1.
Equitation
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Equitation is the art or practice of horse riding or horsemanship. More specifically, equitation may refer to a position while mounted. In horse show competition, the rider, rather than the horse is evaluated, such classes go by different names, depending on region, including equitation classes, rider classes, or horsemanship classes. The performance of the horse is not judged per se, but a poorly performing horse is considered to reflect the ability of the rider, Equitation classes occur in the Hunt seat, Saddle seat, Dressage, and Western disciplines. In the United States, the largest organizer of equestrian competitions is the United States Equestrian Federation, the organization offers equitation classes at its recognized shows, including those in hunt seat, dressage seat, saddle seat, and Western. The hunt seat style of riding is derived from the hunt field and it is correct for the riders to have a light and steady contact with their horses mouth the entire ride. Incorrect leads, break of pace, and wrong diagonals are penalized, loss of a stirrup or dropping the reins are also faults, and may be cause for elimination. In over fences classes, the competitor rides over a course of at least six jumps. Equitation over fence classes rarely have fences higher than 3 feet 6 inches, classes for more accomplished riders may require at least one flying lead change, and one or more combinations. The rider is judged not only on position and effectiveness of riding aids and these championships and their qualifying classes may include bending lines, roll back turns, narrow fences, and fences with a long approach to test the rider. Fences must be at least 36 and may be up to 5 wide, the course may include liverpool or open water elements, depending on the class specifications. Equitation tests may be chosen by the judge to place the top riders. These tests are required in the medal classes, riders may also be asked to switch horses at higher levels of competition, such as at a national final. Switching of horses is no longer common at competitions, usually only championships. Today it is seen most often at horse shows organized for exhibitors of the American Saddlebred, Morgan, Arabian, Tennessee Walking Horse, and it is also sometimes seen in competition for Andalusian horses. There are open and breed-specific national championships as well as a championship held every other year. Gaits shown in Saddle Seat classes include the walk, trot, some competitions may call for extended gaits, particularly the trot. In some cases, breeds who can perform five gaits add equitation classes that require two additional gaits, the gait and rack. All classes require Rail work, where competitors show and are judged as a group going both ways of the arena, Saddle seat equitation may include individual tests or a pattern to be ridden
2.
Equestrianism
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Equestrianism, more often known as riding, horseback riding or horse riding, refers to the skill of riding, driving, steeplechasing or vaulting with horses. This broad description includes the use of horses for practical working purposes, transportation, recreational activities, artistic or cultural exercises, Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes such as in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch. They are also used in sports including, but not limited to, dressage, endurance riding, eventing, reining, show jumping, tent pegging, vaulting, polo, horse racing, driving. Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows, Horses are used for non-competitive recreational riding such as fox hunting, trail riding or hacking. There is public access to trails in almost every part of the world, many parks, ranches. Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes, both in specialized paraequestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve health and emotional development. Horses are also driven in harness racing, at shows and in other types of exhibition, historical reenactment or ceremony. In some parts of the world, they are used for practical purposes such as farming. Horses continue to be used in service, in traditional ceremonies, police and volunteer mounted patrols. Riding halls enable the training of horse and rider in all weathers as well as indoor competition riding, though there is controversy over the exact date horses were domesticated and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. Indirect evidence suggests that horses were ridden long before they were driven, however, the most unequivocal early archaeological evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. Chariot burials about 2500 BC present the most direct evidence of horses used as working animals. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of war horses as light, the horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation, trade and agriculture. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the Ice Age, Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of Columbus in 1493. Humans appear to have expressed a desire to know which horse were the fastest. Gambling on horse races appears to go hand-in hand with racing and has a history as well. Thoroughbreds have the pre-eminent reputation as a breed, but other breeds also race. Under saddle, Thoroughbred horse racing is the most popular form worldwide, in the UK, it is known as flat racing and is governed by the Jockey Club in the United Kingdom
3.
English riding
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English riding is a form of horse riding seen throughout the world. There are many variations, but all feature a flat English saddle without the deep seat, saddles within the various English disciplines are all designed to allow the horse the freedom to move in the optimal manner for a given task, ranging from classical dressage to horse racing. Riders generally post or rise to the trot, English riding is promoted in organizations for youth, such as Pony Club, and is the basic style of riding seen in the various events at the Olympics. English saddles also are used by many pleasure riders for everyday riding, the major subdivisions of the English riding genre are, Forms of competition and exhibition seen throughout the world. This is the style most commonly associated with the term English riding, the other major style is Saddle seat, a discipline created in North America to exhibit dramatic, high-stepping breeds of horses. Saddle seat style riding is seldom seen outside North America, though it has a following in South Africa. In North America, dressage sometimes is loosely lumped into the hunt seat category by Saddle Seat and non-English riders, at some shows, a sidesaddle division is offered as well. Equestrianism English saddle Bridle Horse show United States Equestrian Federation International Federation for Equestrian Sports Equestrian helmet
4.
Hunt seat
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Hunt seat is a style of forward seat riding commonly found in North American horse shows. Along with dressage, it is one of the two forms of English riding. The hunt seat is based on the tradition of fox hunting, the term hunt seat may also refer to any form of forward seat riding, including the kind seen in show jumping and eventing. Hunt seat is a form of riding in the United States, recognized by the USHJA and the United States Equestrian Federation. While hunt seat showing per se is not an Olympic discipline, many show jumping competitors began by riding in hunter, the Hunt seat is also sometimes called the forward seat. Ideally, a hunt seat rider has a secure position. This includes proper leg position, weight in heels, soft hands, good posture, balanced seat, eyes up and, riders usually employ a two-point position while jumping fences, depending on the type of course and height of fences. The position is so named because the rider has two points in contact with the saddle. The rider supports his or her body using leg and stirrup, keeping the heels down, closing the hip angle, and lifting the buttocks out of the saddle while keeping the head and shoulders up. On the flat, or when used on course between jumps, the two-point position allows the horse to have a deal of freedom of movement because the riders weight is lifted off its back. Position in two-point varies according to the task, Hunter riders generally have a very upright two-point, as they usually show on very level footing and at slower speed. Eventers may have a more crouched position, usually with the slightly more forward while riding cross-country. Hunt seat competitions are divided into three horse show categories, hunters, equitation, and jumpers. Show hunters as a group are judged on manners, way of going, turnout, the presentation of horse and rider, are often taken into account as well. Jumpers are judged by how quickly a horse can complete a course of jumps with the fewest errors, equitation riders are judged on the confidence and form of the rider, and the smoothness and overall appearance of the horse and rider as a team. Horses used in hunter over fences and hunter under saddle classes are called show hunters, and are judged on their movement, way of going, manners, Conformation is judged to some extent as well. Thus, smooth, quiet-moving, well-built horses with good temperament are desired, although a somewhat different style of horse than the classic hunter may be shown, the goals of good manners, performance, quality and conformation are still emphasized. Horses shown hunt seat may be of any breed, although those of Thoroughbred and Warmblood type are most common, regardless of breed, the horse should have a long stride with very little knee action, good jumping form with correct bascule, and should be well-mannered
5.
English saddle
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English saddles are used to ride horses in English riding disciplines throughout the world. The discipline is not limited to England, the United Kingdom in general or other English-speaking countries, most designs were specifically developed to allow the horse freedom of movement, whether jumping, running, or moving quickly across rugged, broken country with fences. Unlike the western saddle or Australian Stock Saddle, there is no horn or other elements that stick out above the main tree of the saddle. The English saddle is based on a tree, over which webbing, leather. The sides of the tree that run horizontally along the back are known as bars. Many modern trees are made with spring steel running from front to rear between the bars and these trees are somewhat flexible and are known as spring trees, with the degree of flexibility varying from saddle to saddle. More recently, saddle manufacturers are using materials to replace wood. Synthetic materials vary widely in quality, polyurethane trees are often very well-made, but some very cheap saddles are made with fiberglass trees that are not so durable. Leather is added on all sides of the tree to create the seat, flaps, cowhide is usually used, though pigskin and other leathers are also seen. The panels on the underside of the saddle traditionally are stuffed with wool flock, which is still preferred and used on the highest quality saddles. Tree, the base on which the rest of the saddle is built, usually based on wood or a synthetic material, with metal elements added, such as the stirrup bar and, in some cases. It is eventually covered in leather or synthetic material as the saddle is built, panels, the part of an English saddle which provides cushioning between the horses back and the saddle, and allows adjustment in fitting the saddle to the horse. Also important in keeping the saddle balanced for the rider, often stuffed with wool or foam flocking, or maintained by sealed air pockets. The panels under the cantle are called the rear panels and those at the front of the saddle are called the front panels. However, the rear and front panels are one continuous unit, the saddle has two panels total, one on each side of the horses spine. Gullet, The space between the bars of the saddle which provides clearance for the spine so the saddle does not place pressure on it. The gullet width of the saddle is dictated by the front arch of the tree, in some models, the angle of the front arch can be adjusted on an individual saddle by use of interchangeable elements. Though imprecise terminology, the gap between the panels is colloquially referred to as the gullet
6.
South
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South is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography. It is one of the four directions or compass points. South is the polar opposite of north and is perpendicular to east and west, the word south comes from Old English sūþ, from earlier Proto-Germanic *sunþaz, possibly related to the same Proto-Indo-European root that the word sun derived from. By convention, the side of a map is south. To go south using a compass for navigation, set a bearing or azimuth of 180°, alternatively, in the Northern Hemisphere outside the tropics, the Sun will be roughly in the south at midday. True south is the direction towards the end of the axis about which the earth rotates. The South Pole is located in Antarctica, magnetic south is the direction towards the south magnetic pole, some distance away from the south geographic pole. Roald Amundsen, from Norway, was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911, the Global South refers to the socially and economically less-developed southern half of the globe. 95% of the Global North has enough food and shelter, in the South, on the other hand, only 5% of the population has enough food and shelter. It lacks appropriate technology, it has no political stability, the economies are disarticulated, in the card game bridge, one of the players is known for scoring purposes as South. South partners with North and plays against East and West, in Greek religion, Notos, was the south wind and bringer of the storms of late summer and autumn. The dictionary definition of south at Wiktionary
7.
Dressage
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Dressage is a highly skilled form of riding performed in exhibition and competition, as well as an art sometimes pursued solely for the sake of mastery. Competitions are held at all levels from amateur to the Olympic Games, at the peak of a dressage horses gymnastic development, the horse responds smoothly to a skilled riders minimal aids. The rider is relaxed and appears effort-free while the horse performs the requested movement. The discipline has a history with ancient roots in the writings of Xenophon. Much about training systems used today reflects practices of classical dressage, in modern dressage competition, successful training at the various levels is demonstrated through the performance of tests, prescribed series of movements ridden within a standard arena. A score of 9 is very good and is a high mark, all riding horses can benefit from use of dressage principles and training techniques. The most popular horse breeds seen at the Olympics and other international FEI competitions are warmblood horses bred for dressage, in classical dressage training and performances that involve the airs above the ground, the baroque breeds of horses are popular and purposely bred for these specialties. There are two sizes of arenas, small and standard, each has letters assigned to positions around the arena for dressage tests to specify where movements are to be performed. Cones with letters on them are positioned on the sidelines of the arena for reference as to where a movement is to be performed. The small arena is 20 by 40 m and is used for the levels of eventing in the dressage phase. Its letters around the edge, starting from the point of entry. Letters also mark locations along the line in the middle of the arena. Moving down the line from A, they are D-X-G. The standard arena is 20 by 60 m, and is used for tests in both dressage and eventing. The standard dressage arena letters are A-K-V-E-S-H-C-M-R-B-P-F, the letters on the long sides of the arena, nearest the corners, are 6 m in from the corners, and are 12 m apart from each other. The letters along the line are D-L-X-I-G, with X again being halfway down the arena. There is speculation as to why these letters were chosen, most commonly it is believed because the German cavalry had a 20 × 60-meter area in-between the barracks which had the letters posted above the doors. At the start of the test, the horse enters the arena at an opening at A, ideally this opening is then closed for the duration of the test, however, this is not always logistically possible, particularly at smaller competitions with few volunteers
8.
Horse gait
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Horse gaits are the various ways in which a horse can move, either naturally or as a result of specialized training by humans. Special training is required before a horse will perform an ambling gait in respond to a riders command. Another system of classification that applies to quadrupeds uses three categories, walking and ambling gaits, running or trotting gaits, and leaping gaits. The British Horse Society Dressage Rules require competitors to perform four variations of the walk, six forms of the trot, five leaping gaits, halt, and rein back, the British Horse Society Equitation examinations also require proficiency in the gallop as distinct from the canter. The so-called natural gaits, in increasing order of speed, are the walk, trot, canter, and gallop. Some consider these as three gaits, with the canter a variation of the gallop, even though the canter is distinguished by having three beats, whereas the gallop has four beats, all four gaits are seen in wild horse populations. While other intermediate speed gaits may occur naturally to some horses, in some animals the trot is replaced by the pace or an ambling gait. Horses who possess an ambling gait are usually able to trot. The walk is a gait that averages about 4 miles per hour. When walking, a horses legs follow this sequence, left leg, left front leg, right hind leg, right front leg. At the walk, the horse will alternate between having three or two feet on the ground, a horse moves its head and neck in a slight up and down motion that helps maintain balance. In detail, suppose the horse starts by lifting its left front leg and it then lifts its right hind leg. Next, the front foot touches the ground, then the horse lifts its right front leg. Then it lifts its rear leg, puts down the front right, lifts the left front, puts down the rear left. Ideally, the rear hoof oversteps the spot where the previously advancing front hoof touched the ground. The more the rear hoof oversteps, the smoother and more comfortable the walk becomes, individual horses and different breeds vary in the smoothness of their walk. However, a rider will almost always some degree of gentle side-to-side motion in the horses hips as each hind leg reaches forward. The fastest walks with a footfall pattern are actually the lateral forms of ambling gaits such as the running walk, singlefoot
9.
Center of balance (horse)
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In horsemanship, the center of balance of a horse is a position on the horses back which correlates closely to the center of gravity of the horse itself. The term may refer to the horses center of gravity. For the best performance by the horse, as well as for better balance of the rider, the location of the horses center of balance depends on a combination of speed and degree of collection. For a standing or quietly walking horse, it is slightly behind the heart girth, if a horse is moving at a trot or canter, the center of balance shifts slightly forward, and it moves even more forward when the horse is galloping or jumping. If a horse is highly collected, the center of balance will be back, regardless of gait. For example, a close contact style of English saddle, designed for show jumping, places the riders seat farther forward than does a dressage style English saddle
10.
Riding aids
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Riding aids are the cues a rider gives to a horse to communicate what they want the animal to do. Riding aids are broken into the natural aids and the artificial aids and these are the aids which the rider possesses on their body, and should be used for the majority of the cues to the horse. Overuse of any aid can be detrimental to the training of the horse, the natural aids include, Leg Hand Seat Voice It is important to remember that the aids are used in a spectrum, from very light to very powerful, depending on the response desired. A very sensitive horse may readily jump forward from light touch of the leg, additionally, an aid from canter to walk, for example, will use slightly more restraining aid on a particular horse than that horse would need going from canter to trot. Positioning of the legs, seat, and hands are used in a spectrum according to the individual horse. In all cases, good training aims for the horse to be responsive at the slightest cue and this is one reason why better-trained animals can be harder to ride, as they will respond to the slightest movement or shift in weight made by the rider. Therefore, they take any mistake made by the rider as a cue to do something. Riders must therefore be sure that any perceived disobediences are not actually caused by their own doing, good training of the rider will aim to produce someone with an independent seat, meaning someone who is able to give the aids independent of each other. Only then will the rider be able to start to influence the horse in such a way to help it. The leg, along with the seat, should be the main aid for the horse and it has a great deal of control over the horses hindquarters, and is used to cue the horse to go forward, increase impulsion, step sideways, and correctly bend. It is the primary driving aid, both legs in a neutral position, applying equal pressure against the horses sides, generally asks for an increase in speed or an upward transition. Depending on the level of restraining aids, the leg can also ask for an increase in impulsion, for collection, or even for the rein back. To ask a horse to back up, a rider simultaneously uses soft rein aids to keep the horse from stepping forward and it is incorrect to ask for a rein back by pulling or jerking on the reins. One leg in a position, or slightly back from neutral. One leg further back, in a passive role, and the other leg in a neutral position. This is also important when cueing for movements that require bend, such as the half-pass, one leg farther back, with the other leg in a neutral position, both actively encouraging the horse forward, will usually aid the horse to canter. The horse will pick up the lead opposite the leg that is further back, the hands communicate to the horse through the reins to the bit. They have the most control over the head and shoulders
11.
American Saddlebred
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The American Saddlebred is a horse breed from the United States. This breed was referred to as the Horse America Made, descended from riding-type horses bred at the time of the American Revolution, the American Saddlebred includes the Narragansett Pacer, Canadian Pacer, Morgan and Thoroughbred among its ancestors. Developed into its modern type in Kentucky, it was known as the Kentucky Saddler. In 1891, a registry was formed in the United States. Throughout the 20th century, the popularity continued to grow in the United States. Averaging 15 to 16 hands in height, Saddlebreds are known for their sense of presence and style, as well as for their spirited, yet gentle and they may be of any color, including pinto patterns, which have been acknowledged in the breed since the late 1800s. The breed does have a predisposition to lordosis, a curvature of the spine, as well as occupational predispositions to upper respiratory. Since the mid-1800s, the breed has played a prominent part in the US horse show industry, American Saddlebreds often compete in five primary divisions, Five-Gaited, Three-Gaited, Fine Harness, Park and Pleasure. In these divisions they are judged on performance, manners, presence, quality, American Saddlebreds stand 15 to 17 hands high, averaging 15 to 16 hands, and weigh between 1,000 and 1,200 pounds. The croup is level with a high-carried tail, enthusiasts consider them to be spirited, yet gentle, animals. Any color is acceptable, but most common are chestnut, bay, brown, some are gray, roan, palomino and pinto. The first-known pinto Saddlebred was a stallion foaled in 1882, in 1884 and 1891, two additional pintos, both mares, were foaled. These three horses were recorded as spotted, but many other pinto Saddlebreds with minimal markings were recorded only by their base color, without making note of their markings. This practice continued into the 1930s, at which time breeders came to be accepting of colored horses and began recording markings. The Saddlebred has been called the worlds most beautiful horse by admirers, the United States Equestrian Federation describes the Saddlebred as follows, He carries himself with an attitude that is elusive of description—some call it class, presence, quality, style, or charm. This superior air distinguishes his every movement, Saddlebreds are popularly known as show horses, with horses being shown saddle seat in both three-gaited and five-gaited classes. The former are the three common gaits seen in most breeds, the walk, trot and canter, the latter includes the three regular gaits, plus two four-beat ambling gaits known as the slow gait and the rack. The slow gait today is a gait in which the lateral pairs of legs leave the ground together, but strike the ground at different times
12.
National Show Horse
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The National Show Horse originated as a part-Arabian cross between an American Saddlebred and an Arabian horse. It is now established as a breed, since the founding of a breed registry in August 1981. Registered animals today may be the offspring of registered NSH parents or may be a combination between an American Saddlebred, Arabian, and a National Show Horse. Although any combination of three breeds may be used, as of December 1,2009 there must be at least 50% Arabian blood in the horse to be registered. The National Show Horse combines the refinement of the Arabian with the animation of the Saddlebred, the resulting horse has the high-set, upright, long, swan-like neck of the Saddlebred. The neck should not have a pronounced crest, the head is usually refined and small, with small ears and either a straight or concave profile. The horses are close-coupled with a level topline and have a very deep, typically, the NSH is 14. 3-16.2 hands tall, with some individuals over or under. The National Show Horse is most often used for saddle seat riding and they are horses with high-stepping action and can be trained to move with a very elevated front end. Some can be trained to be five-gaited, adding the slow gait and rack to the gaits of the walk, trot. A versatile breed, they can also be used for jumping, endurance, dressage. Dutson, Judith Storeys Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America North Adams, storey Pub 2005 ISBN 1-58017-612-7 NSHR Press Release Is Your Horse Now Eligible for NSH Registration. The Arabian Horse Association The National Show Horse Registry
13.
Tennessee Walking Horse
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The, Tennessee Walking Horse or Tennessee Walker is a breed of gaited horse known for its unique four-beat running-walk and flashy movement. It was originally developed in the southern United States for use on farms and it is a popular riding horse due to its calm disposition, smooth gaits and sure-footedness. The Tennessee Walking Horse is often seen in the show ring, Tennessee Walkers are also seen in movies, television shows and other performances. The breed first developed in the late 18th century when Narragansett Pacers, other breeds were later added, and in 1886 a foal named Black Allan, now considered the foundation sire of the breed, was born. In 1935 the Tennessee Walking Horse Breeders Association was formed, in 1939, the first Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration was held, an annual event that in recent years has attracted considerable attention and controversy. The two basic categories of Tennessee Walking Horse show competition are called flat-shod and performance, differentiated by desired leg action, stacks and action devices are prohibited at shows sanctioned by the United States Equestrian Federation and some breed organizations. The modern Tennessee Walking Horse is described as refined and elegant and it is a tall horse with a long neck. The head is well-defined, with small, well-placed ears, the breed averages 14.3 to 17 hands high and 900 to 1,200 pounds. The shoulders and hip are long and sloping, with a short back, the hindquarters are of moderate thickness and depth, well-muscled, and it is acceptable for the hind legs to be slightly over-angulated, cow-hocked or sickle-hocked. They are found in all colors, and several pinto patterns. Common colors such as bay, black and chestnut are found, as are colors caused by dilution genes such as the dun, champagne, cream, pinto patterns include overo, sabino and tobiano. The Tennessee Walking Horse has a reputation for having a calm disposition, while the horses are famous for flashy movement, they are popular for trail and pleasure riding as well as show. The Tennessee Walking Horse is best known for its running-walk and this is a four-beat gait with the same footfall pattern as a regular, or flat, walk, but significantly faster. While a horse performing a flat walk moves at 4 to 8 miles per hour, in the running walk, the horses rear feet overstep the prints of its front feet by 6 to 18 inches, with a longer overstep being more prized in the Tennessee Walking Horse breed. While performing the running walk, the horse nods its head in rhythm with its gait, besides the flat and running walks. The third main gait performed by Tennessee Walking Horses is the canter, a few Tennessee Walking Horses can trot, and have a long, reaching stride. The Tennessee Walker originated from Narragansett Pacer and Canadian Pacer horses brought to Kentucky starting in 1790 and these horses were bred on the limestone pastures of central Tennessee, and originally known as Tennessee Pacers. Originally used as all-purpose horses on farms and plantations, they were used for riding, pulling and racing and they were known for their smooth gaits and sure-footedness on the rocky Tennessee terrain
14.
Spotted Saddle Horse
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The Spotted Saddle Horse is a horse breed from the United States that was developed by crossing Spanish-American type gaited pinto ponies with gaited horse breeds, such as the Tennessee Walking Horse. The result was a colorful, smooth-gaited horse, used in the ring and for pleasure. Two registries have been created for the breed, one in 1979, the two have similar registration requirements, although one has an open stud book and the other is slightly more strict with regard to parentage requirements, having a semi-closed stud book. The Spotted Saddle Horse is a riding horse, always pinto in color. Solid-colored foals from registered parents may be registered for identification purposes and they always perform an ambling gait, rather than a trot, in addition to the gaits of walk and canter, performed by all breeds. The Spotted Saddle Horse developed from small gaited pinto ponies of Spanish ancestry and these were crossed with larger American breeds such as the Morgan and Standardbred, developed after the American Revolution, to increase size while retaining coloration and the desired gait. After the American Civil War, additional gaited blood was added, with contributing breeds including the Tennessee Walking Horse, Missouri Fox Trotter, Paso Fino, mustangs from the American West were also incorporated. Originally developed in central Tennessee, and selectively bred for pinto coloration, they were used for general pleasure, there are two breed registries for the Spotted Saddle Horse. In 1979, the National Spotted Saddle Horse Association was organized in Murfreesboro, the association focuses on promoting naturally-gaited saddle horses with pinto coloration. The NSSHA also bans the use of devices and performance packages in their shows. In 1985, the Spotted Saddle Horse Breeders and Exhibitors Association was formed, headquartered in Shelbyville, the SSHBEA is recognized as a Horse Industry Organization under the HPA, and occasionally sees violations of the HPA at their shows. Violations of the HPA are addressed in the SSHBEA rulebook, today, the Spotted Saddle Horse is seen at horse shows, as well as being used for pleasure and trail riding. Spotted Saddle Horses are light riding horses and they average 14.3 to 16 hands high and weigh 900 to 1,100 pounds. The NSSHA will register horses that are shorter, down to 13.3 hands, the head is refined, with a straight or slightly convex facial profile. The neck is muscular, with an arch, leading into long, sloping shoulders. The back is short and the muscular and broad. The croup is sloping and rounded, with a high-set tail. The ideal Spotted Saddle Horse resembles a smaller, slightly stockier Tennessee Walking Horse, pinto coloration is required, with white spots on a background any equine coat color
15.
Morgan horse
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The Morgan horse is one of the earliest horse breeds developed in the United States. Morgans have influenced other major American breeds, including the American Quarter Horse, Tennessee Walking Horse, during the 19th and 20th centuries, they were exported to other countries, including England, where a Morgan stallion influenced the breeding of the Hackney horse. The first breed registry was established in 1909, and since then many organizations in the US, Europe, there were estimated to be over 175,000 Morgan horses worldwide in 2005. The Morgan is a compact, refined breed, generally bay, black or chestnut in color, although they come in many colors, used in both English and Western disciplines, the breed is known for its versatility. The Morgan is the animal of Vermont and the state horse of Massachusetts. Popular childrens authors, including Marguerite Henry and Ellen Feld, have portrayed the breed in their books, there is officially one breed standard for Morgan type, regardless of the discipline or bloodline of the individual horse. The back is short, and hindquarters are strongly muscled, with a long, the tail is attached high and carried gracefully and straight. Morgans appear to be a powerful horse, and the breed is well known as an easy keeper. The breed standard for height ranges from 14.1 to 15.2 hands, gaits, particularly the trot are animated, elastic, square, and collected, with the front and rear legs balanced. A few Morgans are gaited, meaning they can perform an intermediate speed gait other than the trot such as the rack, fox trot, or pace. The United States Equestrian Federation states, a Morgan is distinctive for its stamina and vigor, personality and eagerness, the breed has a reputation for intelligence, courage and a good disposition. Registered Morgans come in a variety of colors although they are most commonly bay, black, less common colors include gray, roan, dun, silver dapple, and cream dilutions such as palomino, buckskin, cremello and perlino. In addition, three pinto color patterns are also recognized, sabino, frame overo, and splashed white, the tobiano pattern has not been noted in Morgans. One genetic disease has been identified within the Morgan breed and this is Type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy, an autosomal dominant muscle disease found mainly in stock horse and draft horse breeds caused by a missense mutation in the GYS1 gene. Morgans are one of over a dozen breeds found to have the allele for the condition, though its prevalence in Morgans appears to be quite low compared to stock and draft breeds. In one study, less than one percent of randomly tested Morgans carried the allele for this condition, two coat color genes found in Morgans have also been linked to genetic disorders. One is the genetic ocular syndrome multiple congenital anomalies, originally called equine anterior segment dysgenesis. MCOA is characterized by the development of some ocular tissues, which causes compromised vision, although generally of a mild form
16.
Arabian horse
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The Arabian or Arab horse is a breed of horse that originated on the Arabian Peninsula. With a distinctive shape and high tail carriage, the Arabian is one of the most easily recognizable horse breeds in the world. It is also one of the oldest breeds, with evidence of horses in the Middle East that resemble modern Arabians dating back 4,500 years. Throughout history, Arabian horses have spread around the world by both war and trade, used to other breeds by adding speed, refinement, endurance. Today, Arabian bloodlines are found in almost every breed of riding horse. The Arabian developed in a climate and was prized by the nomadic Bedouin people, often being brought inside the family tent for shelter. Selective breeding for traits including an ability to form a relationship with humans created a horse breed that is good-natured, quick to learn. The Arabian also developed the high spirit and alertness needed in a used for raiding. This combination of willingness and sensitivity requires modern Arabian horse owners to handle their horses with competence, the Arabian is a versatile breed. Arabians dominate the discipline of endurance riding, and compete today in other fields of equestrian sport. They are one of the top ten most popular breeds in the world. They are now worldwide, including the United States and Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, continental Europe, South America, and their land of origin. Arabian horses have refined, wedge-shaped heads, a forehead, large eyes, large nostrils. Most display a distinctive concave, or dished profile, another breed characteristic is an arched neck with a large, well-set windpipe set on a refined, clean throatlatch. This structure of the poll and throatlatch was called the mitbah or mitbeh by the Bedouin, in the ideal Arabian it is long, allowing flexibility in the bridle and room for the windpipe. Other distinctive features are a long, level croup, or top of the hindquarters. The USEF breed standard requires Arabians have solid bone and standard correct equine conformation, well-bred Arabians have a deep, well-angled hip and well laid-back shoulder. Within the breed, there are variations, most have a compact body with a short back
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Hackney horse
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The Hackney is a recognized breed of horse that was developed in Great Britain. In recent decades, the breeding of the Hackney has been directed toward producing horses that are ideal for carriage driving and they are an elegant high stepping breed of carriage horse that is popular for showing in harness events. Hackneys possess good stamina, and are capable of trotting at high speed for extended periods of time, since roads were rudimentary in those times, Hackneys were a primary riding horse, riding being the common mode of equine transportation. The trotting horses were more suitable as war horses than amblers with their pacing gaits, as a result, in 1542 King Henry VIII required his wealthy subjects keep a specified number of trotting horse stallions for breeding use. In about 1729 a Norfolk Trotter stallion and an Arabian stallion contributed to the stock for the modern Hackney Horse. The resulting Norfolk Roadster, as it was known, was a heavily built horse that was used as a horse by farmers and others. It was also a fast horse with good stamina, another famous horse was the stallion Original Shales, foaled in East Anglia in 1755. He was by the stallion Blaze, the son of the undefeated racehorse. Original Shales sired two stallions—Scot Shales and Driver—both of which had a influence on the Norfolk Trotter. Messenger, a 1780 grandson of Sampson, was a sire of the present American Standardbred horse. Hambletonian 10 had at least three crosses of Messenger in the third and fourth generations of his pedigree. In 1820 Bellfounder a Norfolk Trotter stallion who was able to trot 17 miles in an hour with 14 stone up, was exported to America where he was the damsire of Hambletonian 10, in this era, match-trotters competed under saddle, not harness. Later with improvements in roads, the Hackney was also used in harness, robert and Philip Ramsdale, father and son, took the Norfolk horses Wroots Pretender and Phenomenon to Yorkshire, where they bred them with Yorkshire trotting mares. In July 1800, the celebrated Hackney mare, Phenomenon, was backed to trot 17 miles in 56 minutes for a bet of £400, in 1832, one of Phenomenons daughters, the 14 hands Phenomena, trotted 17 miles in only 53 minutes. During the 19th century, with the expansion of the railway, the Norfolk and Yorkshire Trotter were selectively bred for elegant style and speed, and were developed into the modern Hackney Horse. The brilliant gaits of the Hackney Horse, however, saved it from extinction and they are still extremely successful in harness, and can also produce very nice riding horses, many known for their ability in show jumping and dressage competition. In 1883, the Hackney Horse Society was formed in Norwich, alexander Cassatt was responsible for the introduction of the Hackney Pony to the United States. In 1878 he acquired 239 Stella in Britain and brought her to Philadelphia, in 1891, Cassatt and other Hackney enthusiasts founded the American Hackney Horse Society which is based in Lexington, Kentucky
18.
Dutch Harness Horse
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The Dutch Harness Horse, or Tuigpaard, is a warmblood breed of fine driving horse that has been developed in the Netherlands since the end of World War II. Their studbook is kept by the Koninklijk Warmbloed Paardenstamboek Nederland or KWPN, the breed is based on the native Groningen and Gelderland horses, which were formerly indispensable in agriculture and transportation services. Strict selection procedures and a clear breeding aim enabled breeders to produce a refined, while with 40 sires and fewer than 2,000 broodmares the population is not large, Dutch Harness Horses are highly recognizable. In the past few years, a handful have come to North America, the Dutch Harness Horse is distinctive among warmbloods for its high action, and gaining popularity among those saddle seat aficionados who seek a larger, more substantial horse. They are traditionally shown with a mane and natural tail. The hooves are allowed to grow longer than a riding horses feet. While the colors black, brown, bay and chestnut are most common, there are greys, true roans, Tuigpaarden are often very well-marked, and many have extensive sabino or rabicano markings. There are even some tobianos, though they are rare, the expressive head is made up of straight lines and distinctly warmblood in type. It is usually narrow, long and quite dry, similar to the Saddlebred, the neck is set on quite high, and the shoulders are uniformly long and powerful. The carriage of the head and the croup with high-set tail distinguish the harness horses from their riding-type relatives. The longer back, more open loin, and flatter croup enable the hindlegs and forelegs to work independently, by comparison, the harness horse appears to stand higher off the ground. Strict selection procedures mean that the Dutch Harness Horse is reasonably uniform in type and motion, as the show horses are not asked to canter in harness, this gait receives less attention. The walk is diligent, but the trot is the true show gait, the forelegs are typically longer than the hindlegs - by design - and as such the horse will sink in the back and rise in the front. This quality is responsible for the powerful, active hind end and these horses usually have a metronomic trot and ample suspension. In comparison to the riding horse type, the Tuigpaarden are more hot, however, with the control of the stallion inspections, bad-tempered horses or those with poor constitutions are at the very least identified, if not culled outright. A dangerous stallion would never obtain breeding permission in the first place, and so the breed is reactive and courageous, branding is now illegal in the Netherlands, so the lion-rampant brand of the KWPN appears on the left thigh of only older horses. Today, KWPN horses are microchipped instead, the letter which begins a Dutch Harness Horses name corresponds to his year of birth. Daughters are often only a very slight variation of the dams name, for example,1988 was the G year
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Paso Fino
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The Paso Fino is a naturally gaited light horse breed dating back to horses imported to the Caribbean from Spain. Pasos are prized for their smooth, natural, four-beat, lateral ambling gait, they are used in many disciplines, but are especially popular for trail riding. In the United States two main groups of horses are popularly called Paso Fino, One, also known as the Pure Puerto Rican Paso Fino, the other, often called the Colombian Paso Fino or Colombian Criollo Horse, developed in Colombia. Though from similar Spanish ancestors, the two developed independently of one another in their home nations. These two groups have been frequently crossbred in the United States and Europe, in recent years, a trend has developed favoring preservation breeding to preserve the undiluted bloodlines of each group. The Paso Fino name means fine step, all Pasos share their heritage with the Peruvian Paso, the American Mustangs, and other descendants of Colonial Spanish Horses. Soon after, in May 1509, the first governor of the island, Juan Ponce de León, brought horses to Puerto Rico from his hacienda, El Higuey, the Puerto Rican Paso Fino was developed on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico over a 500-year colonial period. Island geography and the desires of a people for hardy, sure-footed, a gait so precipitated that the eye cant follow the movement of the legs. As early as 1849, Paso Fino competitions were held in Puerto Rico, with prizes for winners, in 1882 the first racetrack was built, and in every race meet, there were Paso Fino and Andadura categories. According to Ramirez de Arellano, when the United States invaded Puerto Rico, manchado, a notable horse of the time owned by Don Nicolás Quiñones Cabezudo of Caguas, was said to be so fine that it gaited at liberty without its rider in the town square when asked. In 1927 the most influential sire in the modern Puerto Rican Paso Fino breed, in 1943, the Federation of the Sport of Paso Fino Horses of Puerto Rico and a breed registry were established. Copita Don Q, a Dulce Sueño grandson, was the winner of the first annual Federation contest in 1943, the rise of the Paso Fino in the United States began in the 1950s and 1960s. The first Paso Finos in the United States were imported by members of the armed services and this stock provided some of the first Paso Finos bred in the United States. Colombian Pasos came to the United States beginning with a rancher who visited Colombia and he introduced the second strain into the US. While the two strains are still bred individually to retain their purity, they are also crossbred to produce the best of both strains, today, the Paso Fino Horse Association oversees and regulates registered Paso Finos in the US. It was founded in 1972 under the name American Paso Finos and it registers and promotes both Puerto Rican and Colombian horses, and under the PFHA, the two groups have been frequently crossbred. The American Trote & Trocha Association formed to promote the horses, primarily of Colombian breeding, the Trocha differs from the classic lateral ambling gait of the Paso Fino. The Paso Fino has several different body types, from small and refined to very large
20.
Missouri Foxtrotter
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The Missouri Fox Trotter is a horse breed from the state of Missouri in the United States. It was developed in the Ozark Mountains by settlers in the early 19th century, the main breed registry was begun in 1948 and as of 2012 registers almost 100,000 horses. A European registry was begun in 1992, and as of 2009 recognizes around 600 Fox Trotters living in Europe, in 2006, a smaller registry, focused on the preservation of the original, historic type, was begun in the United States. The Fox Trotter is a mid-sized, muscular breed, used mainly for trail riding, Missouri Fox Trotters stand 14 to 16 hands high, and weigh between 900 and 1,200 pounds. Begun in 2004, the Missouri Fox Trotting Horse Breed Association also maintains a registry for fox trotting ponies standing between 11 and 14 hands. Fox Trotters may be any color or pinto. White facial and leg markings are common, the facial profile is straight, set upon a neck of medium length than ends in pronounced withers. The breed is muscular, with sloped shoulders, a short back, the Missouri Fox Trotter performs an ambling gait known as the fox trot, which replaces the trot seen in many other breeds. The fox trot is a four-beat broken diagonal gait in which the front foot of the diagonal pair lands before the hind, eliminating the moment of suspension and giving a smooth, sure-footed ride. The gait is sometimes described as having the horse walk with the front feet, in a fox trot, the horse must keep one front foot on the ground at all times and display a sliding motion with the hind legs. The fox trot and the trot are both at a speed between a walk and a canter or gallop, ambling gaits are four-beat gaits, whereas the trot is a two-beat gait. The extra footfalls provide additional smoothness to a rider because the horse always has at least one foot on the ground, the value of an intermediate speed is that the horse conserves energy. More than thirty horse breeds are gaited, able to perform an ambling gait. A Missouri Fox Trotter, with rider, can maintain a speed of 5 to 8 miles per hour using the fox trot. In comparison, the average medium trot speed is 6 to 8 miles per hour, the Missouri Fox Trotter was developed from equine stock, including gaited horses, brought to Missouri by settlers from Tennessee, Kentucky and Virginia. Breeds that contributed to the Fox Trotter included the Arabian, Morgan, American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking Horse and Standardbred. By the time of Missouris statehood in 1821, the horses of the state were known for their unique gait, the breed became popular with cattlemen for their smooth gaits and ability to work with cattle. The first Fox Trotters were exported to Europe in the 1950s, in 1982, the stud book was closed, allowing only horses from registered parents to be entered
21.
Rocky Mountain Horse
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The Rocky Mountain Horse is a horse breed developed in the state of Kentucky in the United States. Despite its name, it originated not in the Rocky Mountains, a foundation stallion, brought from the western United States to eastern Kentucky around 1890, began the Rocky Mountain type in the late 19th century. In the mid-20th century, a stallion named Old Tobe, owned by a prominent breeder, was used to develop the modern type, in 1986, the Rocky Mountain Horse Association was formed and by 2005 has registered over 12,000 horses. The breed is known for its preferred chocolate coat color and flaxen mane and tail and it also exhibits a four-beat ambling gait known as the single-foot. Originally developed as a riding, driving and light draft horse. Rocky Mountain Horses stand between 14.2 and 16 hands high, any solid color is accepted by the registry, but a dark brown color called chocolate with a pale, flaxen mane and tail is preferred. This coloration is the result of the rare silver dapple gene acting on a black base coat. Although uncommon, this gene has found in over a dozen breeds. Minimal white markings are accepted by the registry, although leg markings may not extend above the knee, the physical characteristics are somewhat variable, due to the disparate breeds that created the Rocky Mountain Horse. The Rocky Mountain Horse is known by enthusiasts for its hardiness and it is also praised for its good nature and affinity for humans. Rocky Mountain Horses have the highest risk of any breed for the genetic ocular syndrome multiple congenital ocular anomalies, MCOA is characterized by the abnormal development of some ocular tissues, which causes compromised vision, although generally of a mild form, the disease is non-progressive. Genetic studies have shown that the disorder may be tied to the silver dapple gene, the breed exhibits a natural ambling gait, called the single-foot, which replaces the trot seen in a majority of horse breeds. Both gaits are a speed between a walk and a canter or gallop, ambling gaits are four-beat gaits, whereas the trot is a two-beat gait. The extra footfalls provide additional smoothness to a rider because the horse always has at least one foot on the ground, the value of an intermediate speed is that the horse conserves energy. More than thirty horse breeds are gaited, able to perform an ambling gait. Thus, a Rocky Mountain Horse, with rider, can use the single-foot to cover ground at around 7 miles per hour. The faster speed is known as the rack, in comparison, the average medium trot speed is 6 to 8 miles per hour. Eastern Kentucky is known for its gaited breeds, created through a mixture of Spanish horses from the southern United States, American Saddlebreds, Tennessee Walking Horses and Missouri Fox Trotters also originated in the same general geographic area, from the same mixing of Spanish and English blood
22.
Friesian horse
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The Friesian is a horse breed originating in Friesland, in the Netherlands. Although the conformation of the breed resembles that of a draught horse, Friesians are graceful. It is believed that during the Middle Ages, ancestors of Friesian horses were in demand as war horses throughout continental Europe. Through the Early Middle Ages and High Middle Ages, their size enabled them to carry a knight in armour, in the Late Middle Ages, heavier, draught type animals were needed. Though the breed became extinct on more than one occasion. Most recently, the breed is being introduced to the field of dressage, in English, the word indicating origin from the Friesland region is typically spelled Frizian. However, the spelling with an s is used for Holstein Friesian cattle. In the 1930s, chestnuts and bays were seen, Friesians rarely have white markings of any kind, most registries allow only a small star on the forehead for purebred registration. To be accepted as breeding stock by the FPS studbook, a stallion must pass a rigorous approval process, horses are judged at an inspection, or keuring, by Dutch judges, who decide whether the horse is worthy of star designation. The breed has powerful overall conformation and good bone structure, with what is called a Baroque body type. Friesians have long, arched necks and well-chiseled, short-eared, Spanish-type heads and they have powerful, sloping shoulders, compact, muscular bodies with strong, sloping hindquarters and low-set tails. Their limbs are short and strong. A Friesian horse also has a long, thick mane and tail, often wavy, the breed is known for a brisk, high-stepping trot. The Friesian is considered willing, active, and energetic, a Friesian tends to have great presence and to carry itself with elegance. Today, there are two distinct conformation types—the baroque type, which has the more robust build of the classical Friesian, and the modern, sport horse type, which is finer-boned. Both types are common, though the type is currently more popular in the show ring than is the baroque Friesian. However, conformation type is considered less important than correct movement, the chestnut colour is generally not accepted for registration for stallions, though it is sometimes allowed for mares and geldings. A chestnut-coloured Friesian that competes is penalised, however, discoloration from old injuries or a black coat with fading from the sun is not penalised
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Andalusian horse
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The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE, is a horse breed from the Iberian Peninsula, where its ancestors have lived for thousands of years. The Andalusian has been recognized as a breed since the 15th century. Throughout its history, it has known for its prowess as a war horse. The breed was used as a tool of diplomacy by the Spanish government, during the 19th century, warfare, disease and crossbreeding reduced herd numbers dramatically, and despite some recovery in the late 19th century, the trend continued into the early 20th century. Exports of Andalusians from Spain were restricted until the 1960s, but the breed has spread throughout the world. In 2010, there were more than 185,000 registered Andalusians worldwide, strongly built, and compact yet elegant, Andalusians have long, thick manes and tails. Their most common color is gray, although they can be found in many other colors. They are known for their intelligence, sensitivity and docility, a sub-strain within the breed known as the Carthusian, is considered by breeders to be the purest strain of Andalusian, though there is no genetic evidence for this claim. The strain is considered separate from the main breed however. At least one lawsuit is in progress as of 2011, to determine the ownership of the Spanish PRE stud book, the Andalusian is closely related to the Lusitano of Portugal, and has been used to develop many other breeds, especially in Europe and the Americas. Breeds with Andalusian ancestry include many of the warmbloods in Europe as well as western hemisphere breeds such as the Azteca, over its centuries of development, the Andalusian breed has been selected for athleticism and stamina. The horses were used for classical dressage, driving, bullfighting. Modern Andalusians are used for equestrian activities, including dressage. The breed is used extensively in movies, especially historical pictures. Andalusians stallions and geldings average 15.1 1⁄2 hands at the withers and 512 kilograms in weight, mares average 15 1⁄2 hands and 412 kilograms. The Spanish legislation also requires that in order for animals to be approved as either qualified or élite breeding stock, stallions must stand at least 15.1 hands, Andalusian horses are elegant and strongly built. Members of the breed have heads of medium length, with a straight or slightly convex profile, ultra convex and concave profiles are discouraged in the breed, and are penalized in breed shows. Necks are long and broad, running to well-defined withers and a massive chest and they have a short back and broad, strong hindquarters with a well-rounded croup
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United States Equestrian Federation
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The United States Equestrian Federation is the national governing body for most equestrian sports in the United States. It began on January 20,1917, as the Association of American Horse Shows, in 2001, the organization changed its name to USA Equestrian and, in 2003 it merged with the United States Equestrian Team. In 2017, USEF rebranded as US Equestrian, US Equestrian keeps track of yearly points accumulated at individual horse shows throughout the year and gives awards based on these points at the end of the year. Horse shows governed under the USEF are given an AA, A, B, Shows with an AA rating are the most prestigious and often offer the most prize money, whereas shows with a C rating are more local, usually awarding less prize money. Competitions recognized by the USEF must follow its rules and bylaws and their intention was to unite in order to assure clean competition in the show ring. They formed the Association of American Horse Shows, which by its first annual meeting on January 29,1918, the association incorporated in June 1918. Membership grew to list 35 member shows in 1919, and 67 shows by 1924, by the time of Mr. Vanderbilts death in 1925, the organization had enrolled almost 70 shows as members of the organization. Maclay was the individual elected president. Early in his term, in 1927, the association printed its first set of rules, the rules were revised continually and have been added to throughout the history of the association. When Maclays term ended in 1936, membership included 183 shows, maclay was followed by Pierre Lorillard as president. He served a year before Mr. Adrian Van Sinderen was elected, under Van Sinderen, the office was relocated to 90 Broad Street in Manhattan. By the end of Van Sinderens tenure in 1960, the book had grown to one hundred. The need for show stewards, representatives of the association to be present at and it was not until the 1948 rule book that stewards were written in, however, and not until the 1960 rule book that licensing of stewards was in place and recognized in the rules. In February 1933 the original name, the Association of American Horse Shows, Inc. was changed to the American Horse Shows Association, at the same meeting, individual members were recognized in addition to show members. The transfer of membership took place after the 1936 Summer Olympics, and after that, in the United States, by this time, AHSA membership had grown to include 183 members and shows. By 1937, the new rule book reflected the growth of the association by dividing the United States into five zones, each with a vice president and a five-member regional committee. In 1939, the association began publication of the magazine, Horse Show. By this time there were 187 recognized shows, and 800 individual members, in 1960, the association began sending licensed stewards to each affiliated show to report and verify that the show was following the associations rules
25.
Trot
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The trot is a two-beat diagonal gait of the horse where the diagonal pairs of legs move forward at the same time with a moment of suspension between each beat. It has a variation in possible speeds, but averages about 8 miles per hour. A very slow trot is sometimes referred to as a jog, an extremely fast trot has no special name, but in harness racing, the trot of a Standardbred is faster than the gallop of the average non-racehorse, and has been clocked at over 30 miles per hour. June 29,2014 at Pocono Downs in Pennsylvania the Swedish standardbred Sebastian K ran a mile in 1 minute,49 seconds and this is equivalent to a 1000-pace in 1.07,7 or 53,14 kilometers per hour or 33 miles per hour. From the standpoint of the balance of the horse, the trot is a very stable gait and does not require the horse to make major balancing motions with its head and neck. Due to its many variations, the trot is a gait that the horse is worked in for dressage. Eadweard Muybridge was the first to prove, by photography, in 1872 that there is a moment of suspension or unsupported transit during the trot gait. Depending on the amount of engagement and collection of the horse and it is easy to ride because there is less bounce. The head of the horse is carried low while the hindquarters are engaged and underneath the horse, collected trot, A very engaged trot where most of the horses weight is carried toward the hindquarters. The frame is compressed and the length is shorter than any of the other trots with the horse taking higher steps. The horse is lighter and more mobile in the collected trot, slow trot or Road gait, Is slower than a working trot, but faster than a jog trot. This gait is one of the used in harness classes at horse shows. Working trot or Trot, The stride length is normal for the horse and is the trot of the horse when under saddle. It is a gait between the collected trot and medium trot, medium trot, A trot that is more engaged and rounder than the working trot with moderately extended strides and good, solid impulsion. The medium trot lies between the working and the extended trot, park trot, Sometimes simply called a Trot in a given class and seen in saddle seat and fine harness classes for Saddlebreds, Arabians and Morgans. It is a showy, flashy trot with extreme elevation of the knees, the head is held high and at times a horse may hollow its back and lose cadence in an attempt to achieve high action in front. The hindquarters must be engaged for it to be properly performed, lengthened trot, A trot with lengthened strides. It differs from the more advanced extended trot in that it not require the horse to bring its weight as far back on its hindquarters
26.
Canter and gallop
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The canter and gallop are variations on the fastest gait that can be performed by a horse or other equine. The canter is a controlled, three-beat gait, while the gallop is a faster,4 beat variation of the same gait and it is a natural gait possessed by all horses, faster than most horses trot, or ambling gaits. The gallop is the fastest gait of the horse, averaging about 25 to 30 miles per hour, the speed of the canter varies between 16 and 27 kilometres per hour depending on the length of the stride of the horse. A variation of the canter, seen in western riding, is called a lope, the canter is a three-beat gait, meaning that there are three footfalls heard per stride. Each footfall is the phase of a leg. The three footfalls are evenly spaced, and followed by the phase of the gait, which is when all four legs are off the ground. The three beats and suspension are considered one stride, the movement for one stride is as follows, Beat One, the grounding phase of the outside hind leg. There are many riders who think a front leg is the first beat of the canter, at this time, the other three legs are off the ground. Beat Two, the grounding phase of the inside hind leg. The inside fore leg is still off the ground, the outside hind leg, is still touching the ground, but is about to be lifted off. At the gallop, this beat is divided, with the inside hind landing first, making the gallop a four-beat gait Beat Three, the outside hind leg, is off the ground. The inside hind leg and outside foreleg are still touching the ground, the inside hindleg and outside foreleg are lifted off the ground. The inside foreleg is the only supporting the horses weight. The inside foreleg is lifted off the ground, suspension, The horse has all four legs off the ground. The faster the horse is moving, the longer is the time of the phase of suspension, the canter and gallop are related gaits, as the rider simply asks the horse to gallop from the canter by allowing it to lengthen its stride. When the stride is lengthened, the diagonal pair of beat two breaks, resulting in a four beat gait, the inside hind striking first, before the outside fore. A careful listener or observer can tell an extended canter from a gallop by the presence of the fourth beat. The gallop is the fastest gait of the horse, averaging about 25 to 30 miles per hour, and in the wild is used when the animal needs to flee from predators or simply cover short distances quickly
27.
Ambling gait
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An ambling gait or amble is any of several four-beat intermediate horse gaits, all of which are faster than a walk but usually slower than a canter and always slower than a gallop. Horses that amble are referred to as gaited, particularly in the United States. Historically, horses able to amble were highly desired for riding long distances on poor roads, the ability to perform an ambling gait is usually an inherited trait. In 2014, that mutation was found to originate in an ancestor to all gaited horses. Some gaited breeds naturally perform these gaits from birth, others need to be trained to do them, some breeds have individuals who can both amble and perform a trot or pace. In the Standardbred breed, the DMRT3 gene was found in trotting horses. Though there are differences in patterns and speed of the various gaits. Gaited breeds occur in parts of the world, but are particularly prevalent in North and South America. Ambling was described as early as the Hittite writings of Kikkuli, the Old High German term for a gaited horse was celtari, cognate to Icelandic tölt. English amble is a 14th-century loan from Old French, ultimately from Latin ambulare to walk, Horse types with ambling ability included the valuable jennet and palfrey. Today, ambling or gaited horses are popular amongst casual riders who seek soft-gaited, comfortable horses for pleasure riding. As a general rule, while ambling horses are able to canter, they usually are not known for speed, thus, in history, where comfort for long hours in the saddle was important, ambling horses were preferred for smoothness, sure-footedness and quiet disposition. However, when speed and quick action was of importance, horses that trotted were more suitable due to their speed. All ambling gaits have four beats, all ambling gaits are lateral in sequence, meaning they are executed with a footfall pattern of right rear, right front, left rear, left front. Is why all ambling gaits are often refereed to as lateral gaits, not to be confused with laterally and diagonally paired gaits. A stepping pace is a laterally paired gait where the legs on the side are synchronized more closely than the diagonal pair of legs. The Fox Trot is a diagonally paired gait, where those diagonal pairs of legs synchronize more closely than the lateral pairs and it is vital to note, however, that the sequence of foot-fall does not change between the diagonally and laterally paired gaits. A stepping pace will land left hind closely followed by left fore, with a pause before the right hind
28.
English pleasure
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English pleasure is generic term for a number of different English riding classes seen at horse shows in the United States, where the horse is ridden in either hunt seat or saddle seat tack. In the average English pleasure class, the horses perform as a group, exhibiting the natural gaits of the walk, trot, and canter, horses are judged on their manners, performance, quality and conformation. The horse is to give the impression of being a pleasure to ride, in the show hunter and hunt seat world, pleasure-type classes where the horses are not to jump are sometimes referred to as flat classes or Hunter under saddle. In a variation on the class known as Hunter hack. The horse should move straight, with a rhythm and a free. The horse should not come behind the bit, or travel too fast, Hunter type movement is preferred for hunter style horses. High action is preferred for English pleasure horses ridden saddle seat, English riding Hunt seat Saddle seat English saddle Horse show Pleasure riding
29.
Driving (horse)
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It encompasses a wide range of activities from pleasure driving, to harness racing, to farm work, horse shows, and even International combined driving competition sanctioned by the FEI. The term in harness often is used to describe a horse being driven, for horse training purposes, driving may also include the practice of long-lining, wherein a horse is driven without a cart by a handler walking behind or behind and to the side of the animal. This technique is used in the stages of training horses for riding as well as for driving. Horses, mules and donkeys are driven in harness in many different ways, for working purposes, they can pull a plow or other farm equipment designed to be pulled by animals. In many parts of the world they still pull carts, wagons, horse-drawn boats or logs for basic hauling and they may draw carriages at ceremonies, such as when the British monarch is Trooping the Colour, as well as in parades or for tourist rides. Horses can race in harness, pulling a very lightweight cart known as a sulky. Draft horse showing, Most draft horse performance competition is done in harness, draft horses compete in both single and multiple hitches, judged on manners and performance. Carriage driving, using somewhat larger two or four wheeled carriages, often restored antiques, pulled by a horse, a tandem or four-in-hand team. Pleasure competitions are judged on the turnout/neatness or suitability of horse, nearly any breed of horse can be trained for pleasure driving. Fine harness, Also called formal driving, horses are hitched to a light four-wheeled cart and shown in a manner that emphasizes flashy action and dramatic performance. Refined pony breeds and certain light saddle horse breeds noted for their action are most often seen in fine harness, roadsters are shown at two types of trot, known as road gait and at speed. A team is more than one animal used together for draft, the animals may be arranged in various ways. While a single animal is placed between two shafts, a pair is usually hitched side by side with a single pole between them. A troika is a team hitched in a row of three, the center horse in shafts and each of the other two hitched on either side. A tandem hitch has one animal in shafts, then one or more others hitched ahead of the first in single file. Larger teams are usually in pairs, with four, six or even more animals overall, sometimes other arrangements are used, such as the unicorn, and the pickaxe. Teams larger than six are generally limited to situations where large loads must be hauled over difficult ground, for example, eight-ox plowing teams were once common on the heavy soils of southern England, as were very large ox teams used in 19th century South Africa. Twenty-mule teams were used in the century for hauling ore in California
30.
Horse harness
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A horse harness is a type of horse tack that allows a horse or other equine to be driven and to pull various horse-drawn vehicles such as a carriage, wagon or sleigh. Harnesses may also be used to hitch animals to other such as a plow or canal boat. There are two categories of horse harness, the breaststrap or breastcollar design, and the collar. For light work, such as horse show competition where light carts are used and it can only be used for lighter hauling, since it places the weight of the load on the sternum of the horse and the nearby windpipe. This is not the heaviest skeletal area, also heavy loads can constrict the windpipe, by contrast, the collar and hames harness places the weight of the load onto the horses shoulders, and without any restriction on the air supply. For heavy hauling, the harness must include a collar to allow the animal to use its full weight. Harness components designed for other animals are not suitable for horses, putting harness on a horse is called harnessing or harnessing up. Attaching the harness to the load is called putting to or hitching, the order of putting on harness components varies by discipline, but when a horse collar is used, it is usually put on first. Parts of the include, A collar to allow the horse to push against the harness with its shoulders. Two main alternative arrangements, A horse collar, a padded loop fitting closely around the horses neck, pointed at the top to fit the crest of the neck. Used for heavier pulling, especially when used without a swingletree or whippletree, a padded strap running around the chest from side to side. Used for light work, or for heavier work it is used together with a swingletree evenly on each step without rubbing. Two metal or wooden strips which take the force of the pull. A strap around the horses haunches allowing it to set back and slow a vehicle, used for a single horse, a pair, or in a larger team, only for the wheelers. The leaders in a team do not have breeching, as they are in front of the shafts or pole, breeching may also be omitted in fine harness, or when the cart is very light or has efficient brakes on the wheels. The straps or chains which take the pull from the breastcollar or hames to the load, a small supportive piece of the harness that lies on the horses back, not the same as a riding saddle. A strap that goes firmly around the girth of the horse to attach the harness saddle, a strap that goes more loosely under the belly of the horse, outside the girth. Prevents the shafts rising up, especially on a two-wheeled vehicle, a strap going through the harness saddle to join the belly band either side
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Fine harness
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Fine harness is a type of driving competition seen at horse shows, that feature light, refined horses with high action. Popular breeds in this event include the American Saddlebred, Morgan, Arabian, Dutch Harness Horse, some breeds of pony are also shown in the fine harness style. These include the Hackney Pony, Welsh pony, and the American-type Shetland Pony, the harness used is a light, breastplate type without a horse collar. The cart used is generally a light, four-wheeled design
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Double bridle
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A double bridle, also called a full bridle or Weymouth bridle, is a bridle that has two bits and four reins. Another term for this combination of curb and snaffle bit is a bit and bradoon, double bridles are most commonly associated with dressage and certain horse show classes where formal tack, attire and turnout is standard. They are required for upper level FEI dressage tests, and are optional at the USDF third and they are also permitted in the dressage phase of eventing at the Intermediate or Advanced levels, although not required. Additionally, ladies riding side saddle traditionally use a double bridle, double bridles used to be seen on show hunters in the United States, but have been replaced by the snaffle. Double bridles are rarely used by show jumping riders and eventers in the stadium, the double bridle is still sometimes used by cavalry and police horses. While the snaffle bridle is more common, the bridle, in the hands of an experienced rider, is able to transmit more nuanced commands. Thus, for advanced forms of riding, it is preferred, double bridles, originally called full bridles, were much more common several hundred years ago. They were considered the proper equipment for a rider and horse, while a simple snaffle bridle was only for green horses and riders, young children, grooms. The double bridle is commonly seen in old paintings of hunt scenes, with a supremely trained horse and rider, not only would the horse be ridden on the curb only, but with placing both sets reins in one hand and carrying the whip upright in the other. Today, the tradition of riding only on the curb is preserved by classical and advanced military riders and it is also used on finished horses in western riding. Additionally, it allowed women, confined to riding sidesaddle at the time, to ride hotter horses, many eventers also used to ride with the double bridle when going cross-country on exceptionally high-strung horses. However, this practice has fallen out of favor, with most riders preferring the pelham instead, additionally, the pelham could be used with bit converters, which allowed for one rein and made the bit much easier to handle. The double bridle differs from the snaffle bridle in that it consists of four reins attached to two separate bits, the bradoon-style snaffle and a curb. The curb bit hangs down from the headstall, and the bradoon has a separate. The bradoon headstall lies under the curb headstall, with the browband of the bridle holding both pieces, as well as the cavesson all together as a single unit, a bradoon is a snaffle bit designed specifically for use in the double bridle. The bit mouthpiece is usually single-jointed, and the bit ring is usually a loose-ring, less often an eggbutt and it is especially important to choose a bradoon that is the correct width. Both cases are painful and should be avoided, in general, the bradoon should be about 1/2 wider than the Weymouth. The curb bit, or Weymouth, consists of a mouthpiece with shanks, in USDF competition, the lower shank may be no longer than 10 cm in length
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Saddle
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The saddle is a supportive structure for a rider or other load, fastened to an animals back by a girth. The most common type is the equestrian saddle designed for a horse, today, modern saddles come in a wide variety of styles, each designed for a specific equestrianism discipline, and require careful fit to both the rider and the horse. Proper saddle care can extend the life of a saddle. The word saddle originates from the Proto-Germanic language *sathulaz, with cognates in various other Indo-European languages, there is evidence, though disputed, that humans first began riding the horse not long after domestication, possibly as early as 4000 BC. The earliest known saddle-like equipment were fringed cloths or pads used by Assyrian cavalry around 700 BC and these were held on with a girth or surcingle that included breast straps and cruppers. From the earliest depictions, saddles became status symbols and these were located in Pazyryk burials finds. These saddles, found in the Ukok Plateau, Siberia were dated to 500-400 BC, the Scythians also developed an early saddle that included padding and decorative embellishments. Though they had neither a solid tree nor stirrups, these early treeless saddles and pads provided protection and comfort to the rider, with a slight increase in security. The Sarmatians also used a padded treeless early saddle, possibly as early as the century, BC. Early solid-treed saddles were made of felt that covered a wooden frame, Asian designs appeared during the Han dynasty approximately 200 BC. One of the earliest solid-treed saddles in the west was the four horn design, the invention of the solid saddle tree also allowed development of the true stirrup as it is known today. Without a solid tree, the weight in the stirrups creates abnormal pressure points. Thermography studies on treeless and flexible tree saddle designs have found there is considerable friction across the center line of a horses back. The stirrup was one of the milestones in saddle development, the first stirrup-like object was invented in India in the 2nd century BC, and consisted of a simple leather strap in which the riders toe was placed. It offered very little support, however, the stirrup appeared to be in widespread use across China by 477 AD. which then spread to Europe. This invention gave great support for the rider, and was essential in later warfare, Saddles were improved upon during the Middle Ages, as knights needed saddles that were stronger and offered more support. The resulting saddle had a higher cantle and pommel and was built on a tree that supported more weight from a rider with armor. This saddle, a predecessor to the modern Western saddle, was padded with wool or horsehair
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Curb bit
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A curb bit is a type of bit used for riding horses that uses lever action. It includes the pelham bit and the Weymouth curb along with the curb bit used mainly by Western riders. Kimblewicks or Kimberwickes are modified curb bits, and a bit is used in a double bridle along with a bradoon. A curb bit is, in general, more severe than a snaffle bit. Liverpool bits are a type of curb bit used for horses in harness. The curb bit consists of a mouthpiece, curb chain, and a shank, with one ring on each side of the arm of the shank. Pelham bits add a ring for a rein, next to the mouthpiece. A curb bit works on several parts of a horses head, the bit mouthpiece acts on the bars, tongue and roof of the mouth. A curb bit is a bit, meaning that it multiplies the pressure applied by the rider. Shank sizes vary from the Tom Thumb to more than 5 inches, the longer the bit shank, the more powerful its potential effect on the horse. For this reason, overall shank or cheek length, from the top of the ring to the bottom of the rein ring. Regardless of the ratio, the longer the shank, the force is needed on the reins to provide a given amount of pressure on the mouth. So, if one were to apply 1 lb of pressure on the horses mouth, a long lower shank in relation to the upper shank increases the leverage, and thus the pressure, on the curb groove and the bars of the mouth. A long upper shank in relation to the lower shank increases the pressure on the poll, however, longer-shanked bits must rotate back further before applying pressure on the horses mouth than shorter-shanked bits. Therefore, the horse has more warning in a bit, allowing it to respond before any significant pressure is applied to its mouth. In this way, a longer shank can allow communication between horse and rider, without increasing severity. This is also dependent on the tightness of the curb chain. Shanks come in a variety of types, which may affect the action of the bit, some shanks are loose-jawed, meaning they swivel where the mouthpiece attaches to the shank
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Snaffle bit
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A snaffle bit is the most common type of bit used while riding horses. It consists of a bit mouthpiece with a ring on either side, a bridle utilizing only a snaffle bit is often called a snaffle bridle, particularly in the English riding disciplines. A bridle that carries two bits, a bit and a snaffle, or bradoon, is called a double bridle. A snaffle is not necessarily a bit with a bit mouthpiece. A bit is a snaffle because it creates direct pressure without leverage on the mouth and it is a bit without a shank. Therefore, a single- or double-jointed mouthpiece, though the most common designs for snaffle bits, even a mullen mouth or a bar bit is a snaffle. The snaffle bit works on several parts of the mouth, the mouthpiece of the bit acts on the tongue and bars. The rings also serve to act on the side of the mouth, and, depending on design, a snaffle is sometimes mistakenly thought of as any mild bit. A thin or rough-surfaced snaffle, used harshly, can damage a horses mouth, curb chains or straps have no effect on a true snaffle because there is no leverage to act upon. English riders do not add any type of strap or curb chain to a snaffle bit. The snaffle differs from the bit, the curb bit, and the kimberwicke in that it is a non-leverage bit. With a snaffle, one ounce of pressure applied by the reins to a snaffle mouthpiece will apply one ounce of pressure on the mouth. With a curb, one ounce of pressure on the reins will apply more – sometimes far more – than one ounce of pressure on the horses mouth, there are many riders who do not know the true definition of a snaffle, a bit that is non-leverage. In truth, the rider actually bought a bit with a jointed mouthpiece. A true snaffle does not have a shank like a pelham or curb bit, both are used with a curb chain, thus the ring acts like a bit shank and creates a slight amount of leverage, making it a type of curb bit. A true snaffle also will not be able to slide up and down the rings of the bit or cheekpieces of the bridle, the mouthpiece is the more important part of a snaffle, as it controls the severity of the bit. Thinner mouthpieces are more severe, as are those that are rougher, jointed mouthpiece, applies pressure to the tongue, lips, and bars with a nutcracker action. This is the most common found on a snaffle
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Pelham bit
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A pelham bit is a type of bit used when riding a horse. It has elements of both a bit and a snaffle bit. In this respect a pelham bit functions similar to a bridle, and like a double bridle it normally has double reins, a set of curb reins. Because it has a bit shank and can exert pressure on the horse. Like all curb bits, a bit has a mouthpiece, shanks with both purchase and lever arms, a ring for rein attachment at the bottom of the shank. But like a bit, a pelham bit also has a bit ring on either side of the mouthpiece. Like some curb bits, a pelham bit usually has loose shanks - hinged at the mouthpiece in the way that the rings of a snaffle bit are hinged. When two sets of reins are used, the snaffle rein generally is wider, to distinguish it from the curb. A cowboy pelham is a style of loose-jawed curb bit with additional rings at the mouthpiece allowing a second set of reins to be added. A pelham works on several parts of a head, depending on which rein is applied. The mouthpiece acts when either the snaffle or curb rein is applied and puts pressure on the bars, tongue, the curb chain and design of the mouthpiece can alter the degree of pressure placed on the horses mouth. The roof of the mouth is affected if the bit mouthpiece of the pelham has a port or if it is jointed. Pressure on the poll occurs when the rein is engaged. All pelhams apply some pressure on the poll, pressure is applied to the chin groove by the curb chain when the curb rein is used. Direct rein pressure from the rein may put some pressure on the sides of the horses mouth. A pelham is a bit, meaning that is increases the force. Unlike a snaffle bit, the curb rein can amplify the pressure several times over, depending on the geometry. Shank lengths are 2 inches and longer, although most are less than 4 inches, a long lower shank in relation to the upper shank increases the leverage, and thus the pressure, on the curb groove and the bars of the mouth
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Running martingale
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A martingale is any of several designs of tack that are used on horses to control head carriage. Martingales may be seen in a variety of equestrian disciplines. Rules for their use vary widely, in some disciplines they are never used, others allow them for schooling but not in judged performance, and some organizations allow certain designs in competition. When a horses head gets above a height, the martingale places pressure on the head so that it becomes more difficult or impossible to raise it higher. The standing martingale, also known as a tiedown or a check, has a single strap which is attached to the girth. To prevent it catching on other objects, it also has a neck strap. A variation is attached to a breastplate in lieu of a neck strap, when correctly fitted for English riding, it should be possible to push the martingale strap up to touch the horses throatlatch. A variation of the martingale, called a tiedown, is seen almost exclusively in the western riding disciplines. A tiedown is adjusted much shorter than a standing martingale and is intended primarily to prevent the horse from flipping its head up when asked to stop or turn in speed events. Users also claim that it gives the horse something to brace against for balance and it consists of an adjustable strap, one end which attaches to the horses breastplate and the other which attaches to a noseband on the bridle. The noseband can be of leather, but may also be of lariat rope, or even plastic-covered cable, which can make the western tiedown considerably harsher than the English-style standing martingale. It is properly adjusted when it puts no pressure on the nose when held at a normal position. With both pieces of equipment, the slack is taken up out of the strap when the horse raises its head above the desired point, and pressure is placed on the horses nose. It is also seen on military and police horses, partly for style and tradition. It is not legal for flat classes, the tiedown is commonly seen in rodeo and speed events such as gymkhana games, but is not show legal in any other western-style horse show competition. The standing martingale is more restrictive than the running martingale because it cannot be loosened in an emergency, a horse that trips in a standing martingale could potentially fall more easily because its range of motion is restricted. If a horse falls wearing an incorrectly fitted standing martingale, the animal cannot extend its neck fully, due to the risk of injury to the cartilage of the nose, the martingale strap is never attached to a drop noseband. Because of the risk of both nose and jaw injuries, it also should not be attached to any type of figure 8 or grackle noseband, a standing martingale can be attached to the cavesson of a flash noseband, but not to the lower, flash or drop strap
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Horseshoe
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A horseshoe is a fabricated product, normally made of metal, although sometimes made partially or wholly of modern synthetic materials, designed to protect a horses hoof from wear. Shoes are attached on the surface of the hooves, usually nailed through the insensitive hoof wall that is anatomically akin to the human toenail. However, there are cases where shoes are glued. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, horseshoeing is legally restricted to people with specific qualifications. In others, such as the United States, where licensing is not legally required. Horseshoes are available in a variety of materials and styles, developed for different types of horse. The most common materials are steel and aluminium, but specialized shoes may use of rubber, plastic, magnesium, titanium. Steel tends to be preferred in sports where a strong, long-wearing shoe is needed, such as polo, eventing, show jumping, and western riding events. Aluminium shoes are lighter, making them common in racing, where a lighter shoe is desired, and often facilitate certain types of movement. Some horseshoes have caulkins, caulks, or calks, protrusions at the toe or heels of the shoe, when kept as a talisman, a horseshoe is said to bring good luck. Others believe that the horseshoe should be hung the other way, a stylized variation of the horseshoe is used for a popular throwing game, horseshoes. Since the early history of domestication of the horse, working animals were found to be exposed to conditions that created breakage or excessive hoof wear. Ancient people recognized the need for the walls of domestic horses hooves to have additional protection over, an early form of hoof protection was seen in ancient Asia, where horses hooves were wrapped in rawhide, leather or other materials for both therapeutic purposes and protection from wear. Historians have expressed differing opinions on the origin of the horseshoe, because iron was a valuable commodity, and any worn out items were generally melted down and reused, it is difficult to locate clear archaeological evidence. Although some credit the Druids, there is no evidence to support this claim. In 1897 four bronze horseshoes with what are apparently nail holes were found in an Etruscan tomb dated around 400 B. C. The assertion by some historians that the Romans invented the mule shoes sometime after 100 BC is supported by a reference by Catullus who died in 54 BC. However, these references to use of horseshoes and muleshoes in Rome, may have been to the boots, reinforced by an iron plate
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United States Department of Agriculture
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Approximately 80% of USDAs $140 billion budget goes to the Food and Nutrition Service program. The largest component of the FNS budget is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, after the resignation of Thomas Vilsack on January 13,2017 and the departure of President Barack Obama from office on January 20,2017, the acting Secretary of Agriculture is Michael Young. Activities in this include the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, which provides healthy food to over 40 million low-income. The USDA also is concerned with assisting farmers and food producers with the sale of crops and it plays a role in overseas aid programs by providing surplus foods to developing countries. This aid can go through USAID, foreign governments, international bodies such as World Food Program, the Agricultural Act of 1949, section 416 and Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, also known as Food for Peace, provides the legal basis of such actions. The USDA is a partner of the World Cocoa Foundation, early in its history, the economy of the United States was largely agrarian. Officials in the government had long sought new and improved varieties of seeds, plants. In 1837 Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, a Yale-educated attorney interested in improving agriculture, became Commissioner of Patents and he began collecting and distributing new varieties of seeds and plants through members of the Congress and agricultural societies. In 1839, Congress established the Agricultural Division within the Patent Office and allotted $1,000 for the collection of agricultural statistics, Ellsworth was called the Father of the Department of Agriculture. In 1849, the Patent Office was transferred to the newly created Department of the Interior, in the ensuing years, agitation for a separate bureau of agriculture within the department or a separate department devoted to agriculture kept recurring. Lincoln called it the peoples department, in the 1880s, varied advocacy groups were lobbying for Cabinet representation. Business interests sought a Department of Commerce and Industry, and farmers tried to raise the Department of Agriculture to Cabinet rank, finally, on February 9,1889, President Grover Cleveland signed a bill into law elevating the Department of Agriculture to Cabinet level. In 1887, the Hatch Act provided for the funding of agricultural experiment stations in each state. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 then funded cooperative extension services in each state to teach agriculture, home economics, with these and similar provisions, the USDA reached out to every county of every state. During the Great Depression, farming remained a way of life for millions of Americans. The Department of Agricultures Bureau of Home Economics, established in 1923, published shopping advice and recipes to stretch family budgets and make food go farther. USDA helped ensure that continued to be produced and distributed to those who needed it, assisted with loans for small landowners. The Department of Agriculture was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2015 of $139.7 billion, the Washington Post reports that he said There are days when I have literally nothing to do, he recalled thinking as he weighed his decision to quit
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Horse Protection Act of 1970
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The Horse Protection Act of 1970, is a United States federal law, under which the practice of soring is a crime punishable by both civil and criminal penalties, including fines and jail time. It is illegal to show a horse, enter it at a show, or to auction, sell, offer for sale. Soring is an act of cruelty that gives practitioners an unfair advantage over other competitors. The Horse Protection Act is enforced by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, although violations of the law are seen most often in the Tennessee Walking Horse industry, the Horse Protection Act covers all breeds. Originally all inspectors were from APHIS, but a lack of funding led to a 1976 amendment to the act, several methods are used to detect violations of the act, including observation, palpation and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify chemicals on horses legs. Certain training techniques and topical anesthetics can be used to avoid detection by the first two methods, there have been a number of unsuccessful challenges to the act on the grounds on constitutionality, as well as challenges on varying other issues. In 2013, an amendment to the act was proposed in the United States House of Representatives, Soring began in the 1950s with gaited horse trainers who were looking to improve their chances of winning at horse shows. To do this, they developed methods to enhance the desired high action gaits to levels greater than that produced by traditional training methods, thus began the use of irritants, including chemicals and physical objects, or abusive shoeing and hoof-trimming practices on the front legs. Attempting to relieve the pain in its legs, a sored horse lifts its front feet off the more quickly. By the 1960s, soring had gained popularity, as horses so treated gained an edge in competition, however, public opposition to the practice also grew, and in 1966, the American Horse Protection Association was created in part to address the issue of soring. In 1969, Senator Joseph Tydings sponsored legislation to prohibit soring, leading to the passing of the Horse Protection Act in 1970, while Tennessee Walking Horses, Racking Horses and other high-stepping breeds are generally targeted by these abusive practices, the Horse Protection Act covers all breeds. The Horse Protection Act is found in Title 15 of the United States Code, section 1821 covers the definitions of the terms used in the act and §1822 details the Congressional statement of findings. The requirements placed upon horse shows and exhibitions are covered in §1823, the export of horses is covered in §1824a. §1825 covers penalties for violations detailed previously in the act, which may be civil or criminal, with fines of up to $50,000, §1826 details the required notice of violations to the Attorney General of the United States. The utilization of USDA and state government staff is covered in §1827, rules and regulations pertaining to the acts statutes are covered in §1828. §1829 covers federal preemption of state laws, concurrent jurisdiction, §1830 is currently reserved for future use, and §1831 details the authorization of appropriations for expenses related to the enforcement of the provisions of the act. As originally enacted, the Horse Protection Act was to be enforced by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, however, a lack of staff and funding meant little success, leading to the 1976 amendment to the act. With this amendment, Congress created a Designated Qualified Person program, the USDA is then able to double check the work of DQP participants by making random inspections at a small number of shows
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Tuxedo
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The suit is typically black or midnight blue and commonly worn with a formal shirt, shoes and other accessories, most traditionally in the form prescribed by the black tie dress code. Dinner jacket in the context of menswear first appeared in England around 1887, in the 1960s it became associated in the United States with white or colored jackets specifically. Tuxedo in the context of menswear originated in the US around 1888 and it was named after Tuxedo Park, a Hudson Valley enclave for New York’s social elite where it was often seen in its early years. The term was capitalized until the 1930s and at first referred only to the jacket, when the jacket was later paired with its own unique trousers and accessories in the 1900s the term began to be associated with the entire suit. In French, Italian, Portuguese, German, Polish, Russian, Turkish and this name is in reference to the jacket’s early similarity to Victorian smoking jackets. The suit with accompanying accessories is sometimes nicknamed a penguin suit given its resemblance to the black body. Other slang terms include monkey suit and, since 1918, soup, men also sought a similar alternative to the formal evening tailcoat worn every evening. The jacket was tailored for use at Sandringham, the Princes informal country estate and was described as a smoking jacket and it was originally intended for warm weather use but soon spread to informal or stag winter occasions. As it was simply an evening tailcoat substitute, it was worn all the same accoutrements as the tailcoat including the trousers. The most famous reference originates from Tuxedo Park, an upstate New York countryside enclave for Manhattans wealthiest citizens. Although it is not known whether this garment was a jacket or a conventional dinner jacket. An essay in the Tuxedo Park archives attributes the jackets importation to America to resident James Brown Potter a merchant banker who had worked in London for Brown Brothers specifically, however this claim for Potter cannot be verified through independent sources. Period newspaper accounts indicate that at first the jacket was worn by young mavericks to gatherings considered strictly formal and this led the American establishment to reject it out of hand. It was only by 1888 that polite society accepted its role solely as a summer, the earliest tuxedo jackets were of the same black material as the dress coat with one, two or no buttons and a shawl collar faced in satin or ribbed silk. By the turn of the century the peaked lapel was equally popular. When trousers were sold with the jacket they were of the same material, edwardian dandies often opted for Oxford grey or a very dark blue for their evening wear. By World War I, the option had fallen out of favour but the midnight blue alternative became increasingly popular. Notch lapels, imported from the business suit, were a brief vogue in the 1920s
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Lining (sewing)
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In sewing and tailoring, a lining is an inner layer of fabric, fur, or other material inserted into clothing, hats, luggage, curtains, handbags and similar items. Linings provide a neat inside finish and conceal interfacing, padding, the raw edges of seams, a lining reduces the wearing strain on clothing, extending the useful life of the lined garment. A smooth lining allows a coat or jacket to slip on over other clothing easily, linings are typically made of solid colors to coordinate with the garment fabric, but patterned and contrasting-colored linings are also used. In tailoring, home sewing, and ready-to-wear clothing construction, linings are usually completed as a unit before being fitted into the garment shell, in haute couture, the sleeves and body are usually lined separately before assembly. Some specialized types of lining include the following, This is a layer of fabric between the lining and the outer garment shell. Insulating interlinings for winter garments are usually sewn to the individual lining pieces before the lining is assembled and this type lines only the upper back and front of the garment, concealing the shoulder pads and interfacings, with or without sleeves. This is a warm removable lining for a jacket, coat, or raincoat that is held in place with a zipper, snap fasteners, or buttons. Garments with removable linings are usually lined with a fabric as well. Tailoring, The Classic Guide to Sewing the Perfect Jacket
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Jodhpurs
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Jodhpurs, in their modern form, are tight-fitting trousers that reach to the ankle, where they end in a snug cuff, and are worn primarily for horse riding. The term is used as slang for a type of short riding boot, also called a paddock boot or a jodhpur boot. Jodhpurs originally were long pants, reaching to the ankle, snug from the calf to the ankle, with reinforced fabric protecting the inner calf and knee from rubbing. They originate from an ancient style of Indian trouser called the Churidar and this is a special traditional style of clothing in Northern India, especially in what is today the modern state of Rajasthan, which has its capital at the city of Jaipur. Thus the full-legged design of the true Jodhpur was not adopted as British polo apparel, though the term jodhpurs was applied colloquially to this style of breeches, they were not true jodhpurs and are more accurately termed flared-hip breeches. This British version was soon being produced by Savile Row tailors in London, the use of the Indian-style, ankle-length Jodhpurs avoided the need for tall, expensive riding boots, as the calf of the leg was protected by the reinforced design and snug fit. Classic jodhpurs are beige or white, but for working purposes come in a variety of colours and they are particularly well-suited for fast-growing children as shorter paddock boots cost less than tall boots to replace as a childs feet grow. Jodhpurs are ankle length and worn with short, ankle-high Jodhpur boots, also known as Paddock Boots, Jodhpurs are sometimes worn as fashion clothing, not only for riding. The style thus came to be associated with authority figures in general and was copied by certain Hollywood movie directors and they also were adopted as the uniform for some forces of motorcycle police. Early 20th century African big game hunters are also associated with the look, ladies began wearing jodhpurs during the 1920s, as they shifted away from riding horses sidesaddle. One of the first high-profile women to adopt the wearing of jodhpurs was Coco Chanel and she was inspired to copy the breeches as worn by a friends groom. As part of the 20th century trend of crossover fashions moving from sportswear to streetwear, Ralph Lauren is the most well-known of these designers, as equestrian styles and motifs are the basis of the Ralph Lauren Polo line. Kentucky Jodhpurs are full-length riding pants used exclusively in Saddle seat riding, the overall look gives the impression of a rider with a long leg and heel lower than the toe, a desired equitation standard. Like the hunt seat jodhpur, they have elastic straps that run under the boot to hold the pant leg in place. Saddle seat riders, whose riding clothing styles derived from mens suits, wear Kentucky Jodhpurs in dark colors, usually black, navy blue. Media related to Jodhpurs at Wikimedia Commons
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Jodhpur boot
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The jodhpur boot is an ankle boot designed as a riding boot with a rounded toe and a low heel. A closely related riding boot design is called a paddock boot, the vamp is sewn on top of the quarters. The strap is typically in two parts, each attached to the vamp, the buckle end is attached to the inboard side and extends halfway around the ankle, counterclockwise on the right boot. The free end is attached to the side and extends entirely around the ankle. There is typically a loop sewn to the back of the boot that both ends can be passed through
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Equestrian helmet
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An equestrian helmet is a form of protective headgear worn when riding horses. Certified helmets are required headgear for many competitive riding events, particularly where horse, helmets are worn more often by English-style riders and are gaining acceptance as required headgear for children. They are also accepted in fields such as horse racing, eventing or show jumping. They are required in eventing, in riding and other types of competitions. People who take their horses hacking or trail riding sometimes wear helmets, though there are variations in helmet use in different regions. In the United States, use is by fewer than one in eight riders, some states, such as Florida and New York, are starting to require by law that riders under the age of 14 wear helmets at equestrian establishments, on public highways and publicly owned land. An equestrian helmet has a shell on the outside of an impact-resistant resin or plastic. The brim is particularly flexible and will give way immediately in the event a rider lands on it, beneath the shell are materials designed to absorb the impact of a fall or blow. The inside is lined and often padded in order to be comfortable for the rider, ventilation is usually worked into the design, and a harness is attached to keep the helmet on the head at all times. Equestrian helmets have sport-specific differences from those used in other sports, for this reason, a helmet designed for another sport, such as bicycle or motorcycle helmet, is not deemed suitable for riding horses. Aside from safety features, aerodynamics are less important in a riding helmet than in a bicycle or even a motorcycle helmet, the appearance of riding helmets is frequently based on that of an English hunt cap. In addition good ventilation and comfort are considered important features of a riding helmet, some riders feel that riding helmets are hot, uncomfortable or unattractive and do not want to wear them. However, the hunt cap, which modern helmets attempt to resemble. Neither do other types of popular with riders, including the derby, cowboy hat. Use of helmets by beginning riders is becoming a common requirement, typically, helmets must meet one or more specific safety standards to be permitted for use in competition. The United States Equestrian Federation requires that, in classes that mandate a helmet to be worn, while other horse show events do not mandate helmets, the rules have changed in recent years to permit helmets as optional headgear in any class. All riders are required to wear certified helmets while competing in Hunter, Jumpers, and Hunt Seat Equitation classes, and in any class, including Hunter Hack. They must fasten their helmet harness and must verify that the helmet meets or exceeds the current standard, riding helmets traditionally reflect the conservative style of dress that characterized earlier non-protective English riding headwear
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Horse grooming
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Horse grooming is hygienic care given to a horse, or a process by which the horses physical appearance is enhanced for horse shows or other types of competition. Grooming is an important part of horse care, Grooming a horse daily allows the handler to check on horses general health and well-being. At a minimum, horses are generally groomed before being worked, There are several tools that are commonly used when grooming a horse. Proper use and technique helps to ensure the horse comfortable during the grooming process. Curry or Curry comb, A tool made of rubber or plastic with short teeth on one side and it is usually the first tool used in daily grooming. The horse is rubbed or curried to help loosen dirt, hair, the curry comb is usually used in a circular motion to work loose embedded material. Curry combs are generally too harsh to be used on the legs or head, metal curry comb or Fitch curry comb, It is a curry comb made of several rows of short metal teeth, with a handle. The metal curry comb is not designed for use directly on the coat of a horse as the metal teeth can damage the skin. Not to be confused with the blade, below. Dandy brush or Hard-bristled brush, A stiff-bristled brush is used to remove the dirt, hair and other material stirred up by the curry. Brushes are used in the direction of the hair coat growth, usually in short strokes from front to back, except at the flanks. The best quality brushes are made of stiff natural bristles such as rice stems. Plastic-bristled dandy brushes are more common, dandy brushes can usually be used on the legs, but many horses object to a stiff brush being used on the head. Some dandy brushes do double duty as a Water Brush, when moistened in water and used to wet down the hair coat, such use may include creating quarter marks for show. Body brush or Soft brush, A soft-bristled brush removes finer particles and dust, a body brush, particularly a smaller design called a Face brush, can be used on the head, being careful to avoid the horses eyes. Some natural body brushes are made of horsehair, goat hair or boar bristles, like human hairbrushes, the body brush is generally the last brush used on the horse. Mane brush or comb, Horses with short, pulled manes have their manes combed with a plastic or metal comb. Tails and long manes are brushed with either a brush or a suitable human hairbrush
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