1.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
4.
Saguache, Colorado
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The historic town of Saguache is a Statutory Town that is the county seat of Saguache County, Colorado, United States. The population was 493 at the U. S. Census 2010, Saguache Creek flows through the town from its beginnings high in the San Juan mountains. The site has been known for centuries to Native Americans who moved down from their homes in the mountains to the valley during the winter months. The Spanish began to move into the area in the 1600s, later the early white settlers and miners passed through this area, many seeking passage west along the Old Spanish Trail. In the mid-1860s, the first permanent white settlements were established in Saguache, Saguache County was officially founded in 1866. The formation of the town was influenced by the occupations and needs of the era, the town was founded by Otto Mears, who came to Saquache in 1867. Mears constructed a wheat thresher and a grist mill for thrashing and grinding wheat to flour to supply Saquache. He also built roads over the nearby mountain passes to use for hauling supplies to mining camps to the north. The Saguache Town Company was formed in 1874 turning Saquache into a supply town. Mears also established a newspaper, the Saguache Chronicle, to attract pioneers to Saguache and he is most famous for his later work, the building of the famous Million Dollar Highway. From its early days as a town, the population of Saguache has shrunk to around 500 residents. After several name changes, The Saguache Chronicle eventually became The Saguache Crescent, the paper is still printed every week on a flatbed press built in 1915 with metal type cast on a Linotype composing machine. The Linotype may be the one still in use in the United States. It is also still the county’s “paper of record, ” and is operated by a third generation descendant of the family who purchased it in 1917, the early sheep ranching eventually gave way to cattle and alfalfa hay production. Present day Saguache has one school, a library, a museum, four churches, according to a 2013 Denver Post article entitled, Whats in a Colorado name pronunciation. The name Saguache comes from a Ute language word meaning sand dune, a Native American, Naranjo, explains the history of the name, The Utes dont have an alphabet. The way the immigrants heard it, the way you hear it, is how they spelled it, the word is sə wŭp, it means sand dunes. But the immigrants couldnt pronounce it, so called it sə wäch
5.
Center, Colorado
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The Town of Center is a Statutory Town in Rio Grande and Saguache counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. The town population was 2230 at the 2010 United States Census, leach Airport is located 4 miles east and 3 miles north of town, at County Road 53 and County Road C. The nearest college is Adams State College,23 miles to Alamosa, the town lies near the center of the San Luis Valley, hence the name. According to the United States Census Bureau, Center has an area of 0.8 square miles. As of the census of 2012, there were 2,271 people,768 households, the population density was 2,854.3 people per square mile. There were 848 housing units at a density of 1,011.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 10. 3% White,0. 3% African American, 1% Native American,0. 09% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 87. 4% of the population. 18. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.56. In the town, the population was out with 35. 2% under the age of 18,11. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 4% from 25 to 44,17. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 28 years, for every 100 females there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $23,780, and the median income for a family was $26,143. Males had an income of $20,844 versus $18,036 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,289, about 27. 1% of families and 27. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31. 6% of those under age 18 and 22. 8% of those age 65 or over
6.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
Colorado's 3rd congressional district
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Colorados 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Colorado. The district takes in most of the rural Western Slope in the western third. It includes the cities of Grand Junction, Durango and Pueblo, the district is currently represented by Republican Scott R. Tipton who defeated Democratic incumbent John Salazar in 2010. The district is rural and Republican, however, there is some Democratic support in tourist counties and Pueblo. The district has two population centers in Grand Junction and Pueblo. The two cities and their rural areas provide a competitive arena for congressional races. Grand Junction, on the Western Slope, is a Republican stronghold while Pueblo, a town with a large Latino population, the district leaned heavily Republican in the 1990s, but in recent years has become more competitive. George W. Bush received 55% of the vote in the district in 2004 while John McCain won the district in 2008 50%–47%, the most recent representative to die was Michael L. Strang on January 12,2014. Colorados congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
8.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
9.
Mountain Time Zone
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The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States, the specification for the location of time zones. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called Mountain Time. Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time when observing standard time, the term refers to the fact that the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this zone is known as the Pacific Zone. In the United States and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is one ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. Sonora in Mexico and most of Arizona in the United States do not observe daylight saving time, and during the spring, summer, and autumn months they are on the same time as Pacific Daylight Time. The Navajo Nation, most of which lies within Arizona, does observe DST, although the Hopi Nation, as well as some Arizona state offices lying within the Navajo Nation, the largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. TV broadcasting in the Mountain Time Zone is typically tape-delayed one hour, sonora – no daylight saving time, always on MST. Sinaloa Revillagigedo Islands, three of the four islands have the time as Mountain Time Zone, Isla Socorro, San Benedicto Island. The following states or areas are part of the Mountain Time Zone, Arizona – no daylight saving time, always on MST, except on the Navajo Nation. Colorado Idaho – southern half, south of the Salmon River Kansas – only the counties of Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton, the remaining three counties that border Colorado, Cheyenne, Morton and Stanton, observe Central Time, as do all other Kansas counties. However, the state of Oklahoma is officially in the Central Time Zone. Additionally, northwestern Culberson County, Texas unofficially observes Mountain Time
10.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
Colorado counties
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The U. S. state of Colorado is divided into 64 counties. Counties are important units of government in Colorado since the state has no secondary civil subdivisions, two of these counties, the City and County of Denver and the City and County of Broomfield, have consolidated city and county governments. Colorados ISO 3166-2, US state code is CO and its ANSI INCITS38,2009 state code is 08, when the Colorado Territory first began creating counties in 1861,17 counties and a Cheyenne Reserve were formed. In February 1866, the first new county, Las Animas, was created, followed by Saguache in December of that year, Bent County was created in February 1870, followed by Greenwood the following month. On February 2,1874, Grand County and Elbert County were formed, and on February 10, La Plata, Hinsdale, Greenwood was absorbed into Bent on February 5. The last county to be created under the Colorado Territory name was San Juan County, by the time Colorado became a state on August 1,1876, it had only 26 counties. In January 1877, Routt and Ouray were formed, which was followed by Gunnison, in February 1879, Chaffee County was created. From February 8–10,1879, Lake county was renamed Carbonate County, in 1881, Dolores County and Pitkin County were created. In 1883, Montrose, Mesa, Garfield, Eagle, Delta, the number rose to 40 in 1885 with the creation of Archuleta County on April 14. Washington County and Logan County were both created in 1887, by 1900, Mineral County and Teller County had been added. On November 15,1902, Arapahoe County split into Adams in the north, by 1912, Jackson County, Moffat County, and Crowley County had been created. Alamosa was created in 1913, and in 2001, Broomfield was recognized as a city-county, costilla County was the first area within the present State of Colorado to be settled by Europeans in 1851. Taos County, created by the Territory of New Mexico in 1852, was the first organized county to extend into the area of the present State of Colorado. Arapahoe County, created by the Territory of Kansas in 1855, was the first county created exclusively within the area of the present State of Colorado, on November 28,1859, the extralegal Territory of Jefferson created 12 counties,5. On November 1,1861, the Territory of Colorado created the 17 original Colorado counties,6, of the 17 original Colorado counties created in 1861, only Gilpin County and Clear Creek County have retained their original boundaries with only minor survey changes. Guadalupe County was the first Colorado county to be renamed in 1861, Las Animas County was the first new Colorado county to be created after the original 17 counties. Greenwood County was the longest lived former Colorado county, existing four years from 1870 to 1874, in 1876, San Juan County became the last county created by the Territory of Colorado. In 1877, Ouray County became the first county created by the new State of Colorado, Carbonate County was the shortest lived former Colorado county, existing only two days in 1879 before being dissolved
13.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
14.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
15.
Colorado Territory
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The territory was organized in the wake of the Pikes Peak Gold Rush of 1858–1861 which brought the first large concentration of white settlement to the region. The boundaries of the Colorado Territory were identical with those of the current State of Colorado, the organization of the territory helped solidify Union control over a mineral-rich area of the Rocky Mountains. Statehood was regarded as fairly imminent, but territorial ambitions for statehood were thwarted at the end of 1865 by a veto by President Andrew Johnson. Statehood for the territory was an issue during the Ulysses Grant administration. The Colorado Territory ceased to exist when the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union in 1876, on the western side of the divide, the territory included much of the eastern Utah Territory, all of which was strongly controlled by the Ute and Shoshoni. The Eastern Plains were held more loosely by the intermixed Cheyenne and Arapaho, as well as by the Pawnee, Comanche. By the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the Native American presence had been eliminated from the High Plains. The land claims of Texas were, at first, controversial, the Comanche and Jicarilla Apache also formally ruled over the southeastern portions of the state. Arapaho and Cheyenne also hunted, warred, and sometimes lived in the far eastern and northeastern portion of the state as well, in 1776, Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante explored southern Colorado in the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition. Frémont expedition in 1845–46, and the Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869 by John Wesley Powell, in 1779, Governor de Anza of New Mexico fought and defeated the Comanches under Cuerno Verde in southwestern Colorado. In 1786, de Anza made peace with the Comanches, creating an alliance against the Apaches, a group of Cherokee crossed the South Platte and Cache la Poudre River valleys on their way to California in 1848 during the California Gold Rush. They reported finding trace amounts of gold in the South Platte, in the south, in the San Luis Valley, early Mexican families established themselves in large land grants from the Mexican government. In the early 19th century, the upper South Platte River valley had been infiltrated by fur traders, the first movement of permanent U. S. settlers in the area began with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed private land claims to be filed. In 1858, Green Russell and a party of Georgians, having heard the story of the gold in the South Platte from Cherokee after they returned from California and that summer they founded a mining camp Auraria at the confluence of the South Platte and Cherry Creek. The Georgians left for their state the following winter. At Bents Fort along the Arkansas River, Russell told William Larimer, Jr. a Kansas land speculator, Larimer, realizing the opportunity to capitalize on it, hurried to Auraria. In November 1858, he claim to an area across Cherry Creek from Auraria and named it Denver City in honor of James W. Denver. Larimer did not intend to mine gold himself, he wanted to promote the new town, early arrivals moved upstream into the mountains quickly, seeking the lode source of the placer gold, and founded mining camps at Black Hawk and Central City
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Lake County, Colorado
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Lake County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,310, the county seat and the only municipality in the county is Leadville. The highest natural point in Colorado and the entire Rocky Mountains is the summit of Mount Elbert in Lake County at 14,440 feet elevation, Lake County was one of the original 17 counties created by the Colorado legislature on November 1,1861. As originally defined, Lake County included a portion of western Colorado to the south. The county was named for Twin Lakes, placer gold was found at Colorado Gulch in 1863 as part of the Colorado Gold Rush. With its many reductions in size, Lake Countys designated county seat also changed multiple times within just a few years, residing successively in Oro City, Lourette, Dayton, by 1878, Lake County had been reduced to an area including only present-day Lake and Chaffee counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 384 square miles. It is the fourth-smallest county in Colorado by area, outlast is set in a fictional asylum in Lake County. The population density was 21 people per square mile, there were 3,913 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile. 36. 14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.15. In the county, the population was out with 26. 90% under the age of 18,12. 80% from 18 to 24,33. 10% from 25 to 44,20. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 115.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $37,691, and the median income for a family was $41,652. Males had an income of $30,977 versus $24,415 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,524, about 9. 50% of families and 12. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 60% of those under age 18 and 6. 30% of those age 65 or over
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Chaffee County, Colorado
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Chaffee County is one of the 64 counties of the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,809, Chaffee County has a confusing origin. Between February 8 and February 10,1879, Carbonate County was created by the Colorado legislature out of northern Lake County, on February 10 the two counties were renamed, with the southern part of Lake County becoming Chaffee County, and Carbonate County becoming Lake County. Chaffee County is known as the “Heart of the Rockies” and it was named for Jerome B. Chaffee, Colorados first United States Senator, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,015 square miles, of which 1,013 square miles is land and 1.6 square miles is water. The population density was 16 people per square mile, there were 8,392 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 94% White,1. 58% Black or African American,1. 09% Native American,0. 44% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,4. 21% from other races, and 1. 69% from two or more races. 8. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,28. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the family size was 2.77. In the county, the population was out with 19. 70% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,28. 00% from 25 to 44,27. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 113.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,368, and the median income for a family was $42,043. Males had an income of $30,770 versus $22,219 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,430, about 7. 40% of families and 11. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 30% of those under age 18 and 10. 20% of those age 65 or over. Chaffee County is also home to a source of water that Arrowhead water uses for water bottles. The source is Ruby Mountain Springs, salida Buena Vista Poncha Springs Garfield Johnson Village Maysville Smeltertown Nathrop St. 5ʹ Quadrangle, Park and Chaffee Counties, Colorado United States Geological Survey
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Fremont County, Colorado
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Fremont County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,824, the county seat is Cañon City. The county is named for explorer and presidential candidate John C, Fremont County comprises the Cañon City, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Pueblo-Cañon City, CO Combined Statistical Area. Fremont County is also home to 15 prisons, ADX Supermax, the only federal Supermax prison in the United States, is in an unincorporated area in Fremont County, south of Florence. As of March 2015, Fremont County leads the nation among all counties as the one with the largest proportion of its population incarcerated, Fremont County was founded in 1861. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,534 square miles. Highway 50 State Highway 9 State Highway 67 State Highway 115 State Highway 120 As of the census of 2000, there were 46,145 people,15,232 households, the population density was 30 people per square mile. There were 17,145 housing units at a density of 11 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 52% White,5. 34% Black or African American,1. 53% Native American,0. 50% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,1. 22% from other races, and 1. 82% from two or more races. 10. 35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 2.93. In the county, the population was out with 20. 60% under the age of 18,7. 50% from 18 to 24,33. 40% from 25 to 44,24. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 133.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 143.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,150, and the median income for a family was $42,303. Males had an income of $30,428 versus $23,112 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,420, about 8. 30% of families and 11. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 80% of those under age 18 and 7. 40% of those age 65 or over. The department operates the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility in Cañon City, in addition several correctional facilities near Cañon City are located in unincorporated areas in the county. Colorado State Penitentiary, the location of the death row
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Custer County, Colorado
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Custer County is the tenth-least populous of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,255, Custer County was created by the Colorado legislature on March 9,1877, out of the southern half of Fremont County. It was named in honor of Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer, originally set in Ula, the county seat moved to Rosita in 1878, and to Silver Cliff in 1886 before settling in Westcliffe in 1928. The county was the site of a rush during the 1870s. Thousands of men poured into the county during this time in the hunt for silver, some of the notable mines include the Geyser Mine, the Bassick Mine and the Bull Domingo. During the late 19th century a line was connected through the Grape Creek Canyon but was permanently closed after a few disastrous floods. The old railhouse has been turned into a landmark in the town of Westcliffe. After the mines were exhausted, the population dropped considerably and was replaced by cattle ranchers, an extensive system of irrigation ditches was built throughout the valley. Ranching in the Wet Mountain Valley continues to this day, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 740 square miles, of which 739 square miles is land and 1.3 square miles is water. The county is rugged and would be virtually inaccessible without roads. The lowest point of the county is around 6,000 feet in elevation, the county seat of Westcliffe is about 7,800 feet and along with nearby town Silver Cliff lies in the Wet Mountain Valley which sits at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The peaks of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains to the west reach heights in excess of 14,000 feet with Crestone Peak being the highest at 14,294 feet and 7th highest fourteener in Colorado. A large percentage of the county is National Forest land in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains on the west side, the only lake of size is the Deweese Reservoir in the north end of the Wet Mountain Valley. The population density was 5 people per square mile, there were 2,989 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 89% White,0. 37% Black or African American,1. 11% Native American,0. 29% Asian,0. 71% from other races,2. 51% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 23. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.77. In the county, the population was out with 22. 50% under the age of 18,4. 50% from 18 to 24,23. 30% from 25 to 44,35. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 104.30 males
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Huerfano County, Colorado
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Huerfano County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,711, the county, whose name comes from the Spanish huérfano meaning orphan, was named for the Huerfano Butte, a local landmark. The area of Huerfano County boomed early in the 1900s with the discovery of coal deposits. After large scale World War II coal demand ended in the 1940s Walsenburg, other attractions include historic coal mine sites, majestic mountain hiking and mountain biking. Huerfano County was one of the original 17 counties created by the Territory of Colorado on November 1,1861, on November 2,1870, the Colorado General Assembly created Greenwood County from former Cheyenne and Arapaho tribal land and the eastern portion of Huerfano County. There are countless reports of vast New Spain and Native American gold treasures that lay hidden in the hills, two Spanish forts were located in Huerfano County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,593 square miles. The price of property saw an increase of more than 10% after a moratorium on commercial marijuana grows was lifted in July 2015, the Huerfano River Wind Farm, Colorados largest producer of distributed generation power, is located ten miles north of Walsenburg, just off of Interstate 25. The farm uses Sany-made turbines and feeds into the San Isabel Electric Association grid and it is owned by Tamra-Tacoma Capital Partners, a New York-based investment firm. As you travel into Huerfano County from the North you will see the Spanish Peaks loom larger and larger, travelers will pass a series of US flags along Interstate 25 which mark the boundary of Crown Valley Ranch. Visitors can shop in the small town antique and novelty shops along Walsenburgs downtown. The second Wednesday of each month at 6,00 pm The Colorado Cannabis Growers Association holds top of industry special guest speakers and these speakers outline various topics regarding the legal marijuana industry. During summer months guests can enjoy various hip music events including Sonic Bloom, Gardner is located on scenic Highway of Love or State Highway 69. Dont miss the wonderful food at the Wildflower Cafe in downtown Gardner, the population density was 5 people per square mile. There were 4,599 housing units at a density of 3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 96% White,2. 75% Black or African American,2. 70% Native American,0. 39% Asian,0. 08% Pacific Islander,9. 41% from other races, and 3. 71% from two or more races. 35. 14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,32. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the family size was 2.85
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Rio Grande County, Colorado
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Rio Grande County is one of the 64 counties of the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,982, the county seat is Del Norte. The county is named for the Rio Grande, which flows through the county, the gateway to the San Juan Mountains, Rio Grande County is one of the highlights of the San Luis Valley. The county covers 913 square miles ranging from approximately 7,000 feet on floor to several 13. There are three municipalities within the county, Monte Vista, Del Norte, and South Fork and all have been developed along the rail line that follows the Rio Grande. Monte Vista is the countys largest community situated on the valley floor, Monte, as locals people call it, is the center of the agricultural aspect of the county. There are numerous festivals, events, and clubs take place in and around Monte Vista. Del Norte is a quaint town with a focus on its historic past, it is the county seat, home to the Rio Grande County Museum, the newest town in Rio Grande County is South Fork. South Fork is surrounded by the Rio Grande National Forest and other lands and has easy access to Wolf Creek Ski Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 912 square miles. The population density was 14 people per square mile, there were 6,003 housing units at an average density of 7 per square mile. 41. 67% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.08. In the county, the population was out with 28. 10% under the age of 18,8. 00% from 18 to 24,25. 30% from 25 to 44,23. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 97.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.40 males, the median income for a household in the county was $31,836, and the median income for a family was $36,809. Males had an income of $30,432 versus $23,005 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,650, about 11. 30% of families and 14. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 40% of those under age 18 and 11. 20% of those age 65 or over
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Alamosa County, Colorado
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Alamosa County is one of the 64 counties of the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,445, the county name is the Spanish language word for a grove of cottonwood trees. Alamosa County was created by the Colorado legislature on March 8,1913, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 723 square miles, of which 723 square miles is land and 0.7 square miles is water. The only commercial service is to Denver, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,966 people,5,467 households, and 3,651 families residing in the county. The population density was 21 people per square mile, there were 6,088 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile. 41. 41% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 3.14. In the county, the population was out with 27. 20% under the age of 18,15. 90% from 18 to 24,26. 70% from 25 to 44,20. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $29,447, and the median income for a family was $38,389. Males had an income of $27,733 versus $22,806 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,037, about 15. 60% of families and 21. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 40% of those under age 18 and 13. 90% of those age 65 or over. In 2000, the largest denominational groups were Catholics and Evangelical Protestants, the largest religious bodies were The Catholic Church and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Alamosa Hooper Alamosa East Mosca Alamosa County has used the following county codes on Colorado license plates issued to vehicles in the county, XE-XG
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Mineral County, Colorado
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Mineral County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 712, making it the second-least populous county in Colorado, the county seat and only incorporated municipality in the county is Creede. The county was named for the valuable minerals found in the mountains. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 878 square miles. The population density was 1 people per square mile, there were 1,119 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 87% White,0. 84% Native American,0. 12% from other races,2. 05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.70. In the county, the population was out with 20. 50% under the age of 18,4. 70% from 18 to 24,24. 80% from 25 to 44,32. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 104.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,844, and the median income for a family was $40,833. Males had an income of $28,750 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,475, about 9. 30% of families and 10. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 70% of those under age 18 and 10. 60% of those age 65 or over. Mineral County has a high proportion of land under federal ownership. Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and paragenesis of gold, silver, U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey. Official Website of Mineral County, Colorado Creede and Mineral County information Colorado County Evolution by Don Stanwyck Colorado Historical Society
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Hinsdale County, Colorado
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Hinsdale County is one of the 64 counties of the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 843, making it the third-least populous county in Colorado, with a population density of only 0.75 inhabitants per square mile, it is also the least-densely populated county in Colorado. The county seat and only incorporated municipality in the county is Lake City, the county is named for George A. Hinsdale, a prominent pioneer and former Lieut. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,123 square miles. Hinsdale County is one of the most remote counties in Colorado, the county is covered by mountains, including multiple fourteeners, and contains one of the most roadless areas in the country. The continental divide crosses the county twice, most of the county is divided among several different national forests and the Weminuche Wilderness area. The population density was 0.7 people per square mile, there were 1,304 housing units at an average density of 1.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 34% White,1. 52% Native American,0. 25% Asian,0. 38% from other races,1. 52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.2 and the average family size was 2.6. In the county, the population was out with 19. 5% under the age of 18,4. 7% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,34. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years, for every 100 females there were 105.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.9 males, the median income for a household in the county was $37,279, and the median income for a family was $42,159. Males had an income of $26,210 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,360, about 4. 5% of families and 7. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 2. 2% of those age 65 or over
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Gunnison County, Colorado
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Gunnison County is the fifth-most extensive of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,324, the county was named for John W. Gunnison, a United States Army officer and captain in the Army Topographical Engineers, who surveyed for the transcontinental railroad in 1853. Thornton, the Republican governor of Colorado from 1951 to 1955, the city of Thornton, Colorado, north of Denver, is named in his honor. Archeological studies have dated the Ute peoples appearance in the Uncompahgre region of Colorado as early as 1150 A. D, possibilities exist that they are descendants of an earlier people living in the area as far back as 1500 B. C. They were a race of dark skin moving about the Western Slope of Colorado in the various parts of the year. The first recorded expedition of Western Colorado wilderness was led by Don Juan Rivera in 1765, in 1776, two Spanish priests, Fathers Escalante and Dominguez, led a party into the area around Montrose and Paonia. The 1830s brought the mountainmen into the area to trap beaver, John W. Gunnison surveyed the area for the transcontinental railroad route. In 1858 gold was discovered near Denver bringing the man across the divide into the western slope in search of the precious metal. In 1859 a party settled on Texas Gulch in Union Park, placer gold was found at Washington Gulch in 1861 as part of the Colorado Gold Rush. In 1861 the Territory of Colorado was organized, the territorial governor was made ex officio Superintentant of Indian Affairs. A conference on October 1,1863 established a line for a reservation. This treaty averted a possible dangerous situation by giving the Utes some cattle and sheep, the government failed to fulfill any these obligations straining the relations further. The treaty of 1868 recognized Chief Ouray as the spokesman for seven tribes of the Ute People. He held this power over his people through diplomacy and understanding, the Los Pinos Agency was developed through the Treaties of 1868 and 1873. The first agent was 2nd Lieutenant Calvin T. Speer, in 1871 a cow camp was started near the present site of Gunnison with James P. Kelley in charge. In this year, Jabez Nelson Trask, a Harvard grad, in 1872 Trask was replaced by Charles Adams. In 1875 orders from Washington to move the agency to the Uncomphgre Valley were completed in November, in 1876 Colorado entered the Union and Gunnison County was formed. 1879 was a year of expansion due to the miners, speculators and adventurers seeking wealth, the cattle industry was established by 1880
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Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve
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Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve is a United States National Park located in the San Luis Valley, in the easternmost parts of Alamosa County and Saguache County, Colorado, United States. Originally created as Great Sand Dunes National Monument on March 17,1932, Great Sand Dunes National Park, the park includes 44,246 acres, and the preserve protects an additional 41,686 acres. Researchers say that the dunes started forming less than 440,000 years ago, the dunes were formed from sand and soil deposits of the Rio Grande and its tributaries, flowing through the San Luis Valley. Over the ages, glaciers feeding the river and the vast lake that existed upon the valley melted, westerly winds picked up sand particles from the lake and river flood plain. As the wind lost power before crossing the Sangre de Cristo Range and this process continues, and the dunes are slowly growing. The wind changes the shape of the dunes daily, there are several streams flowing on the perimeter of the dunes. The streams erode the edge of the field, and sand is carried downstream. The water disappears into the ground, depositing sand on the surface, winds pick up the deposits of sand, and blow them up onto the dune field once again. Digging a couple inches into the even at their peaks reveals wet sand. Part of the motivation of turning the Monument into a National Park was the protection of the water. It is very easy to experience the dune-building process and this is a very windy region, as hikers on the Sand Dunes will attest, as on many days they will be pelted by sand and even small rocks when hiking on the dunes. The wind carries sand and rocks from many miles away, while the dunes dont change location or size that often, there are still parabolic dunes that start in the sand sheet, the outer area around the dunes, and migrate towards the main dune field. Sometimes they join the main field, and sometimes they will get covered with grass and vegetation. The dunes are relatively stable, however, their morphology changes slightly with the seasons, the direction of the wind greatly affects the dune type. The winds normally go from southwest to northeast, however, during the summer months. This wind regime is part of the reason why the dunes are so tall, the dunes contain areas of black sand which are deposits of magnetite, a crystalline black oxide of iron. The Great Sand Dunes sit on an area of High Desert land in the San Luis Valley. The summer temperatures of this area are not typical of high desert lands although temperatures above 95 °F are not uncommon in July
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Gunnison National Forest
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The Gunnison National Forest is a U. S. National Forest covering 1,672,136 acres in Mesa, Gunnison, Hinsdale and Saguache Counties in Western part of the U. S. state of Colorado. It lies in parts of five counties, in descending order of land area within the forest they are Gunnison, Saguache, Hinsdale, Delta, and Montrose counties. It shares the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness with the White River and San Isabel National Forests, the forest was created by Theodore Roosevelt on June 13,1905 as the Cochetopa Forest Reserve, and named after explorer John W. Gunnison. Today it is administered jointly with the Grand Mesa and Uncompahgre National Forests from offices in Delta, there are local ranger district offices located in Gunnison and Paonia. There are seven designated wilderness areas lying within Gunnison National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Five of them lie partially in neighboring National Forests or on land under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management
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La Garita Wilderness
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The La Garita Wilderness is a U. S. Wilderness Area located in the La Garita Mountains of southern Colorado, the 129, 626-acre wilderness established in 1964 in Gunnison and Rio Grande National Forests includes segments of the Colorado Trail and the Continental Divide Trail. At 14,014 feet, San Luis Peak is the highest point in the wilderness area, one entrance to the wilderness area is via Forest Road 787 from Saguache Park and Cochetopa Park off State Highway 114 west of Saguache, Colorado. There is a lot for visitors to the wilderness area at the south end of FS787. Cochetopa Park may also be entered from the east over Cochetopa Pass via Saguache County Road NN14
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Rio Grande National Forest
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Rio Grande National Forest is a 1.86 million-acre U. S. National Forest located in southwestern Colorado. The forest encompasses the San Luis Valley, which is the worlds largest agricultural alpine valley, the Rio Grande river rises in the forest, and the Continental Divide runs along most of its western border. The forest lies in parts of nine counties, in descending order of land area within the forest they are Saguache, Mineral, Conejos, Rio Grande, Hinsdale, San Juan, Alamosa, Archuleta, and Custer counties. Forest headquarters are located in Monte Vista, Colorado, there are local ranger district offices in Del Norte, La Jara, and Saguache. There are four designated wilderness areas lying within Rio Grande National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. All of them extend partially into neighboring National Forests, and one of these also onto National Park Service land, La Garita Wilderness Sangre de Cristo Wilderness South San Juan Wilderness Weminuche Wilderness List of largest National Forests List of U. S. National Forests Rio Grande National Forest
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Colorado Trail
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The Colorado Trail is a long-distance trail running for 486 miles from the mouth of Waterton Canyon southwest of Denver to Durango in Colorado, United States. Its highest point is 13,271 feet above sea level, despite its high elevation, the trail often dips below the alpine timberline to provide refuge from the exposed, storm-prone regions above. The Colorado Trail was built and is maintained by the non-profit Colorado Trail Foundation and the United States Forest Service. The Colorado Trail is an established, marked, and mostly non-motorized trail open to hikers, horse riders, along the way, it passes through eight mountain ranges, six National Forests, and six wilderness areas. Trail elevations range from a low of about 5,500 feet at the Denver end of the trail to a high of 13,271 feet on the slopes of Coney in the San Juan Mountains, the trail rises and falls dramatically. A hiker traversing the length of the trail will gain about 89,000 vertical feet. The trail passes through what is considered to be some of the states most beautiful country, wildlife abounds and wildflowers, in season, are abundant. While much of the passes through forests, a good portion of it reaches above timberline. The trail passes through historic mining towns, along ancient Indian trails, other sections appear much as they would have 500 years ago. The western half of The Colorado Trail, between Monarch Pass and Durango, has less influence, greater vistas and a display of spectacular wildflowers. For 235 miles, The Colorado Trail runs concurrent with the Continental Divide Trail along the Collegiate East route, on the Collegiate West route, the Colorado Trail follows the Continental Divide Trail for 80 miles more. Summer days are warm with cool nights, but unpredictable mountain weather can threaten snow any month of the year, violent thunder and lightning storms may ravage the afternoon sky, then quickly give way to warm sunshine and cloudless skies. The practical season for the entire Colorado Trail is roughly July, August and September, in the winter, large parts of it are prohibitively difficult because of deep snow. The majority of thru-hikers hike from east to west and this choice of direction is preferred partly because snow typically melts earlier in the year on the eastern portion of the trail than on the higher western portion. The time required for a thru-hiker to complete the Colorado Trail varies greatly, the Colorado Trail is one of the few major long trails that allow mountain biking. Mountain bikes are permitted along most of the trail, but there are six wilderness areas where it is against federal regulations even to possess a bicycle, as a whole, the trail is of interest to bicyclists from beginners on up. Top cyclists consider it to be a world-class long-distance trail, Colorado Trail Foundation Home Page Journals and Photographs from people hiking The Colorado Trail
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Continental Divide National Scenic Trail
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The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail is a United States National Scenic Trail running 3,100 miles between Mexico and Canada. It follows the Continental Divide of the Americas along the Rocky Mountains and traverses five U. S. states — Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, in Montana it crosses Triple Divide Peak which separates the Hudson Bay, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean drainages. The trail is a combination of dedicated trails and small roads, portions designated as uncompleted must be traveled by roadwalking on dirt or paved roads. The Continental Divide Trail along with the Appalachian Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail form what thru-hiker enthusiasts have termed the Triple Crown of long-distance hiking in the United States. Only about two hundred people a year attempt to hike the trail, taking about six months to complete it. Dave Odell thru-hiked in 1977 and in the same year Dan Torpey hiked from the NM/CO border to Mt Robson, german long-distance rider Günter Wamser, and Austrian Sonja Endlweber managed to complete the tour with four Bureau of Land Management mustangs in three summers 2007–09. This seven-month journey spanned over 5,600 miles, tapon took the most circuitous, scenic, high, difficult route north and while returning south, took the more expedient route. Andrew Skurka completed the trail as part of the 6, 875-mile Great Western Loop in 2007. The youngest person to hike the trail is Reed Gjonnes, who hiked the trail with her father Eric Gjonnes from April 15 to September 6,2013, the CDT in New Mexico is about 700 miles long and some portions have very limited water. Local volunteer groups place water caches at strategic points along the trail, all three are located within New Mexicos boot heel. The terminus near Columbus is not on the Continental Divide but rather in the vicinity of Columbus, Columbus is listed as a National Historic Landmark due to the invasion in 1916 by Pancho Villa and his Villistas. From the Crazy Cook Monument, the trail begins as a desire path. From Columbus, the route is a roadwalk to Lordsburg, in most areas the trail is well marked. It is concurrent with the Colorado Trail for approximately 200 miles, the CDT itself meanders in Colorado some 650 miles at higher altitudes. Depending on any given year’s snow-pack and an individual schedule. The Creede Cut-off in the San Juan Mountains to avoid persistent snow or unfavorable weather is such an example and this should be balanced with Colorados monsoon season with afternoon thunderstorms that usually occur in late July and August. The routes location makes short trips to many of Colorados 14. A few stretches of the CDT in Colorado have no marked or named trail
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Old Spanish Trail (trade route)
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The Old Spanish Trail is an historical trade route that connected the northern New Mexico settlements of Santa Fe, New Mexico with those of Los Angeles, California and southern California. Approximately 700 mi long, the trail ran through areas of mountains, arid deserts. It is considered one of the most arduous of all trade routes established in the United States. Explored, in part, by Spanish explorers as early as the late 16th century, the name of the trail comes from the publication of John C. Frémont’s Report of his 1844 journey for the U. S. Topographical Corps, guided by Kit Carson, from California to New Mexico. The name acknowledges the fact that parts of the trail had been known to the Spanish since the 16th century, frémonts report named a trail that had already been in use for about 15 years. The trail is important to New Mexico history because it established an arduous, the trail is a combination of known trails that were established by Spanish explorers, trappers, and traders with the Ute and other Indian tribes. The eastern parts of what called the Old Spanish Trail, including southwest Colorado. The same trail was used by the first Americans to reach California by land, the Mojave desert section of the Mohave Trail is now a jeep trail called the Mojave Road. Upon the return of Antonio Armijo, the governor of New Mexico immediately announced the success to his superiors in Mexico City, as a reward, the governor officially named Armijo Commander for the Discovery of the Route to California. Armijos route was documented by him in a report to the governor, after this date, the route began to be used by traders for usually a single annual round trip. Word spread about the successful trade expedition and some commerce began between Santa Fe and Los Angeles. This route ran northwest to the Colorado and Green Rivers, then crossed over to the Sevier River and it then passed southward to the Santa Clara River, linking up with Armijos route to California. California had many horses and mules, many growing wild, with no local market, usually two blankets were traded for one horse, more blankets were usually required for a mule. California had almost no wool processing industry and few weavers, so woven products were a welcome commodity, the trading party usually left New Mexico in early November to take advantage of winter rains to cross the deserts on the trail and would arrive in California in early February. The return party would usually leave California for New Mexico in early April to get over the trail before the water dried up. The return party often included several hundred to a few horses and mules. Low-scale emigration from New Mexico to California used parts of the trail in the late 1830s when the trade began to die
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Trail
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A trail is usually a path, track or unpaved lane or road, though the term is also applied, in North America, to routes along rivers, and sometimes to highways. In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland path or footpath is the term for a walking trail. There are also unpaved trails used by dirt bikes and other off-road vehicles, in some places, like the Alps, trails are used for moving cattle and other livestock. In the US, the term was used for a route into or through wild territory used by emigrants. In Australia, the track can be used interchangeably with trail. Walkway is used similarly in St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, in the United Kingdom, the term trail is in common usage. Longer distance walking routes, and government-promoted long distance paths, collectively known as National Trails, are frequently called ways, as in the Pennine Way. Generally the term footpath is preferred for pedestrian routes, including long distance trails, track is used for wider paths, often used for hiking. The terms bridleway, byway, restricted byway are all recognised legal terms, the increased popularity of mountain biking has led to a proliferation of mountain bike trails in many countries. Often these will be grouped to form complexes, known as trail centers. A particularly unusual use of the term is in the Canadian province of Alberta, Shared use may be achieved by sharing a trail easement, but within it maintaining segregated and sometimes also separated trail treads. This is common in rail trails, Shared use may also refer to alternate day arrangements, whereby two uses are segregated by being permitted on alternate days. The Trans Canada Trail can be used by hikers, walkers, cyclists, horseback riders, the network makes use of towpaths on river banks and disused railway or vicinal tramway lines. Old railway lines have been leased by the Walloon Government for 99 years using emphyteutic lease contracts, where necessary, new paths are created to link parts of the network. Thus the right to cycle exists even though it may be difficult to exercise on occasion, Cyclists using a bridleway are obliged to give way to other users on foot or horseback. The seawall in Stanley Park, Vancouver, Canada is popular for walking, running, cycling, there are two paths, one for skaters and cyclists and the other for pedestrians. The lane for cyclists and skaters goes one-way in a counterclockwise loop, foreshoreway is a term used in Australia for a type of greenway that provides a public right-of-way along the edge of the sea open to both walkers and cyclists. A forest road is a type of access road, built mainly for the forest industry
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1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
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1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
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1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
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1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
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1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
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1970 United States Census
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Microdata from the 1970 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files and these data were originally created and disseminated by DUALabs. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2042, california took over as the most populous state, New York had previously been ranked number one. While the entire country increased to more than 204 million persons, four states lost population with West Virginia leading the list, down 8, historic US Census data 1971 U. S Census Report, with estimated 1970 Census results 1970 Census of Population
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1980 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1980 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1980 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1980 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2052. Between the 1980 census and the 1990 census, the United States population increased by approximately 22,164,837 or 9. 8%, historic US Census data 1981 U. S Census Report Contains 1980 Census results
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1990 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1990 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. It was the first census to designate Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander as a group separate from Asians. To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census, the bureau recruited Bill Cosby, Magic Johnson, Alfre Woodard, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2062. The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 1992 elections, consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 1992 presidential election. Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats, eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched
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2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
listen) is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado.[3] As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,108,[4] the county seat is Saguache.[5]
Geographic data related to Saguache County, Colorado at OpenStreetMap
Geographic data related to 
Saguache County, Colorado
