1.
Winnipeg
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Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is located near the centre of North America and is 110 kilometres from the U. S. border. It is also the place of the confluence of the Red, the city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water. The region was a centre for aboriginal peoples long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738, a settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. As of 2011, Winnipeg is the seventh most populated municipality in Canada, being located very far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C and average July highs of 26 °C. Known as the Gateway to the West, Winnipeg is a railway, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the Winnipeg Jets, Manitoba Moose. Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North and this point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact. Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name is a transcription of the Western Cree words for muddy or brackish water. Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area are varied, in 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions, the rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge. French trading continued at this site for decades before the arrival of the British Hudsons Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years War. Many French and later British men who were trappers married First Nations women, their mixed-race children hunted, traded and they gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Métis because of sharing a traditional culture. Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement, the purchase of land from the Hudsons Bay Company, the North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudsons Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg. The two companies competed fiercely over trade, the Métis and Lord Selkirks settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudsons Bay and North West Companies merged, Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudsons Bay Company
2.
Saint Boniface, Winnipeg
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Saint Boniface is a city ward of Winnipeg that is the centre of much of the Franco-Manitoban community. The ward is represented by Matt Allard, a member of Winnipeg City Council, the population was 54,201 according to the Canada 2011 Census. Succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples lived in the area for thousands of years before European exploration and it was an area of historic Ojibwe occupation. Fur traders and European mercenaries hired by Lord Selkirk to protect his fledgling Red River Colony were among the areas first European settlers, the early economy was oriented to agriculture. Industrialization arrived in the early 20th century, the Union Stockyards, developed 1912-13, became the largest livestock exchange in Canada and a center of the meat-packing and -processing industry. By the early 1900s, numerous light and heavy industries were established, St Boniface was incorporated as a town in 1883 and as a city in 1908. In 1971, St. Boniface was amalgamated, along with neighboring communities. As one of the larger French communities outside Québec, it has often been a centre of struggles to preserve French-Canadian language, the Festival du Voyageur is held annually in February outdoors at Whittier Park and Fort Gibraltar. St Boniface is home to the Centre culturel franco-manitobain, which features an art gallery, theatres, meeting rooms, the area is also home to Le Musée de Saint-Boniface Museum, a French theatre company Le Cercle Molière, a local museum dedicated to Franco-Manitoban culture and history. Boniface and are licensed there, a legacy of when St. Boniface was a separate city, the French-language weekly newspaper La Liberté is also based out of St-Boniface. St. Boniface is represented by the St. Boniface Riels hockey team plays in the Manitoba Major Junior Hockey League. The St. Boniface Riels were founded in 1971 and they play at the Southdale Arena and have won five MMJHL championships, 1971-1972, 1972-1973, 1984-1985, 1985-1986, 2014-2015. Tourisme Riel Saint Boniface Heritage Centre
3.
Church (building)
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A church building, often simply called a church, is a building used for Christian religious activities, particularly worship services. The term in its sense is most often used by Christians to refer to their religious buildings. In traditional Christian architecture, the church is arranged in the shape of a Christian cross. When viewed from plan view the longest part of a cross is represented by the aisle, towers or domes are often added with the intention of directing the eye of the viewer towards the heavens and inspiring church visitors. The earliest identified Christian church was a church founded between 233 and 256. During the 11th through 14th centuries, a wave of building of cathedrals, a cathedral is a church, usually Roman Catholic, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a bishop. In standard Greek usage, the word ecclesia was retained to signify both a specific edifice of Christian worship, and the overall community of the faithful. This usage was retained in Latin and the languages derived from Latin, as well as in the Celtic languages. In the Germanic and some Slavic languages, the word kyriak-ós/-ē/-ón was adopted instead, in Old English the sequence of derivation started as cirice, then churche, and eventually church in its current pronunciation. German Kirche, Scottish kirk, Russian церковь, etc. are all similarly derived, according to the New Testament, the earliest Christians did not build church buildings. Instead, they gathered in homes or in Jewish worship places like the Second Temple or synagogues, the earliest archeologically identified Christian church is a house church, the Dura-Europos church, founded between 233 and 256. During the 11th through 14th centuries, a wave of building of cathedrals, in addition to being a place of worship, the cathedral or parish church was used by the community in other ways. It could serve as a place for guilds or a hall for banquets. Mystery plays were performed in cathedrals, and cathedrals might also be used for fairs. The church could be used as a place to thresh and store grain, a common architecture for churches is the shape of a cross. These churches also often have a dome or other large vaulted space in the interior to represent or draw attention to the heavens. Other common shapes for churches include a circle, to represent eternity, or an octagon or similar star shape, another common feature is the spire, a tall tower on the west end of the church or over the crossing. The Latin word basilica was used to describe a Roman public building
4.
Franco-Manitoban
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Franco-Manitobans are a community of French Canadians and other French-speaking people living in Manitoba. Most Franco-Manitobans have roots in Québec, however, many are of Métis and Belgian ancestry while others have ancestors that came directly from France, its former colonies and other francophone countries throughout the world. Many have partial English, Scottish, Irish, Ukrainian and German / Mennonite ancestry through inter-marriages, the community is centred primarily in three districts in south-east Winnipeg, notably in Saint-Boniface, Saint-Vital and Saint-Norbert. There are smaller numbers of Franco-Manitobans living throughout the province as well, however, in 1890, at the same time as the enactment of the Public Schools Act, the Manitoba Legislature passed another act which made English the sole official language in the Province. Two years later, in 1892, the neighbouring Northwest Territories also abolished French as an official language, the Franco-Manitoban community is served by Radio-Canadas CKSB, CKSB-FM and CBWFT, the community radio station CKXL and the weekly newspaper La Liberté. French Canadian Franco-Albertan, Franco-Columbian, Franco-Ontarian, Fransaskois, Franco-Ténois The Official Site of the Manitoba Francophone Community
5.
Rose window
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The name “rose window” was not used before the 17th century and according to the Oxford English Dictionary, among other authorities, comes from the English flower name rose. Rose windows are also called Natalie windows after Saint Natalie of Lu who was sentenced to be executed on a spiked wheel, a circular window without tracery such as are found in many Italian churches, is referred to as an ocular window or oculus. Rose windows are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France and their origins are much earlier and rose windows may be seen in various forms throughout the Medieval period. Their popularity was revived, with other features, during the Gothic revival of the 19th century so that they are seen in Christian churches all over the world. The origin of the window may be found in the Roman oculus. These large circular openings let in light and air, the best known being that at the top of the dome of the Pantheon. Windows with stone tracery make their emergence in Antiquity, but they arrived to us. Geometrical patterns of roses are very developed and common in Roman mosaic, in Early Christian and Byzantine architecture, there are examples of the use of circular oculi. A window of the 8th century, now located in Venice, many semicircular windows with pierced tracery exist from the 6th to the 8th century, and later in Greece. This theory suggests that crusaders brought the design of this window to Europe. But also of the halves editing roses are known, as with the church of San Juan Bautista in Baños de Cerrato, the scarcity and the brittleness of the vestiges of this time does not make it possible to say that complet rose window in tracery did not exist before. In another of these churches, San Miguel de Lillo, is the earliest known example of an axially placed oculus with tracery, several such windows of different sizes exist, and decoration of both Greek Cross and scalloped petal-like form occur, prefiguring both wheel and rose windows. In Germany, Worms Cathedral, has windows in the pedimental ends of its nave and gables. The apsidal western end has a wheel window with smaller oculi in each face. The Church of the Apostles, Cologne has an array of both ocular and lobed windows forming decorative features in the gables and beneath the Rhenish helm spire, the octagonal dome has a ring of oculi with two in each of the curved faces. Oculi were also used in the drums supporting domes and as upper lights in octagonal baptisteries such as that at Cremona. Romanesque facades with oculi include San Miniato al Monte, Florence, 11th century, San Michele, Pavia, c. As the windows increased in size in the later Romanesque period, wheel windows became a feature of which there are fine examples at San Zeno Maggiore, Verona
6.
Saskatchewan
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Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in west-central Canada, the only province without natural borders. It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres, nearly 10 percent of which is water, composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs. As of December 2013, Saskatchewans population was estimated at 1,114,170, residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province, while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated. Of the total population, roughly half live in the provinces largest city, Saskatoon, or the provincial capital, other notable cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current, North Battleford, and the border city Lloydminster. Saskatchewan is a province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters. As a result, its climate is continental, rendering severe winters throughout the province. Southern areas have very warm or hot summers, Midale and Yellow Grass near the U. S. border are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada with 45 °C observed at both locations on July 5,1937. In winter, temperatures below −45 °C are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps, Saskatchewan has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups, and first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774. It became a province in 1905, carved out from the vast North-West Territories, in the early 20th century the province became known as a stronghold for Canadian social democracy, North Americas first social-democratic government was elected in 1944. The provinces economy is based on agriculture, mining, and energy, Saskatchewans current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a land claim agreement with First Nations in Saskatchewan. The First Nations received compensation and were permitted to buy land on the market for the tribes, they have acquired about 3,079 square kilometres. Some First Nations have used their settlement to invest in urban areas and its name derived from the Saskatchewan River. The river was known as kisiskāciwani-sīpiy in the Cree language, as Saskatchewans borders largely follow the geographic coordinates of longitude and latitude, the province is roughly a quadrilateral, or a shape with four sides. However the 49th parallel boundary and the 60th northern border appear curved on globes, additionally, the eastern boundary of the province is partially crooked rather than following a line of longitude, as correction lines were devised by surveyors prior to the homestead program. S. States of Montana and North Dakota, Saskatchewan has the distinction of being the only Canadian province for which no borders correspond to physical geographic features. Along with Alberta, Saskatchewan is one of only two land-locked provinces, the overwhelming majority of Saskatchewans population is located in the southern third of the province, south of the 53rd parallel. Saskatchewan contains two natural regions, the Canadian Shield in the north and the Interior Plains in the south
7.
Red River of the North
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The Red River is a North American river. It empties into Lake Winnipeg, whose waters join the Nelson River, the Red is about 885 kilometres long, of which about 635 kilometres are in the United States and about 255 kilometres are in Canada. The river falls 70 metres on its trip to Lake Winnipeg, in the United States, the Red River is sometimes called the Red River of the North. This distinguishes it from the so-called Red River of the South, long a highway for trade, the Red has been designated as a Canadian Heritage River. The watershed of the Red River was part of Ruperts Land, the Red was a key trade route for the company, and contributed to the settlement of British North America. The river was used by fur traders, including the French and the Métis people. Following that, they took over French territory in Canada, settlers of the Red River Colony established farming along the river, and their primary settlement developed as Winnipeg, Manitoba. What became known as the Red River Trails, nineteenth-century oxcart trails developed originally by the Métis, supported the fur trade and they contributed to further development of the region on both sides of the international border. The Red River begins at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers, on the border of Wahpeton, North Dakota and Breckenridge, Minnesota. Downstream, it is bordered by the cities of Fargo, North Dakota– Moorhead, Minnesota. It continues north to the province of Manitoba in Canada, manitobas capital, Winnipeg, is at the Reds confluence with the Assiniboine River, at a point called The Forks. Together with the Assiniboine, the Red River fully encloses the basin of Devils Lake. The Red flows further north before draining into Lake Winnipeg through the Nelson River, the mouth of the Red River forms a freshwater river delta called the Netley-Libau Marsh. The Netley Marsh is west of the Red and the Libau Marsh is east, forming a 26, southern Manitoba has a comparatively long frost-free season, between 120 and 140 days in the Red River Valley. The Red River flows across the lake bed of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz. As this continental glacier decayed, its meltwaters formed the lake, over thousands of years, sediments precipitated to the bottom of the lakebed. These lacustrine soils are the parent soils of todays Red River Valley, the river is very young, it developed only after Lake Agassiz drained, about 9,500 years ago. The word valley is a misnomer, while the Red River drains the region, it did not create a valley wider than a few hundred feet
8.
The Forks, Winnipeg
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The Forks is a historic site, meeting place and green space in Downtown Winnipeg located at the confluence of the Red River and Assiniboine River. The Forks was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1974 due to its status as a landscape that had borne witness to six thousand years of human activity. The sites 5. 5-hectare grounds are open year-round, numerous archaeological digs have shown that early Aboriginal groups arrived at The Forks site around 6,000 years ago. The digs conducted between 1989 and 1994 discovered several Aboriginal camps, artifacts related to the bison hunt and fishing were unearthed. Evidence showed that Nakoda, Cree, Anishinaabe and Sioux visited the site, seasonal migration routes from northern forests to southern plains featured the Forks area as a rest stop, and the location became a key transcontinental trade link. The Assiniboine River has followed its course for approximately 700 years. The Assiniboine River formerly met the Red River near the mouth of the LaSalle River. European fur traders arrived at the site and initiated trade with the local peoples, europeans arrived by canoe in 1738. La Vérendrye erected Fort Rouge, the first of a line of forts. The Red River Colony and the forts were all established near The Forks, the area remained the hub of the fur trade up until the 1880s. At that time, grain production became Western Canada’s principal industry, during the smallpox epidemics of 1781–1782, over half of the areas aboriginal population died. At this time over 1,000 Aboriginal men, women, from 1760 to 1821, the Hudsons Bay Company and North West Company competed for furs. Both companies used The Forks to store and ship supplies and furs, by 1821, competing fur companies were amalgamated into the Hudsons Bay Company. The Manitoba Children’s Museum is housed in what used to be the Northern Pacific and Manitoba Railway Company’s Buildings, Union Station is still in operation. Across the Prairies the Canadian government began actively promoting immigration, settlement, the Canadian government erected two immigration sheds at The Forks, each accommodating up to 500 people. The Forks attracts over four million visitors each year, beginning as two adjacent stables for competing rail companies, the horse stalls were joined together by a courtyard and bridges and became what is now known as The Forks Market. The Forks Market features a six storey tower with viewing platform, there are four full service restaurants in the Forks Market, Sushi Train at The Forks, Sydneys at The Forks, The Beachcomber & Ba Ja Beach Club, and The Original Pancake House. There is also a court and numerous quick service food vendors
9.
Downtown Winnipeg
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It includes the Exchange District, Central Park, The Forks, and Winnipegs Chinatown. The downtown area is roughly three square kilometres, Portage Avenue is the citys busiest thoroughfare. Winnipeg Square, the MTS Centre, Portage Place, and the store of the Bay are all located on the downtown section of this street. Most of the downtown is operated by the downtown Winnipeg biz, The ED, the biz offers a green team and a security team called the Watch. Although over 60,000 people work downtown, only 13,470 people actually live in the Downtown area, the Downtown Winnipeg Zoning By-Law defines the boundaries of the Downtown planning area, and several sectors within it. The downtown census area is smaller, omitting a three-block extension at the north edge. There is also a significantly larger Downtown community area, used for Community Social Data Strategy for Winnipeg, the Waterfront District is a newly emerging district located in the northeast corner of downtown Winnipeg. The area runs along the west bank of the Red River along the recently built Waterfront Drive, the Waterfront district has been undergoing a construction boom since 2005. The plans also involve construction of a plaza area at the south end of the property. Central Park is one of Winnipegs most densely populated neighbourhoods with 13,755 people per square km according to Statistics Canadas 2001 Census,70 per cent of all refugees coming to Winnipeg live downtown, in and around the Central Park area. Central Park includes many different ethnicities including Arabs, Vietnamese, Chinese, Ojibway, Filipinos, with the increase in the African population, Central Park has been transforming in recent years. It is now the home to the Central Market, with more planned to come. Many of the markets will sell handmade fashion and imported African crafts, during warm Saturday nights, live entertainment fills the air, residents enjoy free Sunday movie screenings to enjoy an evening outdoors. The Knox Centre at Knox United Church presents international films in various languages - with English subtitles - every Thursday evening, the Exchange District is a National Historic Site of Canada. The west side of the Exchange is home to Cinematheque, a movie theatre located in the Artspace building on Albert Street. The Exchange Districts Old Market Square annually hosts the Jazz Winnipeg Festival, the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival, renovations to Old Market Square completed in 2012 added The Cube, a new $1.5 million stage, with a skin made up of 20,000 aluminum links. The stage contains a lighting system, green room and two performance levels. The district is home to Red River Colleges Roblin Centre and Paterson Globalfoods Institute, Broadway-Assiniboine lies in the southern part of downtown on the north bank of the Assiniboine River
10.
Basilica
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The Latin word basilica has three distinct applications in modern English. The word was used to describe an ancient Roman public building where courts were held, as well as serving other official. To a large extent these were the halls of ancient Roman life. The basilica was centrally located in every Roman town, usually adjacent to the main forum, later, the term came to refer specifically to a large and important Roman Catholic church that has been given special ceremonial rights by the Pope. Roman Catholic basilicas are Catholic pilgrimage sites, receiving tens of millions of visitors per year. In December 2009 the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City set a new record with 6.1 million pilgrims during Friday and Saturday for the anniversary of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The Roman basilica was a public building where business or legal matters could be transacted. The first basilicas had no function at all. The central aisle tended to be wide and was higher than the flanking aisles, the oldest known basilica, the Basilica Porcia, was built in Rome in 184 BC by Cato the Elder during the time he was Censor. Other early examples include the basilica at Pompeii, probably the most splendid Roman basilica is the one begun for traditional purposes during the reign of the pagan emperor Maxentius and finished by Constantine I after 313 AD. In the 3rd century AD, the elite appeared less frequently in the forums. They now tended to dominate their cities from opulent palaces and country villas, rather than retreats from public life, however, these residences were the forum made private. Seated in the tribune of his basilica, the man would meet his dependent clientes early every morning. A private basilica excavated at Bulla Regia, in the House of the Hunt and its reception or audience hall is a long rectangular nave-like space, flanked by dependent rooms that mostly also open into one another, ending in a semi-circular apse, with matching transept spaces. Clustered columns emphasised the crossing of the two axes, the remains of a large subterranean Neopythagorean basilica dating from the 1st century AD were found near the Porta Maggiore in Rome in 1915. The ground-plan of Christian basilicas in the 4th century was similar to that of this Neopythagorean basilica, the usable model at hand, when Constantine wanted to memorialise his imperial piety, was the familiar conventional architecture of the basilicas. In, and often also in front of, the apse was a platform, where the altar was placed. Constantine built a basilica of this type in his complex at Trier, later very easily adopted for use as a church
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