1.
Lawrence Massacre
–
By 1863, Kansas had long been the center of strife and warfare over the admission of slave versus free states. In the summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence sparked a war in Kansas that lasted for months. John Brown might be the best known participant in the violence of the late 1850s participating on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side, initially, the town and surrounding area were extremely vigilant and reacted strongly to any rumors that enemy forces might be advancing on the town. However, by the summer of 1863, none of the threats had materialized, so citizen fears had declined, Quantrill himself said that his motivation for the attack was to plunder, and destroy the town in retaliation for Osceola. That was a reference to the Unions attack on Osceola, Missouri in September 1861, Osceola was plundered and nine men were given a drumhead court-martial trial and executed. Several other Missouri towns and large swaths of the Missouri countryside had been plundered and burned by Unionist forces from Kansas. Castel concludes that revenge was the motive, followed by a desire to plunder. The retaliatory nature of the attack on Lawrence was confirmed by the survivors, the purported objective of this group was to eliminate civilian support for the Confederate guerillas, but their tactics were employed rather indiscriminately. As one observer noted, “I believe the Red Legs will kill any man in this country for a good horse, Charles Robinson, first Governor of Kansas and eyewitness to the raid, characterized the raid as an act of vengeance. In a bid to put down the Missouri guerrilla raiders operating in Kansas, General Thomas Ewing,10, which ordered the arrest of anyone giving aid or comfort to Confederate guerrillas. This meant chiefly women or girls who were relatives of the guerrillas, Ewing confined those arrested in a series of makeshift prisons in Kansas City. The women were housed in two buildings which were considered either too small or too unsanitary, before being moved to an empty property at 1425 Grand. This structure was part of the estate of the deceased Robert S. Thomas, in 1861 Bingham and his family were living in the structure, but in early 1862 after being appointed treasurer of the state of Missouri, he and his family relocated to Jefferson City. Bingham had added a story to the existing structure to use as a studio. A few days later, Nannie Harris died from her wounds, survivors of the collapse included, Jenny Anderson, Susan Anne Mundy Womacks, Martha Mattie Mundy, Lucinda Lou Mundy Gray, Elizabeth Harris, and Mollie Grindstaff. Andersons 13-year-old sister, who was shackled to a ball-and-chain inside the jail, rumors circulated that the structure was undermined by the guards to cause its collapse. However, a 1995 study of the events and affidavits surrounding the collapse concludes this is the least plausible of the theories, instead, testimony indicated that alterations to the first floor of the adjoining Cockrell structure for use as a barracks caused the common wall to buckle. The weight of the story on the former Bingham residence contributed to the resultant collapse
Lawrence Massacre
–
Lawrence in ruins as illustrated in
Harper's Weekly
Lawrence Massacre
–
The destruction of the city of Lawrence, Kansas, and the massacre of its inhabitants by the Rebel guerrillas, August 21, 1863
2.
Bleeding Kansas
–
The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 called for popular sovereignty—that is, the decision about slavery was to be made by the settlers. It would be decided by votes—or more exactly which side had more votes counted by officials, at the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery, and thus enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. Pro-slavery forces said every settler had the right to bring his own property, including slaves, anti-slavery free soil forces said the rich slaveholders would buy up all the good farmland and work it with black slaves, leaving little or no opportunity for non-slaveholders. As such, Bleeding Kansas was a conflict between forces in the North and pro-slavery forces from the South over the issue of slavery in the United States. The term Bleeding Kansas was coined by Republican Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, its indicated that compromise was unlikely. Through the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Congress kept a balance of political power between North and South. Immigrants supporting both sides of the arrived in Kansas to establish residency and gain the right to vote. They captured territorial elections, sometimes by fraud and intimidation, in response, Northern abolitionist elements flooded Kansas with free-soilers. Anti-slavery Kansas residents wrote the first Kansas Constitution and elected the Free State legislature in Topeka, the two Territorial governments increased as well as symbolized the strife of Bleeding Kansas. Among the first immigrants to Kansas Territory were citizens of states, notably neighboring Missouri. Pro-slavery forces settled towns including Leavenworth and Atchison, at the same time, citizens of the North, many aided by the New England Emigrant Aid Company, moved to Kansas to make it a free state and settled towns including Lawrence, Topeka and Manhattan. It was rumored in the South that thousands of Northerners were arriving in Kansas, the following year a Congressional committee investigating the election reported that 1729 fraudulent votes were cast compared to 1114 legal votes. In one location only 20 of the 604 voters were residents of the Kansas Territory, in another 35 were residents and 226 non-residents. On March 30,1855, Kansas Territory held the election for its first Territorial Legislature, crucially, this legislature would decide whether Kansas Territory would allow slavery. Due to questions about electoral fraud, Territorial Governor Andrew Reeder invalidated the results in five voting districts, eight of the eleven delegates elected in the special election were Free-State, but this still left the proslavery camp with an overwhelming 29–10 advantage. To help countermand the voting fraud, by the summer of 1855 around 1,200 New England Yankees had emigrated to Kansas Territory. The abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher armed many of them with Sharps rifles, in response to the disputed votes and rising tension, Congress sent a special committee to Kansas Territory in 1856. The committee report concluded that if the election on March 30,1855, had limited to actual settlers it would have elected a Free-State legislature
Bleeding Kansas
–
1855
Free-State poster
Bleeding Kansas
–
Preston Brooks attacking
Charles Sumner in the U.S. Senate in 1856.
3.
Douglas County, Kansas
–
Douglas County is a county located in the U. S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 110,826 and its county seat and most populous city is Lawrence. For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans, from the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, in 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre. In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U. S. state, in 1855, Douglas County was established. Douglas County was opened for settlement on May 15,1854, and was named for Stephen A. Douglas, a senator from Illinois. Because of this, multiple events took place, including the drafting of the Lecompton Constitution admitting Kansas as a state, the sacking of Lawrence. The first railroad in Douglas County, the Union Pacific, was built through that territory in 1864. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 475 square miles. It is the fifth-smallest county in Kansas by land area, much of its northern boundary is defined by the Kansas River, which flows through Lawrence and provides hydropower at the Bowersock Dam. As of the 2000 census, there were 99,962 people,38,486 households, the population density was 219 people per square mile. There were 40,250 housing units at a density of 88 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 86. 1% White,4. 2% Black or African American,2. 6% Native American,3. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,1. 2% from other races, and 2. 7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 3% of the population,28. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the family size was 2.97. In the county, the population was out with 20. 4% under the age of 18,26. 4% from 18 to 24,28. 3% from 25 to 44,16. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 27 years, for every 100 females there were 98.70 males
Douglas County, Kansas
–
Douglas County Courthouse in Lawrence
Douglas County, Kansas
–
Scenic view of Rural Douglas County
4.
Slavery in the United States
–
Slavery had been practiced in British North America from early colonial days, and was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. By the time of the American Revolution, the status of slave had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry, when the United States Constitution was ratified, a relatively small number of free people of color were among the voting citizens. During and immediately following the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states, most of these states had a higher proportion of free labor than in the South and economies based on different industries. They abolished slavery by the end of the 18th century, some with gradual systems that kept adults as slaves for two decades. But the rapid expansion of the industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton gin greatly increased demand for slave labor. Congress during the Jefferson administration prohibited the importation of slaves, effective in 1808, domestic slave trading, however, continued at a rapid pace, driven by labor demands from the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South. More than one million slaves were sold from the Upper South, which had a surplus of labor, New communities of African-American culture were developed in the Deep South, and the total slave population in the South eventually reached 4 million before liberation. As the West was developed for settlement, the Southern state governments wanted to keep a balance between the number of slave and free states to maintain a balance of power in Congress. The new territories acquired from Britain, France, and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises, by 1850, the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union, and tensions continued to rise. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, the first six states to secede held the greatest number of slaves in the South. Shortly after, the Civil War began when Confederate forces attacked the US Armys Fort Sumter, four additional slave states then seceded. In the early years of the Chesapeake Bay settlements, colonial officials found it difficult to attract and retain laborers under the frontier conditions. Most laborers came from Britain as indentured servants, having signed contracts of indenture to pay with work for their passage, their upkeep and training and these indentured servants were young people who intended to become permanent residents. In some cases, convicted criminals were transported to the colonies as indentured servants, the indentured servants were not slaves, but were required to work for four to seven years in Virginia to pay the cost of their passage and maintenance. Historians estimate that more than half of all immigrants to the English colonies of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries came as indentured servants. The number of indentured servants among immigrants was particularly high in the South, many Germans, Scots-Irish, and Irish came to the colonies in the 18th century, settling in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and further south. The planters in the South found that the problem with indentured servants was that many left after several years, just when they had become skilled. In addition, an economy in England in the late 17th
Slavery in the United States
–
Slave auction block, Green Hill Plantation,
Campbell County, Virginia,
Historic American Buildings Survey
Slavery in the United States
–
An animation showing when United States territories and states forbade or allowed slavery, 1789–1861.
Slavery in the United States
–
Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia
Slavery in the United States
–
Slaves on a South Carolina plantation (
The Old Plantation, c. 1790)
5.
Free-Stater (Kansas)
–
Free-Staters were those settlers in Kansas Territory during the Bleeding Kansas era in the 1850s who opposed the extension of slavery to Kansas. The name derives from the free state, that is. Other Free-Staters were abolitionists who came to Kansas Territory from Ohio, Iowa, Holton, Kansas was named for the Milwaukee, Wisconsin free-stater Edward Dwight Holton. What united the Free-Staters was a desire to defeat the proslavery Southern settlers in Kansas Territory on the question of whether Kansas would be admitted to the Union as a slave state, pro-slavery Southerners in Kansas Territory painted all Free-Staters as abolitionists in order to motivate the Souths opposition. As time passed and the violence in Bleeding Kansas escalated, abolitionists became ascendent in the Free-State movement, Kansas became a state in 1861 after a free state constitution was agreed upon
Free-Stater (Kansas)
–
1855 Free-State poster in
Kansas Territory, calling for action against slavery supporters and slavery-supporting laws.
6.
Abolitionism in the United States
–
Abolitionism in the United States was the movement before and during the American Civil War to end slavery in the United States. In the Americas and western Europe, abolitionism was a movement to end the Atlantic slave trade, in the 17th century, English Quakers and Evangelicals condemned slavery as un-Christian. At that time, most slaves were Africans, but thousands of Native Americans were also enslaved, in the 18th century, as many as six million Africans were transported to the Americas as slaves, at least a third of them on British ships to North America. Abolition was part of the message of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s in the Thirteen Colonies, in the same period, rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment criticized slavery for violating human rights. A member of the British Parliament, James Edward Oglethorpe, was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery, founder of the Province of Georgia, Oglethorpe banned slavery on humanistic grounds. He argued against it in Parliament and eventually encouraged his friends Granville Sharp, soon after his death in 1785, Sharp and More joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect. Although anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century, colonies and emerging nations, notably in the southern United States, continued to use and uphold traditions of slavery. Massachusetts ratified a constitution that declared all men equal, freedom suits challenging slavery based on this principle brought an end to slavery in the state, in other states, such as Virginia, similar declarations of rights were interpreted by the courts as not applicable to Africans. During the ensuing decades, the abolitionist movement grew in Northern states, britain banned the importation of African slaves in its colonies in 1807 and abolished slavery in the British Empire in 1833. The United States criminalized the international trade in 1808 and made slavery unconstitutional in 1865 as a result of the American Civil War. Historian James M. McPherson defines an abolitionist as one who before the Civil War had agitated for the immediate, unconditional and total abolition of slavery in the United States. He does not include antislavery activists such as Abraham Lincoln, U. S. President during the Civil War, or the Republican Party, the first Americans who made a public protest against slavery were the Mennonites of Germantown, Pennsylvania. Soon after, in April 1688, Quakers in the town wrote a two-page condemnation of the practice and sent it to the governing bodies of their Quaker church. The Quaker establishment never took action, the Quaker Quarterly Meeting of Chester, Pennsylvania, made its first protest in 1711. Within a few decades the entire slave trade was under attack, being opposed by leaders as William Burling, Benjamin Lay, Ralph Sandiford, William Southby. Slavery was banned in the Province of Georgia soon after its founding in 1733, the colonys founder, James Edward Oglethorpe, fended off repeated attempts by South Carolina merchants and land speculators to introduce slavery to the colony. In 1739, he wrote to the Georgia Trustees urging them to hold firm, If we allow slaves we act against the principles by which we associated together. Whereas, now we should occasion the misery of thousands in Africa, by setting men upon using arts to buy, the struggle between Georgia and South Carolina led to the first debates in Parliament over the issue of slavery, occurring between 1740 and 1742
Abolitionism in the United States
–
Collection box for
Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. Circa 1850.
Abolitionism in the United States
–
Uncle Tom's Cabin inflamed public opinion in the North and in Britain against the personified evils of slavery.
Abolitionism in the United States
–
Thomas Paine (1737–1805), whose 1775 article "African Slavery in America" was one of the first articles in the United States which advocated abolishing slavery and freeing the slaves.
Abolitionism in the United States
–
John Jay (1745–1829), who founded the
New York Manumission Society in 1785.
7.
Slave State
–
Historically, slavery had been practiced in all the British colonies. The division between slave and free states began during the American Revolution, slavery was a divisive issue and was the primary cause of the American Civil War. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery throughout the United States, slavery was legal and practiced in each of the Thirteen Colonies that became the US. During British colonization, the population expanded, primarily drawn from the Atlantic slave trade. Organized political and social movements to end slavery began in the mid-18th century, the sentiments of the American Revolution and the equality evoked by the Declaration of Independence stood in contrast to the status of most black Americans. Despite this, thousands of black Americans fought against the British in hopes of a new order, thousands also joined the British army, encouraged by British offers of freedom in exchange for military service. In the 1770s, blacks throughout New England began sending petitions to northern legislatures demanding freedom, five of the Northern self-declared states adopted policies to at least gradually abolish slavery, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. Vermont abolished slavery in 1777, while it was independent. These state jurisdictions enacted the first abolition laws in the Americas. By 1804, all of the states had abolished slavery or set measures in place to gradually reduce it. In the south, Kentucky was created a state from Virginia. By 1804, before the creation of new states from the western territories. In popular usage, the divide between the slave and free states was called the Mason–Dixon line. The 1787, United States Constitutional Convention debated slavery and for a time slavery was an impediment to passage of the new constitution. As a compromise the institution was acknowledged though never mentioned directly in the constitution, in 1808, the United States outlawed the international slave import trade but the domestic trade in half the states continued. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, passed just before the U. S, Constitution was ratified, prohibited slavery in the federal Northwest Territory. The southern boundary of the territory was the Ohio River, which was regarded as a extension of the Mason–Dixon line. The territory was settled by New Englanders and American Revolutionary War veterans granted land there
Slave State
–
Division of state during the Civil War. Blue represents
Union states, including those admitted during the war; light blue represents border states; red represents
Confederate states. Unshaded areas were not states before or during the Civil War.
Slave State
–
An animation showing the free/slave status of U.S. states and territories, 1789-1861 (see also: separate yearly maps below). The Civil War began in 1861. Slavery was abolished by the 13th Amendment, effective December 1865.
8.
Battle of Black Jack
–
The Battle of Black Jack took place on June 2,1856, when anti-slavery forces, led by the noted abolitionist John Brown, attacked the encampment of Henry C. Pate near Baldwin City, Kansas. The battle is cited as one incident of Bleeding Kansas and a factor leading up to the American Civil War of 1861 to 1865. In 1854, the U. S. Congress had passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act which stipulated that the residents of territories would decide whether they wished to enter the Union as a slave or free state. This doctrine became known as popular sovereignty, as a result, pro- and anti-slavery groups had frequent clashes culminating in the Battle of Black Jack. They also looted throughout the village, the next day, Congressman Preston Brooks from South Carolina physically attacked Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts in the Senate chambers with a cane. He continued hitting after the senator was bleeding and unconscious, after that, a band of men, led by John Brown and comrade Captain Shore, executed five proslavery men with broadswords at Pottawatomie Creek. Browns men let Jerome Glanville and James Harris return home to the cabin of Harris and this incident became known as the Pottawatomie massacre. Following the massacre, three men were taken prisoner, including two of John Browns sons. On June 2,1856 Brown and 29 others met Henry Pate and this started after Browns two sons were captured and held prisoner by Pate. The five-hour battle went in Browns favor and Pate and 22 of his followers were captured, Brown agreed to release them as long as they released Browns sons. The town of Black Jack was established in 1855 as a town on the Santa Fe Trail. The town became incorporated in 1857 and the threat of warfare was still a problem in Black Jack. The event that is cited as the beginning of the war is the attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, the site of the battle is located near U. S. Signs are placed throughout the site pointed out where the battle started and ended. Efforts are underway to both the Pearson Memorial Park and the Ivan Boyd Prairie Preserve across the road. The Ballad Of Black Jack played as part of the citys Maple Leaf Festival from 1970–83 and it also played in nearby Lawrence in 1986 and in 2006 and 2007 as a part of Lawrences Civil War On The Western Frontier program. In 2012 the National Park Service decided to designate the battlefield a National Historic Landmark, list of battles fought in Kansas The Black Jack Battlefield and Nature Trust Santa Fe Trail Site View From USGS Aerial Photographs
Battle of Black Jack
–
A sign showing the surrender point of Henry Pate on the Black Jack Battle site.
Battle of Black Jack
–
The Robert Hall Pearson house near the battle site.
9.
Battle of Fort Titus
–
Walkers men captured the fort, forcing Titus and his men to surrender, resulting in a Free-state victory. The following was written by a correspondent of the New York Times dated Lawrence, Sunday, list of battles fought in Kansas http, //www. lecomptonkansas. com/fort-titus/
Battle of Fort Titus
–
Pre-War
10.
Battle of Osawatomie
–
The Battle of Osawatomie took place on August 30,1856 when 250-400 Border Ruffians led by John W. Reid attacked the town of Osawatomie. Reid was intent on destroying the free settlement and then moving on to Topeka. John Brown first learned of the raiders when they shot his son Frederick, with 40 or so men, Brown tried to defend the town against the pro-slavery partisans, but had to withdraw, the town of Osawatomie was then looted and burned. This was one event in series of clashes between abolitionists and pro-slavery Missourians in what has been known as Bleeding Kansas. The passing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 was the single most important event in the inception of the era of “Bleeding Kansas. ”Whether the new Kansas Territory would be slave or free was left up to popular sovereignty, counter to the prohibitions of the Missouri Compromise. An immediate rush of migrants on both sides of the issue rushed in to settle and to determine the fate of the new territory. Almost immediately, violent struggles erupted into a border war between the “Free-Staters” and the “Border Ruffians. ”Following the 1855 arrival of the virulent abolitionist John Brown in Kansas. In retaliation, four days later, Brown and his followers committed what became known as the Pottawatomie massacre against five pro-slavery men. The Battle of Black Jack followed soon after in early June, ending in the anti-slavery forces’ favor, violence in Kansas steadily increased thereafter, throughout the summer. When the pro-slavery forces came near the cabin, they spotted 26-year-old Frederick Brown, the member of the Brown family present there at the time. He thus became the first casualty of the Battle of Osawatomie, having heard about his son’s slaying, John Brown rushed from his camp toward Osawatomie, gathering several dozen men to meet the Missourian invaders. The fighting began when Reid advanced his forces in long rows toward the woods in which Brown, finally, the Border Ruffians charged, and Brown’s forces were ultimately dispersed, fleeing in all directions. Five of the Free-Staters were killed, including Frederick Brown, with others wounded. The pro-slavery forces, instead of trying to catch Brown’s men, then free to turn their attention to the town itself. In the end, the men under John W. Reid went through Osawatomie and burned almost all of its buildings, before leaving, they thoroughly looted the town and took six prisoners, but were unable to find John Brown himself. Reid’s forces continued north, attacking towns on their way including Topeka. When he reemerged from the following the final departure of the Missourians that day, John Brown saw the charred settlement and reportedly said to his son Jason. I have only a time to live – only one death to die
Battle of Osawatomie
–
Pre-War
11.
Marais des Cygnes massacre
–
The Marais des Cygnes massacre is considered the last significant act of violence in Bleeding Kansas prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War. On May 19,1858, approximately 30 men led by Charles Hamilton and they arrived at Trading Post, Kansas in the morning and then headed back to Missouri. Along the way they captured 11 Free-Staters, none of whom were armed and, it is said, most of the men knew Hamilton and apparently did not realize he meant them harm. These prisoners were led into a defile, where Hamilton ordered the men to shoot and he even shot and fired the first bullet himself. Hamilton and his gang returned to Missouri, only one man was ever prosecuted for the crime. William Griffith of Bates County, Missouri, was arrested in the spring of 1863, Charles Hamilton returned to Georgia, where he died in 1880. The incident horrified the U. S. and inspired John Greenleaf Whittier to write a poem on the murders, Le Marais du Cygne, which appeared in the September 1858 Atlantic Monthly
Marais des Cygnes massacre
–
An artistic depiction of the massacre
12.
Lawrence, Kansas
–
Lawrence is the sixth largest city in the state of Kansas and the county seat of Douglas County, Kansas. It is in northeastern Kansas next to Interstate 70, along the banks of the Kansas, as of the 2010 census, the citys population was 87,643. Lawrence is a town and the home to the University of Kansas. Lawrence was founded by the New England Emigrant Aid Company and was named for Amos Adams Lawrence who offered financial aid, Lawrence was central to the Bleeding Kansas era and was the site of the Wakarusa War, the sacking of Lawrence, and the Lawrence Massacre. Lawrence began as a center of Kansas politics, prior to Kansas Territory being opened to settlement in May 1854, most of Douglas County was part of the Shawnee Indian Reservation. The Oregon Trail followed the Kansas River through what would become Lawrence and Mount Oread was used as a landmark, dr. Charles Robinson and Charles Branscomb were sent by the New England Emigrant Aid Company to scout for a location for a city. They arrived in the vicinity of Lawrence in July 1854 and noted the beauty of the area, the original “pioneer party” left Massachusetts on July 17,1854 and consisted of 29 men. They arrived at the site Robinson and Branscomb selected on August 1, the second party arrived in Lawrence on September 9 after leaving near the end of August. The town was officially named Lawrence City on October 6, the main street of the town was named Massachusetts to commemorate the origins of the pioneer party. The first post office in Lawrence was established in January 1855, in March 1857, the Quincy School was started in the Emigrant Aid office before moving to the basement of the Unitarian Church in April. The Plymouth Congregational Church was started in September 1854 by Reverend S. Y, lum, a missionary sent to Kansas. Shortly after Lawrence’s founding, two newspapers were started, The Kansas Pioneer and the Herald of Freedom, both touted the Free State mission which caused problems from the people of Lecompton, then the pro-slavery headquarters, about ten miles northwest of Lawrence, and land squatters from Missouri. The Kansas Free State began in early January 1855, on November 21,1855, Charles Dow was shot and killed by Franklin Coleman in Hickory Point about fourteen miles south of Lawrence. Shortly after, an army of Missourians led by Douglas County Sheriff Samuel L. Jones entered Kansas to attack Lawrence. John Brown and James Lane had hustled Lawrence citizens into an army and erected barricades, a treaty was signed and the Missouri army reluctantly left. Harassment by Sheriff Jones and other Southern sympathizers continued unabated, the Herald of Freedom, the Kansas Free State and the Free State Hotel were indicted as “nuisances. ”On April 23,1856 Sheriff Jones was shot while trying to arrest free-state settlers. On May 21, Sheriff Jones and a posse of 800 Southern sympathizers converged on Lawrence, dr. Robinson’s house on Mount Oread was taken by the federal marshal as headquarters and the newspaper printing presses were damaged and thrown in the river. The Free State Hotel was also destroyed, despite the constant presence of impending war, Lawrence continued to grow
Lawrence, Kansas
–
Lawrence City Hall with the Shunganunga Boulder in Robinson Park at the north end of
Massachusetts Street (2011)
Lawrence, Kansas
–
Ruins of Free State Hotel after the attack in 1856
Lawrence, Kansas
–
Old North College in 1867—the first building on KU Campus
Lawrence, Kansas
–
The Lawrence Visitors Center, formerly the
Union Pacific Depot
13.
Guerrilla warfare
–
The term, the diminutive form of war in Spanish, is usually translated as little war, and the word, guerrilla, has been used to refer to the concept since the 18th century, and perhaps earlier. In correct Spanish usage, a person who is a member of a guerrilla is a guerrillero if male, the term guerrilla was used in English as early as 1809, to refer to the fighters, and also to denote a group or band of such fighters. However, in most languages guerrilla still denotes the style of warfare. The use of the diminutive evokes the differences in number, scale, guerrillas usually carries positive connotations, and is often used by such fighters themselves and by their sympathizers, while their foes in many cases call them terrorists. Making an objective definition of the difference between a guerrilla and a terrorist has proven a difficult task, the strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare tend to focus around the use of a small, mobile force competing against a larger, more unwieldy one. The Guerrilla focuses on organizing in small units, depending on the support of the local population, tactically, the guerrilla army would avoid any confrontation with large units of enemy troops, but seek and eliminate small groups of soldiers to minimize losses and exhaust the opposing force. Not limiting their targets to personnel, enemy resources are preferred targets. All of that is to weaken the strength, to cause the enemy eventually to be unable to prosecute the war any longer. It is often misunderstood that guerrilla warfare must involve disguising as civilians to cause enemy troops to fail in telling friend from foe, however, this is not a primary feature of a guerrilla war. This type of war can be practiced anywhere there are places for combatants to cover themselves, at least one author credits the ancient Chinese work The Art of War with providing instruction in such tactics to Mao. The Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his The Art of War or 600 BC to 501 BC, was the earliest to propose the use of guerrilla warfare and this directly inspired the development of modern guerrilla warfare. Guerrilla tactics were employed by prehistoric tribal warriors against enemy tribes. Evidence of conventional warfare, on the hand, did not emerge until 3100 BC in Egypt. Since the Enlightenment, ideologies such as nationalism, liberalism, socialism, because of the innovative tactics he used during his command, he made himself the name of Terror Romanorum. A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency operation involves actions taken by the government of a nation to contain or quell an insurgency taken up against it. Counter-insurgency operations are common during war, occupation and armed rebellions, the two most influential of scholars of counter-insurgency have been Westerners whose job it had been to fight insurgents. Robert Thompson fought during the Malayan Emergency and David Galula fought during the Algerian War, together these officers advocated multi-pronged strategies to win over the civilian population to the side of the counter-insurgent. The widely distributed and influential work of Sir Robert Thompson, counter-insurgency expert of the Malayan Emergency, thompsons underlying assumption was that the counter-insurgent was committed to improving the rule of law and bettering local governance
Guerrilla warfare
–
Spanish guerrilla resistance to the French invasion in 1808
Guerrilla warfare
–
Boer guerrillas during the
Second Boer War in South Africa
Guerrilla warfare
–
Female Soviet partisans operating under
Sydir Kovpak in
German-occupied Ukraine
Guerrilla warfare
–
Mass shootings of
Vendée royalist rebels in western France, 1793
14.
Kansas Territory
–
The territory extended from the Missouri border west to the summit of the Rocky Mountains and from the 37th parallel north to the 40th parallel north. Much of the region of what is now the State of Colorado was part of Kansas Territory. The Territory of Colorado was created to govern this western region of the former Kansas Territory on February 28,1861, Kansas Territory was established by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. The Kansas–Nebraska Act became a law on May 30,1854, establishing the Nebraska Territory, the provisions relating to Kansas Territory were embodied in the last eighteen sections. Section 28 Declares the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 to be in force in the Territory. Section 31 Locates the seat of government of the Territory, temporarily at Fort Leavenworth, and authorizes the use for public purposes of the government buildings. As early as June 10,1854, the Missourians held a meeting at Salt Creek Valley and they said they were in favor of making Kansas a slave state if it should require half the citizens of Missouri, musket in hand, to emigrate there. The desire to facilitate the colonization of the Territory took practical shape while the bill was still under debate in the United States Congress, the largest organization created for this purpose was the New England Emigrant Aid Company, organized by Eli Thayer. Emigration from the states, including New England, Iowa, Ohio. These emigrants were known as Free-Staters, because Missourians had claimed much of the land closest to the border, the Free-Staters were forced to establish settlements further into Kansas Territory. Among these were Lawrence, Topeka, and Manhattan, to protect themselves against the encroachments of non-residents, the Actual Settlers Association of Kansas Territory was formed. The first territorial appointments, looking to the inauguration of a government, under the provisions of the organic law, were made in June. The officers appointed by President Pierce, whose appointments were confirmed by the United States Senate, the first governor was Andrew Horatio Reeder was appointed June 29,1854 and removed July 28,1858. On March 30,1855 Border Ruffians from Missouri entered Kansas during the territorys first legislative election, antislavery candidates prevailed in one election district, the future Riley County. The first session of the legislature was held in Pawnee, Kansas at the request of Governor Reeder, the two-story stone building still stands and is open to the public as the First Territorial Capitol of Kansas. The building remained as the seat of the legislature for five days from July 2–6,1855, the last legislative act of the Territorial Legislature was the approval of the charter for the College of the Sisters of Bethany. This was February 2, 1861—four days after James Buchanan signed the act of Congress that officially brought Kansas into the Union, James H. Lane joined the Free-State movement in 1855 and became president the Topeka Constitutional Convention from October 23 to November 11,1855. He was later a leader of Jayhawkers and it was claimed that some Missourians had used violence toward the persons and property of the inhabitants of the Kansas Territory
Kansas Territory
–
Site No. JF00-072: Nebraska-Kansas state line at intersection of Nebraska counties Thayer and Jefferson and Kansas counties Washington and Republic.
Kansas Territory
–
1855 first edition of Colton's map of Nebraska and Kansas Territories
15.
Charles L. Robinson
–
Charles Lawrence Robinson was the first Governor of Kansas. He was also the first governor of a US state to be impeached, to date he is the only governor of Kansas to be impeached. Robinson was educated at Hadley and Amherst academies, and at Amherst College and he studied medicine in Woodstock, Vermont, and later in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where he earned his medical degree at the Berkshire Medical College in 1843. He practiced medicine in Belchertown, Springfield, and Fitchburg, in 1849, he traveled overland to California. He was subsequently discharged by the court without trial and he represented Californias 12th State Assembly district from 1851 to 1852. He married Sara Tappen Doolittle Lawrence in 1851, and they had two children and she later published Kansas, its Exterior and Interior Life, in which she describes the scenes, actors, and events of the struggle between the friends and foes of slavery in Kansas. In 1852, Charles returned to Massachusetts, and conducted in Fitchburg a weekly called the News. In June 1854, Robinson went to Kansas as confidential agent of the New England Emigrant Aid Society, during the Bleeding Kansas tragedy, Robinson angered many with his passionate support for the Free-Staters, who were promoting a fight against pro-slavery advocates. He was illegally elected Territorial Governor of Kansas under the Topeka Constitution in January 1856, from the spring of 1856 until September, Robinson and several other Free-State leaders, including the son of abolitionist John Brown, were held in custody in Camp Sackett. This United States military camp was located about 3.5 miles southwest of Lecompton, in 1861, Robinson took office as governor of the newly admitted State of Kansas. His impeachment was due to a rivalry with James H. Lane. He was found not guilty, but it hurt his political career, elected to the Kansas State Senate, Robinson served from 1873 to 1881. He was Superintendent of the Haskell Institute from 1887 to 1889, Robinson died on August 17,1894, and is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Lawrence. Kansas State Historical Society Impeachment of State Officials Charles L. Robinson at Find a Grave National Governors Association The Political Graveyard He was Also a huge part of Boston Company
Charles L. Robinson
–
Charles L. Robinson
16.
New England Emigrant Aid Company
–
This in turn further galvanized Free-Staters and enemies of The Slave Power. Thayers intention was to capitalize on antislavery sentiment in the Northern United States and send settlers to Kansas to purchase land and build houses, shops and they could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the proceeds back to Thayer and his investors. While the Company achieved neither a profit nor a significant impact on the population of Kansas, the Company was formed in the midst of the sectional crisis that preceded the American Civil War. His primary partners in the venture were Alexander H. Bullock and Edward Everett Hale, Thayer announced the Company at a rally against the impending passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in Worcester on March 11. Shortly thereafter, the Companys charter was approved by the Massachusetts Legislature for up to $5,000,000 in capital, officially, the Company was a profit-making venture, and how the settlers voted was of no consequence to the company. Although Thayer personally disagreed with such hesitations, in 1855, the Company reorganized as a benevolent society, the success of the endeavor prompted other aid assistance companies to form back East, in New York or Ohio, with new companies such as the Worchester Country Emigrant Aid Society. The company was responsible for creating the Kansas towns of Lawrence and Manhattan. Lawrence was named after the Company secretary, Amos Lawrence, multiple politicians were found in the emigrants who left for Kansas, such as Daniel Read Anthony, Charles L. Robinson, Samuel C. Pomeroy, and Martin F. Conway, who would later be Kansass first U. S. Representative, the exact number of people who left for Kansas is unknown. James Rawley puts the numbers somewhere around 2000, of whom about a third returned home, Kansas entered the United States as a free state in 1861. Prelude to Civil War, Kansas-Missouri, 1854-61, New York, W. W. Norton & Company. Bleeding Kansas, Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era, War to the Knife, Bleeding Kansas, 1854-1861. Olson, Kevin G. W. Frontier Manhattan, Yankee Settlement to Kansas Town, race & Politics, Bleeding Kansas and the Coming of the Civil War. History of the Kansas Crusade, Its Friends and its Foes, Kansas State Historical Society article on the New English Emigrant Aid Company
New England Emigrant Aid Company
–
The company sign.
17.
Southern United States
–
The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
Southern United States
–
Texas Hill Country
Southern United States
–
The Southern United States as defined by the
United States Census Bureau. The "South" and its regions are defined in various ways, however. (See
Geography section.)
Southern United States
–
Bluegrass region in Kentucky
Southern United States
–
Glass Mountains at Glass Mountains State Park, Oklahoma
18.
Mexican-American War
–
It followed in the wake of the 1845 U. S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory in spite of its de facto secession in the 1836 Texas Revolution. After its independence in 1821 and brief experiment with monarchy, Mexico became a republic in 1824 and it was characterized by considerable instability, leaving it ill-prepared for conflict when war broke out in 1846. In 1845, Texas agreed to an offer of annexation by the U. S. Congress, and became the 28th state on December 29 that year. In 1845, James K. Polk, the newly-elected U. S. president, when that offer was rejected, American forces commanded by Major General Zachary Taylor were moved into the disputed territory. They were then attacked by Mexican forces, who killed 12 U. S. soldiers and these same Mexican troops later laid siege to an American fort along the Rio Grande. This led to the war and the loss of much of Mexicos northern territory. The U. S. army, under the command of Major General Winfield Scott, captured the capital, Mexico City, marching from the port of Veracruz. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and specified its major consequence, the U. S. agreed to pay $15 million compensation for the physical damage of the war. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt owed by the Mexican government to U. S. citizens, Mexico acknowledged the loss of Texas and thereafter cited the Rio Grande as its national border with the United States. The territorial expansion of the United States toward the Pacific coast had been the goal of US President James K. Polk, at first, the war was highly controversial in the United States, with the Whig Party, anti-imperialists, and anti-slavery elements strongly opposed. Critics in the United States pointed to the casualties suffered by U. S. forces. The war intensified the debate over slavery in the United States, in Mexico, the war came in the middle of political turmoil, which increased into chaos during the conflict. Border left many Mexican citizens separated from their national government, for the indigenous peoples who had never accepted Mexican rule, the change in border meant conflicts with a new outside power. The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled and not well controlled politically by the government based in Mexico City, after independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico contended with internal struggles that sometimes verged on civil war and the northern frontier was not a high priority. In the sparsely settled interior of northern Mexico, the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for presidios, there were conflicts between indigenous people in the northern region as well. The Comanche were particularly successful in expanding their territory in the Comanche–Mexico Wars, the Apache–Mexico Wars also made Mexicos north a violent place, with no effective political control. The Apache raids left thousands of people dead through out northern Mexico, when the United States Army entered northern Mexico in 1846 they found demoralized Mexican settlers. There was little resistance to US forces from the civilian population, hostile activity from indigenous people also made communications and trade between the interior of Mexico and provinces such as Alta California and New Mexico difficult
Mexican-American War
–
Clockwise from top left U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the
Battle of Resaca de la Palma, American victory
at Churubusco outside Mexico City, U.S. marines
storming Chapultepec castle under a large American flag,
Winfield Scott entering
Plaza de la Constitución after the
Fall of Mexico City.
Mexican-American War
Mexican-American War
Mexican-American War
19.
Liberty Arsenal
–
The Liberty Arsenal, known by Federal authorities as the Missouri Depot was a United States Army arsenal at Liberty, Missouri in Clay County, Missouri. The depot was seized twice by Southern partisans, once during the Kansas troubles in 1855 and it was located generally west of the junction of Missouri Route 291 and old 210 Highway. At that time the amount, expended for the Liberty Arsenal from its first establishment amounted to $26,435.96. On December 4,1855 during the Wakarusa War, a company of over 100 armed Clay County volunteers, led by Missouri Maj. Ebenezer Price, seized the arsenal. The custodian of the facility, U. S. Maj. Luther Leonard and his six employees were placed under arrest while many of the arms and equipment were removed. The arsenal at that time contained, three brass six pounder cannon,55 rifles,67 cavalry sabres,100 dragoon pistols,20 Colt revolvers, accoutrements, equipment, and ammunition. On December 10,1855, Captain William N. R. Beall of the 1st U. S. Cavalry moved to the arsenal with a company to prevent another raid. The pro-slavery forces had concluded their foray against Lawrence, Kansas, therefore, after Capt. Beall discussed the matter of the arsenal weapons with prominent local citizens, most of the material was returned. After states began seceding from the Union, the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861 voted 98-1 on March 21,1861 to stay in the Union, on April 12,1861, the Civil War officially began with the firing on Fort Sumter. Ardent secessionists in western Missouri again eyed the Liberty Arsenal, the depots caretaker, Major Nathaniel Grant, with only two employees, could do nothing but protest the forcible takeover. The event has sometimes called the Missouri Fort Sumter. This left the St. Louis Arsenal as the only other Federal military arsenal in the entire state, while substantial, this pales compared to the 37,000 muskets and rifles believed to have been kept at St. Louis. A portion of the secessionist force held the depot for a week as they removed the materials, Some was taken to Routts home near what is now William Jewell College. His ice-house was converted into an armoury for distributing weapons to Missouri Militiamen, the brass field pieces became Capt. Henry Guibors State Guard battery. The kegs of powder were hidden throughout the countryside, a portion of the arms were shipped upriver to the charge of St. Joseph mayor M. Jeff Thompson. Maj. Grant continued as custodian of the depot until it was sold in 1869 On October 6,2012, none of the buildings remain and the land is privately owned. History of Clay and Platte Counties, Missouri, borgedalen, Angie Anaya, Some hope Liberty Arsenal will someday become a park, Liberty Tribune, Oct.18,2012 Shoemaker, Floyd C. Federal Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, Sikeston Herald, April 24,1941, p.16
Liberty Arsenal
–
"Old Sacramento Cannon" captured by U.S. during the
Mexican-American War in 1847 and taken to the Liberty Arsenal. The cannon was seized by pro-slavery forces in 1856 and fired during the
Sacking of Lawrence in 1856. The cannon was damaged in 1896 when it was loaded with clay and straw and fired.
20.
Samuel C. Pomeroy
–
Samuel Clarke Pomeroy was an American Republican Senator from Kansas in the mid-19th century, serving in the United States Senate during the American Civil War. Pomeroy served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, Pomeroy succeeded Cyrus K. Holliday as president of the railroad on January 13,1864. In 1864, Pomeroy was the chair of a committee supporting Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase for the Republican nomination for President of the United States over the incumbent, Pomeroy also spoke in support of Chases candidacy in the Senate. During the 1880 presidential election Pomeroy was John W. Phelps running mate on the revived Anti-Masonic Party, York publicly disclosed the alleged bribe was an attempt to pin a bribery charge against the senator. Pomeroy ultimately lost the election to John J. Ingalls, state Senator York was also one of the brothers of Dr. William York, one of the murder victims of the Bloody Benders Family. Pomeroy took to the Senate floor on February 10,1873 to deny the allegations as a conspiracy, for the purpose of accomplishing my defeat, and urged the creation of a special committee to investigate the allegations. Senator Allen G. However, Thurman chose not to pursue the matter further, as March 3 coincided with Senator Pomeroys last day in office
Samuel C. Pomeroy
–
Samuel C. Pomeroy
21.
Sort (typesetting)
–
When the form was no longer needed all of the type had to be sorted back into the correct slots in the type case in a very time-consuming process called distributing. This sorting process led to the pieces being called sorts. It is often claimed to be the root of such as out of sorts and wrong sort. During the hot metal typesetting era, printing equipment used matrices to cast type as needed during the typesetting process, the popular Linotype cast entire lines of text at once rather than individual sorts, while the less popular competitor Monotype still cast the sorts individually. Later, when phototypesetting replaced hot metal typesetting, sorts disappeared entirely from the printing process. History of western typography Matrix Typeface Typography Typeface anatomy Nesbitt, Alexander The History and Technique of Lettering 1957, Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-20427-8, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number, 57-13116. Typowiki, a wiki at typophile. com Metal Type - For Those who Remember Hot Metal Typesetting
Sort (typesetting)
–
Metal type sorts arranged on a
composing stick.
Sort (typesetting)
–
Diagram of a cast metal sort. a face, b body or shank, c point size, 1 shoulder, 2 nick, 3 groove, 4 foot.
22.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
–
The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and was drafted by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and President Franklin Pierce. The initial purpose of the Kansas–Nebraska Act was to open up thousands of new farms, the popular sovereignty clause of the law led pro- and anti-slavery elements to flood into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, resulting in Bleeding Kansas. The availability of tens of millions of acres of excellent farmland in the area made it necessary to create an infrastructure to allow settlement. Railroad interests were eager to start operations since they needed farmers as customers. Four previous attempts to pass legislation had failed, the solution was a bill proposed in January 1854 by Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. Since early in the 1840s the topic of a railroad had been discussed. While there were debates over the specifics, especially the route to be taken, several proposals in late 1852 and early 1853 had strong support, but in the end they failed because of disputes over whether the railroad would follow a northern or a southern route. In early 1853 the House of Representatives passed a bill by a 107-to-49 vote that organized the Nebraska Territory in land west of Iowa, in March the bill moved to the Senate Committee on Territories, which was then headed by Sen. Douglas. Missouri Sen. David Atchison announced that he would support the Nebraska proposal only if slaveholders were not banned from the new territory, while the bill was silent on this issue, slavery would have been prohibited under the terms of the Missouri Compromise. Other Southern senators were not as flexible as Atchison, by a vote of 23 to 17, the Senate voted to table the motion, with every senator from the states south of Missouri voting to table. Atchison was maneuvered into choosing between antagonizing the state interests and antagonizing the state slaveholders. Finally Atchison took the position that he would rather see Nebraska sink in hell before he would allow it to be overrun by free soilers, in this era, congressmen generally found lodging in boarding houses when they were in the nations capital performing their legislative duties. Atchison shared lodgings in an F Street house shared by the leading Southerners in Congress, Atchison himself was the Senates president pro tempore. His housemates included Robert T. Hunter, James Mason and Andrew P. Butler. When Congress reconvened on December 5,1853, this group, termed the F Street Mess, along with Virginian William O. Goode, Douglas was aware of their opinions and power, and knew that he needed to address their concerns. Iowa Sen. Augustus C. Dodge immediately reintroduced the legislation to organize Nebraska that had stalled in the previous session. Douglas, hoping to achieve the support of the Southerners, publicly announced that the principle that had been established in the Compromise of 1850 should apply in Nebraska. These territories, however, unlike Nebraska, had not been part of the Louisiana Purchase and had never been subject to the Missouri Compromise, the bill was reported to the main body of the Senate on January 4,1854
Kansas-Nebraska Act
–
This 1856 map shows slave states (gray), free states (pink),
U.S. territories (green), and Kansas in center (white).
Kansas-Nebraska Act
–
Stephen A. Douglas – "The great principle of self government is at stake, and surely the people of this country are never going to decide that the principle upon which our whole republican system rests is vicious and wrong."
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas-Nebraska Act
23.
Norman, Oklahoma
–
Norman /ˈnɔːrmən/ is a city in the U. S. state of Oklahoma 20 miles south of downtown Oklahoma City in its metropolitan area. The population was 110,925 at the 2010 census, Normans estimated population of 120,284 in 2015 makes it the third-largest city in Oklahoma, and the city serves as the county seat of Cleveland County. Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889, which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement, the city was named in honor of Abner Norman, the areas initial land surveyor, and was formally incorporated on May 13,1891. The university is known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname Sooners. The university is home to museums, including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university, Norman lies within Tornado Alley, a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area, including Norman, is the most tornado-prone area in the world, the Storm Prediction Center, a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is located at the NWC. SPC forecasts severe storm and tornado outbreaks nationwide, additionally, research is conducted at the co-located National Severe Storms Laboratory, which includes field research and operates various experimental weather radars. In 2008, CNNs Money Magazine ranked Norman as the sixth best small city within the United States to live in, the Oklahoma region became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Treaties of 1832 and 1833 assigned the area today as Norman to the Creek Nation. Following the Civil War, the Creeks were accused of aiding the Confederacy, in the early 1870s, the federal government undertook a survey of these unassigned lands. Abner Ernest Norman, a 23-year-old surveyor from Kentucky, was hired to oversee part of this project. In 1887, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began service to the area, which was later opened to settlement as part of the Land Run of 1889, early settlers decided to keep the name Norman. On April 22,1889, the Land Run saw the founding of Norman, with at least 150 residents spending the night in makeshift campsites, by the next morning a downtown was already being constructed. On December 19,1890, Larsh and Waggoner were successful with the passage of Council Bill 114, the City of Norman was formally incorporated on May 13,1891. The city has continued to grow throughout the decades, the rail lines eventually transitioned to freight during the 1940s as the United States Numbered Highway system developed. The city population reached 11,429 in 1940, in 1941, the University of Oklahoma and Norman city officials established Max Westheimer Field, a university airstrip, and then leased it to the U. S. Navy as a Naval Flight Training Center in 1942. The training center was used for training combat pilots during World War II, a second training center, known as Naval Air Technical Training Center, and a naval hospital were later established to the south
Norman, Oklahoma
–
Norman, Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma
–
Flag
Norman, Oklahoma
–
Abner Norman statue outside City Hall
Norman, Oklahoma
–
Main Street in Norman, circa 1900
24.
Lincoln, Nebraska
–
Lincoln is the capital of the U. S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Lancaster County. The city covers 92.81 square miles with a population of 277,348 in 2015 and it is the second-most populous city in Nebraska and the 72nd-largest in the United States. The statistical area is home to 345,478 people, making it the 105th-largest combined statistical area in the United States, the city was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster on the wild salt marshes of what was to become Lancaster County. In 1867, the village of Lancaster became Nebraskas state capital and was renamed Lincoln, bertram G. Goodhue designed state capitol building was completed in 1932 and is the second tallest capitol in the United States. As the city is the seat of government for the state of Nebraska, the state, the University of Nebraska was founded in Lincoln in 1867. The university is the largest in Nebraska with 25,006 students enrolled and is the citys third-largest employer, other primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries, including a growing high-tech sector. The region makes up a part of what is known as the greater Midwest Silicon Prairie, designated as a refugee-friendly city by the U. S. Department of State in the 1970s, the city was the twelfth-largest resettlement site per capita in the United States by 2000. Refugee Vietnamese, Karen, Sudanese, and Yazidi people have resettled in the city. Lincoln Public Schools during the year of 2016–17 provided support for approximately 3,200 students from 118 countries. Prior to the westward of settlers, the prairie was covered with buffalo grass. Plains Indians, descendants of peoples who occupied the area for thousands of years, lived in. The Pawnee, which included four tribes, lived in villages along the Platte River, an occasional buffalo could still be seen in the plat of Lincoln in the 1860s. Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster and became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859, the village was sited on the east bank of Salt Creek. The first settlers were attracted to the due to the abundance of salt. Once J. Sterling Morton developed his salt mines in Kansas, Captain W. T. Donovan, a former steamer captain, and his family settled on Salt Creek in 1856. In the fall of 1859, the settlers met to form a county. A caucus was formed and the committee, which included Captain Donovan, after the passage of the 1862 Homestead Act, homesteaders began to inhabit the area. The first plat was dated August 6,1864, by the close of 1868, Lancaster had a population of approximately 500 people
Lincoln, Nebraska
–
Downtown Lincoln skyline
Lincoln, Nebraska
–
Flag
Lincoln, Nebraska
–
Lincoln, as seen in 1868
Lincoln, Nebraska
–
Thomas P. Kennard house
25.
Lawrence, KS
–
Lawrence is the sixth largest city in the state of Kansas and the county seat of Douglas County, Kansas. It is in northeastern Kansas next to Interstate 70, along the banks of the Kansas, as of the 2010 census, the citys population was 87,643. Lawrence is a town and the home to the University of Kansas. Lawrence was founded by the New England Emigrant Aid Company and was named for Amos Adams Lawrence who offered financial aid, Lawrence was central to the Bleeding Kansas era and was the site of the Wakarusa War, the sacking of Lawrence, and the Lawrence Massacre. Lawrence began as a center of Kansas politics, prior to Kansas Territory being opened to settlement in May 1854, most of Douglas County was part of the Shawnee Indian Reservation. The Oregon Trail followed the Kansas River through what would become Lawrence and Mount Oread was used as a landmark, dr. Charles Robinson and Charles Branscomb were sent by the New England Emigrant Aid Company to scout for a location for a city. They arrived in the vicinity of Lawrence in July 1854 and noted the beauty of the area, the original “pioneer party” left Massachusetts on July 17,1854 and consisted of 29 men. They arrived at the site Robinson and Branscomb selected on August 1, the second party arrived in Lawrence on September 9 after leaving near the end of August. The town was officially named Lawrence City on October 6, the main street of the town was named Massachusetts to commemorate the origins of the pioneer party. The first post office in Lawrence was established in January 1855, in March 1857, the Quincy School was started in the Emigrant Aid office before moving to the basement of the Unitarian Church in April. The Plymouth Congregational Church was started in September 1854 by Reverend S. Y, lum, a missionary sent to Kansas. Shortly after Lawrence’s founding, two newspapers were started, The Kansas Pioneer and the Herald of Freedom, both touted the Free State mission which caused problems from the people of Lecompton, then the pro-slavery headquarters, about ten miles northwest of Lawrence, and land squatters from Missouri. The Kansas Free State began in early January 1855, on November 21,1855, Charles Dow was shot and killed by Franklin Coleman in Hickory Point about fourteen miles south of Lawrence. Shortly after, an army of Missourians led by Douglas County Sheriff Samuel L. Jones entered Kansas to attack Lawrence. John Brown and James Lane had hustled Lawrence citizens into an army and erected barricades, a treaty was signed and the Missouri army reluctantly left. Harassment by Sheriff Jones and other Southern sympathizers continued unabated, the Herald of Freedom, the Kansas Free State and the Free State Hotel were indicted as “nuisances. ”On April 23,1856 Sheriff Jones was shot while trying to arrest free-state settlers. On May 21, Sheriff Jones and a posse of 800 Southern sympathizers converged on Lawrence, dr. Robinson’s house on Mount Oread was taken by the federal marshal as headquarters and the newspaper printing presses were damaged and thrown in the river. The Free State Hotel was also destroyed, despite the constant presence of impending war, Lawrence continued to grow
Lawrence, KS
–
Lawrence City Hall with the Shunganunga Boulder in Robinson Park at the north end of
Massachusetts Street (2011)
Lawrence, KS
–
Ruins of Free State Hotel after the attack in 1856
Lawrence, KS
–
Old North College in 1867—the first building on KU Campus
Lawrence, KS
–
The Lawrence Visitors Center, formerly the
Union Pacific Depot
26.
Smithsonian Institution
–
The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the United States National Museum, that ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967. Additional facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York City, Texas, Virginia, more than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates. The Institutions thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge and its annual budget is around $1.2 billion with 2/3 coming from annual federal appropriations. Other funding comes from the Institutions endowment, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines. The British scientist James Smithson left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford, Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation, and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1,1836. The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest, Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 gold sovereigns. Once the money was in hand, eight years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithsons rather vague mandate for the increase, unfortunately, the money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas which soon defaulted. The United States Exploring Expedition by the U. S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842, in 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation, in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research. The Institution became a magnet for young scientists from 1857 to 1866, the Smithsonian played a critical role as the U. S. partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the Academy of Sciences of Cuba. The Smithsonian Institution Building began construction in 1849, designed by architect James Renwick Jr. its interiors were completed by general contract Gilbert Cameron and the building opened in 1855. The Smithsonians first expansion came with construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1881, Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, meigs of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The National Zoological Park opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonians Department of Living Animals and this structure was designed by the D. C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall. More than 40 years would pass before the museum, the Museum of History. It was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White. That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened in the Old Patent Office Building on October 7,1968. The first new building to open since the National Museum of Natural History was the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Smithsonian Institution
–
The
"Castle" (1847), the Institution's first building and still its headquarters
Smithsonian Institution
–
Smithsonian Institution Logo of the Smithsonian Institution
Smithsonian Institution
–
Aircraft on display at the
National Air and Space Museum, including a
Ford Trimotor and
Douglas DC-3 (top and second from top)
Smithsonian Institution
–
The Smithsonian Castle doorway
27.
Jane Smiley
–
Jane Smiley is an American novelist. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1992 for her novel A Thousand Acres, born in Los Angeles, California, Smiley grew up in Webster Groves, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, and graduated from Community School and from John Burroughs School. She obtained a BA in literature at Vassar College, then earned an MA, MFA, while working towards her doctorate, she also spent a year studying in Iceland as a Fulbright Scholar. Smiley published her first novel, Barn Blind, in 1980, and won a 1985 O. Henry Award for her short story Lily and her best-selling A Thousand Acres, a story based on William Shakespeares King Lear, received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1992. It was adapted into a film of the title in 1997. In 1995 she wrote her sole television script, produced for an episode of Homicide and her novella The Age of Grief was made into the 2002 film The Secret Lives of Dentists. Her essay Feminism Meets the Free Market was included in the 2006 anthology Mommy Wars by Washington Post writer Leslie Morgan Steiner, appears in the anthology Knitting Yarns, Writers on Knitting, published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2013. In 2001, Smiley was elected a member of The American Academy of Arts and she participates in the annual Los Angeles Times Festival of Books in association with UCLA. She won the PEN USA Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006, jonathan Franzen, author of The Corrections, considers Smileys book The Greenlanders to be greatly underappreciated and among the best works of contemporary American fiction. Smiley is currently at work on a trilogy of novels about an Iowa family over the course of generations, the first novel of the trilogy, Some Luck, was published in 2014 by Random House. Jane Smiley collected news and commentary
Jane Smiley
–
Jane Smiley at the 2009 Texas Book Festival
Jane Smiley
–
Jane Smiley speaking at the Vancouver Writers Fest on her 2014 novel, Some Luck
28.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
29.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
30.
Kansas in the American Civil War
–
At the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861, Kansas was the newest U. S. state, admitted just months earlier in January. Later the state witnessed the defeat of Confederate General Sterling Price by Union General Alfred Pleasonton at the Battle of Mine Creek, the second-largest cavalry action of the war. The Territory of Kansas was admitted to the Union on January 29,1861, in the midst of the secession crisis, six states had already seceded. Violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups began almost immediately, Kansas popular vote eventually chose against slavery, so Kansas would fight with the North. The first Kansas regiment was called on June 3,1861, and the seventeenth, the entire quota assigned to Kansas was 16,654, and the number raised was 20,097, leaving a surplus of 3,443 to the credit of Kansas. About 1,000 Kansans joined Confederate forces, since a number of people from the south had settled in Kansas. There are no statistics on those serving the Confederacy, since some joined guerrilla units, statistics indicate that losses of Kansas regiments killed in battle and from disease are greater per thousand than those of any other State. This led to a 19th-century nickname for Kansas, the Spartan State, the first action in Kansas was not between the rival Union and Confederate armies, it was a guerrilla raid by pro-slavery bushwhackers led by William C. Quantrill, who descended on Lawrence, a center of anti-slavery Unionist sentiment, as the raiders could be heard shouting Remember Osceola. The attack was taken to be a reprisal for a raid by anti-slavery Jayhawkers on Osceola. The massacre outraged the Confederate government, which had granted recognition to Quantrill under the Partisan Ranger Act, but now withdrew support from irregular forces. The Battle of Baxter Springs, sometimes called the Baxter Springs Massacre, was a battle fought on October 6,1863, near the modern-day town of Baxter Springs. On October 25,1864, a series of three battles occurred, the first two in Linn County, Kansas, with the final in Vernon County, Missouri. They were between Major General Sterling Price, leading the Missouri expedition, against Union forces under Major General Alfred Pleasonton, Price, after going south from Kansas City, was initially met by Pleasonton at Marais des Cygnes. At the end of the day, the Confederate army as a fighting force was decimated and forced to withdraw into Arkansas
Kansas in the American Civil War
–
Union states in the
American Civil War
31.
Battle of Dry Wood Creek
–
The Battle of Dry Wood Creek was fought on September 2,1861 in Vernon County, Missouri during the American Civil War. The Missouri State Guard troops were successful in their campaign to force the Union Army to abandon southwestern Missouri, following his victory at the Battle of Wilsons Creek, Major General Sterling Pap Price and his Missouri State Guard occupied Springfield, Missouri. Price then headed northwest with 6,000 poorly trained and under-equipped guardsmen to capture Fort Scott, Kansas Jayhawker and senator Colonel James H. Lane led a 600-man battalion of Union cavalry from Fort Scott to learn the whereabouts of the rumored Missouri State Guard force. Lanes battalion soon encountered Prices men at Hogans Crossing on Big Dry Wood Creek, Lane surprised the Confederates, but the Southerners numerical superiority soon determined the encounter’s outcome. After a sharp skirmish lasting two hours, they forced the Union cavalry to retire to Fort Scott and captured their mules, Lane secured the fort, then proceeded towards Kansas City. The Missouri State Guard continued on towards Lexington, while Price recruited more guardsmen, federal losses were 5 killed and 6 wounded. Missouri State Guard losses were 4 killed and 16 wounded, all in Brigadier General James S. Rains Eighth Division, the battle site is just southeast of Deerfield, Missouri, on Highway 54 between Nevada and Fort Scott. All of the land within the boundary is privately owned. A monument commemorating the battle is located in Nevada, Missouri, national Park Service Battle Summary CWSAC Report Update U. S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union, united States Government Printing Office, 1880-1901. Series 1, Volume 3, Part 1, pages 162–165, diary of a Union cavalryman present at Dry Wood Creek
Battle of Dry Wood Creek
–
Pre-war
32.
Sacking of Osceola
–
The Sacking of Osceola was a Kansas Jayhawker initiative on September 23,1861, to push out pro-Southern elements at Osceola, Missouri. It was not authorized by Union military authorities but was the work of an group of pro-Union Kansas Jayhawkers. The town of 3,000 people was plundered and burned to the ground,200 slaves were freed, following Sterling Prices secessionist Missouri State Guard victory over General Nathaniel Lyons Union army at the Battle of Wilsons Creek. Price continued his goal of maintaining the integrity of Missouri from all outside invaders. James H. Lane, often called the leader of the Jayhawkers, Price defeated Lane in the Battle of Dry Wood Creek near Fort Scott, Kansas. Lane retreated and Price continued his offensive further into Missouri to the Siege of Lexington, while Price moved North, Lane launched an attack behind him. After crossing the Missouri border at Trading Post, Kansas on September 10, Lane began an offensive moving East on Butler, Harrisonville, Osceola and Clinton, Missouri. The climax of the campaign was on September 23,1861, at Osceola, an artillery battery under Capt. Thomas Moonlight shelled the St. Clair County courthouse. According to reports, many of the Kansans got so drunk that when it time to leave they were unable to march and had to ride in wagons. They carried off with them a tremendous load of plunder, including as Lanes personal share a piano, Lane led hundreds of slaves to Kansas and freedom. The troops moved Northwest and arrived at Kansas City, Missouri, on September 29, nine local men were rounded up, given a quick drumhead court-martial trial, and executed. All but three of the towns 800 buildings burned, the town never fully recovered, Lanes raid stirred hatred that led to Quantrills raid on Lawrence, Kansas, leading in turn to the depopulation of four counties of western Missouri under General Order No. 11. The sacking of Osceola, Missouri was not authorized by the military but was okayed by President Lincoln. No one was allowed to pass the pickets under any circumstances while the pillage was going on, on the morning of Sept 24th, Dr. John Trolinger and three others wished to cross over into town not knowing that it was already being pillaged. As they were landing they were fired upon by around 60 outlaws, the doctor received 11 buckshot wounds but none too bad which his wife later took care of under his control. A man named Summers was shot in the mouth which carried away most of his jaw and was never the same again, Lanes men were so drunk that they could not march and had to ride in the wagons. But the city of Osceola, Missouri was fearfully avenged when Lawrence, Kansas was razed to the ground, to note, Not a single woman or child was harmed in the attack
Sacking of Osceola
–
Pre-war
33.
Lawrence massacre
–
By 1863, Kansas had long been the center of strife and warfare over the admission of slave versus free states. In the summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence sparked a war in Kansas that lasted for months. John Brown might be the best known participant in the violence of the late 1850s participating on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side, initially, the town and surrounding area were extremely vigilant and reacted strongly to any rumors that enemy forces might be advancing on the town. However, by the summer of 1863, none of the threats had materialized, so citizen fears had declined, Quantrill himself said that his motivation for the attack was to plunder, and destroy the town in retaliation for Osceola. That was a reference to the Unions attack on Osceola, Missouri in September 1861, Osceola was plundered and nine men were given a drumhead court-martial trial and executed. Several other Missouri towns and large swaths of the Missouri countryside had been plundered and burned by Unionist forces from Kansas. Castel concludes that revenge was the motive, followed by a desire to plunder. The retaliatory nature of the attack on Lawrence was confirmed by the survivors, the purported objective of this group was to eliminate civilian support for the Confederate guerillas, but their tactics were employed rather indiscriminately. As one observer noted, “I believe the Red Legs will kill any man in this country for a good horse, Charles Robinson, first Governor of Kansas and eyewitness to the raid, characterized the raid as an act of vengeance. In a bid to put down the Missouri guerrilla raiders operating in Kansas, General Thomas Ewing,10, which ordered the arrest of anyone giving aid or comfort to Confederate guerrillas. This meant chiefly women or girls who were relatives of the guerrillas, Ewing confined those arrested in a series of makeshift prisons in Kansas City. The women were housed in two buildings which were considered either too small or too unsanitary, before being moved to an empty property at 1425 Grand. This structure was part of the estate of the deceased Robert S. Thomas, in 1861 Bingham and his family were living in the structure, but in early 1862 after being appointed treasurer of the state of Missouri, he and his family relocated to Jefferson City. Bingham had added a story to the existing structure to use as a studio. A few days later, Nannie Harris died from her wounds, survivors of the collapse included, Jenny Anderson, Susan Anne Mundy Womacks, Martha Mattie Mundy, Lucinda Lou Mundy Gray, Elizabeth Harris, and Mollie Grindstaff. Andersons 13-year-old sister, who was shackled to a ball-and-chain inside the jail, rumors circulated that the structure was undermined by the guards to cause its collapse. However, a 1995 study of the events and affidavits surrounding the collapse concludes this is the least plausible of the theories, instead, testimony indicated that alterations to the first floor of the adjoining Cockrell structure for use as a barracks caused the common wall to buckle. The weight of the story on the former Bingham residence contributed to the resultant collapse
Lawrence massacre
–
Lawrence in ruins as illustrated in
Harper's Weekly
Lawrence massacre
–
The destruction of the city of Lawrence, Kansas, and the massacre of its inhabitants by the Rebel guerrillas, August 21, 1863
34.
General Order No. 11 (1863)
–
General Order No.11 is the title of a Union Army directive issued during the American Civil War on August 25,1863, forcing the evacuation of rural areas in four counties in western Missouri. The order, issued by Union General Thomas Ewing, Jr. affected all rural residents regardless of their allegiance. Those who could prove their loyalty to the Union were permitted to stay in the affected area and those who could not do so had to vacate the area altogether. It was repealed in January 1864, as a new general took command of Union forces in the region, Order No.11 was issued four days after the August 21 Lawrence Massacre, a retaliatory killing of men and boys led by Confederate bushwhacker leader William Quantrill. The Union Army believed Quantrills guerrillas drew their support from the population of four Missouri counties on the Kansas border. These were, Bates, Cass, Jackson, and part of Vernon, following the slaughter in Lawrence, Federal forces were determined to end such raiding and insurgency by any means necessary—no matter what the cost might be to innocent civilians. Hence, General Thomas Ewing, who had lost several friends in the raid. Ewings decree ordered the expulsion of all residents from these counties except for living within one mile of the town limits of Independence, Hickman Mills, Pleasant Hill. The area of Kansas City, Missouri north of Brush Creek and west of the Blue River, president Abraham Lincoln approved Ewings order, but he cautioned that the military must take care not to permit vigilante enforcement. This warning was almost invariably ignored, Ewing had issued his order a day before he received a nearly identical directive from his superior, Major General John Schofield. Whereas Ewings decree tried to distinguish between pro-Union and pro-Confederate civilians, Schofields allowed no exceptions and was significantly harsher, Ewings order was allowed to stand, and Schofield would later describe it as wise and just, in fact, a necessity. Headquarters District of the Border, Kansas City, August 25,1863. All who receive such certificates will be permitted to remove to any station in this district, or to any part of the State of Kansas. All others shall remove out of the district, officers commanding companies and detachments serving in the counties named will see that this paragraph is promptly obeyed. All grain and hay found in such district after the 9th day of September next, not convenient to such stations, the provisions of General Order No.4. Paragraph 3, General Order No.10 is revoked as to all who have borne arms against the Government in the district since the 20th day of August,1863, by order of Brigadier General Ewing. Order No.11 was not only intended to retard pro-Southern depredations, Ewing not only had his hands full with Confederate raiders, he equally had troubles with Unionist Jayhawkers, led by radical Kansas Senator James Lane. There was immense anger sweeping Kansas following Quantrills raid, convinced that Ewing was not retaliating sufficiently against Missourians, Lane threatened to lead a Kansas force into Missouri, laying waste to the four counties named in Ewings decree, and more
General Order No. 11 (1863)
–
George Caleb Bingham painting of General Order No. 11. In this famous work General Thomas Ewing is seated on a horse watching the Red Legs.
35.
Baxter Springs
–
Baxter Springs is a city in Cherokee County, Kansas, United States, and located along Spring River. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 4,238 and it is the most populous city of Cherokee County. From an early trading post, the city grew dramatically with the expansion of cattle ranching in the West and was the first cow town in Kansas following the Civil War and its population grew dramatically into the early 1870s in association with the cattle drives. After railroads were constructed into Texas, cattle drives no longer were made to Baxter Springs and other points along the trail, the city later had some economic success in the early twentieth century associated with lead mining in the area. The city protected its land, and owners and operators chose Baxter Springs for their residences, in 1926 the citys downtown main street was designated as part of the transcontinental U. S. Route 66 from Chicago to Los Angeles. By the 1940s, the high-quality lead had mostly been mined, environmental restoration to correct damage left by mining has been underway for some time. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples had lived along the waterways throughout the west, the Osage migrated west from the Ohio River area of Kentucky, driven out by the Iroquois. They settled in Kansas by the century, adopting plains traditions. By 1750 they dominated much of the region of Kansas, Missouri, one of the largest Osage bands was led by Chief Black Dog, his men completed the Black Dog Trail by 1803. It started from their territory east of Baxter Springs and extended southwest to their summer hunting grounds at the Great Salt Plains in present-day Alfalfa County. The Osage stopped at the springs for healing on their way to hunting grounds. They made the trail by clearing it of brush and large rocks, wide enough for eight horsemen to ride abreast, the trail was the first improved road in Kansas and Oklahoma. Nineteenth-century settlers eventually named the city and nearby springs after its first European-American settler, A. Baxter, in October 1863, the Confederate Quantrills raiders attacked Fort Baxter, whose defense that day included a majority of infantry of United States Colored Troops. The USCT held the fort, and Quantrills men attacked a detachment of Union troops out on the prairie, the Confederates outnumbered the Union forces outside the fort and killed nearly all of them, a total of 103 men. After temporarily reinforcing the fort, the United States abandoned the Baxter Springs area later that year and it moved its troops to the better fortified Fort Scott, Kansas. Before leaving, US forces tore down and destroyed Fort Baxter to make it unusable for hostiles, by 1867, entrepreneurs in town had constructed a cable ferry across the Spring River, which was operated into the 1880s. At that time, it was replaced by the first bridge built across the river, around 1868 there was a great demand for beef in the North. Texas cattlemen and stock raisers drove large herds of cattle from the southern plains and this led to the dramatic growth of Baxter Springs by the early 1870s as the first cow town in Kansas
Baxter Springs
–
Downtown Baxter Springs (2008)
Baxter Springs
–
Spring River from Riverside Park in Baxter Springs
Baxter Springs
–
Route 66 Soda Fountain, 2008
Baxter Springs
–
Route 66 Welcome Center, 2010
36.
Battle of Marais des Cygnes
–
The Battle of Marais des Cygnes took place on October 25,1864, in Linn County, Kansas during Prices Missouri Raid in the American Civil War. It is also called the Battle of Osage, or the Battle of Trading Post, during this battle, two brigades of Pleasontons cavalry, one under Colonels John F. Philips and the other under Frederick Benteen, caught up with Prices rear guard at Trading Post, Kansas. Prices army covered the crossing of the Marais des Cygnes River with a Southern supply train, though unable to prevent the crossing or inflict serious damage on Confederate forces, Pleasontons troopers did manage to capture prisoners and artillery, forcing Price to continue his retreat. This led in turn to an engagement at Mine Creek later that morning. The three Union victories won on this day sealed the fate of Prices campaign, during the American Civil War, the Confederate authorities were looking for an edge in the upcoming U. S. presidential election of 1864. Due to this, they decided to attempt to take over the territory of Missouri to help persuade the people of the North to vote against current President, with Missouri as a Confederate territory, they were convinced it would give them the advantage in winning the war. With commands from Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, Sterling Price assembled an army to take on this challenge, after this, he lost his infantry units to reassignment, and was forced to create a cavalry for the raid. Price then led an expedition into Missouri seeking to capture that state for the Confederacy, Price moved up through the state winning battles along the way, until he was halted by Union troops at the Battle of Westport, near modern-day Kansas City, Missouri. Price’s army was defeated by Union forces under the command of Major Generals Samuel R. Curtis, Price began to quickly withdraw south toward his base in Arkansas. Meanwhile, Pleasonton, commanding a Union cavalry division, pursued him into Kansas hoping to capture or destroy his army before he could reach Confederate territory and this led to the three battles on October 25 that destroyed Price’s cavalry, and led to his evacuation of Kansas. The three battles were the Battle of Marais des Cynges, the Battle of Mine Creek, on October 24, Price and his cavalry set up camp next the Marais des Cygnes River near Trading Post. The weather that night was terrible with rain and cold temperatures, Pleasonton’s cavalry was closing in on Price, and knew that he had set up camp in the area. Pleasonton sent out two brigades to overtake Price, the First Brigade, under the command of Colonel John Philips consisted of three regiments of Missouri State Militia and totaled 1,500 men. The Second Brigade under Lt. Colonel Frederick Benteen included regiments from Iowa, Missouri, during the next foggy morning, around 4am, Pleasonton’s army fired artillery, and after these were fired, Pleasonton’s men attacked the camp. This caused Price to order his troops to cross the river immediately, according to one account, the Confederates abandoned their camp so rapidly that attacking Union cavalrymen came upon campfires with meat still cooking on spits above them. Another account of the stated that the rifle fire from both sides was mostly ineffective because of the fog. Confederate fire was also effected by the height that they were shooting from, casualties are unknown, but it is known that there were not very many. Despite the fact the Union troops were not able to prevent Price from crossing the river and escaping momentarily, Union troops captured about 100 Confederate men, and two cannons
Battle of Marais des Cygnes
–
Pre-War
37.
Battle of Mine Creek
–
The Battle of Mine Creek, also known as the Battle of the Osage, was a battle that occurred on October 25,1864, in Kansas as part of Prices Raid during the American Civil War. Although vastly outnumbered, Union forces won all three engagements, forcing Price out of Kansas and sealing the fate of his disastrous Missouri campaign, after a series of several battles across that state, Union forces under Maj. Gens. Samuel R. Curtis and Alfred Pleasonton finally defeated Price decisively at the Battle of Westport, in modern Kansas City, Prices army was hampered by the presence of a rather large supply train, containing upwards of 500 wagons filled with badly needed war supplies for the South. As he camped along the Marais des Cygnes River near the town of Trading Post in Linn County, Kansas, Prices force was attacked by two Union brigades from Pleasontons Provisional Cavalry Division. Although unable to prevent the escape of most of the Southern force, Pleasontons men were able to capture around 100 prisoners and two cannons, forcing Price to continue his withdrawal. Quickly renewing their pursuit, the Federal cavalry effected their own crossing of the river, which was delayed due to heavy rain. Six miles south of Trading Post, the brigades of Colonels Benteen and Phillips overtook Prices army once more, the heavily laden Confederate wagons were experiencing difficulty with the rain-swollen ford, and Price had accordingly anticipated making a stand at this location. He formed a line on the side of the stream, with Brig. Gen. James F. Fagans division on the left. Eight cannon were deployed in support of this force, brigadier General William L. Cabells brigade formed up on the south side of Mine Creek in reserve. General Price himself had gone on with the wagon train toward Ft. Scott, about twenty miles south, in the company of his third division. Price was hoping to capture that post, which held valuable military stores, in all, about 2,600 Federal troops faced around 7,000 Confederates. Although outnumbered by more than two-to-one, the Union cavalry immediately commenced an attack, faced with this sudden assault, Fagan and Marmaduke ordered their men to remain mounted, turning the ensuing combat into one of the largest mounted cavalry engagements of the Civil War. Pierce of the 4th Iowa Cavalry galloped ahead of his regiment toward the Southern lines, followed in turn by his own regiment and then the rest of Benteens brigade. Mass confusion reigned on the battlefield, as many of Prices men had donned captured Union uniforms, General Marmaduke was captured by an Iowa trooper named James Dunlavy, as he went to rally what he thought was a group of his own men. General Cabell similarly became a prisoner, as would nearly 1,000 of Prices army by the time the battle had ended, although the Confederates had numerical superiority, they were overwhelmed by the rapid attack and greater Union firepower, which included revolvers and breechloading carbines. The battle itself lasted barely 30 minutes, by the time General Price arrived on the scene, although many Southerners fought tenaciously, especially Prices artillery, most chose to flee. However, lacking support and having lost several of his immediate subordinates. Benteens brigade began its charge up the hill, supported by Union artillery, coming upon this scene, Price tried to rally his retreating men, to no avail
Battle of Mine Creek
–
Pre-War
Battle of Mine Creek
–
A view of the Battle of Mine Creek, Kansas by Samuel J. Reader dated February 13, 1865.
.svg)
