1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
Augusta, Georgia
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It is in the piedmont section of the state. The city was named after Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, according to 2012 US Census estimates, the Augusta–Richmond County population was 197,872, not counting the unconsolidated cities of Hephzibah and Blythe. It is the 116th-largest city in the United States, internationally, Augusta is best known for hosting The Masters golf tournament each spring. The area along the river was inhabited by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. The site of Augusta was used by Native Americans as a place to cross the Savannah River, in 1735, two years after James Oglethorpe founded Savannah, he sent a detachment of troops to explore the upper Savannah River. He gave them an order to build at the head of the part of the river. The expedition was led by Noble Jones, who created the settlement to provide a first line of defense for coastal areas against potential Spanish or French invasion from the interior, Oglethorpe named the town Augusta, in honor of Princess Augusta, wife of Frederick, Prince of Wales. Oglethorpe visited Augusta once, in September 1739, Augusta was the second state capital of Georgia from 1785 until 1795. Augusta developed rapidly as a town as the Black Belt in the Piedmont was developed for cotton cultivation. Invention of the cotton gin made processing of cotton profitable. Cotton plantations were worked by labor, with hundreds of thousands of slaves shipped from the Upper South to the Deep South in the domestic slave trade. In the mid-20th century, it was a site of civil rights demonstrations, in 1970 Charles Oatman, a mentally disabled teenager, was killed by his cellmates in an Augusta jail. A protest against his death broke out in a riot involving 500 people, after six black men were killed by police, the noted singer and entertainer James Brown was called in to help quell lingering tensions, which he succeeded in doing. Augusta is located on the Georgia/South Carolina border, about 150 miles east of Atlanta and 70 miles west of Columbia, the city is located at 33°28′12″N 81°58′30″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Augusta–Richmond County balance has an area of 306.5 square miles. Augusta is located halfway up the Savannah River on the fall line. The city marks the end of a waterway for the river. The Clarks Hill Dam is built on the line near Augusta
3.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
6.
Landmark
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A landmark is a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation, a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances. In modern use, the term can also be applied to structures or features. In old English the word landmearc was used to describe a set up to mark the boundaries of a kingdom, estate. 1560, this understanding of landmark was replaced by a general one. A landmark became an object in a landscape. A landmark literally meant a geographic feature used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area. For example, the Table Mountain near Cape Town, South Africa is used as the landmark to sailors to navigate around southern tip of Africa during the Age of Exploration. Artificial structures are sometimes built to assist sailors in naval navigation. The Lighthouse of Alexandria and Colossus of Rhodes are ancient structures built to lead ships to the port, in modern usage, a landmark includes anything that is easily recognizable, such as a monument, building, or other structure. In American English it is the term used to designate places that might be of interest to tourists due to notable physical features or historical significance. Landmarks in the British English sense are often used for casual navigation and this is done in American English as well. In urban studies as well as in geography, a landmark is furthermore defined as a point of reference that helps orienting in a familiar or unfamiliar environment. Landmarks are often used in verbal route instructions and as such an object of study by linguists as well as in fields of study. Landmarks are usually classified as either natural landmarks or man-made landmarks, a variant is a seamark or daymark, a structure usually built intentionally to aid sailors navigating featureless coasts. Natural landmarks can be characteristic features, such as mountains or plateaus, examples of natural landmarks are Table Mountain in South Africa, Mount Ararat in Turkey, Uluru in Australia, Mount Fuji in Japan and Grand Canyon in the United States. Trees might also serve as landmarks, such as jubilee oaks or conifers. Some landmark trees may be nicknamed, examples being Queens Oak, church spires and mosques minarets are often very tall and visible from many miles around, thus often serve as built landmarks. Also town hall towers and belfries often have a landmark character, cultural heritage management National landmark National symbol Media related to Landmarks at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Society of Jesus
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The Society of Jesus Latin, Societas Iesu, S. J. SJ or SI) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents, Jesuits work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice, Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, ignatiuss plan of the orders organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the Formula of the Institute. Ignatius was a nobleman who had a background, and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world. The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, the Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The Society of Jesus on October 3,2016 announced that Superior General Adolfo Nicolás resignation was officially accepted, on October 14, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Father Arturo Sosa as its thirty-first Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome, the historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church. In 2013, Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, the Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. As of 1 January 2015, Jesuits numbered 16,740,11,986 clerics regular,2,733 scholastics,1,268 brothers and 753 novices. In 2012, Mark Raper S. J. wrote, Our numbers have been in decline for the last 40 years—from over 30,000 in the 1960s to fewer than 18,000 today. The steep declines in Europe and North America and consistent decline in Latin America have not been offset by the significant increase in South Asia, the Society is divided into 83 Provinces with six Independent Regions and ten Dependent Regions. On 1 January 2007, members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and their average age was 57.3 years,63.4 years for priests,29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa, the Society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work, human rights, social justice and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines. In the United States it maintains 28 colleges and universities and 58 high schools and he ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life and apostolate of the new religious order, the meeting is now commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre
8.
Suburban
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
9.
Vandalism
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Vandalism is action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property. The term includes criminal damage such as graffiti and defacement directed towards any property without permission of the owner, the term finds its roots in an Enlightenment view that the Germanic Vandals were a uniquely destructive people. The Vandals, an ancient Germanic people, are associated with destruction as a result of their sack of Rome under King Genseric in 455. During the Enlightenment, Rome was idealized, while the Goths, however, the Vandals did intentionally damage statues, which may be why their name is associated with the vandalism of art. The term Vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grégoire, bishop of Blois, the term was quickly adopted across Europe. Historically, vandalism has been justified by painter Gustave Courbet as destruction of monuments symbolizing war, therefore, it is often done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or both. Gustave Courbets attempt, during the 1871 Paris Commune, to dismantle the Vendôme column, Nietzsche himself would meditate after the Commune on the fight against culture, taking as example the intentional burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23,1871. The criminal fight against culture is only the side of a criminal culture wrote Klossowski after quoting Nietzsche. Private citizens commit vandalism when they damage or deface the property of others or the commons. Some vandalism may qualify as culture jamming or sniggling, it is thought by some to be artistic in nature even though carried out illegally or without the property owners permission, examples include at least some graffiti art, billboard liberation and possibly crop circles. Graffiti on public property is common in inner cities as part of a gang culture. More serious forms of vandalism that may take place during public unrest such as rioting can involve the destruction of public. In elections, opposing candidates supporters may engage in political vandalism - the act of defacing opponents political posters, bumper stickers, billboards, and other street marketing material. Also activists may use the tactic of property destruction as means of protest, e. g. by smashing the windows of banks, shops and government institutions, Vandalism is also a common tactic of black blocs. Opportunistic vandalism of this nature may also be filmed, the mentality of which can be akin to happy slapping, greed can motivate vandalism as can some political ideologies, wish to draw attention to problems, frustration, even playfulness. Youngsters, the most common vandals, frequently experience low status, Vandalism enables powerless people to attack those above them, take control and frighten others. Unpunished vandalism can provide relief which reinforces the behaviour, Vandalism by one person can lead to imitation. Criminological research into vandalism has found that it serves many purposes for those who engage in it, sociologist Stanley Cohen describes six different types of vandalism, Acquisitive vandalism
10.
Wine
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Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes. These grapes are generally Vitis vinifera, or a hybrid with Vitis labrusca or Vitis rupestris, grapes are fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. These variations result from the interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the terroir. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine and these typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. There are also made from fermenting other fruits or cereals. Wines made from other than grapes include rice wine and various fruit wines such as those made from plums or cherries. Some well known examples are hard cider from apples, perry from pears, pomegranate wine, Wine has been produced for thousands of years. The earliest known traces of wine from Georgia in Eurasia where 8000-year-old wine jars were found and in Iran with 7, the earliest known winery is the 6, 100-year-old Areni-1 winery Armenia. Wine reached the Balkans by 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece, Thrace, throughout history, wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects, which are evident after the normal serving size of five ounces. Wine has long played an important role in religion, the earliest chemically attested grape wine was discovered at Hajji Firuz in the northwestern Zagros Mountains dating back to 5400 BC. The earliest evidence of a fermented drink was found in Georgia, where wine residue inside ceramic jars dates from 6000 BC. The earliest evidence of a production facility is the Areni-1 winery in Armenia and is at least 6100 years old, presumably. A2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of Jiahu, Henan, contained traces of tartaric acid, however, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, cannot be ruled out. The spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians who spread outward from a base of city-states along the Lebanese, Syrian, the wines of Byblos were exported to Egypt during the Old Kingdom and then throughout the Mediterranean. Evidence includes two Phoenician shipwrecks from 750 BC discovered by Robert Ballard, whose cargo of wine was still intact. As the first great traders in wine, the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin
11.
Choir
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A choir is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical repertoire, which spans from the Medieval era to the present. Most choirs are led by a conductor, who leads the performances with arm, a body of singers who perform together as a group is called a choir or chorus. The former term is often applied to groups affiliated with a church and the second to groups that perform in theatres or concert halls. Choirs may sing without instrumental accompaniment, with the accompaniment of a piano or pipe organ, with a small ensemble, choirs are often led by a conductor or choirmaster. Other than four, the most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight, choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called a cappella singing, many choirs perform in one or many locations such as a church, opera house, or school hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one mass choir that performs for a special concert, in this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to others. Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as a concert, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble. The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform, many choral conductors use their hands to conduct. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of music history. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin, conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance, however, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be sung. Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct and they choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments, work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as if the choir is singing a piece for choir. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions
12.
Christmas
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In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family. Although the month and date of Jesus birth are unknown, by the fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar and this is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Although it is not known why December 25 became a date of celebration, December 25 was the date the Romans marked as the winter solstice, the shortest, and therefore darkest day of the year. Jesus was identified with the Sun based on an Old Testament verse, the date is exactly nine months following Annunciation, when the conception of Jesus is celebrated. Finally, the Romans had a series of pagan festivals near the end of the year, so Christmas may have been scheduled at this time to appropriate, or compete with, one or more of these festivals. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, the economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. Christmas is a form of Christs mass. It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse, which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse, crīst is from Greek Khrīstos, a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ, Messiah, meaning anointed, and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. The form Christenmas was also used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal, it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse. In addition to Christmas, the holiday has been known by other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as midwinter, or, more rarely, Nativity, meaning birth, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola referred to the corresponding to December and January. Noel entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis, the canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Gospel of Luke account, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census and it says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him. In the Matthew account, magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels, the first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century, the feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day
13.
Arts and culture in Augusta, Georgia
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The culture of Augusta, Georgia is influenced by the many different perspectives and histories of its community members, as well as its own history. The large African American population of the area as well as the rural surroundings have affected the types of festivals. Another major influence on the culture of the city is the annual Masters golf tournament held in April of each year, the most prolific cultural medium produced by the city is its musicians, as evidenced by James Brown, Jessye Norman, and Wycliffe Gordon. Augusta is host to a variety of annual events, the largest event held in the city each year is the Masters golf tournament bringing in around 250,000 visitors. One of the majors of the PGA tour, the Masters is also a cultural influence on the city. Most semi-professional sports teams in the city are named for puns related to the tournament, many establishments in the city, especially in the area around the Augusta National Golf Club, are also named in a similar manner. Restaurants throughout Augusta use memorabilia from the tournament as decor, spring break for schools within the Richmond County School System coincides with the tournament, similarly to the timing of school breaks in New Orleans and Mardi Gras. Other annual events include the cultural festival Arts in the Heart of Augusta, the hip hop concert Mayfest, dough Concert is a charity concert held each year to coincide with the Masters golf tournament. The CSRA Classic, a traditional marching band competition, is also held each year in Augusta. Each year, Augusta also hosts the Augusta Futurity, the largest horse cutting show east of the Mississippi River, in 2009, the Futurity hosted its 30th annual event. Augusta hosts the Augusta Literary Festival on the first Saturday in March at the Augusta-Richmond County Library in downtown Augusta, along with these annual events, downtown Augusta also hosts a monthly First Friday arts festival in the downtown Artists Row district. Augusta hosts an annual LGBT pride parade called Augusta Pride, Augusta Pride attracted 4,000 people in 2010, its first year. The festival is growing and an estimated 7,000 people attended in 2011. The metropolitan area supports a number of venues and both amateur and professional companies. The Imperial Theatre, where James Brown formerly practiced, and the Bell Auditorium are the largest dedicated theater venues in Augusta, the Miller Theater was formerly a movie theater that is now undergoing major renovations in order to be returned to a usable, historic space. The Le Chat Noir Theatre is a new addition to the scene in Augusta. The Greater Augusta Youth Theatre is a 501 nonprofit youth theater company operated entirely by youth actors, directors, designers, artist, all of these spaces are located in the downtown district. Two theaters operate in the district of South Augusta, the Augusta Mini Theater recently opened its doors for both theatrical classes and performances
14.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
15.
Academy of Richmond County
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The Academy of Richmond County is a high school located in Augusta, Georgia, United States. Known previously as Richmond County Military Academy, it is known as Richmond Academy or ARC. Chartered in 1783, it is the fifth oldest existing high school in the United States. Richmond Academy is located at the edge of the Summerville historic district of Augusta, initially an all-male, privately funded school, it became a military school after the Civil War. President George Washington delivered the commencement address at the ceremonies at ARC in 1791. The original Richmond Academy building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 1926, the academy moved to its present-day building on Walton Way. Then-principal Major George Butler described the school in 1927 as second to none in the South in terms of facility, the 1926 building of the school has a Gothic-style architecture. Up until the 1950s, ARC was for males only. During the 1950s the school became coeducational, and in 1964, the Academy of Richmond County has 1,347 students in grades 9 through 12, with a student to faculty ratio of 16,1. It has many advanced placement courses and an International Baccalaureate Programme course of study for its highly motivated college preparatory students that was added to the school in July 2003, ARC is one of three schools in the Central Savannah River Area that hosts an IB program. The school mascot is a Musketeer, and the colors are purple. The original school mascot was a bearcat, the 1951-1957 Richmond Academy boys baseball team was named one of the top 10 Georgia state sports dynasties. It has teams in many sports, the Mathematics Team won the 2005 National Society of Black Engineers Try-Math-A-Thon, which was held in Boston. History of Augusta, Georgia List of people from Augusta, Georgia Academy of Richmond County official website National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage travel itinerary
16.
Augusta Canal
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The Augusta Canal is a historic canal located in Augusta, Georgia, United States. The canal is fed by the Savannah River and passes through three levels in suburban and urban Augusta before the returns to the river at various locations. It was devised to harness the power at the fall line of the Savannah River to drive mills, to provide transportation of goods. It is the canal in the US in continuous use for its original purposes of providing power, transport. The Augusta Canal was chartered in 1845 and initially completed in 1847, as a source of water, power and it was one of the few successful industrial canals in the American South. During the time of construction, the citys Canal Commission was headed by Henry Cumming, edgar Thomson to conduct the initial survey for the project. In 1847 construction began on the first factory, a saw, the Augusta Manufacturing Company, a sprawling four-story textile manufactory, soon followed. They would be the first of many factories built along the Augusta Canal, by the time of the Civil War, Augusta was one of the few manufacturing centers in the South. The power and water transportation afforded by the canal among the factors that led Confederate Col. George W. Rains to select Augusta as the location for the Confederate Powder Works. The twenty-eight buildings, which were the ones designed, constructed and paid for by the government of the Confederate States of America. Other war industries establish along or near the canal, making Augusta an important center for materiel, as the Civil War moved into Georgia in 1864, there was fear that US General William T. Shermans troops would move to attack Augusta and her massive gunpowder factory. But Shermans march through the South left Augusta untouched, as a result, the city ended the war in reasonably better physical and economic condition than many Southern cities. The population had doubled and hard currency was available to finance recovery, the canal was enlarged in 1875. A boom era saw the construction of the Enterprise Mill, King Mill, and Sibley Mill, many people who lived on farms moved to the city to work at the mills, including women and children. The factories led to the rise of mill villages in their precincts, in the 1890s, the city replaced its old water pumping station with impressive structure at mid-canal that is still used by the city of Augusta today. As the electric age began to dawn, Augusta began to turn the canals falling water power to drive the first electrical generation equipment, by 1892, Augusta boasted both electric streetcars and street lights — the first Southern city to have these amenities. Flooding was a big problem in Augusta during the early 20th century, by the mid-20th century, the canal came into a period of neglect. Textile factories began to close and the industrial activity began to shift south of the city
17.
Augusta Cotton Exchange Building
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Augusta Cotton Exchange Building is a historic building in Augusta, Georgia. It was designed by Enoch William Brown and built in the mid-1880s during a cotton boom, the structure includes ornate details and ironwork and is considered High Victorian architecture. Materials for its construction were supplied locally by Charles F. Lombards foundry and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 20,1978. It is located on Reynolds Street, the exchange was organized for the cotton trade. It housed brokers and a trading floor, women were excluded and off hours cockfights and Saturday football meetups took place. The building is part of the Augusta Downtown Historic District and Augusta Canal National Monument Heritage Area, bill Moore of Aiken, South Carolina purchased and restored the building in 1988. The building has been used by the Augusta Metropolitan Convention and Visitors Bureau as a Welcome Center and is now a branch of Georgia Bank, National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Georgia
18.
Augusta Downtown Historic District
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Augusta Downtown Historic District is a historic district that encompasses most of Downtown Augusta, Georgia and its pre-Civil War area. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004, Downtown Augusta is home to many historical sites. Some of these include, Academy of Richmond County -1783 campus— Built in 1783 and was the first educational institute in the state and it is also the oldest remaining building in the city. Augusta Cotton Exchange Building— built in the 1880s at the height of cotton production, now a branch of Georgia Bank and Trust. Joseph Rucker Lamar Building— Built in 1913 and, with 16 floors, is the third tallest building in Augusta and it was designed by architect William Lee Stoddart. Old Government House— Housed the seat of the government from 1801 to 1821. Old Medical College of Georgia Building— Housed the Medical College of Georgia from 1835 to 1913, now a conference & events center for the medical school. Sacred Heart Cultural Center— Built in 1900 and is a former Roman Catholic church, st. Pauls Episcopal Church— Founded in 1750, it is the oldest church in Augusta. Was burned to the ground in 1916 with many other buildings, united States Post Office and Courthouse Downtown Augusta contains a large amount of historical homes, many being built in the 19th century. Some of these include, Brahe House Joseph Rucker Lamar House— Lamar resided here when he was studying law. Phinizy Residence Platt Fleming Walker dAntignac House Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home— The residence of Woodrow Wilson until the age of 14
19.
Broad Street Historic District (Augusta, Georgia)
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The Broad Street Historic District in Augusta, Georgia is a 70 acres historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The Historic District portion of Broad Street stretches from Thirteenth to Fifth Streets, starting at Thirteenth Street, Broad Street picks up the US25 Business designation. This section has double-sided median parking, at Eleventh Street, the open parking in the median ends and a shady, submerged parking pit in the median begins. This is Broad Street at its widest point, at the intersection with Sixth Street, the chamber of commerce building can be found in the median. Imperial Theatre Lamar Building, at 753 Broad Street, a building which is separately NRHP-listed, the market stood from 1830 until February 7,1878, when it was destroyed by a tornado. A year later, the column was moved to the corner of what is now Fifth Street. In 1930, the town of Augusta hired an agency to help stimulate its economy. The New York City-based firm AuLockhart International Inc. was hired and given a budget of $37,500 to $50,000 to create, the firm published a ghost story about the pillar in newspapers across the country. The story refers to the pillar as “The Haunted Pillar. ”According to local folk-lore, the market was located directly in the middle of Broad Street, and once it was removed Augustans were reluctant to build there again. Now that the Market House is in ruins, we think it may be opportune to suggest that it never be rebuilt upon the same spot. It was, at best, an unsightly edifice and marred the grand boulevard upon which it was mistakenly located, on December 17,2016, the pillar was destroyed in a car collision. Augusta Downtown Historic District History of Augusta, Georgia Broad Street Artists Row Gallery on the Row — various artists
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College Hill (Augusta, Georgia)
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College Hill, also known as George Walton House, Harper House, or Walton-Harper House, is a historic house at 2216 Wrightsboro Road in Augusta, Georgia. It was built in 1795, and was the home George Walton and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. It is a residence, and is not open to the public. The Walton House is located on the side of Wrightsboro Road. It is set on a secluded 6-acre estate, all that is left of the 100 acres it was associated with. It is a two story frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a pair of brick chimneys near the ends. The main facade, seven bays wide, is adorned with a two-story veranda, entrances at each level are located at the center, with flanking sidelight windows and pilasters, and fanlight windows above. In 1787, the state of Georgia granted George Walton 100 acres outside Augusta for his services to the state, Walton had College Hill built on this land in 1795, moving there from Meadow Garden. The house has been in the hands of his descendants since then, exchanged and released, he was soon afterward elected Governor of Georgia, an office he held from November 1779 to January 1780. He also served as the states Chief Justice, and in a term as Governor 1789-80. He died at College Hill in 1804, gA-14-69, Harper House, Wrightsboro Road, Augusta vicinity, Richmond County, GA,4 photos,12 measured drawings,3 data pages, supplemental material
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First Baptist Church (Augusta, Georgia)
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First Baptist Church of Augusta is a Baptist church in Augusta, Georgia. The original location is now a site, and the church is currently located on Walton Way. According to the earliest church records, the Baptists Praying Society was established when In the year 1817, in May 1817, they congregated in the court house. A few years later in 1820, Rev, Wm. T. Brantly was chosen for the pastoral office and it was dedicated on May 6,1821. The Southern Baptist Convention was formed at a meeting May 1845 in this church, a historical marker was erected outside the church by Georgia Historical Commission in 1956. It is inscribed as follows, In March 1817, eight men, two months later the society was constituted a church under the leadership of the first minister, Wm. T. Brantley, this property was purchased in 1870. A church on site was dedicated May 26,1821. In 1845, after serious friction arose in the national Triennial Convention,327 delegates from eight southern states and this building was erected in 1902. In 1975 the congregation moved to site in Augusta on Walton Way. The Southern Baptist Convention erected a marker on the grounds in 1984. By 2003, the building was owned by the Southern Baptist Restoration Foundation, and the Southern Bible Seminary had started using the building to hold classes. The list of pastors of church are, Wm. T. Brantly James Shannon C. D. Mallory W. J. Hard Wm T. Brantly. Jannett Dr. J. G. Binney J. E. Ryerson Dr. A. J. Huntington J. H. Cuthbert James Dixon M. B
22.
First Presbyterian Church (Augusta, Georgia)
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First Presbyterian Church is an historic Presbyterian church located at 642 Telfair Street in Augusta, Georgia in the United States. The church was established in 1804, and the building was completed in 1812, in 1808, while the congregation was still holding services at St. Pauls Episcopal Church, members helped start a church in Smyrna in Wilkes County. In 1925 the Ladies Foreign Missionary Society already was collecting donations, making it the first such ministry in the world, during his childhood, United States president Woodrow Wilsons father – Joseph R. Wilson – was minister at First Presbyterian from 1858 to 1870. The Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home is a site nearby. In 1861 the Church hosted the first General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States, during the Civil War the building was used as a hospital for men wounded, and the churchyard was a detention camp for Union prisoners in the Battle of Chickamauga. Men who died were buried in the Magnolia Cemetery, during the war the damage to the church was considerable, the congregation received 2,000 dollar from the Confederate government. During this time Joseph Wilson was called to the ministry in the army. Despite the war, under Wilsons ministry the congregation grew from 224 members to more than 400, in 1870 Wilson was called to the seminary in South Carolina. Hundred years later, Rev. John Oliver became pastor of a then-struggling First Presbyterian Church in 1971 and this time the population of Augusta moved westward, the downtown church lost their base and membership declined. Westminster Day School was started in 1972, the campus of Westminster School located on Wheeler Road now has more than 500 pupils, grades K–4 through 12. First Presbyterian Church started a conference under Dr. Olivers leadership. The annual event is a retreat and workshop for missionaries. It also is an opportunity for the people of Augusta to hear about work in the field. In 1973, First Presbyterian dropped its affiliation with the Southern Presbyterian Church over issues, such as the authority of scripture and the role of women in the church and it aligned itself with the Presbyterian Church in America in 1977. Dr. Oliver left in 1997, ending more than 27 years in the First Presbyterian pulpit, later the church served as a center of social and religious activities during World War I and World War II. It was designed by noted architect Robert Mills in the Romanesque style, Mills was also Presbyterian, and was an elder in the First Presbyterian Church in Columbia, SC. The church sanctuary was built in 1809–12, the church was finished and dedicated in 1812 in Classical style. The church was changed in 1847 to incorporate Romanesque round-arched windows and doors
23.
Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art
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Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art is located in Augusta, Georgia, in the home of former Augusta Mayor and United States Senator Nicholas Ware. Olivia Herbert founded the Institute in 1937, the original name for the Institute was the Augusta Art Club, it was later renamed in memorial to Olivia Herberts daughter, Gertrude Herbert Dunn. The two primary missions of the Institute are art education and visual arts exhibition, facilitating the art education mission of the Institute is a certification by the Georgia Council of Arts as a Teacher Professional Learning provider current as of 2007. Among other certified providers is Emory University, construction of the home in which the Institute is housed was completed in 1818. The building is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the building bears the nickname Wares Folly, which derives from the high cost of the construction, $40,000 in 1818 or c. $12,000,000 in 2007, and the extravagant interior detailing, homepage for the Institute Augusta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
24.
Lamar Building
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The Lamar Building is a 17-story skyscraper in Augusta, Georgia. It was scheduled to be completed in 1916, but a fire forced crews to demolish the building and it was finally completed in 1918. A penthouse level was added in 1976, designed by I. M. Pei, in July 2011, the architectural critic James Howard Kunstler labeled it his Eyesore of the Month, saying the addition is reminiscent of a Darth Vader helmet. It was the tallest building in Augusta from 1976 until 1993, the SunTrust Bank Building stands next to the Lamar Building and has been called its sister building. The Lamar Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, list of tallest buildings in Augusta [[Category, Skyscraper office buildings in Georgia
25.
Joseph Rucker Lamar Boyhood Home
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Joseph Rucker Lamar Boyhood Home is the boyhood home of Joseph Rucker Lamar in Augusta, Georgia. Lamar served as Justice of the United States Supreme Court, the home was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 13,1996. It is located at 415 7th Street, the house was constructed in 1860. It is located in the Augusta Downtown Historic District, is the headquarters of Historic Augusta, National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Georgia
26.
Meadow Garden (Augusta, Georgia)
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Meadow Garden is a historic house museum at 1320 Independence Drive in Augusta, Georgia. It was a home of George Walton, one of Georgias three signers of the U. S, Declaration of Independence, and later a governor of Georgia and a United States Senator. Meadow Garden was saved and established as a museum by the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1901 and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981. Meadow Garden is located on the west side of downtown Augusta, separated from the Augusta Canal by the Augusta Canal Historic Walking Trail and it is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, set on a high brick basement. It was built in stages, originally three bays in width, but is now six, with three gabled dormers and two chimneys projecting from the gabled roof, a shed-roof porch extends across the front, supported by slender Doric columns. The facade is arranged, with two doors and four windows. The oldest portion of the house, its three bays, was built in 1791. The left three bays were added sometime after 1800, and the front porch was probably added at a later date. Although the property was never owned by him, it was from 1791 to his death in 1804 the home of George Walton, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Trained as a lawyer, he served in the Continental Congress and in the Georgia militia, exchanged and released, he was soon afterward elected Governor of Georgia, an office he held from November 1779 to January 1780. He also served as the states Chief Justice, and in a term as Governor 1789-80. He died at College Hill, his house, in 1804. The house passed out of the Walton family in 1812, and is now owned and operated as a museum by the chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Georgia Meadow Garden - official site Historic American Buildings Survey No
27.
Old Medical College
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The Old Medical College Building is a historic academic building at 598 Telfair Street in Augusta, Georgia. It was built in 1835 for the Medical College of Georgia, then, the Old Medical College Building is located in central Augusta, behind Augusta City Hall at the corner of Telfair and 6th Streets. It is a two story Greek Revival structure, built out of brick covered with stucco scored to resemble stone and its front facade, facing Telfair Street, has a projecting Greek temple portico, with six massive fluted Doric columns supporting an entablature and gabled pediment. The main entry is at the center, and there are seven small square windows evenly spaced on the second level, the side walls are five bays wide. A parapet surrounds a shallow-pitch hip roof, which rises to a central dome, the interior housed what were, for the 1830s, generous quarters for a medical school, including several laboratory spaces, lecture halls, and a library. The Medical College of Georgia was chartered in 1829 as a private institution. This building was built as its facility in 1835 to a design by Charles Blaney Cluskey, one of Americas early trained architects. The building was lauded at its completion for its Classical proportions and it served the medical school until 1913, when it moved to new quarters. The school is now part of Augusta University, the schools old building was taken over in 1913 by the adjacent Richmond Academy, which used it as a vocational training center until 1926. In 1987 the building was acquired by the Medical College of Georgia Foundation, list of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Georgia For more about Grandison Harris, see Slave had vital role for MCG. Media related to Old Medical College at Wikimedia Commons Historic American Buildings Survey No, gA-14-70, Old Medical College,598 Telfair Street, Augusta, Richmond County, GA,4 photos,15 measured drawings,3 data pages, supplemental material
28.
Old Government House (Augusta, Georgia)
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The Old Government House, also known as the Old Richmond County Courthouse, is a historic courthouse located in downtown Augusta, Georgia. It housed the seat of the government from 1801 to 1821. It is one of the oldest remaining buildings in the city. The Old Government House was built in 1801 and housed the seat of the local government, in 1821, the government sold the building to former Mayor Samuel Hale. He converted the Old Government House into an elegant residence, in 1877, Dr. Eugene Murphy purchased the property. His family lived in the building for 75 years, Dr. Murphy sold the estate to the Augusta Junior League in 1952. The organization used it as a reception facility until the 1970s and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The City of Augusta purchased the property in 1987, City officials hired VGR Architect, to revitalize the Old Government House into a reception hall to retain its historic significance. The architecture of the Old Government House has an impact on Augusta. It was built in a Federal style brick with parapet end chimneys, when the building became a residence, the owner stuccoed the walls adding the elaborate recessed wings, iron portico, balcony, and trimmed windows. These changes were made in 1821 and 1839, today, the Old Government House is a historic reception hall that accommodates various parties and receptions. It can also be seen on the city seal and flag, history of Augusta, Georgia Old Government House on National Park Service
29.
Reid-Jones-Carpenter House
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The Reid-Jones-Carpenter House, located at 2249 Walton Way, Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia, constructed in 1849, is a single story wood frame building on raised basement of stuccoed brick. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 13,1979, the house features an entrance portico supported by fluted Corinthian-inspired columns based at ground level and reached by a long stairway. The porch is enclosed by a balustrade, windows flanking the portico have wrought iron ledges. Formerly known as “Montrose”, the home is now the Alan Fuqua Center for young people, associated with the Reid Memorial Presbyterian Church
30.
Seclusaval and Windsor Spring
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Seclusaval and Windsor Spring is a historic property in Richmond County, Georgia that includes a Greek Revival building built in 1843. Tobacco was brought to the river in hogsheads drawn by mules and it is also significant for the architecture of the main house on the property, Seclusaval, which is a Sand Hills-type cottage. Sand Hills-type cottage architecture is a local, modified form of Greek Revival architecture, the form has symmetry, wide entablatures, and classic columns of the Greek Revival style. And the front doorway of the house has a transom with side lights. But it also has a one-story, high-pitched side gable roof, Seclusaval is an excellent example of this type. The property has eight contributing buildings and two contributing structures. The buildings are the house, a slave cabin, a playhouse, a well house, a privy, a pantry, a smoke house. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, sandhills, about the North and South Carolina sand hills, perhaps similar to the Sand Hills of this area Sand Hills Historic District, Augusta, Georgia
31.
Shiloh Orphanage
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Shiloh Orphanage, now the Shiloh Comprehensive Community Center, was an orphanage for black children in Augusta, Georgia. The site includes the Strong Academy building, a Girls Dormitory building, the orphanage closed in 1970 and reopened in 1977 as the Shiloh Comprehensive Community Center. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 30,1996 and it is located at 1635 15th Street. The orphanage was established in 1902 by the Shiloh Baptist Association, land for the orphanage was purchased in 1904 near the historically black community of Bethlehem. The grounds included a garden and a grazing area for cattle. National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Georgia Shiloh Center website
32.
Springfield Baptist Church (Augusta, Georgia)
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Springfield Baptist Church in Augusta, Georgia was built in 1801 by a Methodist congregation. It is the oldest church building extant in Augusta and one of the oldest in the state and it was built in the style of a New England meetinghouse, rare in Georgia. The simple, two rectangular wooden building has two doors at the first floor topped by two arched windows and a smaller arched attic window in the gable of the street facade. The east and west sides of the church boast first and second floor ranges of seven wooden 12/12 windows, the interior of the church has an assembly-hall plan consisting of a shallow vestibule on the north end and a long narrow meeting hall. In 1844 the Methodists moved to a new church, and the building was taken over by the Springfield Baptist congregation. During the antebellum years, it had 1,000 members and was the largest congregation of any in the Georgia Baptist Association, in 1897 the congregation built a new church on the site, in the Late Victorian Gothic style. It continues to maintain the old one and uses it for special events, the congregation claims continuous ties with Silver Bluff Baptist Church, founded 1774-1775 in South Carolina as one of the first black Baptist congregations in the nation. For this reason, the historian Walter Brooks suggested it was the oldest black Baptist congregation, the First Baptist Church in Petersburg, Virginia was organized in 1774 and also contends for this distinction. The 1801 Springfield Baptist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, the boundary of the NRHP-listed site was increased in 1990. List of the oldest buildings in Georgia
33.
Saint Paul's Church (Augusta, Georgia)
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Saint Pauls Church is a historic Episcopal church located in downtown Augusta, Georgia, adjacent to Riverwalk Augusta. The church was established in 1750 by the Church of England at the site of Fort Augusta, the church, located on the corner of 6th and Reynolds Street, is the oldest church congregation in Augusta. The original church building was of Gothic architecture, but burned down during the American Revolutionary War, the second church burned down during the Great Augusta Fire of 1916. The current church building of colonial architecture was designed by Henry Wendell, william Few represented Georgia at the Constitutional Convention and in the United States Congress George Mathews former Governor of Georgia and U. S
34.
Tubman High School
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Tubman High School is a historic high school building in Augusta, Georgia. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 7,1994 and it is located at 1740 Walton Way. It was named for Augusta philanthropist Emily Tubman and was founded as Neely’s Institute in 1874, a new Tubman High School building was funded by a bond issue and constructed in 1917 according to designs by G. Lloyd Preacher. The 3-story brick buildings design is considered Beaux Arts architecture and includes terra cotta and it was the areas only public high school for girls until the 1950s. It became a junior high school in 1951 and is now a middle school. National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Georgia
35.
Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home
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The Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home is a historic house museum at 419 Seventh Street in Augusta, Georgia. Built in 1859, it was a home of Woodrow Wilson. The house is owned and operated by Historic Augusta, Inc. and was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 6,2008, the Wilson Boyhood Home is located in downtown Augusta, at the northern corner of Telfair and Seventh Streets. It is a two story structure, with a side gable roof, five-bay front facade, and a pair of end chimneys. Located behind the house are a building and carriage house, built about the same time of the house. The main facade has an entrance, sheltered by a portico supported by paired Tuscan columns. The entry is framed by sidelight windows and topped by a transom window, the interior has been restored to a c.1860 appearance, and is decorated with period furnishings and Wilson memorabilia. One of the windows has the name Tom etched in it, this is believed to have been made by Wilson, whose first name was Thomas. The younger Wilson spent his years here, experiencing the American Civil War. Wilson, later U. S. president from 1913-1921, was affected by these experiences. The property remained the manse of the church, housing its ministers, until 1929, by time the building had undergone a number of alterations and modernizing updates. After passing through a number of owners and uses, the property was purchased at auction by Historic Augusta in 1991 and it was opened as a house museum in 2001
36.
Contributing property
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Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
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Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
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