1.
Sachsen-class ironclad
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The Sachsen class of armored frigates was a class of four ships built by the Imperial German Navy in the late 1870s to early 1880s. The ships—Sachsen, Bayern, Württemberg, and Baden—were designed to operate as part of a coastal defense network. The ships were intended to sortie from fortified bases to break up a blockade or landing attempt. Armed with six 26 cm guns, they were intended to fight hostile ironclads on relatively equal terms. Following their commissionings in 1878–1883, the four ships served with the fleet on numerous training exercises and cruises in the 1880s and 1890s. They also participated in several cruises escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II on state visits to Great Britain and to cities in the Baltic Sea in the late 1880s. In the late 1890s, the four ships were rebuilt, their secondary batteries were modernized. They were removed from active duty between 1902 and 1910 and relegated to secondary duties, Sachsen and Bayern became target ships while Württemberg became a torpedo training ship. The three ships were broken up for scrap in 1919–1920, baden was used as a boom defense hulk from 1910 to 1920, when she became a target ship. She survived until 1938, when she was sold for scrapping, design work on the Sachsen class began in 1872 and lasted until 1874. The ships were intended to operate in the Baltic Sea as a component of an integrated coastal defense system proposed by General Albrecht von Stosch. Stosch designated the ships Ausfallkorvetten, denoting their intended use, in the event of war with a superior naval power and the imposition of a naval blockade, the Sachsen-class ships would sortie from fortified bases to attack the blockaders. They also had the task of breaking up landing attempts, the German railway network linked the bases so ground forces could be transferred to the sites of enemy landings. Their roles imposed several limitations on the vessels. The vessels were designed to operate in areas, which required a shallow draft in order for them to be able to enter any port on the Baltic seaboard. They also required a heavy armament, in order for them to be able to engage any hostile ironclad on equal terms, because Stosch envisioned only local deployments for the vessels, they had limited coal stowage, as they could easily replenish their supply. The ships of the Sachsen class were 98.20 m long overall and they had a beam of 18.40 m and a draft of 6.32 m forward and 6.53 m aft. At the designed displacement, the vessels displaced 7,635 metric tons, when the vessels were fully loaded, they displaced between 7,742 t and 7,938 t
2.
Blohm+Voss
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Blohm + Voss. also written historically as Blohm & Voss and Blohm und Voss. is a German shipbuilding and engineering company. It is currently a subsidiary of ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, the company also oversees maintenance and repair of large cruise ships such as RMS Queen Mary 2 and the MS Queen Victoria. In the 1930s the company established the Hamburger Flugzeugbau subsidiary which built aircraft before and during World War II and, shortly after the wars outbreak, took on its parent companys name. ThyssenKrupp announced in December 2011 that it had agreed the sale of Blohm + Voss civil shipbuilding division to British investment company STAR Capital Partners, on September 28,2016, it was announced that Lürssen would acquire Blohm + Voss in a long-term partnership. Blohm & Voss was founded on 5 April 1877, by Hermann Blohm, the company name was shown with the ampersand until 1955. The companys logo is now a dark blue rectangle with rounded corners bearing the white letters Blohm+Voss. The company has built ships and other large machinery continuously for 125 years and it now builds warships both for the German Navy and for export, as well as oil drilling equipment and ships for numerous commercial customers. It administers the Elbe 17 dry dock at Hamburg, the company is, along with Howaldtswerke at Kiel and Nordseewerke at Emden, a subsidiary of ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems. With the rise of the Nazi Party to power in 1933 and this rescued the company, then run by brothers Rudolf and Walther Blohm, from a financial crisis. From July 1944 to April 1945 the company used inmates of its own concentration subcamp at its shipyard in Hamburg-Steinwerder, a memorial stands on the site of the camp and the company continues to pay an undisclosed amount to the Fund for Compensation of Forced Laborers. The first planes it produced had the company designation Ha, e. g. Ha 135, richard Vogt joined the Hamburger Flugzeugbau as Chief Designer not long after its formation. He was highly innovative and many of his designs had unusual features and his most significant design were flying boats, used by the Luftwaffe for maritime patrol and reconnaissance. Most numerous was the BV138, a twin-boom trimotor, while the BV222 Wiking was much larger, largest of all was the BV238 prototype, the largest aircraft built by any of the Axis forces. Other notable types include the asymmetric BV141, which was built in moderate numbers, Blohm & Voss was established in the days of sail and did not produce a notable steamship until 1900. TS Pretoria and TS Windhuk, Deutsche Ost-Afrika Linie passenger cargo liners, MV Wilhelm Gustloff, Kraft durch Freude cruise ship and the worlds worst maritime disaster when she was sunk towards the end of the Second World War MV Aurora As the Wappen Von Hamburg. It was the first luxury liner to be built after World War II, grille – built as the German state yacht, converted to minelayer at the beginning of World War II, later reconverted to state yacht of Nazi Germany, Hitlers official maritime conveyance. Lady Moura – the 19th-largest private yacht MV Savarona – built for an American heiress in 1931, later the Turkish Presidential yacht and now a charter yacht. Still among the largest yachts, at 446 feet long, some munitions, such as glide bombs, were included in the series designations.111 – a design similar to the 237, except that it was a flying boat with three engines
3.
Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
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Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft is a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Kiel. It is part of the ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems group, owned by ThyssenKrupp, the Howaldtswerke shipyard was founded in Kiel in 1838 and merged with Hamburg-based Deutsche Werft to form Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft in 1968. The companys shipyard was used by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft until the end of World War II. The first steam engine for naval purposes was built in 1849 for the Von der Tann, in 1850, the company built an early submarine, Brandtaucher, designed by Wilhelm Bauer. It had been intended to build the boat in Rendsburg but Danish forces advanced too close during the First Schleswig War, the first ship built under the companys new name Howaldtswerke was a small steamer, named Vorwärts, built in 1865. Business expanded rapidly as Germany became a power and, by the start of the 20th century. In 1892 the company started a subsidiary in Austrian-Hungarian Fiume on the coast of the Adriatic Sea, the subsidiary closed ten years later but the yard remains open under the name 3. With Kiel being one of the two bases of the Kaiserliche Marine, the shipyard also benefited much from navy maintenance, repair. During World War I the company built a number of U-boats. By 1937, the company had yards in Kiel and in Hamburg, during World War II, Howaldtswerke built 33 VIIC U-boats in Hamburg and 31 in Kiel. After the end of World War II, Howaldtswerke was the only shipyard in Kiel that was not dismantled. The yard flourished during the miracle of the 1960s, with the construction of freighters and tankers. In 1968 Howaldtswerke merged with Deutsche Werft in Hamburg, and the company took the new name Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, pressure from cheaper competitors in Japan and South Korea caused the closure of the Hamburg yard in 1985. In March 2002 the American financial investor One Equity Partner took the majority of the Babcock AG at HDW, shortly after that the Babcock AG had to file for insolvency and called for a reserved transaction, but the OEP was able to avoid this. In January 2005, HDW became a subsidiary of ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, the group employs around 6,600 workers. In 2009, HDW worked with Kockums and Northrop Grumman to offer a Visby class corvette derivative in the American Focused Mission Vessel Study, in July 2011, TKMS announced that it has confirmed an existing deal to sell the civilian shipbuilding assets of HDW Gaarden to Abu Dhabi MAR
4.
Nordseewerke
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Nordseewerke Emden GmbH was a shipbuilding company, located in the north German city of Emden. Founded in 1903 shipbuilding ended in 2010 and the company was taken over by the Schaaf Industrie AG, the shipyard employed some 1,400 people in the last years and with that it was the second-largest employer in Emden, following the plant of the Volkswagen automotive company. Today the situation is critical and only few of the former coworkers of the shipyard are still employed with the new owner SIAG. Nordseewerke was founded on March 11,1903 and was one of the oldest among the shipyards in Germany. Successor is the Schaaf Industrie AG, the company built merchant ships of all categories but also ships for the Kaiserliche Marine during World War I, the Kriegsmarine later and todays modern Deutsche Marine. The shipyard has also constructed ships for use by navies, like the Kobben and Ula class submarines for the Royal Norwegian Navy. In the past 20 years, submarines were also exported to South Africa, Argentina, besides container and other freight-carrying ships Nordseewerke also built naval vessels. In 1971, the cruise liner Sea Venture was constructed, the ship is well known as the film location of The Love Boat. 6,2004 Seehafen Verlag GmbH, Hamburg, ISBN 3-87743-806-7 Company homepage U-boats built by Nordseewerke during WWII ThyssenKrupp base information about Nordseewerke
5.
German Navy
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The German Navy is the navy of Germany and part of the unified Bundeswehr, the German Armed Forces. The German Navy was originally known as the Bundesmarine from 1956 until 1995 when Deutsche Marine became the name with respect to the 1990 incorporation of the East German Volksmarine. It is deeply integrated into the NATO alliance and its primary mission is protection of Germanys territorial waters and maritime infrastructure as well as sea lines of communication. Apart from this, the German Navy participates in peacekeeping operations and they also participate in Anti-Piracy operations. The German Navy traces its roots back to the Reichsflotte of the era of 1848–52. The Reichsflotte was the first German navy to sail under the black-red-gold flag, in 1956, with West Germanys accession to NATO, the Bundesmarine, as the navy was known colloquially, was formally established. In the same year the East German Volkspolizei See became the Volksmarine, during the Cold war the all of the German Navys combat vessels were assigned to NATOs Allied Forces Baltic Approachess naval command NAVBALTAP. With the accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 the Volksmarine along with the whole National Peoples Army became part of the Bundeswehr. Since 1995 the name German Navy is used in international context, as of 16 December 2016, the strength of the navy is 16,137 men and women. A number of forces have operated in different periods. The German Navy is also engaged in operations against international terrorism such as Operation Enduring Freedom, presently the largest operation the German Navy is participating in is UNIFIL off the coast of Lebanon. The German contribution to this operation is two frigates, four fast attack craft, and two auxiliary vessels, the naval component of UNIFIL has been under German command. The navy is operating a number of development and testing installations as part of an inter-service, among these is the Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters, an affiliated centre of Allied Command Transformation. The COE CSW was established in April 2007 and officially accredited by NATO on 26 May 2009 and it is co-located with the staff of the German Flotilla 1 in Kiel whose Commander is double-hatted as Director, COE CSW. The displacement of the navy is 220,000 tonnes, in addition, the German Navy and the Royal Danish Navy are in cooperation in the Ark Project. This agreement made the Ark Project responsible for the strategic sealift of German armed forces where the charter of three roll-on-roll-off cargo and troop ships are ready for deployments. In addition, these ships are kept available for the use of the other European NATO countries. The three vessels have a displacement of 60,000 tonnes
6.
Brandenburg-class frigate
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The F123 Brandenburg class is a class of German frigate. They were ordered by the German Navy in June 1989, and these frigates primarily carry out antisubmarine warfare, but they also contribute to antiaircraft warfare defenses, the tactical command of squadrons, and surface-to-surface warfare operations. Their design includes some stealth features, currently the F123 class is being upgraded under the auspices of the Fähigkeitsanpassung FüWES project. The primary component being upgraded under this program is the Combat Management System, the ships will also receive an IFF upgrade, to the EADS MSSR2000 I secondary radar system. However, its primary radars, specifically its long-range 2D search radar, the Thales Nederland LW08, and its medium-range 3D surveillance radar, all ships of the class are named after German Bundesländer and are based in Wilhelmshaven as 2. On the morning of Wednesday 9 December 2015, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was involved in a collision with the container ship Nordic Bremen causing damage to both vessels, the cause of the incident is currently under investigation, though some reports suggest it was caused by wind conditions. MEKO140 MEKO360 MEKO A-200 Valour Type 23 frigate Halifax-class frigate Anzac-class frigate Formidable-class frigate La Fayette-class frigate naval-technology. com
7.
Frigate
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A frigate /ˈfrɪɡᵻt/ is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries. In the 17th century, this term was used for any warship built for speed and maneuverability and these could be warships carrying their principal batteries of carriage-mounted guns on a single deck or on two decks. The term was used for ships too small to stand in the line of battle. In the late 19th century, the frigate was a type of ironclad warship that for a time was the most powerful type of vessel afloat. The term frigate was used because such ships still mounted their principal armaments on a continuous upper deck. Ship classes dubbed frigates have more closely resembled corvettes, destroyers, cruisers. The rank frigate captain derives from the name of type of ship. The term frigate originated in the Mediterranean in the late 15th century, referring to a lighter galleass type ship with oars, sails and a light armament, built for speed and maneuverability. The etymology of the word is unknown, although it may have originated as a corruption of aphractus, aphractus was, in turn, derived from the Ancient Greek phrase ἄφρακτος ναῦς, or undefended ship. In 1583, during the Eighty Years War, Habsburg Spain recovered the Southern Netherlands from the rebellious Dutch and this soon led to the occupied ports being used as bases for privateers, the Dunkirkers, to attack the shipping of the Dutch and their allies. To achieve this they developed small, maneuverable, sailing vessels that came to be referred to as frigates, in French, the term frigate became a verb, meaning to build long and low, and an adjective, adding further confusion. Even the huge English Sovereign of the Seas could be described as a frigate by a contemporary after her upper decks were reduced in 1651. The navy of the Dutch Republic was the first navy to build the larger ocean-going frigates, the first two tasks required speed, shallowness of draft for the shallow waters around the Netherlands, and the ability to carry sufficient supplies to maintain a blockade. The third task required heavy armament, sufficient to fight against the Spanish fleet, the first of these larger battle-capable frigates were built around 1600 at Hoorn in Holland. The effectiveness of the Dutch frigates became most visible in the Battle of the Downs in 1639, encouraging most other navies, especially the English, to adopt similar designs. The fleets built by the Commonwealth of England in the 1650s generally consisted of ships described as frigates, the largest of which were two-decker great frigates of the third rate. Carrying 60 guns, these vessels were as big and capable as great ships of the time, however, most other frigates at the time were used as cruisers, independent fast ships. The term frigate implied a long hull design, which relates directly to speed and also, in turn, in Danish, the word fregat is often applied to warships carrying as few as 16 guns, such as HMS Falcon which the British classified as a sloop
8.
Combined diesel and gas
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It consists of diesel engines for cruising and gas turbines that can be switched on for high-speed transits. Because of that, special multi-speed gearboxes are needed and this contrasts to CODOG systems, which couple the diesels with a simple, fixed ratio gearbox to the shaft, but disengages when the turbine is switched on. Some ships even have three different gear ratios for the engines, one each for single diesel and double diesel cruises. Still it retains the high efficiency of diesel engines when cruising, allowing greater range. On the other hand, a complex, heavy and troublesome gearing is needed. Typical cruising speed of CODAG warships on diesel-power is 20 kn, CODAG has been pioneered by Germany with the Köln-class frigate. Sometimes the engine arrangement of engine and gas turbine with each system using its own shafts. The propellers of the idling systems cause drag, CODAG Water jet And Refined Propeller, a system developed by Blohm + Voss as option for their MEKO line of ships, also falls in this category but avoids the above-mentioned problems. CODAG WARP uses two diesel engines to two propellers in a CODAD arrangement, i. e. both shafts can also be powered by any single engine, and a centerline water jet powered by a gas turbine. The idling water jet doesnt cause drag and since its nozzle can be placed further aft, another way to combine the two types of engines is to connect them to generators and drive the propellers electrically as in a diesel-electric. This also permits propeller pods with the propulsion motors inside the pods, combined gas and gas CODAG WARP @ naval-technology. com
9.
Drive shaft
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As torque carriers, drive shafts are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the difference between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be enough to bear the stress, whilst avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia. The term drive shaft first appeared during the mid 19th century, in Stovers 1861 patent reissue for a planing and matching machine, the term is used to refer to the belt-driven shaft by which the machine is driven. The term is not used in his original patent, another early use of the term occurs in the 1861 patent reissue for the Watkins and Bryson horse-drawn mowing machine. Here, the term refers to the transmitting power from the machines wheels to the gear train that works the cutting mechanism. In the 1890s, the term began to be used in a closer to the modern sense. In 1899, Bukey used the term to describe the shaft transmitting power from the wheel to the machinery by a universal joint in his Horse-Power. In the same year, Clark described his Marine Velocipede using the term to refer to the shaft transmitting power through a universal joint to the propeller shaft. Crompton used the term to refer to the shaft between the transmission of his steam-powered Motor Vehicle of 1903 and the driven axle, an automobile may use a longitudinal shaft to deliver power from an engine/transmission to the other end of the vehicle before it goes to the wheels. A pair of short drive shafts is commonly used to power from a central differential, transmission. In front-engined, rear-drive vehicles, a drive shaft is also required to send power the length of the vehicle. Two forms dominate, The torque tube with a universal joint. This system became known as Système Panhard after the automobile company Panhard et Levassor patented it, most of these vehicles have a clutch and gearbox mounted directly on the engine, with a drive shaft leading to a final drive in the rear axle. When the vehicle is stationary, the drive shaft does not rotate, some vehicles, seeking improved weight balance between front and rear, use a rear-mounted transaxle. This places the clutch and transmission at the rear of the car, in this case the drive shaft rotates continuously with the engine, even when the car is stationary and out of gear. A drive shaft connecting a rear differential to a wheel may be called a half-shaft. The name derives from the fact that two such shafts are required to one rear axle. Early automobiles often used chain drive or belt drive mechanisms rather than a drive shaft, some used electrical generators and motors to transmit power to the wheels
10.
Variable-pitch propeller
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A controllable-pitch propeller or variable-pitch propeller is a type of propeller with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change the blade pitch. Reversible propellers—those where the pitch can be set to negative values—can also create reverse thrust for braking or going backwards without the need to change the direction of shaft revolution. Propellers whose blade pitch could be adjusted while the aircraft was on the ground were used by a number of aviation pioneers. In 1919 L. E. Baynes AFRAeS patented the first automatic variable-pitch airscrew, dr Henry Selby Hele-Shaw and T. E. The first practical controllable-pitch propeller for aircraft was introduced in 1932, French firm Ratier pioneered variable-pitch propellers of various designs from 1928 onwards, relying on a special ball bearing helicoïdal ramp at the root of the blades for easy operation. Use of these pneumatic propellers required presetting the propeller to fine pitch prior to take-off and this was done by pressurizing the bladder with a bicycle pump, hence the whimsical nickname Gonfleurs dhélices given to the aircraft ground mechanics in France up to this day. Especially for cruising, the engine can operate in its most economical range of rotational speeds, with the exception of going into reverse for braking after touch-down, the pitch is usually controlled automatically without the pilots intervention. A propeller with a controller that adjusts the blade pitch so that the rotational speed always stays the same is called a constant-speed propeller, a propeller with controllable pitch can have a nearly constant efficiency over a range of airspeeds. A common type of propeller is hydraulically actuated, it was originally developed by Frank W. Caldwell of the Hamilton Standard Division of the United Aircraft Company. The French company of Pierre Levasseur and Smith Engineering Co. in the United States also developed controllable-pitch propellers, Smith propellers were used by Wiley Post on some of his flights. Another common type was developed by Wallace R. Turnbull. This electrically-operated mechanism was first tested in on June 6,1927 at Camp Borden, Ontario, Canada and it was favoured by some pilots in World War II, because even when the engine was no longer running the propeller could be feathered. On hydraulically-operated propellers the feathering had to happen before the loss of pressure in the engine. Hydraulic operation is too expensive and bulky, and instead light aircraft use propellers that are activated mechanically or electrically, the Silence Twister prototype kitplane was fitted with the V-Prop, an automatic self-energising and electronically self-adjusting VP propeller. When fully loaded, a vessel obviously needs more power than when empty. By varying the propeller blades to the pitch, higher efficiency can be obtained. A vessel with a VPP can accelerate faster from a standstill, a VPP can also improve vessel maneuverability by directing a stronger flow of water onto the rudder. However, a propeller is both cheaper and more robust than a VPP
11.
MTU Friedrichshafen
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MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH is a manufacturer of commercial internal combustion engines founded by Wilhelm Maybach and his son Karl Maybach in 1909. Wilhelm Maybach was the director of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft, a predecessor company of the German multinational automotive corporation Daimler AG. On 23 March 1909, he founded the new company, Luftfahrzeug-Motorenbau GmbH, a few years later the company was renamed to Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH, which originally developed and manufactured diesel and petrol engines for Zeppelins, and then railcars. The Maybach Mb. IVa was used in aircraft and airships of World War I, the company first built an experimental car in 1919, with the first production model introduced two years later at the Berlin Motor Show. Between 1921 and 1940, the company produced various classic opulent vehicles, the company also continued to build heavy duty diesel engines for marine and rail purposes. During the Second World War, Maybach produced the engines for Germanys medium, the company was renamed MTU Friedrichshafen in the 1960s and continued to supply the engines for the Leopard 2 main battle tank. MTU derives from Motoren- und Turbinen-Union meaning Motor and Turbine Union, MTU Friedrichshafen remained a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler until 2006 when it was sold off to the EQT IV private equity fund, becoming a part of the Tognum Corporation. Rolls-Royce Holdings and Daimler AG acquired Tognum in 2011, in 2014, Tognum was renamed Rolls-Royce Power Systems, having become a 100 per cent subsidiary of Rolls-Royce Holdings. 1909, Foundation of Luftfahrzeug-Motorenbau GmbH in Bissingen an der Enz as part of the Zeppelin corporation, the company manufactures engines for airships. 1912, 1911/12 relocation to Friedrichshafen, the name is changed to Motorenbau GmbH,1918, Motorenbau GmbH is renamed Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH. After the end of the First World War the company began to manufacture car engines,1966, Merger of the two companies Mercedes-Benz Motorenbau Friedrichshafen GmbH and Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH to form Maybach Mercedes-Benz Motorenbau GmbH. 1969, Maybach Mercedes-Benz Motorenbau GmbH is renamed Motoren und Turbinen-Union Friedrichshafen GmbH, the company is a subsidiary of MTU München GmbH which is owned at equal shares by Daimler-Benz AG and MAN AG until 1985. 1989, Incorporation of MTU Friedrichshafen in Deutsche Aero-space AG, a company of the Daimler-Benz Group,2001, MTU Motoren- und Turbinen-Union Friedrichshafen GmbH is renamed MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH. 2006, The business is transferred into the new holding company Tognum,2009, MTU Friedrichshafen celebrates its centenary. In the same introduction of the new Series 1600, rounding off the performance range at the lower end of the product portfolio. PPGs engineers worked closely with the builders to develop a system that meets weight goals and provides easy installation, city of Portland Fire boats - Pacific Power Group provided a complete propulsion power solution. Pacific designed and engineered the solution which included the main engines, transmissions, the vessels are powered by MTU 8V2000 M84 engines and Rolls-Royce FF450S waterjets. This allows significantly faster response times in the city’s large emergency response area, National Geographic Expedition Vessels - Two 12-cylinder Series 4000 M54 engines, each producing 1,600 hp at 1,800 rpm, will provide propulsion
12.
Diesel engine
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Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a degree that it ignites atomised diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as an engine or gas engine. In diesel engines, glow plugs may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a lower compression-ratio, the original diesel engine operates on the constant pressure cycle of gradual combustion and produces no audible knock. Low-speed diesel engines can have an efficiency that exceeds 50%. Diesel engines may be designed as either two-stroke or four-stroke cycles and they were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electricity generation plants followed later, in the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the US increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars accounts for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK. The worlds largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail marine diesel, the definition of a Diesel engine to many has become an engine that uses compression ignition. To some it may be an engine that uses heavy fuel oil, to others an engine that does not use spark ignition. However the original cycle proposed by Rudolf Diesel in 1892 was a constant temperature cycle which would require higher compression than what is needed for compression ignition. Diesels idea was to compress the air so tightly that the temperature of the air would exceed that of combustion, to make this more clear, let it be assumed that the subsequent combustion shall take place at a temperature of 700°. Then in that case the pressure must be sixty-four atmospheres, or for 800° centigrade the pressure must be ninety atmospheres. In later years Diesel realized his original cycle would not work, Diesel describes the cycle in his 1895 patent application. Notice that there is no longer a mention of compression temperatures exceeding the temperature of combustion, now all that is mentioned is the compression must be high enough for ignition. In 1806 Claude and Nicéphore Niépce developed the first known internal combustion engine, the Pyréolophore fuel system used a blast of air provided by a bellows to atomize Lycopodium
13.
General Electric LM2500
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The General Electric LM2500 is an industrial and marine gas turbine produced by GE Aviation. The LM2500 is a derivative of the General Electric CF6 aircraft engine, the LM2500 is available in 3 different versions, The LM2500 delivers 33,600 shaft horsepower with a thermal efficiency of 37 percent at ISO conditions. When coupled with a generator, it delivers 24 MW of electricity at 60 Hz with a thermal efficiency of 36 percent at ISO conditions. The improved, 3rd generation, LM2500+ version of the turbine delivers 40,500 shp with an efficiency of 39 percent at ISO conditions. When coupled with a generator, it delivers 29 MW of electricity at 60 Hz with a thermal efficiency of 38 percent at ISO conditions. The latest, 4th generation, LM2500+G4 version was introduced in November 2005, the turbines have been used in various applications such as in warships of the U. S. and a number of other world navies, hydrofoils, hovercraft and fast ferries. As of 2004, more than one thousand LM2500/LM2500+ gas turbines have been in service for more than 29 international navies, recently, the increasing demands for low weight, high power engines in the oil and gas industry has led to GE developing a dedicated version for offshore use. This FPSO version is lighter and more compact, and is being used both for electricity generation and for directly driving compressors, e. g. for compressing natural gas going out into pipelines. The LM2500 was first used in US Navy warships in the Spruance class of destroyers and the related Kidd class, in this configuration it was rated to 21,500 shp. This configuration was used into the 1980s in the Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates. It was also used by one of Peoples Republic of Chinas Type 052 Luhu Class Missile Destroyer acquired before the embargo. In 2001 the LM2500 was installed in a capsule in the South African Navy Valour class frigates as part of a CODAG propulsion system with two MTU 16V1163 TB93 Propulsion Diesels. The current generation was uprated in the late 1990s to over 30,000 shp, LM2500 installations place the engine inside a metal container for sound and heat isolation from the rest of the machinery spaces. This container is very near the size of a standard 40-foot intermodal shipping container - but not the same, the air intake ducting may be designed and shaped appropriately for easy removal of the LM2500 from their ships. The LM2500+ is an evolution of the LM2500, delivering up to 40,200 shp or 28.6 MW of electric energy when combined with an electrical generator, celebrity Cruises uses two LM2500+ engines in their Millennium-class ships in a COGAS cycle. The LM2500 is license-built in Japan by Ishikawajima-Harima, in India by HAL, the LM2500/LM2500+ can often be found as turbine part of CODAG or CODOG propulsion systems or in pairs as powerplants for COGAG systems. Official GE Aviation page for LM2500+, official GE Aviation page for LM2500+G4. FAS information page on US Navy LM2500 usage SA Navy Valour class frigate page Power Generation plants Simple and combined cycle 50Hz Simple and combined cycle 60Hz
14.
Gas turbine
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A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a turbine. The basic operation of the gas turbine is similar to that of the power plant except that the working fluid is air instead of water. Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure, energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion generates a high-temperature flow. This high-temperature high-pressure gas enters a turbine, where it expands down to the exhaust pressure, the turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor and other devices such as an electric generator that may be coupled to the shaft. The energy that is not used for shaft work comes out in the exhaust gases, the purpose of the gas turbine determines the design so that the most desirable energy form is maximized. Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators,50, Heros Engine — Apparently, Heros steam engine was taken to be no more than a toy, and thus its full potential not realized for centuries. 1000, The Trotting Horse Lamp was used by the Chinese at lantern fairs as early as the Northern Song dynasty. When the lamp is lit, the heated airflow rises and drives an impeller with horse-riding figures attached on it,1629, Jets of steam rotated an impulse turbine that then drove a working stamping mill by means of a bevel gear, developed by Giovanni Branca. 1678, Ferdinand Verbiest built a model carriage relying on a jet for power. 1791, A patent was given to John Barber, an Englishman and his invention had most of the elements present in the modern day gas turbines. The turbine was designed to power a horseless carriage,1861, British patent no.1633 was granted to Marc Antoine Francois Mennons for a Caloric engine. The patent shows that it was a gas turbine and the show it applied to a locomotive. Also named in the patent was Nicolas de Telescheff, a Russian aviation pioneer,1872, A gas turbine engine was designed by Franz Stolze, but the engine never ran under its own power. 1894, Sir Charles Parsons patented the idea of propelling a ship with a turbine, and built a demonstration vessel. This principle of propulsion is still of some use,1895, Three 4-ton 100 kW Parsons radial flow generators were installed in Cambridge Power Station, and used to power the first electric street lighting scheme in the city. 1899, Charles Gordon Curtis patented the first gas engine in the USA. 1900, Sanford Alexander Moss submitted a thesis on gas turbines, in 1903, Moss became an engineer for General Electrics Steam Turbine Department in Lynn, Massachusetts
15.
Thales Nederland
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Thales Nederland B. V. is a subsidiary of Thales Group involved primarily in naval defence systems. Other areas of business include air defence, communications, optronics, cryogenic cooling systems, the company was founded in 1922 in Hengelo as NV Hazemeyers Fabriek van Signaalapparaten by Hazemeyer and Siemens & Halske for the development of naval fire-control systems. It was way to get around the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles which did not allow German companies to manufacture military equipment, in 1940 the companys factory was captured by the invading German Army. After the war the company was nationalised as N. V. Hollandse Signaalapparaten, in 1956 the majority of Signaal shares were purchased by Philips, a Netherlands-based electronics company. Between 1956 and the end of the Cold War Signaals business expanded to the point where it had customers in 35 countries, in 1990 Philips decided defence was not a core activity and sold Signaal to Thomson-CSF, a French electronics and defence contractor. With the renaming of Thomson to Thales in 2000 Thomson-CSF Signaal became Thales Nederland. V
16.
SMART-L
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SMART-L is a naval long-range search radar from Thales Nederland, formerly Hollandse Signaalapparaten. The passive electronically scanned array antenna has 24 elements, all are used for reception, the beams vertical elevation, and compensation for ship movement, is done electronically. Horizontal training is done by rotating the entire array. As designed, SMART-L has a range of 400 km against patrol aircraft. A software upgrade, Extended Long Range Mode, extends the range to 480 km. In 2006 HNLMS Tromp used the ELR Mode to track an ARAV-B missile from 150 km during a US Navy ballistic missile defence exercise. SMART-L SMART-L Early Warning Capability SMART-L EWC Ground Based S1850M Antenna system, Dimensions,8.4 ×4 ×4.4 m,7,800 kg Number of antenna elements,24 Number of beams formed,16 Beamwidth 2
17.
Active Phased Array Radar
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Active Phased Array Radar is a shipborne multifunction 3D radar developed and manufactured by Thales Nederland. APAR has four fixed sensor arrays, fixed on a pyramidal structure, each face consists of 3424 transmit/receive modules operating at X band frequencies. APAR is installed on four Royal Netherlands Navy LCF De Zeven Provinciën class frigates, APARs missile guidance capability supports the Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile and the SM-2 Block IIIA missile. In November 2003, approximately 200 nautical miles from the Azores, the firings were performed by the RNLNs HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën and involved the firing of a single ESSM and a single SM-2 Block IIIA. These firings were the first ever live firings involving a full-size ship-borne Active Electronically Scanned Array guiding missiles using the ICWI technique in an operational environment. As related by Janes Navy International, During the tracking and missile-firing tests, APAR immediately acquired the missile and maintained track until destruction. These ground-breaking tests represented the worlds first live verification of the ICWI technique, further live firings were performed by the RNLNs HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën in March 2005, again in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 180 nautical miles west of the Azores. The long-range SM-2 engagement apparently resulted in an intercept at a range of greater than 100 km from the ship, with a miss distance of 2. APAR is typically paired with Thales Nederlands SMART-L passive electronically scanned array radar, SMART-L is a long-range Volume Search Radar that is able to provide volume search and tracking out to 480 km. The whole system is called Anti-Air Warfare Systems, and is based on the NATO Anti-Air Warfare concept of the late 1980s, as discussed below, some have questioned the optimality of separate MFR/VSR installations on-board ship. However, the wisdom of NATOs concept is evident to this author, some tasks are difficult to combine, for example volume search takes a lot of radar resources, leaving little room for other tasks such as targeting. Combining volume search with other tasks also results either in slow search rates or in low overall quality per task, driving parameters in radar performance is time-on-target or observation time per beam. This is perhaps a the key reason why the Royal Navy selected the S1850M Long Range Radar to complement Sampson on the Type 45 destroyers. It is also a reason why NATO in its NATO Anti-Air Warfare System study defined the preferred AAW system as consisting of a complementary Volume Search Radar and MFR. This - as NATO points out - gives the advantage that the two systems can use two different radar frequencies, one being a good choice for long range search, the other a good choice for an MFR. Ships of the RNLNs De Zeven Provinciën class have been involved in operations off the Horn of Africa. The untraditional target set can apparently be challenging for doppler radars designed to take on high end threats, by sacrificing some of APARs high-end anti-air warfare capabilities, which were deemed unnecessary for the anti-piracy role, its performance and resolution were improved in the surface-search role. The exploits of the RNLNs De Zeven Provinciën class frigate HNLMS Tromp in regards to counter-piracy operations — including the April 2010 rescue of the container ship MV Taipan — are described here, the counter-piracy exploits of the HNLMS Evertsen are outlined here
18.
Infra-red search and track
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An infrared search and track system is a method for detecting and tracking objects which give off infrared radiation such as jet aircraft and helicopters. IRST is a case of forward looking infrared, i. e. from forward-looking to all-round situation awareness. Such systems are passive, meaning they do not give out any radiation of their own and this gives them the advantage that they are difficult to detect. However, because the atmosphere attenuates infrared to some extent and because adverse weather can attenuate it also, within range, angular resolution is better than radar due to the shorter wavelength. The first use of an IRST system appears to be the F-101 Voodoo, F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 had an early IRST mounting replaced in 1963 with a production retractable mount. The IRST was also incorporated into the Vought F-8 Crusader which allowed tracking of heat emissions and was similar to the later Texas Instruments AAA-4 installed on early F-4 Phantoms. The F-4E eliminated the AAA-4 IRST bulge and received a gun mount which took up the area under the nose. The F-4J which had a pulse-doppler radar also eliminated the AAA-4 IRST receiver, the Swedish Saab J-35F2 Draken also used an IRST, a Hughes Aircraft Company N71. These were fairly simple systems consisting of a sensor with a horizontally rotating shutter in front of it. The display was intended to allow the radar operator to manually turn the radar to the approximate angle of the target. The system was considered to be of limited utility, and with the introduction of more automated radars they disappeared from fighter designs for some time. IRST systems re-appeared on more modern designs starting in the 1980s with the introduction of 2-D sensors, sensitivities were also greatly improved, leading to better resolution and range. In more recent years, new systems have entered the market, in 2015, Northrop Grumman introduced its OpenPod IRST pod, which uses a sensor by Selex ES. With infrared homing or fire-and-forget missiles, the aircraft may be able to fire upon the targets without having to turn their radar sets on at all, otherwise, they can turn the radar on and achieve a lock immediately before firing if desired. They could also close to within range and engage that way. Whether or not they use their radar, the IRST system can allow them to launch a surprise attack. An IRST system may also have a regular magnified optical sight slaved to it, as opposed to an ordinary forward looking infrared system, an IRST system will actually scan the space around the aircraft similarly to the way in which mechanically steered radars work. When they find one or more potential targets they will alert the pilot and display the location of each target relative to the aircraft on a screen, IRST systems can incorporate laser rangefinders in order to provide full fire-control solutions for cannon fire or launching missiles
19.
Forward looking infrared
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Forward looking infrared cameras, typically used on military and civilian aircraft, use a thermographic camera that senses infrared radiation. They can be used to help pilots and drivers steer their vehicles at night and in fog, the wavelength of infrared that thermal imaging cameras detect differs significantly from that of night vision, which operates in the visible light and near-infrared ranges. Infrared light falls into two ranges, long-wave and medium-wave. Long-wave infrared cameras, sometimes called far infrared, operate at 8 to 12 μm, and can see heat sources, such as hot engine parts or human body heat, a few miles away. Longer-distance viewing is more difficult with LWIR because the infrared light is absorbed, scattered. Some long-wave cameras require their detector to be cooled, typically for several minutes before use. Many thermal imagers, including some forward-looking infrared cameras are also uncooled, medium-wave cameras operate in the 3-to-5 μm range. These can see almost as well, since those frequencies are affected by water-vapor absorption. Many camera systems use image processing to improve the image quality. Infrared imaging sensor arrays often have wildly inconsistent sensitivities from pixel to pixel, to remedy this, the response of each pixel is measured at the factory, and a transform, most often linear, maps the measured input signal to an output level. Some companies offer advanced fusion technologies that blend a visible-spectrum image with an image to produce better results than a single-spectrum image alone. Thermal imaging cameras, such as the Raytheon AN/AAQ-26, are used in a variety of applications, including vessels, fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters. In warfare, they have three distinct advantages over other imaging technologies, second, it sees radiation in the infrared light spectrum, which is difficult to camouflage. Third, these systems can see through smoke, fog, haze. Pushbroom systems typically have been used on aircraft and satellites, such systems cannot be used for real-time imaging, and must look perpendicular to the direction of travel. In 1972, TI invented the Common Module concept, greatly reducing cost, piloting of aircraft in low visibility conditions Pinpoint sources of ignition during firefighting operations Monitoring active volcanoes. Detecting heat in faulty electrical joints, also, older camera designs used rotating mirrors to scan the image to a small sensor. More modern cameras no longer use this method, the simplification helps reduce cost, uncooled technology available in many EVS products have reduced the costs to fractions of the price of older cooled technology, with similar performance
20.
Radar
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Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, Radio waves from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving information about the objects location and speed. Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before, the term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging. The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun, high tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing, machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels. Other systems similar to make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. One example is lidar, which uses ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves, as early as 1886, German physicist Heinrich Hertz showed that radio waves could be reflected from solid objects. In 1895, Alexander Popov, an instructor at the Imperial Russian Navy school in Kronstadt. The next year, he added a spark-gap transmitter, in 1897, while testing this equipment for communicating between two ships in the Baltic Sea, he took note of an interference beat caused by the passage of a third vessel. In his report, Popov wrote that this phenomenon might be used for detecting objects, the German inventor Christian Hülsmeyer was the first to use radio waves to detect the presence of distant metallic objects. In 1904, he demonstrated the feasibility of detecting a ship in dense fog and he obtained a patent for his detection device in April 1904 and later a patent for a related amendment for estimating the distance to the ship. He also got a British patent on September 23,1904 for a radar system. It operated on a 50 cm wavelength and the radar signal was created via a spark-gap. In 1915, Robert Watson-Watt used radio technology to advance warning to airmen. Watson-Watt became an expert on the use of direction finding as part of his lightning experiments. As part of ongoing experiments, he asked the new boy, Arnold Frederic Wilkins, Wilkins made an extensive study of available units before selecting a receiver model from the General Post Office. Its instruction manual noted that there was fading when aircraft flew by, in 1922, A. Hoyt Taylor and Leo C. Taylor submitted a report, suggesting that this might be used to detect the presence of ships in low visibility, eight years later, Lawrence A. Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa followed prewar Great Britain, and Hungary had similar developments during the war. Hugon, began developing a radio apparatus, a part of which was installed on the liner Normandie in 1935
21.
Sonar
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Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name sonar, passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels, active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds, Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of targets in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar, Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is used for the equipment used to generate. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from low to extremely high. The study of sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics. In the 19th century a bell was used as an ancillary to lighthouses to provide warning of hazards. The use of sound to locate underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the Titanic disaster of 1912. S. Revenue Cutter Miami on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland Canada, in that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications and echo ranging. The so-called Fessenden oscillator, at ca.500 Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the due to the 3 metre wavelength. The ten Montreal-built British H class submarines launched in 1915 were equipped with a Fessenden oscillator, during World War I the need to detect submarines prompted more research into the use of sound. Although piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers later superseded the electrostatic transducers they used, lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones, while Terfenol-D and PMN have been developed for projectors. By 1918, both France and Britain had built prototype active systems, the British tested their ASDIC on HMS Antrim in 1920, and started production in 1922. The 6th Destroyer Flotilla had ASDIC-equipped vessels in 1923, an anti-submarine school, HMS Osprey, and a training flotilla of four vessels were established on Portland in 1924. The US Sonar QB set arrived in 1931, by the outbreak of World War II, the Royal Navy had five sets for different surface ship classes, and others for submarines, incorporated into a complete anti-submarine attack system. The effectiveness of early ASDIC was hamstrung by the use of the charge as an anti-submarine weapon. This required a vessel to pass over a submerged contact before dropping charges over the stern. The hunter was effectively firing blind, during which time a commander could take evasive action
22.
Electronic countermeasures
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An electronic countermeasure is an electrical or electronic device designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar or other detection systems, like infrared or lasers. It may be used offensively and defensively to deny targeting information to an enemy. The system may make many separate targets appear to the enemy and it is used effectively to protect aircraft from guided missiles. Most air forces use ECM to protect their aircraft from attack and it has also been deployed by military ships and recently on some advanced tanks to fool laser/IR guided missiles. It is frequently coupled with stealth advances so that the ECM systems have an easier job, offensive ECM often takes the form of jamming. Defensive ECM includes using blip enhancement and jamming of missile terminal homers, first example of electronic countermeasures being applied in a combat situation took place during the Russo-Japanese war. The spark-gap transmitters in the Russian stations generated senseless noise while the Japanese were making attempts to coordinate their efforts in the bombing of a Russian naval base. Germany and United Kingdom interfered with enemy communications along the front during World War I while the Royal Navy tried to intercept German naval radio transmissions. There were also efforts at sending false radio signals, having shore stations send transmissions using ships call signs, World War II ECM expanded to include dropping chaff, jamming and spoofing radar and navigation signals. German bomber aircraft navigated using radio signals transmitted from ground stations, cold War developments included anti-radiation missiles designed to home in on enemy radar transmitters. In the 2007 Operation Orchard Israeli attack on a suspected Syrian nuclear weapons site, Israeli electronic warfare systems took over Syria’s air defense systems, feeding them a false sky-picture while Israel Air Force jets crossed much of Syria, bombed their targets and returned. Basic radar ECM strategies are radar interference, target modifications, interference techniques include jamming and deception. Jamming is accomplished by a friendly platform transmitting signals on the frequency to produce a noise level sufficient to hide echos. The jammers continuous transmissions will provide a clear direction to the enemy radar, deception may use a transponder to mimic the radar echo with a delay to indicate incorrect range. Transponders may alternatively increase return echo strength to make a small decoy appear to be a larger target, target modifications include radar absorbing coatings and modifications of the surface shape to either stealth a high-value target or enhance reflections from a decoy. Dispersal of small aluminium strips called chaff is a method of changing the electromagnetic properties of air to provide confusing radar echos. ECM is practiced by all modern military units—land, sea or air. Aircraft, however, are the weapons in the ECM battle because they can see a larger patch of earth than a sea or land-based unit
23.
Mark 36 SRBOC
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The SRBOC can also be fitted with the TORCH infrared flare decoy system. A typical ships load is 20 to 35 rounds per launcher, as of 2010, the Mk.36 SRBOC is used by 19 navies around the world. It is similar to the NATO Sea Gnat system, federation of American Scientists page SRBOC Factsheet
24.
OTO Melara 76 mm
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The OTO Melara 76 mm gun is a naval artillery piece built and designed by the Italian defence company Oto Melara. It is based on the Oto Melara 76/62C and evolved toward 76/62 SR, the Oto Melara 76 mm Compatto cannon system is compact enough to be installed on relatively small warships, such as corvettes, avisos, and patrol boats. Specialised ammunition includes armour-piercing, incendiary, directed fragmentation effects, a stealth cupola is now offered. The OTO Melara 76 mm has been exported, currently in use internationally by 60 navies. It has recently been favoured over the French 100mm naval gun for the joint French/Italian Horizon-class frigate project, on 27 September 2006 Iran announced it has started mass production of a marine artillery gun, named the Fajr-27, which is a reverse-engineered Oto Melara 76 mm gun. The Super Rapids higher rate of fire was achieved by designing a faster feed system, DART 76m had a longer range than other CIWS, but the Italian navy wanted an even longer range weapon. The Durand de la Penne class was planned to carry four 40 mm Fast Forty dual turrets. The longer range means one single gun can engage more than one missile in a single engagement, the 76 mm was also capable of being used versus surface targets, being a medium caliber gun with relatively long range. The early versions utilised radars such the RTN-10X Orion, From the early 1980s there was a powerful and flexible system, the RTN-30X. The 76/62 has also used with countless other fire control systems. There have been developments in the fuses, essential to shoot down low-flying missiles. The best fuse developed for the 76/62 guns is arguably the 3A-Plus programmable multi-role fuse, manufactured by Oto Melara and Simmel Difesa and this fuse requires the installation of a fuse programmer in the mount. The system includes a DSP which rejects ground/sea clutter and makes the fuse capable of detecting a missile flying as low as two meters above sea level and it has the capability to recognise a target at a 10-meter stand-off. In all, the fuse greatly increases the effectiveness of the gun when engaging anti-ship missiles, since the 1980s efforts were made for development of guided 76 mm ammunition, but this was not achieved until recently. The first such ammunition was the CCS, also known as CORRETTO, the projectile had several small rockets in order to deviate the trajectory. Radio commands were sent from the ship FCS, the FCS did not know the exact position of the projectile, only that of the target. This system was too complex and unreliable, so OTO studied another development in order to obtain a real guided ammunition. The result of development is a system which was called DAVIDE just for the Italian market
25.
Mauser BK-27
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The BK27 is a 27 mm caliber revolver cannon manufactured by Mauser of Germany. It was developed in the late 1960s for the MRCA program that became the Panavia Tornado. The BK27 is a cannon firing a new series of 27x145 mm cartridges with a typical projectile weight of 260 g. The Mauser BK27 is used in the Panavia Tornado, the Alpha Jet, the JAS39 Gripen, and the Eurofighter Typhoon. At one time the USAF was considering to license its production for the F-35 Lightning II joint strike fighter, but those plans have been cancelled in favour of the GAU-22/A. Rheinmetall has also developed remote controlled naval versions, the MN27 GS and the MLG27 fully automatic naval guns, ninety-nine MLG 27s have been ordered by the German Navy so far. The cannon is a single-barrel, high performance, breech-cylinder gun operated by a fully automatic electrically fired gas-operated system at a rate of 1000 or 1700 rounds per minute. The Mauser BK27 utilizes pyrotechnic cocking charges to cycle the action, the BK27 has a much lower nominal fire rate than the M61 Vulcan, but its fire rate is constant throughout shooting due to the fact the cannon need not spin up
26.
Autocannon
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An autocannon or automatic cannon is a large, fully automatic, rapid-fire projectile weapon that fires armour-piercing or explosive shells, as opposed to the bullet fired by a machine gun. Autocannons often have a larger calibre than a gun, but are usually smaller than a field gun or other artillery. When used on its own, the word autocannon indicates a single-barrel weapon, when multiple rotating barrels are involved, the word rotary is added, and such a weapon is referred to as a rotary autocannon. As such, ammunition is fed from a belt to reduce reloading or for a faster rate of fire. They can use a variety of ammunition, common shells include high-explosive dual-purpose types, any variety of armour-piercing types, both the US25 mm Bushmaster and the British 30 mm Rarden have relatively slow rates of fire so as not to use ammunition too quickly. The rate of fire of a modern autocannon ranges from 90 rounds per minute, systems with multiple barrels can have rates of fire of over 10,000 rounds per minute. The first modern autocannon was the British QF1 pounder, also known as the pom-pom, during the First World War, autocannons were mostly used in the trenches as an anti-aircraft gun. Attempts to use them in aircraft failed as the severely limited both speed and altitude, thus making successful interception impossible. The more effective QF2 pounder naval gun would be developed during the war to serve as an anti-aircraft, autocannons would serve in a much greater capacity during the Second World War. During the inter-war years, aircraft underwent an evolution and the monoplane, pioneered as far back as the end of 1915, almost replaced wood. The subsequent increase in speed and durability greatly reduced the window of opportunity for defence and this was only reversed with the introduction of computer-controlled systems. The German Panzer II light tank, which was one of the most numerous in German service during the invasion of Poland and the campaign in France, used a 20 mm autocannon as its main armament. Although ineffective against tank armour even during the years of the war. Larger examples, such as the 40 mm Vickers S, were mounted in ground attack aircraft to serve as an anti-tank weapon, Polish 20 mm 38 Fk auto cannon was expensive to produce, but an exception. Unlike the Oerlikon, it was effective against all the tanks fielded in 1939, largely because it was built as an upgrade to the Oerlikon, Hispano—Suiza and it, with great difficulty, proved capable of knocking out even early Panzer IIIs and IVs. Only 55 were produced by the time of the Polish Defensive War, in aircraft, several factors brought about the replacement of rifle-calibre machine guns by autocannons. Early autocannons were heavy and had a rate of fire. Along with the speed, the size of aircraft grew substantially, particularly in the 1930s, so that the weight was less of an issue while the rate of fire, and reliability were greatly improved
27.
Vertical launching system
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A vertical launching system is an advanced system for holding and firing missiles on mobile naval platforms, such as surface ships and submarines. Each vertical launch system consists of a number of cells, which can hold one or more ready for firing. Typically, each cell can hold a number of different types of missiles, when the command is given, the missile flies straight up long enough to clear the cell and the ship, and then turns on course. In addition to greater firepower, VLS is much more tolerant and reliable than the previous systems. The U. S. Navy now relies exclusively on VLS for its guided missile destroyers and cruisers, the most widespread vertical launch system in the world is the Mark 41, developed by the United States Navy. More than 11,000 Mark 41 VLS missile cells have been delivered, or are on order, for use on 186 ships across 19 ship classes, the advanced Mark 57 vertical launch system is used on the new Zumwalt-class destroyer. The older Mark 13 and Mark 26 systems remain in service on ships that were sold to countries such as Taiwan. When installed on an SSN, a VLS allows a greater number, cold means relatively cold compared with rocket engine exhaust. A hot launch system does not require a mechanism, but does require some way of disposing of the missiles exhaust. If the missile ignites in a cell without an ejection mechanism and this potentially makes a hot-launch system relatively light, small, and economical to develop and produce, particularly when designed around smaller missiles. A potential disadvantage is that a missile could destroy the launch tube. The advantage of the system is in its safety, should a missile engine malfunction during launch. For this reason, Russian VLSs are often designed with a slant so that a missile will land in the water instead of on the ships deck. As missile size grows, the benefits of ejection launching increase, above a certain size, a missile booster cannot be safely ignited within the confines of a ships hull. Most modern ICBMs and SLBMs are cold-launched, france, Italy and Britain use a similar hot-launching Sylver system in PAAMS. Russia produces both grid systems and a design with more than one missile per lid. Russia also uses a launch system for some of its vertical launch missile systems. BAe has filed patents relating to the use of Vertical Launch missiles from modified passenger aircraft,22 ballistic missile tubes were converted to allow for seven conventional VLS tubes in place of a SLBM tube
28.
RIM-66 Standard
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The RIM-66 Standard MR is a medium-range surface-to-air missile, with a secondary role as anti-ship missile, originally developed for the United States Navy. The SM-1 was developed as a replacement for the RIM-2 Terrier, the RIM-67 Standard is an extended range version of this missile with a solid rocket booster stage. The Standard missile program was started in 1963 to produce a family of missiles to replace existing guided missiles used by the Terrier, Talos, the intention was to produce a new generation of guided missiles that could be retrofit to existing guided missile systems. The RIM-66A is the medium ranged version of the Standard missile and was developed as a replacement for the earlier RIM-24C as part of the Mk74 Tartar Guided Missile Fire Control System. It used the fuselage as the earlier Tartar missile, for easier use with existing launchers. The RIM-66A/B Standard MR, was used during the Vietnam War, the only remaining version of the Standard missile 1 in service is the RIM-66E. While no longer in service with the USN, the RIM-66E is still in service with many navies globally and is expected to remain in service until 2020. The RIM-66C/D Standard MR was developed in the 1970s and was a key part of the Aegis combat system, the SM-2MR introduced inertial and command mid-course guidance. The missiles autopilot is programmed to fly the most efficient path to the target, target illumination for semi-active homing is needed only for a few seconds in the terminal phase of the interception. Mk 41 VLS adopts modular design concept, which result in different versions vary in size. The length comes in three sizes,209 in for the version,266 in for the tactical version. The empty weight for an 8-cell module is 26,800 lb for the version,29,800 lb for the tactical version. In the middle 1980s, the SM-2MR was deployed via Mk 41 Vertical Launch System aboard USS Bunker Hill, VLS has, since 2003, been the only launcher used for the Standard missile in the U. S. Navy aboard Ticonderoga-class cruisers and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. The United States Navy is committed to keeping the Standard Missile 2 medium-range viable until 2035, the SM-1 and SM-2 were continuously upgraded through Blocks. The Standard can also be used against ships, either at line-of-sight range using its semi-active homing mode, or over the horizon using inertial guidance, Standard missiles were constructed by General Dynamics Pomona Division until 1992, when it became part of the Hughes Missile Systems Company. Hughes formed a joint venture with Raytheon called Standard Missile Company, Hughes Missile Systems was eventually sold to Raytheon making it the sole contractor. The Standard missile one became operational in 1968, the missile was utilized by ships equipped with the Tartar Guided Missile Fire Control System. The missile saw its first combat use in the early 1970s in the Vietnam war, the Standard Missile Two became operational in the late 1970s and was deployed operationally with the Aegis Combat System in 1983
29.
RIM-162 ESSM
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The RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missile is a development of the RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile used to protect ships from attacking missiles and aircraft. ESSM is designed to counter supersonic maneuvering anti-ship missiles, ESSM also has the ability to be quad-packed in the Mark 41 Vertical Launch System, allowing up to four ESSMs to be carried in a single cell. The original Sea Sparrow was an expedient design intended to provide defensive fire in a system that could be deployed as rapidly as possible. In the years after its introduction, it was upgraded to follow improvements being made in the models used by the US Navy. The ultimate version in line of weapons was the R model. However, the AIM-120 AMRAAM offered higher performance from a missile that was smaller and lighter and this left only the Sea Sparrow using the basic platform, and it no longer had to fit on aircraft. So instead of using the P and R models as they were. The ESSM emerged as a new weapon, common only in name with the original. Compared to the Sea Sparrow, ESSM has a larger, more powerful motor for increased range and agility, as well as upgraded aerodynamics using strakes. ESSM Block II will leverage existing technology and features a dual-mode X-band seeker, increased maneuverability, unlike Block 1, Block 2’s active seeker will support terminal engagement without the launch ship’s target illumination radars. The improved ESSM Block II will be fielded by the US Navy from 2020, the original launcher is Mark 29 Guided Missile Launching System Mod.4 &5, which is developed from earlier models Mk 29 Mod 1/2/3 for Sea Sparrow. Mk 29 launchers provide on-mount stowage and launching capability for firing up to eight missiles in an environmentally controlled trainable launcher design. In addition to the Mk 29 GMLS and Mk 41 VLS systems, the 2-cell module of Mk-48 makes the system very versatile and enables it to be installed on board in spaces that otherwise cannot be utilized. The weight of a 2-cell module of Mk-48 is 660 kg,330 kg for exhaust system, each canister of the Mk-48 VLS houses a single RIM-7VL Sea Sparrow cell or two RIM-162 ESSM cells, though, with modification, other missiles can also be launched. There are a total of four models in the Mk 48 family, with Mod 0 &1 housing either 2 RIM-7VL or 4 RIM-162 cells, Mod 0/1/2 are usually grouped into either a 16-cell module for RIM-7VL or a 32-cell module for RIM-162. Mod 3 fits into the StanFlex modules on Royal Danish Navy ships and can house either 6 RIM-7VL or 12 RIM-162 cells, the successor of Mk 48 VLS, Mark 56 Guided Missile Vertical Launching System or simply Mk 56, is latest launcher developed for RIM-162 ESSM. In comparison to its predecessor, Mk 56 utilize greater percentage of composite material, specifications, US operational evaluation was conducted in July 2002 aboard USS Shoup. Initial operational capability did not occur until later, in October 2003, at the USN Pacific Missile Range Facility near Hawaii, Australian frigate HMAS Warramunga conducted a successful firing of an ESSM
30.
Surface-to-air missile
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A surface-to-air missile, or ground-to-air missile, is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of system, in modern armed forces, missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated antiaircraft weapons. The first serious attempts at SAM development took place during World War II, further development in the 1940s and 1950s led to the first operational systems being introduced by most major forces during the second half of the 1950s. Smaller systems, suitable for work, evolved through the 1960s and 1970s. The American Nike Ajax was the first operational guided missile SAM system, widely used modern examples include the Patriot and S-300 wide-area systems, SM-6 naval missiles, and short-range man-portable systems like the Stinger and Strela-3. The first known idea for a guided missile was in 1925. A selenium cell was mounted on the tip of each of the rockets four tail fins, when one selenium cell was no longer in the light beam, it would be steered in the opposite direction back into the beam. During World War II, efforts were started to develop surface-to-air missiles as it was considered that flak was of little use against bombers of ever-increasing performance. The lethal radius of a shell is fairly small. Against the Boeing B-17, which operated just within the range of the numerous German eighty-eights flak guns, bombers flying at higher altitudes require larger guns and shells to reach them. This greatly increases the cost of the system, and slows the rate of fire, faster aircraft fly out of range more quickly, reducing the number of rounds fired against them. Against late-war designs like the Boeing B-29 Superfortress or jet-powered designs like the Arado Ar 234, the first serious consideration of a SAM development project was a series of conversations that took place in Germany during 1941. Von Braun became convinced a better solution was a manned rocket interceptor, the directors of the Luftwaffe flak arm were not interested in manned aircraft, and the resulting disagreements between the teams delayed serious consideration of a SAM for two years. None of these saw any real development until 1943, when the first large-scale raids by the Allied air forces started. As the urgency of the problem grew, new designs were added, including Enzian and Rheintochter, in general, these designs could be split into two groups. One set of designs would be boosted to altitude in front of the bombers and these designs included the Feuerlilie, Schmetterling and Enzian. The second group were high-speed missiles, typically supersonic, that flew directly towards their targets from below, both types used radio control for guidance, either by eye, or by comparing the returns of the missile and target on a single radar screen. Development of all systems was carried out at the same time
31.
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
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It was intended originally and used primarily as a point-defense weapon against anti-ship cruise missiles. The missile is so-named because it rolls around its axis to stabilize its flight path. It is as of 2005 the only U. S. Navy missile to operate in this manner, the Rolling Airframe Missiles, together with the Mk 49 Guided Missile Launching System and support equipment, make up the RAM Mk 31 Guided Missile Weapon System. The Mk-144 Guided Missile Launcher unit weighs 5,777 kilograms, the original weapon cannot employ its own sensors prior to firing so it must be integrated with a ships combat system, which directs the launcher at targets. On American ships it is integrated with the AN/SWY-2 Ship Defense Surface Missile System, SeaRAM, a RAM launcher variant equipped with independent sensors derived from the Vulcan Phalanx CIWS, is being installed on Littoral Combat Ships and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. The RIM-116 was developed by General Dynamics Pomona and Valley Systems divisions under a July 1976 agreement with Denmark, Denmark dropped out of the program, but the USN joined in as the major partner. The Mk 49 launcher was evaluated on board the destroyer USS David R. Ray in the late 1980s, the first 30 missiles were built in FY85 and they became operational on 14 November 1992, on board USS Peleliu. The RIM-116 is in service on several American and 30 German warships, all new German Navy warships will be equipped with the RAM, such as the new Braunschweig-class corvettes, which will mount two RAM launchers per ship. The Greek Navy has equipped the new Super Vita–class fast attack craft with the RAM, south Korea has signed license-production contracts for their navys KDX-II, KDX-III, and Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship. The U. S. Navy plans to purchase a total of about 1,600 RAMs and 115 launchers to equip 74 ships, the missile is currently active aboard Gerald R. The original version of the missile, called Block 0, was based on the AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile, whose rocket motor, fuze, and warhead were used. Block 0 missiles were designed to home in on radiation emitted from a target. In test firings, the Block 0 missiles achieved hit rates of over 95%, the Block 1 is an improved version of the RAM missile that adds an overall infrared-only guidance system that enables it to intercept missiles that are not emitting any radar signals. The Block 0s radar homing capabilities have been retained, the RAM Block 2 is an upgraded version of the RAM missile aimed at more effectively countering more maneuverable anti-ship missiles. On 8 May 2007, the US Navy awarded Raytheon Missile Systems a $105 million development contract, Raytheon was scheduled to deliver 25 Block 2 missiles during the programs integrated testing phase. The Block 2 RAM was delivered to the U. S. Navy in August 2014, initial Operational Capability for the Block 2 RAM was achieved on 15 May 2015. As developed, the HAS upgrade just required software modifications that can be applied to all Block 1 RAM missiles, like the Phalanx, SeaRAM can be fitted to any class of ship. In 2008 a SeaRAM system was delivered to be installed on USS Independence, as of December 2013, one SeaRAM is fitted to each Independence-class vessel
32.
Close-in weapon system
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Nearly all classes of modern warships are equipped with some kind of CIWS device. There are two types of CIWS systems, a gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers, and multiple-barrel, rotary rapid-fire cannons placed on a rotating gun mount. Missile systems use infra-red, passive radar/ESM or semi-active radar terminal guidance to guide missiles to the enemy aircraft or other threats. In some cases, CIWS are used on land to military bases. In this case, the CIWS can also protect the base from shell, a gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers and rotary or revolver cannon placed on a rotating, automatically-aimed gun mount. This is especially true if the gun fires kinetic-energy-only projectiles, CIWS are also used in a land-based anti-mortar and missile defense role to protect fixed and temporary bases and other facilities. On a smaller scale, active systems are used in some tanks. The Drozd system was deployed on Soviet Naval Infantry tanks in the early 1980s, other systems that are available or under development are the Russian, Israeli, American and the South African-Swedish. Laser based CIWS systems are being researched, in August 2014 an operational prototype was deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard USS Ponce. Active protection system Armour-piercing discarding sabot
33.
Harpoon (missile)
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The Harpoon is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system, developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas. In 2004, Boeing delivered the 7, 000th Harpoon unit since the introduction in 1977. The missile system has also further developed into a land-strike weapon. The regular Harpoon uses active homing, and a low-level. The missiles launch platforms include, Fixed-wing aircraft Surface ships Submarines, Coastal defense batteries, in 1965 the United States Navy began studies for a missile in the 45 kilometres range class for use against surfaced submarines. The name Harpoon was assigned to the project, Harpoon was primarily developed for use on US Navy warships such as the Ticonderoga-class cruiser as their principal anti-ship weapon system. The Harpoon was purchased by many American allies, including Pakistan, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates and most NATO countries. The Royal Australian Air Force is capable of firing AGM-84 series missiles from its F/A-18F Super Hornets, F/A-18A/B Hornets, and AP-3C Orion aircraft, the Royal Australian Navy deploys the Harpoon on major surface combatants and in the Collins-class submarines. The Spanish Air Force and the Chilean Navy are also AGM-84D customers, and they deploy the missiles on ships, and F/A-18s, F-16s. The British Royal Navy deploys the Harpoon on several types of surface ship, the Royal Canadian Navy carries Harpoon missiles on its Halifax-class frigates. The Republic of Singapore Air Force also operates five modified Fokker 50 Maritime Patrol Aircraft which are fitted with the sensors needed to fire the Harpoon missile, the Pakistani Navy carries the Harpoon missile on its frigates and P-3C Orions. The Turkish Navy carries Harpoons on surface warships and Type 209 submarines, the Turkish Air Force will be armed with the SLAM-ER. S. Navy Knox-class frigates and the four former USN Kidd-class destroyers which have sold to Taiwan. The two Zwaardvis/Hai Lung submarines and 12 P-3C Orion aircraft can use the missile. The Block 1 missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84A in US service and UGM-84B in the UK, Block 1B standard missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84C, Block 1C missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84D. This version featured a fuel tank and re-attack capability, but was not produced in large numbers because its intended mission was considered to be unlikely following the events of 1991–92. Block 1D missiles were designated RGM/AGM-84F, Block 1G missiles AGM/RGM/UGM-84G, the original SLAM-ER missiles were designated AGM-84H and later ones the AGM-84K. Block 1J was a proposal for an upgrade, AGM/RGM/UGM-84J Harpoon
34.
Anti-ship missile
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Anti-ship missiles are guided missiles that are designed for use against ships and large boats. Most anti-ship missiles are of the sea skimming variety, and many use a combination of inertial guidance and active radar homing. A good number of other anti-ship missiles use infrared homing to follow the heat that is emitted by a ship, the first anti-ship missiles, which were developed and built by Nazi Germany, used radio command guidance. A variant of the HS293 had a TV transmitter on board, the bomber carrying it could then fly outside the range of naval AA guns and use TV guidance to lead the missile to its target by radio control. The term surface-to-surface missile is used when appropriate, the longer-range anti-ship missiles are often called anti-ship cruise missiles. A typical abbreviation for the phrase anti-ship missile is ASM, but AShM can also be used to avoid confusion with air-to-surface missiles, anti-submarine missiles, Anti-ship missiles were among the first instances of short-range guided missiles during World War II in 1943–44. These all used radio command-guidance from the bombardiers of the warplanes that launched them, some of these hit and either sank or damaged a number of ships, including warships offshore of amphibious landings on western Italy. These radio-controlled missiles were used successfully until the Allied navies developed missile countermeasures—principally radio jamming, the Allies also developed some of their own similar radio-guided AShMs, starting with the U. S. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union turned to a sea-denial strategy concentrating on submarines, naval mines, one of the first products of the decision was the SS-N-2 Styx missile. Further products were to follow, and they were loaded onto the Soviet Air Forces Tu-95 Bear and Tu-22 Blinder bombers. In 1967, the Israeli Navys destroyer Eilat was the first ship to be sunk by a ship-launched missile – a number of Styx missiles launched by Egyptian Komar-class missile boats off the Sinai Peninsula. In the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 the Indian Navy conducted two raids using OSA 1-class missile boats employing the Styx on the Pakistani Naval base at Karachi and these raids resulted in the destruction or crippling of approximately two thirds of the Pakistani Navy. Major losses included two destroyers, an oiler, an ammunition ship, approximately a dozen merchant ships. Major shore based facilities, including fuel storage tanks and naval installations were also destroyed, the Osas returned to base without loss. The Battle of Latakia in 1973 was the scene of the worlds first combat between missile boats, in this battle, the Israeli Navy destroyed Syrian warships without suffering any damage, using electronic countermeasures and ruses for defense. Anti-ship missiles were used in the 1982 Falklands War, the British warship HMS Sheffield, a 4,820 ton Type 42 Destroyer, was struck by a single air-launched Exocet AShM, she later sank as a result of the damage that she sustained. The container ship Atlantic Conveyor was also sunk by an Exocet, in 1987, a US Navy guided-missile frigate, the USS Stark, was hit by an Exocet anti-ship missile fired by an Iraqi Mirage F-1 fighter plane. Stark was damaged, but she was able to steam to a port for temporary repairs
35.
Torpedo tube
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A torpedo tube is a cylinder shaped device for launching torpedoes. There are two types of torpedo tube, underwater tubes fitted to submarines and some surface ships. Thus a submarine torpedo tube operates on the principle of an airlock, the diagram on the right illustrates the operation of a submarine torpedo tube. The diagram is somewhat simplified but does show the working of a torpedo launch. A torpedo tube has a number of interlocks for safety reasons. For example, an interlock prevents the door and muzzle door from opening at the same time. The submarine torpedo launch sequence is, in simplified form, Open the breech door in the torpedo room, load the torpedo into the tube. Hook up the connection and the torpedo power cable. Shut and lock the breech door, turn on power to the torpedo. A minimum amount of time is required for torpedo warmup, fire control programs are uploaded to the torpedo. This may be manually or automatically, from sea or from tanks. The tube must be vented during this process to allow for complete filling, Open the equalizing valve to equalize pressure in the tube with ambient sea pressure. If the tube is set up for Impulse Mode the slide valve will open with the muzzle door, if Swim Out Mode is selected, the slide valve remains closed. The slide valve allows water from the pump to enter the tube. Modern torpedoes have a safety mechanism that prevents activation of the torpedo unless the torpedo senses the required amount of G-force, the power cable is severed at launch. However, if a wire is used, it remains connected through a drum of wire in the tube. Torpedo propulsion systems vary but electric torpedoes swim out of the tube on their own and are of a smaller diameter,21 weapons with fuel-burning engines usually start outside of the tube. Once outside the tube the torpedo begins its run toward the target as programmed by the control system
36.
MU90 Impact
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The MU90/IMPACT is an advanced lightweight anti-submarine torpedo of the 3rd generation developed by France and Italy for navies of France, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Australia and Poland. It is designed to compete with and outperform the US-built Mark 54 in the anti-submarine role, the MU90 is built by EuroTorp, a consortium of French and Italian companies. The MU90 was the result of projects in France and Italy from the 1980s. In France, a project under the direction of Thomson Sintra created the Murène in 1989, in 1990 the first attempts to merge the two efforts started, a process that was completed in 1993 with the formation of EuroTorp. The French intended to use the new torpedo on their frigates, Atlantique 2 aircraft, Lynx helicopters and they originally wanted 1000 units, but the end of the Cold War saw their requirement cut to 600 in 1991,450 in 2000 and finally 300 torpedoes in 2008. The project has cost France €1, 150m in 2012 prices at a unit cost of €1. 6m,25 torpedoes per year will be delivered to France until 2014. The MU90 is capable against any current or perceived threat, including a bottomed stationary mini-submarine, known versions of anechoic coatings, and various decoys. It is also capable of speeds up to 400 knots, allowing it to be dropped from maritime patrol aircraft flying at high speeds. Powered by an electric pump-jet, it can be run at silent speeds to avoid giving its location away to the submarine, in 1986 France and Italy began a collaboration to develop an anti-submarine missile based on the Italian Otomat missile. France dropped out of the programme but Italy has fitted the MBDA MILAS missile to its Durand de la Penne-class destroyers, MILAS is a 800 kg missile that can deliver a MU90 to 35 kilometres. The MU90 reached IOC in November 2012
37.
Torpedo
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Historically, it was called an automotive, automobile, locomotive or fish torpedo, colloquially called a fish. The term torpedo was originally employed for a variety of devices, from about 1900, torpedo has been used strictly to designate an underwater self-propelled weapon. Todays torpedoes can be divided into lightweight and heavyweight classes, and into straight-running, autonomous homers and they can be launched from a variety of platforms. The word torpedo comes from the name of a genus of rays in the order Torpediniformes. In naval usage, the American Robert Fulton introduced the name to refer to a gunpowder charge used by his French submarine Nautilus to demonstrate that it could sink warships. The concept of a torpedo existed many centuries before it was successfully developed. In 1275, Hasan al-Rammah described. an egg which moves itself, in modern language, a torpedo is an underwater self-propelled explosive, —but historically, the term also applied to primitive naval mines. These were used on an ad hoc basis during the modern period up to the late 19th century. An early submarine, the Turtle, attempted to lay a bomb with a fuse on the hull of HMS Eagle during the American Revolutionary War. In the early 1800s, the American inventor Robert Fulton, while in France and he coined the term torpedo in reference to the explosive charges he outfitted his submarine Nautilus. However, both the French and the Dutch governments were uninterested in the submarine, Fulton then concentrated on developing the torpedo independent of a submarine deployment. However, the British government refused to purchase the invention, stating they did not wish to introduce into naval warfare a system that would give advantage to weaker maritime nations. Fulton carried out a demonstration for the US government on 20 July 1807. Further development languished as Fulton focused on his steam-boat matters, during the War of 1812, torpedoes were employed in attempts to destroy British vessels and protect American harbors. In fact a submarine deployed torpedo was used in an attempt to destroy HMS Ramillies while in New Londons harbor. Hardy to warn the Americans to cease efforts with the use of any boat in this cruel and unheard-of warfare. Torpedoes were used by the Russian Empire during the Crimean War in 1855 against British warships in the Gulf of Finland and they used an early form of chemical detonator. During the American Civil War, the torpedo was used for what is today called a contact mine
38.
Westland Lynx
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The Westland Lynx is a British multi-purpose military helicopter designed and built by Westland Helicopters at its factory in Yeovil. Originally intended as a utility craft for both civil and naval usage, military interest led to the development of both battlefield and naval variants, the Lynx has the distinction of being the worlds first fully aerobatic helicopter with the ability to perform loops and rolls. In 1986, a specially modified Lynx set the current Fédération Aéronautique Internationales official airspeed record for helicopters at 400.87 km/h, in addition to a wide number of land and naval variants of the Lynx, several major derivatives have been produced. The Westland 30 was produced as a utility helicopter, it did not become a commercial success. The Lynx remains in production by AgustaWestland, the successor to Westland Helicopters, the initial design was started in the mid-1960s as a replacement for the Westland Scout and Wasp, and a more advanced alternative to the UH-1 Iroquois. The design was to be powered by a pair of Bristol Siddeley BS.360 turboshaft engines, in October 1969, the French Army cancelled its requirement for the Lynx, thus development work of the dedicated armed attack variant was terminated early on. The first Lynx prototype took its flight on 21 March 1971. In 1972, a Lynx broke the speed record over 15 and 25 km by flying at 321.74 km/h. It also set a new 100 km closed circuit record shortly afterwards, in 1986, the former company demonstrator Lynx, registered G-LYNX, was specially modified with Gem 60 engines and British Experimental Rotor Programme rotor blades. At this speed, it had a ratio of 2. Deliveries of production began in 1977. An improved Lynx AH.1 with Gem 41-1 or Gem 42 engines, the AH.5 led to the Lynx AH.7, which added a new tail rotor derived from the Westland 30, a reinforced airframe, improved avionics and defensive aids. An improved Lynx for the Royal Navy, the Lynx HAS.3, had Gem 42-1 Mark 204 engines, a transmission, a new flotation system. The Lynx HAS.3 also received various updates in service. A similar upgrade to the French Lynx was known as the Lynx Mk.4, in September 1974, the British and Egyptian governments initiated talks to establish a new Egyptian helicopter manufacturer. A separate agreement was formalised with Rolls-Royce to license manufacture the Lynxs Gem engines at the Helwan facility, however, this plan was ultimately aborted due to a lack of funds that had resulted from the collapse of the Arab Organization for Industrialization. Both Army and Naval variants were proposed, however, the project was ended in 1987 due to insufficient orders being placed. Only one Army Lynx-3 prototype was built, a development of the Lynx AH.7 with the wheeled undercarriage of the Lynx-3 was marketed by Westland as the Battlefield Lynx in the late 1980s
39.
NHIndustries NH90
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The NHIndustries NH90 is a medium-sized, twin-engine, multi-role military helicopter. It was developed in response to NATO requirements for a helicopter which would also be capable of being operated in naval environments. The NH90 was developed and is manufactured by NHIndustries, a collaborative company, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight in December 1995, the type first entered operational service in 2007. As of January 2017, the NH90 has logged 127,000 flight hours in the forces of thirteen nations. The NH90 has the distinction of being the first production helicopter to feature entirely fly by wire flight controls, in early service, the NH90 has suffered several teething issues, which has in turn delayed active deployment of the type by some operators. In 1985, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom left the team in 1987. On 1 September 1992, NH Industries signed an NH90 design-and-development contract with NAHEMA and this agency represented the four participating nations, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. Portugal later joined the agency in June 2001, design work on the helicopter started in 1993. The first prototype, PT1, made the types first flight on 18 December 1995, the second prototype, PT2, first flew on 19 March 1997 and the third prototype, PT3, on 27 November 1998. On 12 December 2002, PT3 became the first helicopter to fly exclusively with fly-by-wire controls following the removal of mechanical back-up controls, the NH90 was developed into two main variants, the Tactical Transport Helicopter and the NATO Frigate Helicopter. These two main variants share about 75% commonality with each other, furthermore, many of the operators have requested specific configurations to their own helicopter fleets, thus each nations NH90 is effectively customized to the end-users requirements. During the development phrase of the programme in the 1990s, both technical and funding problems were experienced, in June 2000, the partner nations placed a large production order, worth US$8.6 billion, for a total of 366 helicopters. Additional orders have since followed from customers in Europe, Asia, by April 2013, a total of 529 NH90s of all variants were on order by various customers. The Nordic and Australian contracts stipulated production locally, Spain has a final assembly line at Albacete. The Marignane assembly line can reportedly complete up to 22 NH90s per year, in late 2006, the German Army, the first customer to receive production aircraft, accepted delivery of its first NH90 TTH. In April 2010, the Royal Netherlands Navy was the first customer to receive the navalised NH90 NFH variant. In June 2014, the announced that they had completed delivery of the 200th NH90, at that point. Between 2004 and 2016, the lead times for the NH90 had reduced from 18 months to 7.5 months
40.
Helicopter
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A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and these attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of VTOL aircraft cannot perform. English language nicknames for helicopter include chopper, copter, helo, heli, Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Though most earlier designs used more than one rotor, it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration. Tandem rotor helicopters are also in use due to their greater payload capacity. Coaxial helicopters, tiltrotor aircraft, and compound helicopters are all flying today, quadcopter helicopters pioneered as early as 1907 in France, and other types of multicopter have been developed for specialized applications such as unmanned drones. The earliest references for vertical flight came from China, since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. This bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor, the spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The 4th-century AD Daoist book Baopuzi by Ge Hong reportedly describes some of the ideas inherent to rotary wing aircraft, designs similar to the Chinese helicopter toy appeared in Renaissance paintings and other works. In the 18th and early 19th centuries Western scientists developed flying machines based on the Chinese toy. It was not until the early 1480s, when Leonardo da Vinci created a design for a machine that could be described as an aerial screw, that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became accepted, people continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight. In July 1754, Russian Mikhail Lomonosov had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a spring device. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift meteorological instruments. Sir George Cayley, influenced by a fascination with the Chinese flying top, developed a model of feathers, similar to that of Launoy and Bienvenu. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and his writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers
41.
Sea Skua
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The Sea Skua is a British lightweight short-range air-to-surface missile designed for use from helicopters against ships. It is primarily used by the Royal Navy on the Westland Lynx, although the missile is intended for helicopter use, Kuwait employs it in a shore battery and on their Umm Al Maradem fast attack craft. The British Aircraft Corporation began development of the weapon in May 1972, the British Government authorised its production in October 1975. At the time, the missile was known as CL834, in November 1979 the first launches took place at the Aberporth Range in Cardigan Bay. Three missiles were launched from the ground and three by helicopters, further tests were made and in July 1981, full-scale production was ordered of the new missile, now called Sea Skua. With the missile weighing only 320 pounds at launch, a Lynx helicopter can carry up to four, the booster is a Royal Ordnance Redstart steel body, while the sustainer is a Royal Ordnance Matapan light alloy body. The missile flies at subsonic speed to a range of up to 15.5 miles. The official range is declared to be 15 km, but this is widely exceeded, the missile has two sensors, a semi-active radar homing system by Marconi Defence Systems, and a Thomson-TRT AHV-7 radar altimeter, built under licence by British Aerospace Defence Systems. It can be set to travel at one of four pre-selected heights, near the target, the missile climbs to a height at which it can acquire the target. The launching helicopter illuminates the target with its radar, and the homing head homes in on the reflected energy. On impact it penetrates the hull of a ship before detonating the 62 pounds blast fragmentation warhead, a semi armour piercing warhead is also available, this contains 9 kilograms of RDX, aluminium and wax. The fuze is an impact-delayed model, the illuminating radar aboard Lynx helicopters is the GEC-Ferranti Seaspray I band, which weighs 64 kilograms, a power of 90 kW, two modes and a 90° observation field. The Seaspray Mk.3 had an antenna with a 360° field of view. It is capable of operating in a track while scan mode, the missile flight ends after 75–125 seconds, during which time the helicopter can manoeuver at up to 80° from the missile path. In addition to serving with the United Kingdom, the Sea Skua has been exported to Germany, India, Kuwait and it was generally preferred to the similar rival, the French-built AS15 TT, even though the two missiles had similar performance. The guidance of AS-15TT was radio-command, and it required the Agrion 15 radar, Sea Skuas success in active service and its adoption by the Royal Navy resulted in considerable success in the international market. Sea Skuas were launched eight times during the Falklands War, sometimes in bad weather. Four were used against the 800 ton patrol boat/rescue tug ARA Alférez Sobral, two struck the patrol boat on the bridge, one hit the ships fibreglass sea boat, and one passed over the ship
42.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
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Stealth technology
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It corresponds to military camouflage for these parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Designers turned to develop a particular shape for planes that tended to reduce detection, radar-absorbent material was also tested and made to reduce or block radar signals that reflect off from the surface of planes. Such changes to shape and surface composition form stealth technology as used on the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber. The concept of stealth is to operate or hide without giving enemy forces any indications as to the presence of friendly forces and this concept was first explored through camouflage by blending into the background visual clutter. Some military uniforms are treated with chemicals to reduce their infrared signature, a modern stealth vehicle is designed from the outset to have a chosen spectral signature. The degree of stealth embodied in a design is chosen according to the predicted capabilities of projected threats. The concept of camouflage is known to predate warfare itself, hunters have been using vegetation to conceal themselves perhaps as long as people have been hunting. In England, irregular units of gamekeepers in the 17th century were the first to adopt drab colours as a form of camouflage, following examples from the continent. During World War I, the Germans experimented with the use of Cellon, single examples of the Fokker E. III Eindecker fighter monoplane, the Albatros C. I two-seat observation biplane, and the Linke-Hofmann R. I prototype heavy bomber were covered with Cellon. In fact, sunlight glinting from the material made the even more visible. Celon was also found to be quickly degraded both by sunlight and in-flight temperature changes so the attempt to make transparent aircraft was not proceeded with, in 1916, the British modified a small SS class airship for the purpose of night-time reconnaissance over German lines on the Western Front. Diffused lighting camouflage, a form of counter-illumination camouflage, was trialled by the Royal Canadian Navy from 1941 to 1943. The concept was followed up, but for aircraft, by the Americans and this ability was rendered obsolete by radar. The U-boat U-480 may have been the first stealth submarine and it featured an anechoic tile rubber coating, one layer of which contained circular air pockets to defeat ASDIC sonar. Radar absorbent rubber/semiconductor composite paints and materials were used by the Kriegsmarine on submarines in World War II, tests showed they were effective in reducing radar signatures at both short and long wavelengths. In 1960, the first stealth technology development program was initiated by USAF and this was achieved through specially designed screens over the air intake, radar-absorbent material on the fuselage and a special radar-absorbing paint. Central Intelligence Agency requested funding for an aircraft to replace the existing U-2 spy planes. Radar absorbent material was used on U-2 spy planes, and various plane shapes designed to reduce radar detection were developed in earlier prototypes, in 1964, an optimal plane shape taking into account compactness was developed for another Blackbird, the Lockheed SR-71
German Navy
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