted Hughes
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Edward James Ted Hughes OM was an English poet and childrens writer. Critics frequently rank him as one of the best poets of his generation and he served as Poet Laureate from 1984 until his death. Hughes was married to American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963 at the age of 30 and his part in the relationship became controversial to some feminists and some American admirers of Plath. His last poetic work, Birthday Letters, explored their complex relationship and these poems make reference to Plaths suicide, but none addresses directly the circumstances of her death. A poem discovered in October 2010, Last letter, describes what happened during the three days before her death, in 2008 The Times ranked Hughes fourth on their list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Hughess sister Olwyn was two years older and his brother Gerald was ten years older and his mother could trace her ancestry back to William de Ferrières, who came to England with William the Conqueror in the 11th century. One of her ancestors had founded the community of Little Gidding in Cambridgeshire. Most of the recent generations of his family had worked in the clothing and milling industries in the area. Hughess father, William, a joiner, was of Irish descent and had enlisted with the Lancashire Fusiliers and he narrowly escaped being killed when a bullet lodged in a pay book in his breast pocket. He was one of just 17 men of his regiment to return from the Dardanelles Campaign, the stories of Flanders fields filled Hughess childhood imagination. Hughes noted, my first six years shaped everything, Hughes loved hunting and fishing, swimming and picnicking with his family. He attended the Burnley Road School until he was seven, when his family moved to Mexborough and his parents ran a newsagents and tobacconists shop. In Poetry in Making he recalled that he was fascinated by animals and he acted as retriever when his elder brother gamekeeper shot magpies, owls, rats and curlews, growing up surrounded by the harsh realities of working farms in the valleys and on the moors. During his time in Mexborough he explored Manor Farm at Old Denaby and his earliest poem The Thought Fox, and earliest story The Rain Horse were recollections of the area. A close friend at the time, John Wholly, took Hughes to the Crookhill estate above Conisbrough where the boys spent great swathes of time, Hughes became close to the family and learnt a lot about wildlife from Whollys father, a game keeper. He came to view fishing as an almost religious experience, Hughes attended Mexborough Grammar School, where a succession of teachers encouraged him to write, and develop his interest in poetry. Teachers Miss McLeod and Pauline Mayne introduced him to the poets Hopkins, Hughes was mentored by his sister Olwyn, who was well versed in poetry, and another teacher, John Fisher. Poet Harold Massingham also attended school and was also mentored by Fisher
Ted Hughes
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Hughes in 1993
Ted Hughes
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Hughes' birthplace in
Mytholmroyd,
Yorkshire
Ted Hughes
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The Ted Hughes Arvon Centre, Lumb Bank – an 18th-century mill-owner's house, once Hughes' home.
Ted Hughes
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Lumb Bank in the Colden Valley
20.
Arvon Foundation
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The Arvon Foundation is a charitable organisation in the United Kingdom that promotes creative writing. It is based in the Free Word Centre for literature, literacy and it was founded by two young poets, John Fairfax and John Moat, in 1968. Arvon runs residential writing courses at centres in three locations, Devon, Shropshire and Yorkshire. The courses provide a space and dedicated time to practise the art of writing. Previous tutors include Willy Russell, Ian McEwan, Andrew Motion, Arnold Wesker, Ted Hughes, Ali Smith, Carol Ann Duffy, Ian Rankin, George Szirtes, Arvon also runs residential creative writing courses for under-18s and partnership organisations. Arvon fundraises to ensure that people who could not afford the full course fee can be offered grants to attend a course. The Arvon Foundation used to run the biennial Arvon International Poetry Competition, in 2010 the judges were Carol Ann Duffy, Elaine Feinstein and Sudeep Sen. As of 2012, they no longer run the competition, Arvon Foundation, registered charity no.306694
Arvon Foundation
–
Totleigh Barton Manor, Sheepwash, Devon, one of the creative writing centres of the Arvon Foundation.
21.
Samuel Beckett
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Samuel Barclay Beckett was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet, who lived in Paris for most of his adult life and wrote in both English and French. He is widely regarded as among the most influential writers of the 20th century, Becketts work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on human existence, often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour, and became increasingly minimalist in his later career. He is considered one of the last modernist writers, and one of the key figures in what Martin Esslin called the Theatre of the Absurd. Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and he was elected Saoi of Aosdána in 1984. The Becketts were members of the Anglican Church of Ireland, the family home, Cooldrinagh in the Dublin suburb of Foxrock, was a large house and garden complete with tennis court built in 1903 by Samuels father, William. Samuel Beckett was born on Good Friday,13 April 1906, to William Frank Beckett, a quantity surveyor and descendant of the Huguenots, and Maria Jones Roe, a nurse, Beckett had one older brother, Frank Edward Beckett. At the age of five, Beckett attended a local playschool, where he started to learn music, in 1919, Beckett went to Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. A natural athlete, Beckett excelled at cricket as a left-handed batsman, later, he was to play for Dublin University and played two first-class games against Northamptonshire. As a result, he became the only Nobel literature laureate to have played first class cricket, Beckett studied French, Italian, and English at Trinity College, Dublin from 1923 to 1927. He was elected a Scholar in Modern Languages in 1926, Beckett graduated with a BA and, after teaching briefly at Campbell College in Belfast, took up the post of lecteur danglais at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris from November 1928 to 1930. While there, he was introduced to renowned Irish author James Joyce by Thomas MacGreevy and this meeting had a profound effect on the young man. Beckett assisted Joyce in various ways, one of which was research towards the book that became Finnegans Wake, in 1929, Beckett published his first work, a critical essay entitled Dante. Becketts close relationship with Joyce and his family cooled, however, Becketts first short story, Assumption, was published in Jolass periodical transition. In 1930, Beckett returned to Trinity College as a lecturer, in November 1930, he presented a paper in French to the Modern Languages Society of Trinity on the Toulouse poet Jean du Chas, founder of a movement called le Concentrisme. It was a parody, for Beckett had in fact invented the poet and his movement that claimed to be at odds with all that is clear. Beckett later insisted that he had not intended to fool his audience, when Beckett resigned from Trinity at the end of 1931, his brief academic career was at an end. He spent some time in London, where in 1931 he published Proust, two years later, following his fathers death, he began two years treatment with Tavistock Clinic psychoanalyst Dr. Wilfred Bion. Aspects of it became evident in Becketts later works, such as Watt, in 1932, he wrote his first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, but after many rejections from publishers decided to abandon it
Samuel Beckett
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Beckett in 1977
Samuel Beckett
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Samuel Beckett Walk, Paris (France).
Samuel Beckett
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Portrait of Samuel Beckett by
Reginald Gray, painted in Paris, 1961 (from the collection of Ken White, Dublin).
Samuel Beckett
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Tomb of Samuel Beckett at the Cimetière de
Montparnasse
22.
Waiting for Godot
–
Waiting for Godot is Becketts translation of his own original French play, En attendant Godot, and is subtitled a tragicomedy in two acts. The original French text was composed between 9 October 1948 and 29 January 1949, the premiere was on 5 January 1953 in the Théâtre de Babylone, Paris. The English language version was premiered in London in 1955, in a poll conducted by the British Royal National Theatre in 1990 it was voted the “most significant English language play of the 20th century”. Vladimir takes up the thought loftily, while Estragon vaguely recalls having been beaten the night before, finally, his boots come off, while the pair ramble and bicker pointlessly. When Estragon suddenly decides to leave, Vladimir reminds him that they must stay, unfortunately, the pair cannot agree on where or when they are expected to meet with this Godot. They only know to wait at a tree, and there is indeed a leafless one nearby, eventually, Estragon dozes off and Vladimir rouses him but then stops him before he can share his dreams—another recurring activity between the two men. Estragon wants to hear an old joke, which Vladimir cannot finish without going off to urinate, since every time he starts laughing, upon Vladimirs return, the increasingly jaded Estragon suggests that they hang themselves, but they abandon the idea when the logistics seem ineffective. They then speculate on the rewards of continuing to wait for Godot. When Estragon declares his hunger, Vladimir provides a carrot, at which Estragon idly gnaws, Pozzo barks abusive orders at Lucky, which are always quietly followed, while acting civilly though tersely towards the other two. Pozzo enjoys a snack of chicken and wine, before casting the bones to the ground. Having been in a state of silence ever since the arrival of Pozzo and Lucky. Pozzo ignores this and explains his intention to sell Lucky, who begins to cry, Estragon takes pity and tries to wipe away Luckys tears, but, as he approaches, Lucky violently kicks him in the shin. Pozzo then rambles nostalgically but vaguely about his relationship with Lucky over the years, before offering Vladimir, Estragon begins to beg for money when Pozzo instead suggests that Lucky can dance and think for their entertainment. Luckys dance, the Net, is clumsy and shuffling, Luckys thinking is a long-winded and disjointed monologue—it is the first, Pozzo then has Lucky pack up his bags, and they hastily leave. Vladimir and Estragon, alone again, reflect on whether they met Pozzo, a boy then arrives, purporting to be a messenger sent from Godot to tell the pair that Godot will not be coming that evening but surely tomorrow. During Vladimirs interrogation of the boy, he asks if he came the day before, after the boy departs, the moon appears and the two men verbally agree to leave and find shelter for the night, but they merely stand without moving. It is daytime again and Vladimir begins singing a round about the death of a dog. Again, Estragon claims to have been beaten last night, despite no apparent injury, Vladimir comments that the formerly bare tree now has leaves and tries to confirm his recollections of yesterday against Estragons extremely vague, unreliable memory
Waiting for Godot
–
First English edition (publ.
Grove Press) translated by the author
Waiting for Godot
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Vladimir and Estragon (June 2010 production of the play at
The Doon School, India)
Waiting for Godot
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Mehdi Bajestani as masked
Lucky (production by
Naqshineh Theatre)
Waiting for Godot
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Waiting for Godot, directed by
Macedonian theatre director Bore Angelovski
23.
Trinity College, Dublin
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Trinity College is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin, a research university in Ireland. It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland, originally it was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the dissolved Augustinian Priory of All Hallows. Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland, although Catholics and Dissenters had been permitted to enter as early as 1793, certain restrictions on their membership of the college remained until 1873. From 1871 to 1970, the Catholic Church in Ireland forbade its adherents from attending Trinity College without permission, women were first admitted to the college as full members in January 1904. Trinity College is now surrounded by Dublin and is located on College Green, the college proper occupies 190,000 m2, with many of its buildings ranged around large quadrangles and two playing fields. Academically, it is divided into three faculties comprising 25 schools, offering degree and diploma courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The Library of Trinity College is a deposit library for Ireland. The first University of Dublin was created by the Pope in 1311, following this, and some debate about a new university at St. The first Provost of the College was the Archbishop of Dublin, Adam Loftus, two years after foundation, a few Fellows and students began to work in the new College, which then lay around one small square. During the eighteenth century Trinity College was seen as the university of the Protestant Ascendancy, Parliament, meeting on the other side of College Green, made generous grants for building. The first building of this period was the Old Library building, begun in 1712, followed by the Printing House, during the second half of the century Parliament Square slowly emerged. The great building drive was completed in the nineteenth century by Botany Bay. In December 1845 Denis Caulfield Heron was the subject of a hearing at Trinity College, Heron had previously been examined and, on merit, declared a scholar of the college but had not been allowed to take up his place due to his Catholic religion. Heron appealed to the Courts which issued a writ of mandamus requiring the case to be adjudicated by the Archbishop of Dublin, the decision of Richard Whately and John George de la Poer Beresford was that Heron would remain excluded from Scholarship. This decision confirmed that the position remained that persons who were not Anglicans could not be elected to Scholarship, Fellowship or be made a Professor. However within less than three decades of this all disabilities imposed on Catholics were repealed as in 1873, all tests were abolished. Prior to 1956 it was the responsibility of the local Bishop, the nineteenth century was also marked by important developments in the professional schools. The Law School was reorganised after the middle of the century, the Engineering School was established in 1842 and was one of the first of its kind in Ireland and Britain
Trinity College, Dublin
Trinity College, Dublin
–
Trinity College The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin
Trinity College, Dublin
–
The
Book of Kells is the most famous of the volumes in the Trinity College Library. Shown here is the Madonna and Child from Kells (folio 7v).
Trinity College, Dublin
–
Bram Stoker
24.
UCLA Film School
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The UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, is one of the 11 schools within the University of California, Los Angeles located in Los Angeles, California. Its creation was groundbreaking in that it was the first time a university had combined all three of these aspects into a single administration. The undergraduate program is ranked among the worlds top drama departments. The graduate programs are usually ranking within the top three nationally, according to the U. S. News & World Report. Among the schools resources are the Geffen Playhouse and the UCLA Film & Television Archive, the Archive constitutes one of the largest collections of media materials in the United States — second only to the Library of Congress in Washington, D. C. Its vaults hold more than 220,000 motion picture and television titles and 27 million feet of newsreel footage, the Schools enrollment, in 2014, consisted of 631 students. For Fall 2014, the School received 4,442 applications, with 140 faculty members teaching 335 undergrads and 296 graduate students, the teacher to student ratio is about 1,5. The roots of the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television go back to 1947 when the Theater Arts Department was created at UCLA, twenty years later, in 1987, The College of Fine Arts was disbanded. The School of Theater, Film and Television was created in 1990, and Gilbert Cates, curriculum was expanded, new faculty was hired, and entertainment industry connections were strengthened. In 1999, Robert Rosen became UCLA TFT’s second dean, a distinguished professor and film historian, Rosen had earlier spearheaded the expansion of the UCLA Film & Television Archive into one of the largest collections of moving image material. As dean, Rosen expanded the School’s international influence with strong alliances, UCLA alumna Teri Schwartz became dean of UCLA TFT in 2009. A former award-winning feature film producer, she was previously the dean of the School of Film and Television at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. ”The Skoll Center for Social Impact Entertainment at UCLA TFT was created in partnership with Participant Media founder. Skoll donated $10 million for the center, the first of its kind dedicated solely to advancing entertainment, the work of the Center is organized around three pillars, research, education and special initiatives, and public programming and exhibition. The program teaches the general studies of theater broadly, before allowing the student to study their specified area of study, offering Master of Fine Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees, the graduate program requires an audition for all acting applicants, and a possible interview for other candidates. Each applicant must apply for an area of study. Offering Master of Arts, Master of Fine Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees, a Master of Arts and a Doctor of Philosophy degree are available for critical studies. The School also offers certificate programs modeled after the world-renowned MFA curriculum. The goal of this program, which takes place over one academic year, is for the student to start
UCLA Film School
–
Hammer Museum on Wilshire and Westwood Blvds.
25.
The Sunday Times
–
The Sunday Times is the largest-selling British national newspaper in the quality press market category. It is published by Times Newspapers Ltd, a subsidiary of News UK, Times Newspapers also publishes The Times. The two papers were founded independently and have been under common ownership only since 1966 and they were bought by News International in 1981. The Sunday Times occupies a dominant position in the quality Sunday market, its circulation of just under one million equals that of its rivals, The Sunday Telegraph and The Observer. While some other national newspapers moved to a format in the early 2000s. It sells more than twice as many copies as its sister paper, The Times, the Sunday Times has acquired a reputation for the strength of its investigative reporting – much of it by its award-winning Insight team – and also for its wide-ranging foreign coverage. It has a number of writers, columnists and commentators including Jeremy Clarkson. It was Britains first multi-section newspaper and remains substantially larger than its rivals, a typical edition contains the equivalent of 450 to 500 tabloid pages. Besides the main section, it has standalone News Review, Business, Sport, Money. There are three magazines and two tabloid supplements and it publishes The Sunday Times Bestseller List of books in Britain, and a list of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, focusing on UK companies. It also organises The Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival, held annually, and The Sunday Times Festival of Education, the paper began publication on 18 February 1821 as The New Observer, but from 21 April its title was changed to the Independent Observer. On 20 October 1822 it was reborn as The Sunday Times, in January 1823, White sold the paper to Daniel Whittle Harvey, a radical politician. The paper was bought in 1887 by Alice Cornwell, whose father George Cornwell made a fortune in mining in Australia and she then sold it in 1893 to Frederick Beer, who already owned Observer. Beer appointed his wife, Rachel Sassoon Beer, as editor and she was already editor of Observer – the first woman to run a national newspaper – and continued to edit both titles until 1901. There was a change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose. In 1943, the Kemsley Newspapers Group was established, with The Sunday Times becoming its flagship paper, at this time, Kemsley was the largest newspaper group in Britain. On 12 November 1945, Ian Fleming, who later created James Bond, joined the paper as foreign manager, the following month, circulation reached 500,000. On 28 September 1958 the paper launched a separate Review section, in 1959 the Kemsley group was bought by Lord Thomson, and in October 1960 circulation reached one million for the first time
The Sunday Times
–
Plaque to The first number of The Sunday Times, 4 Salisbury Court, London EC4Y
The Sunday Times
–
Edition number 9,813 of The Sunday Times, published on 7 October 2012
26.
The Observer
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The Observer is a British newspaper, published on Sundays. First published in 1791, it is the worlds oldest Sunday newspaper, the first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W. S. Bourne, was the worlds first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600, though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bournes brother made an offer to the government, as a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley. In 1807, the decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold The Observer to William Innell Clement, the woodcut pictures published of the stable and hayloft where the conspirators were arrested reflected a new stage of illustrated journalism that the newspaper pioneered during this time. Clement maintained ownership of The Observer until his death in 1852, during that time, the paper supported parliamentary reform, but opposed a broader franchise and the Chartist leadership. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clements heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, under Snowe, the paper adopted a more liberal political stance, supporting the North during the American Civil War and endorsing universal manhood suffrage in 1866. These positions contributed to a decline in circulation during this time, in 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beers son Frederick became the owner upon Juliuss death in 1880, henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Diceys departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Fredericks wife, Rachel Beer, of the Sassoon family. Though circulation declined during her tenure, she remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of The Sunday Times, upon Fredericks death in 1901, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. After maintaining the editorial leadership for a couple of years. Garvin quickly turned the paper into an organ of political influence, yet the revival in the papers fortunes masked growing political disagreements between Garvin and Northcliffe. These disagreements ultimately led Northcliffe to sell the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911, during this period, the Astors were content to leave the control of the paper in Garvins hands. Under his editorship circulation reached 200,000 during the interwar years, politically the paper pursued an independent Tory stance, which eventually brought Garvin into conflict with Waldorfs more liberal son, David. Their conflict contributed to Garvins departure as editor in 1942, after which the paper took the step of declaring itself non-partisan. Ownership passed to Waldorfs sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor and he remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell, Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune. Under Astors editorship The Observer became the first national newspaper to oppose the governments 1956 invasion of Suez, in 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981
The Observer
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The Observer
27.
Punch (magazine)
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Punch, or The London Charivari was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire established in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and engraver Ebenezer Landells. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, after the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002, Punch was founded on 17 July 1841 by Henry Mayhew and engraver Ebenezer Landells, on an initial investment of £25. It was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon and it was subtitled The London Charivari in homage to Charles Philipons French satirical humour magazine Le Charivari. Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became suggestor in chief until he severed his connection in 1845, the magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 Almanack issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842 due to difficulties the magazine was sold to Bradbury and Evans. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for Charles Dickens, Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the Punch cartoons led to the terms widespread use. The illustrator Archibald Henning designed the cover of the magazines first issues, the cover design varied in the early years, though Richard Doyle designed what became the magazines masthead in 1849. Artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 50s included John Leech, Richard Doyle, John Tenniel and this group became known as The Punch Brotherhood, which also included Charles Dickens who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman and Hall in 1843. Punch authors and artists contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week. In the 1860s and 1870s, conservative Punch faced competition from upstart liberal journal Fun, at Evanss café in London, the two journals had Round tables in competition with each other. Punch gave several phrases to the English language, including The Crystal Palace, several British humour classics were first serialised in Punch, such as the Diary of a Nobody and 1066 and All That. Towards the end of the century, the artistic roster included Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Francis Carruthers Gould. Among the outstanding cartoonists of the century were Bernard Partridge, H. M. Bateman, Bernard Hollowood who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968, Kenneth Mahood. Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000, sales declined steadily thereafter, ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 1992 after 150 years of publication. Punch was widely emulated worldwide and popular in the colonies, however, the colonial experience, especially in India, also influenced Punch and its iconography. Tenniels Punch cartoons of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny led to a surge in the magazines popularity, colonial India was time and again caricatured in Punch and can be seen as a significant source for producing knowledge about India. Many Punch cartoonists of the late 20th century published collections of their own, Punch magazine ceased publishing in 1992
Punch (magazine)
Punch (magazine)
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Cover of the first Punch, or The London Charivari, depicts Punch hanging a caricatured
Devil, 1841 (see
gallery below for enlarged detail)
Punch (magazine)
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Editorial meeting of Punch magazine in the late 19th century
28.
Jaguar Cars
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Jaguars business was founded as the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922, originally making motorcycle sidecars before developing bodies for passenger cars. Under the ownership of S. S, Cars Limited the business extended to complete cars made in association with Standard Motor Co many bearing Jaguar as a model name. The companys name was changed from S. S, Cars to Jaguar Cars in 1945. Jaguar was de-merged from British Leyland and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1984, Jaguar has, in recent years, manufactured cars for the British Prime Minister, the most recent delivery being an XJ in May 2010. The company also holds royal warrants from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles, the carmaker said around 1,000 academics and engineers would work there and that construction would start in 2014. The Swallow Sidecar Company was founded in 1922 by two motorcycle enthusiasts, William Lyons and William Walmsley, in 1934 Walmsley elected to sell-out and Lyons formed S. S. Cars Limited funding the replacement of Walmsleys investment by issuing shares to the public, the SS Jaguar name first appeared in September 1935 on a 2. 5-litre saloon, sports models of which were the SS90 and SS100. On 23 March 1945 the S. S, Cars shareholders in general meeting agreed to change the companys name to Jaguar Cars Limited. Said Chairman William Lyons Unlike S. S. the name Jaguar is distinctive, Jaguar made its name by producing a series of successful eye-catching sports cars, the Jaguar XK120, Jaguar XK140, Jaguar XK150, and Jaguar E-Type, all embodying Lyons mantra of value for money. The sports cars were successful in motorsport, a path followed in the 1950s to prove the engineering integrity of the companys products. Jaguars sales slogan for years was Grace, Space, Pace, during the time this slogan was used, but the exact text varied. It had a hemispherical cylinder head with valves inclined from the vertical, originally at 30 degrees and 45 degrees. As fuel octane ratings were low from 1948 onwards, three piston configuration were offered, domed, flat, and dished. The main designer, William Bill Heynes, assisted by Walter Wally Hassan, was determined to develop the Twin OHC unit, Bill Lyons agreed over misgivings from Hassan. It was risky to take what had previously considered a racing or low-volume and cantankerous engine needing constant fettling. The subsequent engine was the powerplant of Jaguar, used in the XK120, Mk VII Saloon, Mk I and II Saloons. It was also employed in the E Type, itself a development from the winning and Le Mans conquering C and D Type Sports Racing cars refined as the short-lived XKSS. Properly maintained, the standard production XK Engine would achieve 200,000 miles of useful life, Two of the proudest moments in Jaguars long history in motor sport involved winning the Le Mans 24 hours race, firstly in 1951 and again in 1953
Jaguar Cars
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The original SS Jaguar marque
Jaguar Cars
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The 2½-litre, 68 hp 1935
SS 90
Jaguar Cars
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SS Jaguar 3½-litre, 125 hp drophead coupé 1940
Jaguar Cars
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XK engine in an
E-Type
29.
The Big Tease
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The Big Tease is a 1999 comedy film starring Craig Ferguson, directed by Kevin Allen, and written by Ferguson and Sacha Gervasi. The documentary team follows Crawford to L. A. where he discovers that his invitation is to be a member of the rather than a competitor. He eventually weasels his way into the contest and produces the greatest creation of his career, the script was snapped up by Warner Brothers after a five-day bidding war. Warner Brothers was the studio prepared to immediately greenlight the film. A fast turnaround was required so it could be shot while Ferguson was on hiatus from The Drew Carey Show. The Big Tease was not the only hairdressing film in development at the time, The Big Tease was released first in 1999 and it took casting director Kris Nicolau about five weeks to fill all seventy roles in the film. Frances Fisher was originally to read for the part of Monique, instead she opted to play Candy, the publicist. Craig Ferguson attended a hairdressing institute to learn all about the art of hairdressing, the hairpieces used in the final Platinum Scissors competition are made from real human hair. Acrylic doesnt photograph well and ends up looking like plastic, each hairpiece weighed about 4 pounds The Big Tease at the Internet Movie Database The Big Tease at AllMovie The Big Tease at Box Office Mojo The Big Tease at Rotten Tomatoes
The Big Tease
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The Big Tease
30.
Craig Ferguson
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Craig Ferguson is a Scottish-American television host, comedian, actor, writer, and producer. He is the host of both the game show Celebrity Name Game, for which he has won two Daytime Emmy Awards, and of Join or Die with Craig Ferguson on History. He was also the host of the CBS late-night talk show The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. After starting his career in Britain with music, comedy and theatre and he has written and starred in three films, directing one of them, and has appeared in several others, including several voice-over roles for animations. Ferguson has also two books, Between the Bridge and the River, a novel, and American on Purpose. He was naturalised as a United States citizen in 2008, Ferguson was born in Stobhill Hospital, in the Springburn district of Glasgow, to Robert and Janet Ferguson, on 17 May 1962, and raised in nearby Cumbernauld, growing up chubby and bullied. When he was six months old, he and his family moved from their Springburn flat to a house in Cumbernauld. They lived there as Glasgow was re-housing many people following damage to the city from World War II, Ferguson attended Muirfield Primary School and Cumbernauld High School. At age sixteen, Ferguson left Cumbernauld High School and began an apprenticeship to be a technician at a local factory of American company Burroughs Corporation. His first visit to the United States was in 1975 when he was 13 to visit an uncle who lived on Long Island, when he moved to New York City in 1983, he worked in construction in Harlem. Ferguson later became a bouncer at the nightclub Save the Robots, Fergusons experience in entertainment began as a drummer in a rock band called Exposure. He then joined a band called The Bastards from Hell. The band, later renamed Dreamboys, and fronted by vocalist Peter Capaldi, Ferguson credits Capaldi for inspiring him to try comedy. After a nerve-wracking first appearance, he decided to create a character that was a parody of all the native folk singers who seemed to infect every public performance in Scotland. The character, Bing Hitler, premiered in Glasgow, and subsequently became a hit at the 1986 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. A recording of his act as Bing Hitler was made at Glasgows Tron Theatre and released in the 1980s. After enjoying success at the Edinburgh Festival, Ferguson appeared on television in Red Dwarf, STVs Hogmanay Show, in 1990 a pilot was broadcast The Craig Ferguson Show, a one-off comedy pilot for Granada Television, which co-starred Paul Whitehouse and Helen Atkinson-Wood. This was followed by Fergusons own 1992 show 2000 Not Out, in 1993, Ferguson presented a series on Scottish archaeology for Scottish Television entitled Dirt Detective
Craig Ferguson
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Ferguson at
Comic-Con in July 2013
Craig Ferguson
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Performing stand-up in New York City, 2007.
